IMPLEMENTATION OF VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLY IN HOTEL

MARKETING MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT

• Virtual Reality is seen as the high-end of human-computer interactions and it

has the potential to target a wide range of applications with the constant
development of scientization, there is the hurricane of "digital hotels" in
domestic. The intelligent and digital hotel management has already become
one of core competitive powers in today's hotel development.

• In this project, the VR with wireless combined and applied research on the
virtual reality technology in the hotel marketing management. The designed
VR projector model is projects the name of the dishes in the table such as
idly, dosa, coffee, etc. by simply touching on the visible light dishes names
itself, it’s considering as ordering of the touched dish items by sending the
corresponding sync value to the kitchen and mentioned with table number.
Such that they can prepare and make ready for the ordered dish to the
respective tables.
 CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

Virtual reality (VR) is not a new technology. Early computerized VR

began in the late-1960s (VRS 2016), but it was not until the 1980s that the name
was coined, alongside the commercial release of head mounted displays and haptic
gloves attached to a computer that simulated 3D environments in surround
stereoscopic vision (Brey 2008). VR began to appear in computer games in the
early 1990s, while Ford began using VR for design and production of its vehicles
in 1999 (Gaudiosi 2015). However, VR never became a mainstream consumer
product. Now, like tablet computers and wearable computer watches, the hope is
that VR will come of age. The impact of VR on gaming, entertainment, marketing,
education, product design, communications and other aspects of business is likely
to be considerable. The development of VR now is being compared to that of
social media in 2008, prior to becoming mainstream (Morris 2016).

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, virtual reality refers to “The

computergenerated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that
can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way by a person using
special electronic equipment, such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted
with sensors.” NASA (2016) provide an even more technical definition of VR as
“the use of computer technology to create the effect of an interactive three-
dimensional world in which the objects have a sense of spatial presence”. For a
more pragmatic definition, eMarketer (2016) suggests “VR completely immerses a
user inside a virtual world or experience, typically through the use of a head-
mounted display (HMD) that is often connected to headphones, controllers and
other peripherals that let users navigate through that experience. A key
characteristic of a great VR experience is the feeling of ‘presence’—users feel like
they are truly in the synthetic environment being presented.” A related technology,
augmented reality (AR), involves overlaying digital objects and/or information in
the real world through digital devices (such as Google Glass or smartphones). A
recent example is the popular mobile phone game Pokémon Go. Similarly, mixed
reality (MR), merges real-time 3D world software content with the real world, a
notable example being Microsoft’s HoloLens MR platform.

Business investment in VR in recent years has been vehement. Facebook spent $2

billion on Oculus Rift in March 2014. Google spent $542 million on Magic Leap in
October 2014. From Q1 2014 to Q2 2015, more than $1 billion was invested in 91
deals in VR and AR (eMarketer 2016). More than the technology, content is key to
the success of VR. According to Goldman Sachs, the VR branded content market
could be worth $80 billion by 2025

This paper examines the impact of the recent wave of advanced virtual reality
applications on marketing. Virtual reality affords marketers the opportunity to
provide potential consumers with the most realistic experience of a product,
service or place yet without necessary physical co-location. This provides an
advanced, rich and immersive medium that is able to deliver distinctive, high-
impact and memorable messages, and engage audiences and potential consumers
(Schmitt 1999; Pine and Gilmore 1998, 1999). The immersive value of the medium
surpasses that of traditional 2D screens and some evidence suggests that
experienced presence might even surpass reality for some situations, depending on
social co-construction and physical and cultural artefacts (Villani et al. 2012). The
potential applications in marketing are many and varied and include promotion,
market research, online sales, customer service, brand management, and public
relations. In the next section, we provide a framework to help to understand the
impact of VR on consumer engagement. This is followed by some examples of VR
in marketing and further frameworks that position the value of VR to the marketing
effort based on the nature of the experience, the characteristics of the VR platform,
and location of customer interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the
future of VR and some limitations that need to be addressed.
 CHAPTER – II

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Transmitter Block Diagram

VIRTUAL VIEW VIRTUALREALITYSENSINGSYSTEM

Transmitter
IDLY DOS VAD

Section: A A MONITOR

WSN
TEA BRIY COFF CPU
ANI EE

Receiver Section
Liquid Crystal
Display
 CHAPTER - III

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontrollers versus Microprocessors

Microcontroller differs from a microprocessor in many ways. First and the most
important is its functionality. In order for a microprocessor to be used, other components such as
memory, or components for receiving and sending data must be added to it. In short that means
that microprocessor is the very heart of the computer. On the other hand, microcontroller is
designed to be all of that in one. No other external components are needed for its application
because all necessary peripherals are already built into it. Thus, we save the time and space
needed to construct devices.

