CHAPTER 24 Practical Design against Shear and Torsion and Design of Short-cantilevers and Deep-beams. 24.1 PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN AGAINST SHEAR ‘Concrete subjected to (bending and) shear will fail in tension when the principal tensile stfess (diagonal tension) exceeds its modulus of rupture. This would suggest that principal tensile stress should obviously be guarded against. This stress t at a particular fibre level is calculatable from the following expression derived on the basis of classical elastic theory assurning that the material is homogencous, crack- free, isotropic and elastic, le : somehow directly consider the concrete in its cracked state (the load-factor approach), even if one took into account the shear which the unreinforced concrete could take till it cracked (reinforcement taking only the balance). This would be more realistic than using the purely elastic approach for shear under the realistic conditions that prevail. (In Structural engineering it is more rational to attempt an approximate solution to an exact problem than a solution {0 an approximated problem, for obvious reasons.) where f = the magnitude of the bending tensile stress 's = the magnitude of the transverse shear stress ‘at the particular fibre level under consideration. Greatest t will occur where a greatest s and greatest f coexist. In reinforced concrete, greatest permissible f being, zero, ¢ then equals s and this is why in reinforced concrete, traditionally only shearstress s used to be checked in the elastic analysis. However, in prestressed concrete, at the fibre where © is greatest, f could be compressive, zero or tensile since some flexural tension may be permitted. This would suggest to calculate t value at various critical fibre levels (at each critical section) in such 2 case, and this is. what used to bbe done traditionally (and the greatest # was restricted to a permissible fraction of the modulus of rupture): However, since shear does not accept any significant redistribution (unlike flexure) and, therefore, its failure can be rather sudden (which is why seldom did any code permit any increase in shear stress, unlike in bending stress), we have to be more careful in handling shear. Since the aforementioned elastic formula is based on the stated assumptions none of which are really accurately true in ‘case of concrete (because concrete at least has micro cracks in it and is not truly elastic, homogeneous or isotropic) it is, therefore, wholly irrational to design for shear by trying to calculate and control principal tension in this ‘manner. It would be more rational in case of shear to Fig. 24.1 Explained in simple words, if vertical shear reinforcement is A, at pitch p, then the shear force V-it can take within the spread of the shear crack in a concrete member shown in Fig. 24.1 is, A v= Anonos, hows, where f, isthe tense stress in the shear reinforcement. In the limit, ultimate shear on reinforcement would be, = (Ukimate shear on the section) — (shear capacity of unreinforced concrete) Ve= Ve with f, Teaching the value of tensile yield stress in reinforcement, f,, ‘And assuming approximately that ¢@ = 45° and h is the Jever arm d between longitudinal tension and compression forces in the section, then,378. Concrete Bridge Practice: Analysis, Design and Eeonomics $0 that shear reinforcement required would simply be, = Yar A= hd In this forma, '* V.. in kg, may be assumed equal to (10bd), where ‘6 (the breadth of rib) and d'(as defined below) are inem ¢ d= 08 of effective depth in case of reinforced concrete = effective depth or 0.8 of overall depth, which- ever greater, in case of prestressed concrete, # V,, = load factored dead and live load shears, less any relief in shear due to prestress and sloping soffit (assuming unit load factor on presiress) 4 fay = yield stess in vertical stirrups whose cross Sectional area is A, placed at @ horizontal pitch p ei However, if ia exceeds 0.15 of the standard 28-day concrete cylinder crushing strength, the section should be increased in order not 0 exceed this limit and only then A, calculated, (This condition is from an overall philosophical staridpoint to avoid shear-compression failure and 10 cover the effects of approximations made in converting the structure into the approximated mathematical model.) ‘Also note that itis preferable to provide vertical stirrups for shear rather than crank the flexural reinforcement since in the later detail the resultant vectorial outward force at the bend in the cranked reinforcement fas the tendency to ‘wedge-out the concrete lying within the bend. 24.2 DESIGN OF SHORT-CANTILEVERS, CORBELS AND BRACKETS ‘The design procedure for short cantilevers, brackets and ‘corbels