(WORKBOOK) - Boost Your Vocabulary - Cam9 - Dinhthang PDF

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU
Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary Cambridge IELTS 9 - Workbook” được biên
soạn bởi mình và các bạn trong team IELTS Family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các
bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền
tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành tương đối nhiều thời gian để nghiên
cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn đọc. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách
không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi
về email thangwrm@gmail.com
Trân trọng cảm ơn,
Đinh Thắng
TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN
Đinh Thắng
 Giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012.

 Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.
 Từng làm việc tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012).
 Học bổng bán phần (75%) của khóa học thạc sỹ nằm trong chương trình Erasmus
Mundus.
Facebook: dinhthangielts | Website: www. ielts-dinhthang.com
… cùng các bạn Ngọc Anh, Tấn Phong, Âu Lê, Luyện Linh, Thu Anh.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 1
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH WORKBOOK
Sách dành cho các bạn đã học cuốn Boost your vocabulary – Cambridge IELTS 9 do team
IELTS family thực hiện.
Tốt nhất, các bạn nên học xong ít nhất 3 cuốn Boost (Ví dụ cuốn 9,10,11 hoặc cuốn 9,10,12)
thì mới chuyển sang giai đoạn ôn tập trong cuốn Workbook này. Vì quá trình ôn tập cuốn
Workbook có thể ngốn thời gian của bạn, trong khi đọc một cuốn Boost mới có thể giúp bạn “vô
tình” gặp lại các từ đã học và từ sẽ ngấm tự nhiên hơn. Vậy nên, nếu bạn chưa học xong 3
cuốn Boost, thì chưa nên học theo cuốn này.
* Nếu bạn đã học xong 3 cuốn Boost thì chắc chắn lượng từ vựng của bạn đã tăng rồi, và các
bạn có thể thực hiện các bước sau để giúp bạn củng cố lại lượng từ vựng đó:
Bước 1: Điền nghĩa của từ (tiếng Anh hoặc tiếng Việt đều được) vào cột bên phải cuốn sách
này. Lúc điền có thể đối chiếu ngữ cảnh gốc ở cột bên trái.
Bước 2: Trường hợp bạn quên nghĩa của từ nào đó, hãy xem ví dụ liên quan đến từ đó ở
cuối mỗi passage để đoán nghĩa. Ví dụ sau passage 1, test 1, cuốn Workbook 9 này có từ số 1
= synthetic đã được giới thiệu ở trong bảng, cột bên phải.
Bước 3. Trường hợp bạn vẫn quên nghĩa của từ đó thì có 3 khả năng
1- Từ đó khó và ít gặp, và bạn không nhất thiết phải nhớ. Vậy nên đừng quá lo.
2- Ví dụ của team làm sách chưa đủ tốt. Rất khó để chọn được một ví dụ hoàn hảo. Mặc dù đã
cố gắng lọc vài ngàn ví dụ để chọn ra tầm 600 ví dụ cho các từ của cuốn sách này, nhưng việc
đưa ra ví dụ đủ dễ để giúp các bạn đoán từ mà không nắm được nghĩa vẫn thực sự là rất khó.
3- Khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn chưa tốt. Bạn nên đọc lại cuốn Boost nếu thấy có trên 40% các từ
bạn không thể nhớ nghĩa chính xác.
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Test 1
READING PASSAGE 1
1. Synthetic=…
William Henry Perkin 2. Curiosity= …

The man who invented synthetic dyes
3. Prompt= …
William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in
London, England.
As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests 4. Stumble upon something= …
in the arts, sciences, photography, and engineering.
But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet 5. Run-down= …
functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home
that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for 6. Solidify= …
chemistry.
As a student at the City of London School, Perkin
7. Enthusiasm=…
became immersed in the study of chemistry. His
talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by
his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to 8. Become immersed in=…
attend a series of lectures given by the eminent
scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. 9. Devotion= …
Those speeches fired the young chemist’s enthusiasm
further, and he later went on to attend the Royal 10. Perceive=…
College of Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering
in 1853, at the age of 15.
At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College 11. Enrolment= ...
of Chemistry was headed by the noted German
chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific 12. Gift=
gifts soon caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two
years, he became Hofmann’s youngest assistant. Not 13. Breakthrough=
long after that, Perkin made the scientific
breakthrough that would bring him both fame and
fortune. 14. Fame=
At the time, quinine was the only viable medical
treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the 15. Fortune=
bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America,
and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the 16. Derive=
available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some
passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
17. Substitute=
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star
pupil was moved to take up the challenge.
During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in
the laboratory on the top floor of his family’s house. He
was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline,

an inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste 18. Manufacture=
product. Despite his best efforts, however, he did not
end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a
19. Mysterious=
mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific
training and nature prompted him to investigate the
substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate 20. Excretion=
and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the
experimental process, he finally produced a deep 21. Obtain =
purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous
scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance favours only 22. Extract something from something=
the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his
unexpected find.
Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural 23. Afford=
sources as plants and animal excretions. Some of
these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were 24. Backdrop=
difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed,
the purple colour extracted from a snail was once so 25. Grasp=
costly that in society at the time only the rich could
afford it. Further, natural dyes tended to be muddy in
26. Fabric=
hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop
that Perkin’s discovery was made.
Perkin quickly grasped that his purple solution could 27. Patent=
be used to colour fabric, thus making it the world’s first
synthetic dye. Realising the importance of this 28. Instant=
breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But
perhaps the most fascinating of all Perkin’s reactions
29. Recognition=
to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the
new dye had commercial possibilities.
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Purple, but it 30. Commercial=
later became commonly known as mauve (from the
French for the plant used to make the colour violet). 31. Assure=
He asked advice of Scottish dye works owner Robert
Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye 32. Fierce=
would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.e.
would not fade) and the cost was relatively low. So,
over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he 33. Objection=
left college to give birth to the modern chemical
industry. 34. Mentor=
With the help of his father and brother, Perkin set up a
factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and 35. Utilise=
plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited by
product of London’s gas street lighting, the dye works
began producing the world’s first synthetically dyed
material in 1857. The company received a commercial
boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she
decided the new colour flattered her. Very soon,
mauve was the necessary shade for all the 36. Boost=
fashionable ladies in that country.
Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also 37. Flatter=
appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus
making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was 38. Shade=
bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more.
Perkin went back to the drawing board. 39. Be all the rage=
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune
assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued 40. Clamour for=
his research. Among other dyes he developed and
introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black 41. Go back to the drawing board=
(1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is
important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye 42. Merely=
discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely
decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical 43. Vital=
research in many ways. For instance, they were used
to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, 44. Crucial=
allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes
continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what
would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against
malaria.
1. Synthetic =
_Synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon are made entirely from carcinogenic
petrochemicals that contribute to numerous health and environmental problems.
2. Curiosity =
_ Children have a natural curiosity about the world around them.
3. Prompt =
_ What exactly prompted him to call you in the middle of the night?
4. Stumble upon something =
_ Workmen stumbled upon huge fossil bones while digging foundations for a
new building.
5. Run-down =
_ The building was run-down, so the rents were low.
6. Solidify =
_ The two countries signed a treaty to solidify their alliance.
7. Enthusiasm =
_ The company has had another successful year, thanks to
the enthusiasm and energy of our workforce.
8. Become immersed in =
_ She got some books out of the library and immersed herself in Jewish history
and culture.
9. Devotion =
_He is a person with devotion to work because he is always willing to give up his
personal time in order to do extra hours.
10. Perceive =
_ The human eye is capable of perceiving thousands of insignificant details.
11. Enrolment =
_ Figures for female enrolment in IT degree courses remain low.
12. Gift =
_ Elena sure has a gift for telling stories.
13. Breakthrough =
_ Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
14. Fame =
_Most celebrities gain fame by working hard for years in their chosen professions while
others get famous because of their scandals.
15. Fortune =
_ She inherited a fortune from her grandmother.
16. Derive =
_ Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
17. Substitute =
_ Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
18. Manufacture =
_The car was manufactured in Germany until 1961.
19. Mysterious =
_ There was something mysterious about him, and she wanted to ask him a lot
of questions.
20. Excretion =
_ The excretion of toxic substances through the skin.
21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
22. Extract something from something =
_ The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking.
23. Afford =
_ Many smaller companies simply cannot afford to
buy health insurance for employees and remain in business.
24. Backdrop =
_ A love story set against a backdrop of war and despair.
25. Grasp =
_ A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is
about.
26. Fabric =
_ The fact that cotton absorbs humidity makes it a great fabric for summer days.
27. Patent =
_ If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it.
28. Instant =
_ We knew that there were no instant or easy solutions to overcome the problems that
we faced.
29. Recognition =
_ There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak.
30. Commercial =
_ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold and
became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office.
31. Assure =
_ Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.
32. Fierce =
_ Fierce winds prevented the race from taking place.
33. Objection =
_There were 14 letters of support for the scheme and eight letters of objection.
34. Mentor =
_ You need a mentor to guide you along the way.
35. Utilise =
_The offices have a heating system that utilises solar energy.
36. Boost =
_ The win boosted the team’s confidence.
37. Flatter =
_ Finding out your real body shape will help you choose clothes which flatter you best.
38. Shade =
_The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout.
39. Be all the rage =
_ DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ‘Titanic’.
40. Clamour for =
_ The audience cheered, clamouring for more.
41. Go back to the drawing board =
_ The current system just isn’t working – we need to go back to the drawing board
and start afresh.
42. Merely =
_ He’s merely a boy! you can’t expect him to understand.
43. Vital =
_ Regular exercise is vital for your health.
44. Crucial =
_Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
READING PASSAGE 2
IS THERE ANYBODY OUT

THERE
The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence 1. Extra-terrestrial=
The question of whether we are alone in the Universe 2. Haunt=

has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now
stand poised on the brink of the answer to that 3. Poised on the brink/edge of
question, as we search for radio signals from other something=
intelligent civilisations. This search, often known by
the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial 4. Intermittently=
intelligence], is a difficult one. Although groups
around the world have been searching intermittently 5. Determined=
for three decades, it is only now that we have
reached the level of technology where we can make 6. Make an attempt to do something=
a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for
any sign of life. 7. Primary=
A 8. Curiosity=
The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity
- the same curiosity about the natural world that 9. Drive=
drives all pure science. We want to know whether we
are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether 10. Evolve=
life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or
whether there is something very special about the 11. Foster=
Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that
we see around us on the planet. The simple 12. Detection=
detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to
answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, 13. Sufficient=
SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure
science which is continually pushing out the horizon 14. A cog in the machine/wheel=
of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons
for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. 15. Tenuous=
For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for
perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats
of nuclear war and pollution over the last few
decades have told us that our survival may be
tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or
will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a 16. Wipe something out=
planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect
that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, 17. Optimism=

their ages will range from zero to several billion
years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is 18. Adopt=
likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The
mere existence of such a civilisation will tell us that
long-term survival is possible, and gives us some 19. Ground rules=
cause for optimism. It is even possible that the older
civilisation may pass on the benefits of their 20. Evidence=
experience in dealing with threats to survival such as
nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats 21. An open mind=
that we haven’t yet discovered.
22. Convincing=
B
In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI
scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFQs 23. Conservative =
(Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored
since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for 24. Assumption=
them to be strong enough to bear serious
consideration (although it is also important to keep an 25. Radically=
open mind in case any really convincing evidence
emerges in the future). Second, we make a very
conservative assumption that we are looking for a 26. Resemble=
life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs
radically from us we may well not recognise it as a 27. Fellow=
life form, quite apart from whether we are able to
communicate with it. In other words, the life form we 28. Orbit=
are looking for may well have two green heads and
seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in
that it should communicate with its fellows, be 29. Inconceivable=
interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a
star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively,
have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and
water.
C
Even when we make these assumptions, our
understanding of other life forms is still severely
limited. We do not even know, for example, how
many stars have planets, and we certainly do not
know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given
the right conditions. However, when we look at the
100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and
100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it
seems inconceivable that at least one of these
planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the
best educated guess we can make, using the little 30. Estimate=
that we do know about the conditions for carbon-
based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 31. Astronomical=