MICROCONTROLLER

The main controlling unit of the proposed system is the microcontroller. The main
features of microcontroller and particularly PIC Microcontroller is discussed here.
A microcontroller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory
[RAM,ROM or EPROM],various I/O features such as serial ports, parallel ports ,timer/counters,
interrupt controller ,data requisition interface , Analog to digital converter[ADC],digital to
analog converter, everything integrated into a single silicon chip.
It does not mean that any microcontroller should have all the above said features on a
single chip, depending on the need and area of application for which it is designed, the on chip
features present in it may or may not include all the individual section said above.
Any microcomputer systems requires memory to store a sequence of instructions making
up a program ,parallel port or serial port for communicating with an external system
timer/counter for control purpose like generating time delay.

PIC MICROCONTROLLER
 The PIC micro was originally designed around 1980 by General Instrument as a small,
fast, inexpensive embedded microcontroller with strong I/O capabilities.  PIC stands for
"Peripheral Interface Controller".  General Instrument recognized the potential for the little PIC
and eventually spun off Microchip, headquartered in Chandler, AZ to fabricate and market the
PICmicro.

The PICmicro has some advantages in many applications over the older chips such as the
Intel 8048/8051/8052 and its derivatives, the Motorola MC6805/6hHC11, and many others.   Its
unusual architecture is ideally suited for embedded control.  Nearly all instructions execute in the
same number of clock cycles, which makes timing control much easier.  The PICmicro is a RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) design, with only thirty-odd instructions to remember; its
code is extremely efficient, allowing the PIC to run with typically less program memory than its
larger competitors.

Very important, though, is the low cost, high available clock speeds, small size, and
incredible ease of use of the tiny PIC.  For timing-insensitive designs, the oscillator can consist
of a cheap RC network.  Clock speeds can range from low speed to 20MHz.  Versions of the
various PICmicro families are available that are equipped with various combinations ROM,
EPROM, OTP (One-Time Programmable) EPROM, EEPROM, and FLASH program and data
memory.  An 18-pin PICmicro typically devotes 13 of those pins to I/O, giving the designer two
full 8-bit I/O ports and an interrupt.  In many cases, designing with a PICmicro is much simpler
and more efficient than using an older, larger embedded microprocessor.

FEATURES OF PIC CONTROLLER:

High performance RISC CPU

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM) Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
• Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
• Power-on Reset (POR)
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable peration
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
• Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
• Processor read/write access to program memory
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
• Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
• Low-power consumption:

ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER
 If a system is developed with a microprocessor the designer has to go for external
memory such as RAM ,ROM or EPROM and peripherals and hence the size of the PCB
will large enough to
hold all the required peripheral. But, the microcontroller has got all there peripheral
facilities on a single chip so developed of a similar system with a microcontroller reduces
PCB size and cost of the design.
 One of the major difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor is that a
controller. often deals with bits,not bytes as in the real world application, for example
switch contacts can only be open or close ,indicators should be lit or dark and motors can
be either turned on or off and so forth.
 The microcontroller has two 16 bits timer/counters built within it, which makes it more
suitable to this application since, we need to produce some accurate time delays.

 This microcontroller has a 8 bit internal Analog to digital converter with a 10 bit
resolution, which will after the usage of external ADC and the circuit and hardware
complexity.

 These controllers also have an higher erase cycle of 10,000 and for the EEPROM its 1
lakh number of time. This controllers other advantage is it’s a RISC computing system.

PIN DIAGRAM OF 16F877A PIC CONTROLLER

pin diagram of PIC

I/O PORTS
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral
features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a
general purpose I/O pin. Additional information on I/O ports may be found in the PICmicro™
Mid-Range Reference Manual, (DS33023).

PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER

PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the
corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will make the
corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin). Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to
the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port
implies that the port pins are read, the value is modified and then written to the port data latch.
Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin. The
RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other PORTA pins have
TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog
inputs and analog VREF input. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the
control bits in the ADCON1 register (A/D Control Register1).

PORTB AND THE TRISB REGISTER

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input (i.e., put the
corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISB bit (= 0) will make the
corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin). Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with the Low Voltage Programming function:
RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC and RB7/PGD. The alternate functions of these pins are described in the
Special Features Section. Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control
bit can turn on all the pull-ups. This is performed by clearing bit RBPU (OPTION_REG<7>).
The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The
pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.
Four of the PORTB pins, RB7:RB4, have an interrupton- change feature. Only pins
configured as inputs can cause this interrupt to occur (i.e., any RB7:RB4 pin configured as an
output is excluded from the interrupton- change comparison). The input pins (of RB7:RB4) are
compared with the old value latched on the last read of PORTB. The “mismatch” outputs of
RB7:RB4 are OR’ed together to generate the RB Port Change Interrupt with flag bit RBIF
(INTCON<0>).