recognizes the deep beam or simple truss action of these short shear-span members, as illustrated in Fig, 24.2 Four possible failure modes must be controled: (a) Direct shear failure at the interface between bracket or corbel end supporting member; (b) Yielding of the tension tie due to moment and direct tension; (¢) Crushing of the internal ‘compression strut; and (4) Localized bearing or shear failure under the loaded area. ‘The design provisions given here apply only to members hhaving a shear span-to-depth ratio of unity or less (a/d’ < 1) since, for longer spans. diagonal tension cracks may form and the use of “horizontal shear reinforcement’ may not suffice. Furthermore, the method has not been validated by tests beyond a/d = 1. (For cases with a > d’, the usual design procedures for flexure and for shear should be applied.) “The critical section is designed to resist simultaneously a 2) Tesion Te Eq (0 Sir Pane (3) cangn swat Fig. 26.2 Structural action of short cantilevers shear V,, a moment [V,a+ H,(h—a’)], and a horizontal tensile force H,; latter being caused either due to friction at the bearing area (and) or due (o restrained shrinkage, creep and thermal deformation. For design purposes the total reinforcement required is divided into three parts. with each determined separately —(A,,,) area of shear-friction reinforcement to resist direct shear V,;(A,) area of flexural reinforcement to resist moment Via + Hy, (h~ a’); and (4,) atea of, tensile reinforeement to resist direct tensile force H,, Once the separate areas of reinforcement A,s, Ay and ‘A, have been determined, the actual reinforcement to be provided, A, and A,. may be sized, where A, will act as the primary tension reinforcement and Ay, will act as shear reinforcement (placed as horizontal stirups, one below the other, below A.) Design Steps (See Fig. 24.3) Condition ‘Shear-span to effective depth ratio’; a/d’, is $1. fa > af, design for flexure and shear as per usual procedures.) Step 1 Ensure S/d’ > 0.5 ¥, Step 2 Ensure 54 dimensions. V, = ultimate shear value 5 = width of cantileverforacketlcorbel ‘f= 28-day standard cylinder strength of concrete used. d= 08 of effective depth d’{d = 0.84") ‘Step 3. Calculate shesr-friction reinforcement Ay S 0.157%, otherwise revise section y, Aut Tasty Jy = yield tess value ofthe reinforcement used i= 14 for concrete placed monolithically across interface1.0 for concrete piaced sgainst hardened cconcrete but with roughened surface 0.7 for concrete anchored to structural steel 0:6 for concrete placed against hardened concrete but with surface not roughened. NOTE Only monolithic construction recommended Step 4 Calculate direct-tension reinforcement A 4, AM Tash, H,, = 1.7 x actual horizontal force in working load condition if clearly defined but £0.2¥, ‘Step 5 Calculate flexural-tension reinforcement A (Mat Hy(h- ay] O85f,y4 A, d'= 0.8d! (as already defined), all other symbols as 70 Diamerers of My Bors Design against Shear and Torsion 379 already defined or shown in Figs. 242 and 24.3 ‘Step 6 Compute total primary tensile reinforcement A, A, 4(Ap+ Ad, £(0.04f2/ fyy)ba’ J 8 As Step 7 Calculate total section area Ay of stierups (closed ties) to be provided horizontally, one below other below and next to A, Ap AOSAy and £0,333, provide larger of the two. These stirrups shail be provided below A, and within a depth of 2/3d! below A, as indicated in Fig. 243. oA) 243 DESIGN OF AN ARTICULATION (ie, A. HALVING JOINT) A cut-out “recessed” seating arrangement whereby one deck sits on another, may be referred to as an ‘articulation’ or a ‘halving joint’, An articulation is obviously a very important port of the whole and it needs special attention we farehor Bor Same Dio. of As (Preferobly Welded Yo Ae} Vertical Sten ay in th Zone | “Framing Bars For caging (Diameter same ae of A, Bare) i= Woe +a, 0.50} We tod symbols as explained eal Fig. 24.3 Devailing of Ay and Ay reinforcements in a short cantilever (or bracket or corbel) (any other reinforcentent not shown).re 380 Concrete Bridge Practice: Analysis, Design and Economics in design, construction and maintenance, Heavy sheer and bending stresses on account of abrupt reduction of depth ‘of Section occur at the articulations. The design of an ordinary reinforced concrete articulation is generally done by superimposing the bending stresses due (0 vertical and horizontal reactions at the bearing and the shear stresses along 2 plane emanating from the end of the articulation block. The assumption is that the concrete in the articulation will crack in an undesirable manner. These cracks should be sealed with a rigid filler (rich non-shrink cement grout of, preferably, 2 suitable epoxy resin formulation) soon after their appearance