100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet
orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours 32. Severely=
are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost
next door in astronomical terms. 33. Attenuate=
D 34. Traverse=
An alien civilisation could choose many different
ways of sending information across the galaxy, but 35. Frequency=
many of these either require too much energy, or else
are severely attenuated while traversing the vast 36. To date=
distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a
given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in 37. Concentrate on=
the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the
greatest distance, and so all searches to date have 38. Various=
concentrated on looking for radio waves in this
frequency range. So far there have been a number of 39. Radio telescope=
searches by various groups around the world,
including Australian searches using the radio 40. Scale=
telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now
there have not been any detections from the few 41. Dramatically=
hundred stars which have been searched. The scale
of the searches has been increased dramatically 42. Conduct =
since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10
million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough 43. Hardware=
search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in
this project is being spent on developing the special 44. Sensitivity=
hardware needed to search many frequencies at
once. The project has two parts. One part is a 45. Monitor=
targeted search using the world’s largest radio
telescopes, the American-operated telescope in 46. Considerable=
Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in
Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching 47. Debate=
the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for
signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz.
The other part of the project is an undirected search
which is monitoring all of space with a lower
sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s
Deep Space Network.
E
There is considerable debate over how we should
react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation.
Everybody agrees that we should not reply 48. Immediately=
immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of
sending a reply over such large distances at short 49. Ethical=
notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would
have to be addressed by the global community 50. Address=

before any reply could be sent. Would the human
race face the culture shock if faced with a superior 51. Superior=
and much older civilisation? Luckily, there is no
urgency about this. The stars being searched are 52. Urgency=
hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of
years for their signal to reach us, and a further few
hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not
important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or
decades, while the human race debates the question
of whether to reply, and perhaps carefully drafts a
reply.
1. Extra-terrestrial =
_ Maybe the reason scientists have yet to receive signals from extraterrestrial
intelligence is because there isn't any extraterrestrial intelligence sending signals.
2. Haunt =
_ 30 years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.
3. Poised on the brink/edge of =
_ The economy is poised on the edge of collapse.
4. Intermittent =
_ The afternoon will be warm but unsettled, with intermittent light rain.
5. Determined =
_ Several publishers rejected her book, but that just made her all the more determined.
6. Make an attempt to do something =
_ The climbers will make another attempt to reach the summit today.
7. Primary =
_ The money I earn is extra, my husband's job is our primary source of income.
8. Curiosity =
_ I opened the packet just to satisfy my curiosity.
9. Drive =
_ Phil, driven by jealousy, started spying on his wife.
10. Evolve =
_ Over the past three years he has evolved into one of America's most successful
restaurant owners.
11. Foster =
_ Recent studies show that advertising usually fosters competition and therefore lower
prices.
12. Detection =
_ By flying low, the plane was able to avoid detection by enemy radar.
13. Sufficient =
_ It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to
convict him.
14. A cog in the machine/wheel =
_ Copywriters have been seen as just a cog in the big advertising machine’
15. Tenuous =
_ The police have only found a tenuous connection between the two robberies.
16. Wipe something out =
_ Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
17. Optimism =
_ There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.
18. Adopt =
_ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
19. Ground rules =
_ Our book lays down the ground rules for building a patio successfully.
20. Evidence =
_ At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.
21. An open mind =
We should keep an open mind until all of the evidence is available.
22. Convincing =
_ My April Fool story was so convincing that my friends thought it was real.
23. Conservative =
_ Older people tend to be more conservative and a bit suspicious of anything new.
24. Assumption =
_ My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain
steady.
25. Radically =
_ The situation is radically different from that of ten years ago.
26. Resemble =
_ A: Who in your family do you resemble most?
B: That's an easy question. I look like and act like my dad for sure.
27. Fellow =
_ Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists.
28. Orbit =
_ All planets in our solar system, including Earth, revolve around, in other
words, orbit the sun.
29. Inconceivable =
_ It is inconceivable that a man in such a powerful position could act so unwisely.
30. Estimate =
_ We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher.
31. Astronomical =
_ We have ten major astronomical events that will take place in 2018 such as super
blue blood moon, solar eclipse, and meteor shower.
32. Severely =
_ The town was severely damaged in the war.
33. Attenuate =
_ Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated.
34. Traverse =
_ Stanley traversed the continent from west to east.
35. Frequency =
_ Fatal road accidents have decreased in frequency over recent years.
36. To date =
_ Her best performance to date was her third place at the World Junior Championships.
37. Concentrate on =
_ I couldn’t concentrate on my work – my mind was on other things.