PORT C AND THE TRISC REGISTER

PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input (i.e., put the
corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will make the
corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin). PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions (Table 3-5). PORTC pins have
Schmitt Trigger input buffers. When the I2C module is enabled, the PORTC<4:3> pins can be
configured with normal I2C levels or with SMBus levels by using the CKE bit (SSPSTAT<6>).
When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC
pin. Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals
override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input. Since the TRIS bit override is in effect while the
peripheral is enabled, read-modify write instructions (BSF, BCF, XORWF) with TRISC as
destination, should be avoided. The user should refer to the corresponding peripheral section for
the correct TRIS bit settings.

PORTD and TRISD Registers

 PORTD and TRISD are not implemented on the PIC16F873 or PIC16F876. PORTD is an
8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or
output. PORTD can be configured as an 8-bit wide microprocessor port (parallel slave port) by
setting control bit PSPMODE (TRISE<4>). In this mode, the input buffers are TTL.

PORTE AND TRISE REGISTER

PORTE has three pins (RE0/RD/AN5, RE1/WR/AN6 and RE2/CS/AN7) which are
individually configurable as inputs or outputs. These pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.
The PORTE pins become the I/O control inputs for the microprocessor port when bit PSPMODE
(TRISE<4>) is set. In this mode, the user must make certain that the TRISE<2:0> bits are set and
that the pins are configured as digital inputs. Also, ensure that ADCON1 is configured for digital
I/O. In this mode, the input buffers are TTL. Register 4-1 shows the TRISE register which also
controls the Parallel Slave Port operation. PORTE pins are multiplexed with analog inputs.
When selected for analog input, these pins will read as ‘0’s. TRISE controls the direction of the
RE pins, even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user must make sure to keep the
pins configured as inputs when using them as analog inputs.

2.7.4 DATA EEPROM AND FLASH PROGRAM MEMORY

The Data EEPROM and FLASH Program Memory are readable and writable during normal
operation over the entire VDD range. These operations take place on a single byte for Data
EEPROM memory and a single word for Program memory. A write operation causes an erase-
then-write operation to take place on the specified byte or word. A bulk erase operation may not
be issued from user code (which includes removing code protection). Access to program memory
allows for checksum calculation. The values written to program memory do not need to be valid
instructions. Therefore, up to 14-bit numbers can be stored in memory for use as calibration
parameters, serial numbers, packed 7-bit ASCII, etc. Executing a program memory location
containing data that form an invalid instruction, results in the execution of a NOP instruction.
The EEPROM Data memory is rated for high erase/ writes cycles (specification D120). The
FLASH program memory is rated much lower (specification D130), because EEPROM data
memory can be used to store frequently updated values. An on-chip timer controls the write time
and it will vary with voltage and temperature, as well as from chip to chip. Please refer to the
specifications for exact limits (specifications D122 and D133). A byte or word write
automatically erases the location and writes the new value (erase before write). Writing to
EEPROM data memory does not impact the operation of the device. Writing to program memory
will cease the execution of instructions until the write is complete. The program memory cannot
be accessed during the write. During the write operation, the oscillator continues to run, the
peripherals continue to function and interrupt events will be detected and essentially “queued”
until the write is complete. When the write completes, the next instruction in the pipeline is
executed and the branch to the interrupt vector will take place, if the interrupt is enabled and
occurred during the write. Read and write access to both memories take place indirectly through
a set of Special Function Registers (SFR). The six SFRs used are:

• EEDATA
• EEDATH
• EEADR
• EEADRH
• EECON1
• EECON2

TIMER0 MODULE

The Timer0 module timer/counter has the following features:

• 8-bit timer/counter
• Readable and writable
• 8-bit software programmable prescaler
• Internal or external clock select
• Interrupt on overflow from FFh to 00h
• Edge select for external clock
Additional information on the Timer0 module is available in the PICmicro™ Mid-Range
MCU Family Reference Manual (DS33023). Timer mode is selected by clearing bit T0CS
(OPTION_REG<5>). In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction cycle
(without prescaler). If the TMR0 register is written, the increment is inhibited for the following
two instruction cycles. The user can work around this by writing an adjusted value to the TMR0
register

