Computer Answers

Ans.1 A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a

building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms. When
combined with other systems in order to control the building climate, the
whole system may be an HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
system.

Ans.3
 Boilers
 Heat Pumps
 Gas-Fired Space Heaters
 Unvented Gas-Fired Heaters
 Electric Space Heaters

Ans.4 Equipment: battery, wires, thin cardboard, aluminum foil, cellophane

tape, small buzzer, a bulb in a bulb holder or a motor.
1. Cut a piece of cardboard about 6 in. by 3 in. and fold it in half.
2. Tape strips of foil around cardboard.
3. Tape a wire to each piece of foil.
4. Join the wires into a circuit with the battery and buzzer, a bulb or
motor.
5. Set up your burglar alarm near a door so that anyone coming through
the door will tread on the card and set off the buzzer, make the bulb
light up or start the motor running.
How it works: When the two pieces of foil are pressed together, the circuit is
complete and electricity can flow.
 CASE STUDY

The Challenge
It’s estimated that as much as 40% of city energy budgets are spent on
outdoor lighting, and that a single street light can emit 200 kg of CO2 each
year. Increasingly, cities need to save energy or do more with less energy,
reduce carbon emissions, lower operating and maintenance costs, and comply
with tighter government regulations. In addition, many are exploring Smart
City applications and the use of lighting to boost safety for both drivers and
pedestrians.

For all these reasons, better lighting and lighting control top most cities’
priority lists.
The Echelon Solution
Echelon’s comprehensive, open standards-based approach to adaptive
outdoor lighting control, which builds on Echelon’s status as the world’s
leading control networking platform provider, delivers the cost and energy
savings, proven reliability, and industrial scale to meet the most ambitious
outdoor lighting goals.

More recently, Echelon has pioneered hybrid wired/wireless network

products that enable cities to mix and match their communications media. For
instance, cities can use wired power line communications (PLC) for tunnels or
remote stretches of highway and wireless radio frequency (RF) where wired
solutions are cost-prohibitive. In this way, cities can for the first time achieve
100% lighting coverage with a single solution.

Echelon’s lighting control products include the SmartServer 2.0 Controller, a

segment controller with PLC and RF border routing, CRD 3000 RF-PLC
street light bridge, CPD 3000 PLC (wired) light point controller, CPD 4000
RF (wireless) light point controller, and Central Management Software
(CMS)-enabled client and server software.
The Results
Cities that have implemented Echelon-based lighting control systems report
results that include:
 Average energy savings ranging from 28% to 62%—with up to one-
third of the savings attributed to adaptive lighting control
 Ability to free up energy according to demand
 Lower ongoing maintenance and inventory costs through remote
identification of lamp failures, preventive maintenance, and the use of
lower-wattage, longer-lasting street lights
 Improved public safety and satisfaction due to reduced lamp downtime,
less light pollution, and better overall lighting quality
 Reduced CO2 emissions
 Rapid detection of electricity theft and leakage
 Preservation of historical and decorative lights, while still attaining the
benefits of modern lighting control
 Compliance with European Union, worldwide, and local laws and
directives for reduced energy use, CO2 emissions, and use of high-
polluting components such as mercury
 An infrastructure for efficiently controlling future technologies,
including Smart City and Internet of Things applications
Real-World Examples
Norway’s capital, Oslo, was one of the first cities to deploy a large-scale
intelligent, open standards-based outdoor lighting network built on Echelon
technology. Data from traffic and weather sensors and an internal
astronomical clock are used to automatically dim some street lights, thus
reducing energy use by 62%, extending lamp life, and lowering replacement
costs.

Elsewhere in Norway, Øvre Eiker, famous as the site of the first major Viking
gold find, installed a dynamic outdoor lighting system with Echelon PLC
transceivers and SmartServer segment controller that reduced street light
energy use by 45%, cut maintenance costs by 35%, reduced CO2 emissions,
and helped meet EU directives.

After installing electronic dimmable ballasts and enhanced fixtures controlled

by Echelon technology, the densely populated Chinese cities of Dongguan and
Shenzhen saved an average of 52% in energy costs, identified cable theft, and
reduced the number of maintenance people.

Using Echelon’s SmartServer and LonWorks-based power line technology,

Ville de Québec saved 30% in energy use, reduced maintenance and inventory
costs, increased public safety, and beautified the city’s historical district.

Dublin completed a successful project replacing 1,300 light points with

electronic dimmable ballasts controlled by Echelon light point controllers,
iLON segment controllers, and CMS cloud-based software. With average
energy savings of 35%, Dublin approved the solution for the rest of the city.

In a Jakarta trial by Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy (MOE) Research and

Development Agency, more efficient street light lamps combined with
dimming and scheduling capabilities from Echelon open-systems control
technologies yielded 59% in energy savings. Plus, Jakarta was able to detect
electricity theft and reduce maintenance and operational logistics of their
outdoor lighting system.

The City of Paris replaced 80,000 light fixtures with an Echelon-based

multivendor, open system. In addition to saving 35% in both energy and
capital expenses, Paris is using its citywide lighting network as the basis for
developing Smart City applications. In Sénart en Essonne, a four-city area 35
km south of Paris, an Echelon-based outdoor lighting system has helped
reduce the area’s operating budget and maintenance costs while increasing
road safety.
A state-of-the-art outdoor lighting system controlled by Echelon technology
provides Saudi Arabia’s Riyadh and Mecca with real-time outdoor lighting
control. Now, the cities can remotely turn lights on and off, adjust their
intensity through automatic programming or sensors, detect energy leakage
or possible cable cuts, and receive an alarm for any unauthorized opening of a
power supply cabinet door.

Milton Keynes, 45 miles northwest of London, modernized its outdoor lighting

network by installing smart electronic ballasts and enterprise monitoring
software running on Echelon’s open, extensible architecture. The city’s lower-
wattage street lights—paired with Echelon’s control network and various
sensors—allow lamps to adjust illumination automatically for longer life and
less light pollution, cast higher quality light, and help the city satisfy various
EU and worldwide directives to reduce energy usage.