38. Various =
_Vietnam's coast line hosts various beautiful beaches such as Cat Ba, Nha Trang, My
Khe, and Mui Ne.
39. Radio telescope =
_ In astronomy the transmitter is usually a radio telescope, and it usually acts also as
the detector.
40. Scale =
_ Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale.
41. Dramatically =
_ Your life changes dramatically when you have a baby to take care of.
42. Conduct =
_We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus
service.
43. Hardware =
_ The thieves stole thousands of pounds worth of computer hardware.
44. Sensitivity =
_ Interviewing victims of crime must be done with sensitivity.
45. Monitor =
_ Comings and goings are monitored by security cameras.
46. Considerable =
_Michael has already spent considerable time in Barcelona, so he knows very well
about this city.
47. Debate =
_ They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion.
48. Immediately =
_ If your baby has a fever you should call the doctor immediately.
49. Ethical =
_ The use of animals in scientific tests raises different ethical questions.
50. Address =
_ Environmental problems relating to the factory have yet to be addressed.
51. Superior =
_ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding.
52. Urgency =
_ “Let’s get out of here!”, he said with a sense of urgency when he realized that there
was a fire in the room.
READING PASSAGE 3
The history of the tortoise

If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea.
At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising 1. Evolutionary = ….
individuals within many different animal groups moved
out onto the land, sometimes even to the most 2. Parched = ….
parched deserts, taking their own private seawater
with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the 3. Reptile = ….
reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all
around us, other groups that have succeeded out of 4. Mammal = ….
water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as
woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, 5. Prior = ….
spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the
plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none 6. Involve = ….
of the other migrations could have happened.
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign 7. Thoroughgoing = ….
of every aspect of life, including breathing and
reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of 8. Abandon = ….
thoroughgoing land animals later turned around,
abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, 9. Terrestrial = ….
and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone
part way back. They show us what the intermediates 10. Cease = ….
might have been like, on the way to extreme cases
such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the 11. Revert to somebody/something =
small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their ….
close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land
creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine 12. Remote = ….
habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even
come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe 13. Ancestor = ….
air, having never developed anything equivalent to
the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles 14. Ashore = ….
went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all
vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. 15. Breed = ….
However, they are, in one respect, less fully given
back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles 16. Equivalent to = ….
still lay their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all modem turtles are 17. Incarnation = ….
descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived
before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils
called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis
talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which

appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles 18. Fragment = ….
and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell
whether fossil animals lived on land or in water,
19. Contemporary = ….
especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s
obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries
of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The 20. Forelimb = ….
fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like
dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less 21. Obtain = ….
obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of
their forelimbs. 22. Plot = ….
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale
University, obtained three measurements in these
particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and 23. Form = ….
tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to
plot the three measurements against one another. All 24. Cluster of something = ….
the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of
points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water 25. Overlap = ….
turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.
There was no overlap, except when they added some
26. Amphibious = ….
species that spend time both in water and on land.
Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on
the triangular graph approximately half way between 27. Approximately = ….
the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of
land tortoises. The next step was to determine where 28. Determine = ….
the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR
talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on
29. Era = ….
the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both
these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from
the era before our turtles returned to the water. 30. Apparently = ….
You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises
have probably stayed on land ever since those early 31. Aquatic = ….
terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of
them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you 32. Constitute = ….
draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and
tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s
land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply 33. Remarkable = ….
nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles.
This suggests that modem land tortoises have not
stayed on land continuously since the time of P.
quenstedti and P talampayensis. Rather, their
ancestors were among those who went back to the
water, and they then re-emerged back onto the land in
(relatively) more recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double
return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and 34. Generation = ….
birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and
before that various more or less worm-like creatures

stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval
bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed
there for a very large number of generations. Later
ancestors still evolved back into the water and became
sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the
land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest
of deserts.
1. Evolutionary =
_ It follows from all this that natural selection cannot be the sole explanation of
evolutionary change.
2. Parched =
_ Due to prolonged drought, the whole land was parched – nothing planted, nothing
sprouting, no vegetation growing on it.
3. Reptile =
_ Reptiles are cold-blooded animals – they need the sun to stay warm.
4. Mammal =
_ Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all mammals, but birds, fish, and
crocodiles are not.
5. Prior =
_Passengers may board the plane twenty minutes prior to departure.
6. Involve =
_ The test involves simple calculations, such as addition and subtraction.
7. Thoroughgoing =
_ The programme has been a thoroughgoing success.
8. Abandon =
_ The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside
a hospital.
9. Terrestrial =
_ Cats, ants or monkeys are called terrestrial animals, as compared with aquatic
animals like fish and lobsters.
10. Cease =
_ The factory has now ceased production and will close next month because of lack of
money.
11. Revert to somebody/something =
_ The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
12. Remote =
_ Children in remote areas don’t get choice or opportunities like those in big cities.
13. Ancestor =
_ Twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors were primitive savages living in caves.
14. Ashore =
_ Seals come ashore to breed.
15. Breed =
_ At this time of year the birds return to the island to breed.
16. Equivalent =
_ A mile is equivalent to about 1.6 kilometers.
17. Incarnation =
_ He believed he had been a cat in a previous incarnation.
18. Fragment =
_ The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window.
19. Contemporary =
_ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired.
20. Forelimb =
_ In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together
form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb.
21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
22. Plot =
_ We plotted a graph to show the increase in sales figures this year.
23. Form =
_ In English the past tense is usually formed by adding "ed".
24. Cluster of something =
_ There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs.
25. Overlap =
_ Maxwell’s responsibilities overlap yours, so you will be sharing some of the work.
26. Amphibious =
_ Most species of frogs are amphibious because they can live both on land and in
water.
27. Approximately =
_ The disease affects approximately 10% of the adult population.
28. Determine =
_Nothing less than this liberation will allow black people to determine their own
destinies.
29. Era =
_21st Century is considered as the era of technology.
30. Apparently =
_ I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.
31. Aquatic =
_Some of my favorite aquatic sports are diving, swimming and surfing.
32. Constitute =
_ Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the earth's atmosphere.
33. Remarkable =
_ Nobody can doubt that the invention of the airplane was one of the most remarkable
inventions in human history.
34. Generation =
_ The younger generation smokes less than their parents did.
Test 2
READING PASSAGE 1
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function
deficit in young children can have a major impact on 1. Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing
their development of speech and communication, etc impairment= ...
resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn
at school. This is likely to have major consequences 2. Deficit=...
for the individual and the population as a whole. The
New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from 3. Speech=...
research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of
children in that country are affected by hearing loss. 4. Detrimental= ...
B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that 5. Consequence= ...

classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers
and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organisation 6. Carry out= ...
of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics,
and mechanical means of ventilation such as air- 7. Preliminary= ...
conditioning units all contribute to the number of
children unable to comprehend the teacher's voice. 8. Acoustics= ...
Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also
suggested that recent trends in learning often involve 9. Ventilate= ...
collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as
much as individual possession of information. This all 10. Comprehend= ...
amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which
have the potential to be particularly serious for 11. Collaborative= ...
children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in
classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in 12. Possession= ...
comprehending and processing verbal communication
with other children and instructions from the teacher. 13. Potential =...
C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially 14. Exacerbate = ...
failing to learn to their maximum potential because of
noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of 15. Instruction= ...
noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in
typical classroom environments are now the subject of 16. Generate= …
increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise
Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the 17. Evaluate= ...
World Health Organization, has established an
international working party, which includes New 18. Reverberation= ...
Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control
for school rooms.
D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom

situations are not limited to children experiencing
disability, those with a disability that affects their 19. Disability= ...
processing of speech and verbal communication could

be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits 20. Vulnerable= ...
in question include hearing impairment, autistic
spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit 21. Disorder= ...
disorders (ADD/ADHD).
22. Autism= ...
E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic
life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the 23. Discrepancy in/ between= ...
way information is processed. This disorder is
characterised by interlinking problems with social 24. Characterise= ...
imagination, social communication and social
interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability 25. Interlink= ...
to understand and relate in typical ways to people,
understand events and objects in the environment, and 26. Sensory= ...
understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism
does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as 27. Stimulus= ...
in children who are developing normally.
Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major 28. Distressing= ...
difficulties in comprehending verbal information and
speech processing. Those experiencing these 29. Quantify= ...
disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and
the noise generated by machinery painful and 30. Intrusive= ...
distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as
such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one 31. Adversely= ...
autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any
type of noise in their classroom or learning space 32. Be indicative of something= ...
intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their
ability to process information. 33. Sustain= ...
F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of 34. Persistence= ...

neurological and genetic disorders and are
characterised by difficulties with sustaining attention, 35. Screen something out/ Screen
effort and persistence, organisation skills and out something= ...
disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find
it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and 36. Distraction= ...
focus on everything in the environment rather than
attending to a single activity. Background noise in the 37. Concentrate= ...
classroom becomes a major distraction, which can
affect their ability to concentrate. 38. Isolate =...
G. Children experiencing an auditory function deficit

can often find speech and communication very difficult
to isolate and process when set against high levels of
background noise.
These levels come from outside activities that
penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching 39. Penetrate= ...
activities, and other noise generated inside, which can
be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are 40. Strategy= ...

needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction
and perhaps a change in classroom culture and 41. Optimum = ...
methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy
classrooms and activities on those experiencing 42. Diagnose= ...
disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need
thorough investigation. It is probable that many 43. Embark on/upon something=...
undiagnosed children exist in the education system
with 'invisible' disabilities. Their needs are less likely to 44. Consultation= ...
be met than those of children with known disabilities.
45. Barrier= ...
H. The New Zealand Government has developed a
New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on 46. Vitally= ...
a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy
recognises that people experiencing disability face 47. Formulate= ...
significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in
areas such as attitude, education, employment and 48. Standard= ...
access to services. Objective 3 of the New Zealand
Disability Strategy is to 'Provide the Best Education for 49. Literature on something = ...
Disabled People' by improving education so that all
children, youth learners and adult learners will have 50. To date= ...
equal opportunities to learn and develop within their
already existing local school. For a successful 51. Imperative= ...
education, the learning environment is vitally
significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of 52. Take into account = ...
great benefit to all children, but especially to those with
auditory function disabilities. 53. Appropriate= ...
I. A number of countries are already in the process of 54. Promulgate= ...

formulating their own standards for the control and
reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will
probably follow their example. The literature to date
on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the
effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and
the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to
have been given to those students experiencing the
other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is
imperative that the needs of these children are taken
into account in the setting of appropriate international
standards to be promulgated in future.
1. Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing etc. impairment =