TIMER1 MODULE

The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter consisting of two 8-bit registers (TMR1H
and TMR1L), which are readable and writable. The TMR1 Register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L)
increments from 0000h to FFFFh and rolls over to 0000h. The TMR1 Interrupt, if enabled, is
generated on overflow, which is latched in interrupt flag bit TMR1IF (PIR1<0>). This interrupt
can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing TMR1 interrupt enable bit TMR1IE (PIE1<0>).
Timer1 can operate in one of two modes:

• As a timer
• As a counter

The operating mode is determined by the clock select bit, TMR1CS (T1CON<1>). In Timer
mode, Timer1 increments every instruction cycle. In Counter mode, it increments on every rising
edge of the external clock input. Timer1 can be enabled/disabled by setting/clearing control bit,
TMR1ON (T1CON<0>). Timer1 also has an internal “Reset input”. This Reset can be generated
by either of the two CCP modules. Register 6-1 shows the Timer1 Control register. When the
Timer1 oscillator is enabled (T1OSCEN is set), the RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 and RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
pins become inputs. That is, the TRISC<1:0> value is ignored and these pins read as ‘0’.

TIMER2 MODULE

Timer2 is an 8-bit timer with a prescaler and a postscaler. It can be used as the PWM time-
base for the PWM mode of the CCP module(s). The TMR2 register is readable and writable, and
is cleared on any device RESET. The input clock (FOSC/4) has a prescale option of 1:1,1:4, or
1:16, selected by control bits
T2CKPS1:T2CKPS0 (T2CON<1:0>). The Timer2 module has an 8-bit period register, PR2.
Timer2 increments from 00h until it matches PR2 and then resets to 00h on the next increment
cycle. PR2 is a readable and writable register. The PR2 register is initialized to FFh upon
RESET. The match output of TMR2 goes through a 4-bit postscaler (which gives a 1:1 to 1:16
scaling inclusive) to generate a TMR2 interrupt (latched in flag bit TMR2IF, (PIR1<1>)).
Timer2 can be shut-off by clearing control bit TMR2ON (T2CON<2>), to minimize power
consumption.

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

Every PIC needs a clock.  The PIC uses four clock cycles to complete one instruction cycle. 
Since the PIC is fully static, the clock rate can vary from DC (nothing) to the maximum rated
speed, which is currently around 20MHz for some parts. What do we mean by "fully static"? 
Some microprocessors use some dynamic circuitry internally, which operate similar to dynamic
RAM.  These processors have a certain specified minimum clock frequency which must be
maintained, just like a minimum power supply voltage.  The PIC has no such limitation; the
processor clock can be completely stopped.  In fact, the SLEEP instruction does just that - shuts
down the clock oscillator!  This leads to enormous power savings.  A PIC in sleep mode will
draw just a few microamperes.

There are several methods of clocking a PIC.  These are:

LP - Low power crystal

XT - Crystal or ceramic resonator
HS - High Speed crystal or resonator
RC - Resistance/capacitance

We are using crystal oscillator in our project. The first three methods use either a parallel-
cut crystal or a ceramic resonator.   LP mode is generally used for low-power applications using
watch-type crystals or ceramic resonators in the 32 kHz to 200 kHz range.  XT mode is used
from typically 455 kHz to 4MHz, and HS mode is usually used above 4MHz.  The modes are
very similar except for the amount of drive supplied to the crystal.  In these three modes, an
external clock source can also be used instead of a crystal or resonator.  If you have an existing
clock signal of the desired frequency in your circuit, you can connect this signal to the OSC1 pin
and leave the OSC2 pin open.
 When using a crystal or resonator, it is good practice to connect a small capacitor from
each OSC lead to ground.  This helps assure stable oscillator operation and reliable start-up. 
Consult the Microchip data sheet for your processor and the specs for your crystal for the
recommended values, but 15pF to 33pF seems to be adequate for most clock frequencies over
400kHz or so.

The last mode is RC mode.  If your application is not at all timing sensitive, RC mode is
simple and inexpensive.  To use this mode, you simply connect and external resistor ranging
from 5K to 100K Ohms from Vdd to OCS1, and an external capacitor from OSC1 to Vss.  The
external capacitor can be eliminated, but Microchip warns that the frequency can vary widely
and change often.  They recommend at least 20pF of external capacitance for anything
resembling stable operation.  Of course, RC mode will be affected much more than any of the
crystal or resonator modes by temperature, part to part variations, etc.