and ceasing to widen further. Design Steps (See Fig. 24.4) Condition Shear span to effective depih ratio, a/d’, is < 0.6, if a/d’ > 0.6, then redimension to suit.) Step I Ensure that $0.4 of overall depth of main part of bean, Step 2 Ensuce that 4 < 0.1572 (otherwise revise section dimensions) V, = ultimate shear value b= width of articulation section FL = 28-day standard cylinder strength of concrete used Adsitional Stirupe of d= 08 of effective depth d’(d = 0.84’) ‘Step 3 Calculate total horizontal stee! A, Ala Ay FAL vite bey = pase A= oa5F, shear trction reinforcement Gitect-tenson reinforcement yield sitess value of reinforcement used 1.4 for concrete placed monoliticlly across inter face, and only monolithic concreting recommended 17 x actual horizontal force in. working. 10ad contin, i clearly defined, but £0.2¥, for this calculation ‘Step 4 Calculate total vertical stirrups A, Ay = As/# Step 5 Calculate total horizontal stirups Ay Ay = 05A, ‘Step 6 Calculate total inclined stirrups A, and provide these inclined stisups at angle @ 10 horizontal (preferably 45°) such that they intersect the ine of action of V,,, going well past outer edge of the bearing. ab itcin Beam ‘Main tension bars of bearn (oquired perimerer £0 witrin width of articulation section. normal te plain of paper) Rig. 244 Detailing of Ay, As, Ay and An reinforcement in an articulation (other reinforcements rot shown, maln tension bars of beam only indicated)Design against Shear and Torsion 381 A, shall be larger ofthe two values obtained from the following to equations: (Aida sin = a (for resisting V,) (a+ (Ss - a’) URS d (Got resisting moments) Gi) Ajcos 03v, Dh D0= perimeter of the main tension reinforcement of the main beam at the articulation (see Fig. 24.4) Jou = ullimate anchorage bond stress between the aforementioned main tension reinforcement and the concrete (ranges from 14-19 kg/cm? for plain bars and 19-28 kglem? deformed bars, for concrete ‘grades 200-350 kg/em standard concrete cylinder strengths, cespectively) Step 7 Ensure that ¢. 244 DESIGN OF DEEP BEAMS Design of deep beams (depth > about half the clear span) is a special subject. The design proposals produced by Kong, ‘Sharp and others are based on the results of several hundred tests and, unlike most other procedures, are also applicable to deep beams with web openings. Details of the method are presented ahead with slight modifications on coefficients k, and k; (0 suit partial load factors and the assumed load factor approach. As the depth of a beam becomes greater in proportion to its span, the distribution of stress differs from that assumed for a normal beam. In addition, the particular arrangement of the applied loads and of the supports has an increasing influence on'this stress distribution. Thus if the ratio of clear span to depth is less than 2 to 3 for a freely- supported beam, or 2!/; to 4 for a continuous system, it should bé designed as a deep beam, Fig. 245 Notation (Figs. 24.5 and 24.6) A area of individual web bar minimum area of main steel required and actual area provided a clear distance from edge of load to face of ‘ support a, distance from inner edge of opening to face of support Ba, width of opening a depth at which web bar intersects critical diagonal crack . breadth of bear a effective depth to main steel i cylinder spliting tensile strength of concrete (Gee Table 24.1 ahead) Soy yield strength of reinforcement overall depth of beam empirical coefficients for concrete and rein- forcement. Take ky as 0.7 for normal-weight conerete and 0.5 for light-weight concrete: take ky as 100 for plain round bars and 225 for deformed bars span of beam between centres of supports ultimate moment ultimate shearing force shearing force resisted by concrete and main reinforcement only e angle between bar being considered and critical diagonal crack € distance of bottom of opening from beam soffit expressed as proportion of total depth of beam Q depth of opening expressed as proportion of total depth of beam hy ke SS=7 Design Procedure (Steps) (refer to table ahead) (@ Calculate ultimate bending moment M acting on beam (Gi) Caleatate area of main reinforcement required from formula (A) (iii) Calculate ultimate shearing force V acting on beam (iv) Calculate suitable minimum breadth of beam (or check, if breadth is specified) from formula (B) 12435 Fg i444) ¢v) Sketch elevation of beam and compute angle @ for main steel (0) Calculate shearing resistance V; for beam with main reinforcement only from formula (C); thus determine shearing resistance (V — V)) to be provided by web reinforcement (vil) From sketch of beam, measure values of 8 and a, for cach individual web bar (iii) Caleulate area of web bars required from formula (D)