_ This is one reason why hearing impairment in childhood is totally different from
hearing loss in adult life.
2. Deficit =
_ The balance of payments was in deficit in 2000 and 2001, and in surplus in 2002 and
2003.
3. Speech =
_ Because of its application to both speech and writing it has helped to obscure the
difference between the two.
4. Detrimental =
_ Smoking is detrimental to your health.
5. Consequence =
_Pain and illness are sometimes thought to be the unavoidable consequences of
growing old.
6 . Carry out =
_ The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what's wrong with her.
7. Preliminary =
_ Preliminary results show that the vaccine is effective, but this has to be confirmed
by further medical trials.
8 . Acoustics =
_ Good building acoustics allows for pleasant sound in a concert hall and to reduce
echoes and noise within an office
9. Ventilation =
_ Her room had poor ventilation and in summer it became unbearably stuffy.
10. Comprehend =
_ He couldn't comprehend her reasons for marrying Lovat.
11. Collaborative =
_ The presentation was a collaborative effort by all the children in the class.
12. Possession =
_ Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the
aircraft.
13. Potential =
_ Tired drivers are a potential danger to other road users.
14. Exacerbate =
_ The family's problems were exacerbated when Walter lost his job.
15. Instruction =
_ The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
16. Generate =
_ The wind farm may be able to generate enough electricity/power for 2,000 homes.
17. Evaluate =
_ The magazine article evaluated ten different smartphones and ranked them
according to price and ease of use.
18. Reverberation =
_ Electronic effects have been added, such as echo and reverberation.
19. Disability =
_ Because of his disability, he depended on his wife to dress him, feed him
and bathe him.
20. Vulnerable =
_ Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the
city to avoid.
21. Disorder =
_ Children with eating disorders such as anorexia need close supervision.
22. Autism =
_ A child with autism often has a hard time interacting with others.
23. Discrepancy in/between =
_ An employee noticed a discrepancy between the two signatures.
24. Characterize =
_ He has the confidence that characterizes successful businessmen.
25. Interlink =
_ It’s clear that unemployment and crime are interlinked.
26. Sensory =
_ Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste,
smell, and balance.
27. Stimulus =
_ Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
28. Deeply =
_ It was deeply distressing for him to see his wife in such pain.
29. Quantify =
_ It’s difficult to quantify how many people will have to pay higher taxes.
30. Intrusive =
_ They found the security cameras in public places too intrusive.
31. Adverse =
_ Climate change is likely to have adverse impacts on human health.
32. Be indicative of something =
_ Yesterday's win was indicative of the U.S. team's talent.
33. Sustain =
_ He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women.
34. Persistence =
_ Chandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off.
35. Screen something out/ Screen out something =
_ We quickly screened out over a hundred candidates who are not suitable to do this
job.
36. Distraction =
_ There are too many distractions in this office - it's hard for me to get anything done.
37. Concentrate =
_ I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise.
38. Isolate =
_ A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
39. Penetrate =
_ The barbed wire fences and security shields made the air base very difficult
to penetrate.
40. Strategy =
_ One of Oppo’s most effective marketing strategies to bring the products closer
towards customers is the use of Son Tung MTP as the representative.
41. Optimum =
_ Under optimum conditions, as many as 50 meteors per hour may be seen.
42. Diagnose =
_ Several years ago, she was diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease.
43. Embark on =
_ She graduated in 1962 and embarked on a career as a teacher.
44. Consultation =
_ The decision was reached after consultation with parents and teachers.
45. Barrier =
_ Fear of a language barrier holds many students back from studying abroad.
46. Vitally =
_ It's not vitally important that we get extra funding for the project, but it would help.
47. Formulate =
_ Changes to the education system should be formulated by teachers not politicians.
48. Standard =
_ We have very high safety standards in this laboratory.
49. Literature on =
_ There is very little literature on the disease.
50. To date =
_ Her best performance to date was her third place at the World Junior Championships.
51. Imperative =
_ It's imperative to act now before the problem gets really serious.
52. Take into account =
_ I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams
when she marks my paper.
53. Appropriate =
_ Each member is given a special exercise routine that is appropriate for his or her
needs.
54. Promulgate =
_ Local governments even promulgated over 600 rules to protect the environment.
READING PASSAGE 2
Venus in transit
June 2004 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’,
of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122
years. Transits have helped shape our view of the 1. Astronomical= ….
whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest
explain
2. Steadily= ….
A
On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the 3. Occasion= ….
world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For
over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its 4. Observe= ….
way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus
was the first since 6 December 1882. On that 5. It is alleged (that) = …
occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon
Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the 6. Schoolmistresses= ….
event. They were based at a girls’ school, where - it is
alleged - the combined forces of three 7. Outperform= ….
schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals
with the accuracy of their observations. 8. Accuracy= …
B 9. Draw somebody to something= ….

For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers
and astronomers alike to the four corners of the
10. The four corners of the Earth/ globe/
globe. And you can put it all down to the
world= ….
extraordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In
November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the
innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island 11. Extraordinary= ….
of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realised that,
from different latitudes, the passage of the planet 12. Polymath= ….
across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing
the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams 13. Innermost= ….
of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle - the
apparent difference in position of an astronomical 14. Desolate= ….
body due to a difference in the observer’s position.
Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to 15. Latitude= ….
measure what was then the ultimate goal: the
distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is 16. Apparent= ….
known as the astronomical unit’ or AU.
C 17. Ultimate= ….
Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most
18. Fundamental= ….
fundamental of all astronomical measurements.