3.2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

All electronic circuits works only in low DC voltage, so we need a power

supply unit to provide the appropriate voltage supply for their proper functioning
.This unit consists of transformer, rectifier, filter & regulator. AC voltage of
typically 230v rms is connected to a transformer voltage down to the level to
the desired ac voltage. A diode rectifier that provides the full wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc
voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage
variation . A regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide dc voltage that not
only has much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even the dc
voltage varies some what, or the load connected to the output dc voltages
changes.
 Fig 24.General Block of Power Supply Unit

DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Fig25 : Diode Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four

diodesconnected in a bridge circuitas shown below, that provides the same polarity
of output voltage for any polarity of the input voltage. When used in its most
common application, for conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct
current(DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier provides
full wave rectification from a two wire AC input (saving the cost of a center tapped
transformer) but has two diode drops rather than one reducing efficiency over a
center tap based design for the same output voltage.
 Fig 26: Schematic Of A Diode Bridge Rectifier

The essential feature of this arrangement is that for both polarities of the voltage at
the bridge input, the polarity of the output is constant.

BASIC OPERATION OF DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with
respect to the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right
along the upper colored path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the
lower one.

operation of diode bridge rectifier

When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current
flows along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored
path.
 AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signals
In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the
lower right one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not
only produces DC power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what
is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it permits normal
functioning when batteries are installed backwards or DC input-power supply
wiring "has its wires crossed" (and protects the circuitry it powers against damage
that might occur without this circuit in place).

Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was

always constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-
terminal component containing the four diodes connected in the bridge
configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available with
various voltage and current ratings.

TRANSFORMER: A transformer is a static piece of which electric power in one

circuit is transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit. It can
raise or lower the voltage in the circuit, but with a corresponding decrease or increase
in current. It works with the principle of mutual induction. In our project we are using
a step down transformer to providing a necessary supply for the electronic circuits.
Here we step down a 230v ac into 12v ac.

RECTIFIER: A dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100%

using a process called full wave rectification. Here in our project for full wave
rectification we use bridge rectifier. From the basic bridge configuration we see that
two diodes(say D2 & D3) are conducting while the other two diodes (D1 & D4) are
in off state during the period t = 0 to T/2.Accordingly for the negative cycle of the
input the conducting diodes are D1 & D4 .Thus the polarity across the load is the
same.
In the bridge rectifier the diodes may be of variable types like 1N4001, 1N4003,
1N4004, 1N4005, IN4007 etc… can be used . But here we use 1N4007, because it can
withstand up to 1000v.

FILTERS: In order to obtain a dc voltage of 0 Hz, we have to use a low pass filter. so
that a capacitive filter circuit is used where a capacitor is connected at the rectifier
output& a dc is obtained across it. The filtered waveform is essentially a dc voltage
with negligible ripples & it is ultimately fed to the load.

REGULATORS: The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered & finally
regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage
constant irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variations & temperature
changes. Here we use fixed voltage regulator namely LM7805.The IC LM7805 is a
+5v regulator which is used for microcontroller.

Circuit Diagram:
 Fig29 power supply unit

FEATURES & DESCRIPTION OF REGULATORS

• Output Current up to 1A

• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V

• Thermal Overload Protection

• Short Circuit Protection

• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are

available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages,
making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators,
these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages
and currents.

3.3 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use

an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles
are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers:
they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers
to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform
switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments still called "protective relays".

BASIC DESIGN AND OPERATION:

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around

a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctancepath for magnetic
flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in
the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to
one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the
relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition,
one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is
open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their
function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the
yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the
armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke,
which is soldered to the PCB.
 When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable
contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with
a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized,
then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if
the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or
current application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across
the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation,
which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous
to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode
inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a
capacitor and resistor in series (snubbercircuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is
designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper "shading
ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase
current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle.[1]

APPLICATIONS

Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high

voltage circuit with a low power circuit. The first application of relays was in
long telegraph systems, where the weak signal received at an intermediate station
could control a contact, regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-
voltage or high-current devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring
and pilots switches. Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low
power devices such as microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads
beyond their direct drive capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the
high current of the cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts
in the ignition key.

Electromechanical switching systems

including Strowger and Crossbar telephone exchanges made extensive use of
relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone Company also
manufactured telephone exchanges based solely on relay switching techniques
designed by GotthilfAnsgariusBetulander. The first public relay based telephone
exchange in the UK was installed in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in
service until 1959.

The use of relays for the logical control of complex switching systems like
telephone exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the
application of Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in A Symbolic Analysis of
Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform the basic operations of Boolean
combinatorial logic. For example, the boolean AND function is realised by
connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting
normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a logical input can be done with a
normally-closed contact. Relays were used for control of automated systems for
machine tools and production lines. The Ladder programming language is often
used for designing relay logic networks.
 Early electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark
II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3 relays for logic and working registers. However,
electronic devices proved faster and easier to use.

Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear

radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of
radioactive waste-handling machinery. Electromechanical protective relays are
used to detect overload and other faults on electrical lines by opening and
closing circuit breakers.

3.4 Liquid Crystal Display

Introduction:

Advances in the features, miniaturization, and cost of LCD (Liquid Crystal

Display) controller chips have made LCDs usable not only in commercial products
but also in hobbyist projects. By themselves, Liquid Crystal Displays can be
difficult to drive because they require multiplexing, AC drive waveforms, and
special voltages. LCD modules make this driving simpler by attaching hardware to
the raw glass LCD to assist in some or all of these rudimentary driving tasks. LCD
modules can be split into two groups: those that have built-in controller and driver
chips, and those that have only driver chips. LCD displays that do not have
controllers are typically used with powerful hardware, such as a laptop computer,
where a video controller is available to generate the complex drive signals
necessary to run the display. Most color and large (greater than 320x240)
monochrome displays are of this type. Other common sizes are 16x1, 20x1, 20x2,
20x4, 40x1, and 40x2 (characters x lines). Fortunately, all HD44780-based
displays (of any size) use the same standard 14-wire interface.

Therefore, code and hardware made for one size/type display can be
painlessly adapted to work for any HD44780 compatible. Information about these
displays can be easily obtained on the web by including “HD44780” in our search
keywords. Because of their widespread use, these displays can be purchased
surplus with typical prices of $3 for small displays to $20 for large ones.

Interfacing our LCD module:

The microcontroller/microprocessor interface to HD44780 LCD modules

(hereafter generically Referred to as character LCD modules) is almost always 14
pins. We May find that some displays have additional pins for backlighting or
other purposes, but the first 14 pins still serve as the interface.

The first three pins provide power to the LCD module. Pin 1 is GND and
should be grounded to the power supply. Pin 2 is VCC and should be connected to
+5V power. Pin 3 is the LCD Display Bias. By adjusting the voltage or duty cycle
of pin 3, the contrast of the display can be adjusted. Most character LCDs can
achieve good display contrast with a voltage between 5V and 0V on pin 3. Note
that greater contrast comes with lower voltage and we should never apply a VLCD
higher than VCC. Some displays, which are specially made to work over a large
temperature range, may require a negative voltage to achieve readable contrast.

Basic 16x 2 Characters LCD - Black on Green 5V:

Description:

This is a basic 16 character by 2-line display. Black text on Green background.

Utilizes the extremely common HD44780 parallel interface chipset. Interface code
is freely available. We will need ~11 general I/O pins to interface to this LCD
screen. Includes LED backlight.

Fig3.4.1 16/2 character LCD display

Pin Description: The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1
Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of
80 characters, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2
HD44780 controllers.

Fig 3.4.2 Pin Description of LCD

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16
Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is
shown in the table below.
Figure 3.4.3: Character LCD type HD44780 Pin diagram

Pin description of character LCD:

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 2 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Pin no. 3 VEE Contrast adjust
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 4 RS
1 = Data input
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 5 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
Pin no. 6 EN Enable signal
 Pin no. 7 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Pin no. 8 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 9 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 10 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 11 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 12 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 13 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 14 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Table 3.4.1: Character LCD pins with 1 Controller

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)
Pin no. 2 D6 Data bus line 6
Pin no. 3 D5 Data bus line 5
Pin no. 4 D4 Data bus line 4
Pin no. 5 D3 Data bus line 3
Pin no. 6 D2 Data bus line 2
Pin no. 7 D1 Data bus line 1
Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)
Enable signal for row 0 and 1
Pin no. 9 EN1
(1stcontroller)
0 = Write to LCD module
Pin no. 10 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 11 RS
1 = Data input
Pin no. 12 VEE Contrast adjust
Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)
Pin no. 14 VCC Power supply (+5V)
Enable signal for row 2 and 3
Pin no. 15 EN2
(2ndcontroller)
Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected

Table 3.4.2: Character LCD pins with 2 Controller

LCD Background:

Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using
input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the
most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most
common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16
characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

Interfacing Example - 16 Characters x 2 Lines LCD:

Description: This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will
start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature
found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if no all Parallel Ports. It
however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. A 16 Character x 2
Line LCD Modules to the Parallel Port. These LCD Modules are very common
these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required running
them is on board.