Johannes Kepler, in the early 17 th century, had 19. Goal= ….
shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun
governed their orbital speeds, which were easily 20. Scale= ….
measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate
accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The 21. Fall into place= ….
goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital
speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the 22. Determine= ….
scale of the Solar System would fall into place.
However, Halley realised that Mercury was so far away 23. Occur= ….
that its parallax angle would be very difficult to
determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its 24. Roughly= ….
parallax angle would be larger, and Halley worked out
that by using Venus it would be possible to measure 25. Predict= ….
the Suns distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a
problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, 26. Inspired= ….
are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart
every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he 27. Pin somebody/something down= ….
accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face
of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 - though he didn’t 28. Expedition= ….
survive to see either.
29. Diverse= ….
D
Inspired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down 30. Deserve= ….
the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and
French astronomers set out on expeditions to places 31. Sympathy= ….
as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t
helped by Britain and France being at war. The person 32. Thwart= ….
who deserves most sympathy is the French
astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. 33. Besiege= ….
He was thwarted by the fact that the British were
besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. 34. Flee= ….
Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian
Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit - but the 35. Rule something/somebody out= ….
ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at
making accurate observations. Undaunted, he 36. Attempt= ….
remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy
by studying the islands of Mauritius and Madagascar 37. Undaunted= ….
before setting off to observe the next transit in the
Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 38. Precise= ….
kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last
moment, a very dispiriting experience.
E
While the early transit timings were as precise as
instruments would allow, the measurements were 39. Dog= ….
dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins
to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular - 40. Establish= ….
which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is
due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that 41. Diffract= ….
Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just
outside the Sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers 42. Halo= ….
that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases
refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it 43. Refract= ….
impossible to obtain accurate timings.
44. Obtain= ….
F
But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results 45. Labour= ….
of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann
Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally 46. Analyse= ….
determined a value for the AU based on all these
parallax measurements: 47. Supersede= ….
153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time,
that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, 48. Cosmic= ….
determined by radar, which has now superseded
transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a 49. Principle= ….
cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale
the Universe today. The parallax principle can be 50. Extend= ….
extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we
look at a star in January - when Earth is at one point in 51. Spectacle= ….
its orbit - it will seem to be in a different position from
where it appears six months later. Knowing the width 52. Pave the way for= ….
of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers
calculate the distance. 53. Vital= ….
G 54. Breakthrough= ….
June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an
astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important
event. But such transits have paved the way for what
might prove to be one of the most vital
breakthroughs in the cosmos - detecting Earth-sized
planets orbiting other stars.
1. Astronomical =
_ We have ten major astronomical events that will take place in 2018 such as super
blue blood moon, solar eclipse, and meteor shower.
2. Steadily =
_ The company’s exports have grown steadily.
3. Occasion =
_ Thanksgiving is a really big occasion in the States.
4. Observe =
_ Visitors are encouraged to look around and observe how things work.
5. Allege =
_ The two men allege (that) the police forced them to make false confessions.
6. Schoolmistress =
_ Ellen, a schoolmistress, had tried to help Peter in raising him.
7. Outperform =
_ Employment reports suggest that the US economy will outperform Europe in the
months to come.
8. Accuracy =
_ She says she can type 85 words per minute with 90% accuracy.
9. Draw somebody to something =
_ He's an excellent speaker who always draws a crowd.
10. The four corners of the world =
_ People from the four corners of the world have come to Ontario to make it their
home.
11. Extraordinary =
_ She has an extraordinary memory and can remember details and names that I’ve
long forgotten.
12. Polymath =
_ He was a great polymath, being a musician, astronomer, poet, inventor of the term
geography and mathematician.
13. Innermost =
_ He's not the kind of person to reveal his innermost secrets, even to his closest
friends.
14. Desolate =
_ We looked out over a desolate landscape of bare trees and stony fields.
15. Latitude =
_ The town is at latitude 21° north.
16. Apparent =
_ He played extremely well for several weeks, and then, for no apparent reason,
quit the team.
17. Ultimate =
_ My manager will make the ultimate decision about who to employ.
18. Fundamental =
_ Water is fundamental to survival.
19. Goal =
_ Do you think I'll be able to achieve my goal of losing five kilos before the summer?
20. Scale =
_ Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale.
21. Fall into place =
_ Once the police received this new evidence, things began falling into place.
22. Determine =
_ Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
23. Occur =
_ The accident occurred about 11: 40 pm on Friday.
24. Roughly =
_ One box may look bigger than the other, but in fact they are roughly equal in volume.
25. Predict =
_ Some scientists predict that the Earth's temperature will rise by as much as 5° over
the next 20 years.
26. Inspired =
_ This piece of music was inspired by dolphin sounds
27. Pin somebody/ something down =
_ The fire department is trying to pin down the cause of Wednesday’s fire.
28. Expedition =
_ He led the first major British scientific expedition to the Amazon.
29. Diverse =
_ The category of "mammals" contains creatures as diverse as whales, elephants, and
human beings.
30. Deserve =
_ After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
31. Sympathy =
_ When Robert died, I sent a letter of sympathy to his wife.
32. Thwart =
_ Our holiday plans were thwarted by the airline pilots' strike.
33. Besiege =
_ U23 Vietnam were besieged by waiting journalists and fans when they arrived at Noi
Bai International Airport.
34. Flee =
_ In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
35. Rule something/somebody out =
_ It’s unlikely that he’ll run for president, but you can never rule anything out.
36. Attempt =
_ She passed her driving test at the first attempt.
37. Undaunted =
_ Undaunted by the cold and the rain, people danced until 2 a.m.
38. Precise =
_ It's difficult to be precise about the number of deaths caused by smoking.
39. Dog =
_ Technical problems dogged our trip from the outset.
40. Establish =
_ The British established a rich trade with Portugal.
41. Diffraction =
_ Orange, red, green, blue – all the hues produced by diffraction – were exhibited in
the utmost splendor.
42. Halo =
_ She is also wearing a silver-gray disk that appears like an oval halo behind her head.
43. Refract =
_ Some of the ray will reflect off the boundary, and some will refract as it passes
through.
44. Obtain =
_ He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
45. Labour =
_ Three hours after the explosion, rescue teams were still laboring to free those
trapped.
46. Analyse =
_ A packet of white powder was found and police scientists are analyzing it.
47. Supersede =
_ Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about 3000 years ago.
48. Cosmic =
_ The universe is believed to have been created about 15 billion years ago in a cosmic
explosion.
49. Principle =
_ The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
50. Extend =
_ The US government is still trying to extend its influence over European politics.
51. Spectacle =
_ It was a strange spectacle to see the two former enemies shaking hands and
slapping each other on the back.
52. Pave the way for =
_ Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of
Mars.
53. Vital =
_ Regular exercise is vital for your health.
54. Breakthrough =
_ Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
READING PASSAGE 3 1. Trace something (back) to