Schematic:

Fig 3.4.4 Schematic Diagram of 2 line 16 character LCD display

Circuit Description:

Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and
RegisterSelect is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open
collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up
resistors, there is a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K
external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of
computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no
effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W
line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data
lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us
if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem
is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.

The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here.
As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. We can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use an onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling
capacitors, especially if we have trouble with the circuit working properly.

3.6 LED

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that

resembles a basic PN - junction diode, except that an LED also emits light. When
an LED's anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at
least the LED's forward voltage drop, current flows. Electrons are able to
recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor.
 FEATURES

 High reliability

 High radiant intensity

 Peak wavelength λp = 940nm

 2.54mm Lead spacing.

APPLICATIONS

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to
the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response
of these objects.

Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human VISION

ZIGBEE technology:
Introduction:

When we hold the TV remote and wish to use it we have to necessarily point our control
at the device. This one-way, line-of-sight, short-range communication uses infrared (IR) sensors
to enable communication and control and it is possible to operate the TV remotely only with its
control unit.

Add other home theatre modules, an air- conditioner and remotely enabled fans and lights
to our room, and we become a juggler who has to handle not only these remotes, but also more
numbers that will accompany other home appliances we are likely to use.

Some remotes do serve to control more than one device after ‘memorizing' access codes,
but this interoperability is restricted to LOS, that too only for a set of related equipment, like the
different units of a home entertainment system

Now picture a home with entertainment units, security systems including fire alarm,
smoke detector and burglar alarm, air-conditioners and kitchen appliances all within whispering
distance from each other and imagine a single unit that talks with all the devices, no longer
depending on line-of-sight, and traffic no longer being one-way.

This means that the devices and the control unit would all need a common standard to
enable intelligible communication. ZigBee is such a standard for embedded application software
and has been ratified in late 2004 under IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networking Standards.

ZigBee is an established set of specifications for wireless personal area networking

(WPAN), i.e., digital radio connections between computers and related devices. This kind of
network eliminates use of physical data buses like USB and Ethernet cables. The devices could
include telephones, hand-held digital assistants, sensors and controls located within a few meters
of each other.

ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol formulated by the

relevant task force under the IEEE 802.15 working group. The fourth in the series, WPAN Low
Rate/ZigBee is the newest and provides specifications for devices that have low data rates,
consume very low power and are thus characterized by long battery life. Other standards like
Blue tooth and IrDA address high data rate applications such as voice, video and LAN
communications.

The ZigBee Alliance has been set up as “an association of companies working together to
enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control
products based on an open global standard”.

Once a manufacturer enrolls in this Alliance for a fee, he can have access to the standard
and implement it in his products in the form of ZigBee chipsets that would be built into the end
devices. Philips, Motorola, Intel, HP are all members of the Alliance. The goal is “to provide the
consumer with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence
and capabilities into every day devices.

ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and applications across
consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets worldwide. For the first time,
companies will have a standards-based wireless platform optimized for the unique needs of
remote monitoring and control applications, including simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-
power”.

The target networks encompass a wide range of devices with low data rates in the
Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands, with building-automation controls like
intruder/fire alarms, thermostats and remote (wireless) switches, video/audio remote controls
likely to be the most popular applications. So far sensor and control devices have been marketed
as proprietary items for want of a standard. With acceptance and implementation of ZigBee,
interoperability will be enabled in multi-purpose, self-organizing mesh networks

Architecture:
 Though WPAN implies a reach of only a few meters, 30 feet in the case of ZigBee, the
network will have several layers, so designed as to enable interpersonal communication within
the network, connection to a network of higher level and ultimately an uplink to the Web.

The ZigBee Standard has evolved standardized sets of solutions, called ‘layers'. These
layers facilitate the features that make ZigBee very attractive: low cost, easy implementation,
reliable data transfer, short-range operations,

Very low power consumption and adequate security features.

1. Network and Application Support layer:

The network layer permits growth of network sans high power transmitters. This layer
can handle huge numbers of nodes. This level in the ZigBee architecture includes the ZigBee
Device Object (ZDO), user-defined application profile(s) and the Application Support (APS)
sub-layer.

The APS sub-layer's responsibilities include maintenance of tables that enable matching
between two devices and communication among them, and also discovery, the aspect that
identifies other devices that operate in the operating space of any device.

The responsibility of determining the nature of the device (Coordinator / FFD or RFD) in
the network, commencing and replying to binding requests and ensuring a secure relationship
between devices rests with the ZDO (Zigbee Define Object). The user-defined application refers
to the end device that conforms to the ZigBee Standard.

2. Physical (PHY) layer:

The IEEE802.15.4 PHY physical layer accommodates high levels of integration by using
direct sequence to permit simplicity in the analog circuitry and enable cheaper implementations.

3. Media access control (MAC) layer:

 The IEEE802.15.4 MAC media access control layer permits use of several topologies
without introducing complexity and is meant to work with large numbers of devices.
 Figure 3.3.1: IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Stack Architecture

CHAPTER – IV
PREPARATION OF PRINTIG CIRCUITED BOARD

PCB DESGNING AND FABRICATION

PROCEDURE FOR MAKING THE PCB

PREPARING OF LAYOUT

With the diagram and all the hand, draw a complete layout plan of the circuit
on a sheet of a tracing paper. As a model, for laying the circuit, a thermo cole base
may be used to hold components. Avoid over crowding of components while
making full space utilization. Keep the ground line on the side of the PCB and the
supply line on other side as far as possible. When all the components have been
mounted on the tracing paper sheet fixed on a piece of thermo cole base, take out a
sketch pen for making in such a way that all the connecting wires are equal in
width, termination rounded off. Re-draw draw it on a fresh paper if required.

PAINTING OF PCB

The tracing so prepared has to be imposed over the copper printed circuit
board keeping in view that the component would be mounted from the non-clad
side of the board. Take a PCB lamination sheet and cur a piece of required size of
the board by using hacksaw file edges, put the copper clad sheet on the table
keeping side on the runway the dirt grease and oxide with a sand paper with its
marked side tracing the carbon paper and at her side on top. Since the tracing paper
is transformed you can now reproduce a carbon point over a surface but using ball
pen on a hard pencil over the drawing on the transparent side. When the carbon
print has been obtained over the copper clad board drill ropes in the board using a
hand drill. The holes may be draw with 1/32 bit for component lead sand the
carbon should be raised or wiped by mistake.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINTED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

After painting the board, it will be made by the cool air for sometime. Now
take a plastic tray and get some Fe Cl3 chemical powder. The ferric chloride salt is
then added with 500ml of water. The color of the solution is pink. Color of the salt
is in yellow, now we add three to five drops of dilute HCL or H2SO4. This is
necessary to quicken the process.

ETCHING OF PCB

Now we take the painted copper clad board and dip it in the solution kept in
the tray. After 15 to 25 minutes we see the board, with only printed pattern portion
remaining in other place the copper coating is removed due to the chemical action.
Then the board is taken out and washes in water. After wash the board by using
thinner solution. Now a printed circuit has been formed on the board.

Take fresh water and mix a few teaspoons of FeCL3 add a few drops of
dilute HCL to it, as it speeds the etching process. Shake well immerse the PC Bin
the solution for about 20 minutes occasionally altering the solution by giving the
seesaw reaction to the disk storing reduces the etching time. Observe the changing
color on the copper surface. Take out the PCB only when the unpainted portion of
the copper surface is completely dissolved in the

3solution wash the PCB with the water. After the PCB is thoroughly washed
remove the paint by soft pieces of the cloth dipped in thinner or turpentine.

DRILLING OF HOLES

Then take a drilling machine with 1/32 drill bit to make holes for the
incretion of the components use 1/18 drill bit for inset wires and other thick
components.

Now the PCB is ready to use.

ADVANTAGES

 Reliability in operation and low cost.

 Space required becomes less.

DIS ADVANTAGES

 It can’t withstand larger weight such as transformer.

MATERIAL REQUIRED

 Copper clad sheet (It is made of hylam or board over

which the sheet copper is pressed.)
 “Paint or Nail polish” or even “PCB Ink”.
 Painting brush, tray.
 Ferric chloride solution and also few drop of dilute HCL or
H2so4.
  Thinner or kerosene or petrol.
 Cotton cloth.
 Trace paper.

CONCLUSION

VR provides the potential conduit for delivering experience marketing to the

masses. As we have seen from the examples above, there is clear potential for the
future and many business opportunities are emerging. The immersive value of the
medium surpasses that of traditional 2D screens and some evidence suggests that
experienced presence might even surpass reality for some situations. The socially-
connected nature of mobile devices (and other computing devices) means that
instead of providing VR in stores, companies are increasingly likely to develop
downloadable apps for consumers. Experiential marketing content can be
convincing, immersive, and also potentially social and participatory, creating a
potential for virality. This technology-fueled marketing innovation could
potentially transform marketing, combining the emotional impact of experiential
marketing with the viral scalability of Web campaigns.
REFERENCE