something=
A neuroscientist reveals how 2. Fire=

to think differently 3. Pattern=
In the last decade a revolution has occurred In the way 4. Innovation=
that scientists think about the brain.
We now know that the decisions humans make can be 5. Iconoclastic=
traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific
parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the 6. Briefly=
field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the
brain's secrets to success in an economic environment 7. Imply=
that demands innovation and being able to do things
differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is 8. Precise=
an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person
who does something that others say can't be done. 9. Perception=
This definition implies that iconoclasts are different
from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains 10. Utilize=
that are different in three distinct ways: perception,
fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these 11. Irrelevant=
three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain.
Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, 12. Constraint=
that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is
more a matter of personality than brain function. But 13. Suffer from=
the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the
realization that the physical workings of the brain place 14. Fixed=
limitations on the way we make decisions. By
understanding these constraints, we begin to 15. Budget=
understand why some people march to a different
drumbeat. 16. Evolve=
The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from
limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about 17. Impede=
the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to
work as efficiently as possible. This is where most 18. Be confronted with something=
people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For
example, when confronted with information 19. Interpret =
streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this
information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will 20. Shortcut=
draw on both past experience and any other source of
information, such as what other people say, to make
sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time.
The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are
hardly ever aware of them.
We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they 21. Rumblings=
are only biological and electrical rumblings.
Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or 22. Central=
ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical
reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a 23. Pitfall=
product of the brain.
Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see 24. Plague=
things differently to other people. Their brains do not
fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average 25. Hardwired=
person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were
born that way or through learning, have found ways to 26. Curse=
work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most
people. Perception is not something that is hardwired 27. Fundamental=
into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a
curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces 28. Stimulus=
the fundamental problem of interpreting physical
stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, 29. Ultimate=
hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one
that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best 30. Conjecture=
theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have
their basis in the statistical likelihood of one 31. Statistical=
interpretation over another and are heavily influenced
by past experience and, importantly for potential 32. Likelihood=
iconoclasts, what other people say.
The best way to see things differently to other people 33. Bombard somebody with
is to bombard the brain with things it has never something=
encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual
process from the chains of past experience and forces 34. Encounter=
the brain to make new judgments. Successful
iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be 35. Chain=
exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of
iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while 36. Extraordinary=
most people avoid things that are different.
The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to 37. Observation=
trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major
impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the 38. Embrace=
average person in his tracks. There are many types of
fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and 39. Trigger=
people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of
uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may 40. Disorder=
seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking,
which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one- 41. Inhibit=
third of the population. This makes it too common to be
considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common
variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not
let inhibit their reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must 42. Coordinate=
sell their ideas to other people. This is where social

intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability 43. Reveal=
to understand and manage people in a business
setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion 44. Empathy=
of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain
works when groups coordinate decision making. 45. Convince=
Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are
responsible for functions like understanding what other 46. Enthusiasm=
people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity.
These brain regions play key roles in whether people 47. Reputation=
convince others of their ideas. Perception is important
in social cognition too. The perception of someone's 48. Intertwine with=
enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal.
Understanding how perception becomes intertwined 49. Alienation=
with social decision making shows why successful
iconoclasts are so rare. 50. Asset=
Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area
from artistic expression to technology to business. 51. Crucial=
They supply creativity and innovation not easily
accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to
them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can
also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial
for success in any field to understand how the
iconoclastic mind works.
1. Trace something (back) to something=

_ The practice of giving eggs at Easter can be traced back to festivals in ancient
China.
2. Fire=
_ I had a brilliant English teacher who fired me with enthusiasm for literature at
an early age.
3. Pattern=
_ Damage to the ozone layer has caused a change in weather patterns.
4. Innovation=
_ The kids-only Internet service is a great innovation which will help parents
control their children's access to the Internet.
5. Iconoclastic=
_ It is tempting to see here an iconoclastic attitude towards male-female roles.
6. Briefly=
_ He appears briefly towards the end of the film in a cameo role as a priest.
7. Imply=
_ I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
8. Precise=
_ It's difficult to be precise about the number of deaths caused by smoking.
9. Perception=
_ These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.
10. Utilize=
_ The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material.
11. Irrelevant=
_ Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make
the book available to the largest possible audience.
12. Constraint=
_ Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing
new staff.
13. Suffer from=

_ She's been suffering from cancer for two years.
14. Fixed=
_ There’s no fixed routine at work – every day is different.
15. Budget=
_ People on limited budgets should avoid travelling during the holiday season if
they can.
16. Evolve=
_ Over the past three years he has evolved into one of America's most
successful restaurant owners.
17. Impede=
_ Shortages of medicine were impeding the effort to control diseases.
18. Be confronted with something=

_ As she left the court, she was confronted by angry crowds who tried to
block her way.
19. Interpret =
_ I didn’t know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.
20. Shortcut=
_ The kids take a shortcut through the parking lot to get to school.
21. Rumblings=
_ As he left, the crowd broke up, and I heard rumblings of disappointment about
having to hang around.
22. Central=
_ Communication plays a central role in developing trust within an organization.
23. Pitfall=
_ However, we should be careful to avoid the pitfall of wanting to do too much.
24. Plague=
_ My shoulder's been plaguing me all week.
25. Hardwired=
_ As humans, we are hardwired to respond to visually appealing stimuli and in
turn ask for more.
26. Curse=
_ Noise is one of the curses of modern-day life.
27. Fundamental=
_ Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
28. Stimulus=
_ Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
29. Ultimate=
_ My manager will make the ultimate decision about who to employ.
30. Conjecture=
_ "Maybe Burt is jealous", Isabelle conjectured.
31. Statistical=
_ From a statistical point of view the budget for justice and internal affairs has
increased by 252% this year.
32. Likelihood=
_ There is very little likelihood of that happening.
33. Bombard somebody with something=

_ They bombarded him with questions.
34. Encounter=
_ This is the first time I have encountered racism at work.
35. Chain=
_ She has built up a chain of 180 bookshops across the country.
36. Extraordinary
_ She has an extraordinary memory and can remember details and names that
I’ve long forgotten.
37. Observation=
_ The police are keeping the suspect under observation.
38. Embrace=
_ We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
39. Trigger=
_ Research has shown that lack of sleep and other triggers such as stress
cause a deficiency of the brain chemical dopamine.
40. Disorder
_ Children with eating disorders such as anorexia need close supervision.
41. Inhibit=
_ A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.
42. Coordinate=
_ The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
43. Reveal=
_ Doctors are not allowed to reveal confidential information.
44. Empathy=
_ He loves children and has a certain empathy with them.
45. Convince=
_ Agricultural companies have failed to convince consumers that GM foods are
safe.
46. Enthusiasm=
_ After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.
47. Reputation=
_ She was a good lawyer with a reputation for honesty and diligence.
48. Intertwine with=
_ A necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls.
49. Alienation=
_ Minority students have a sense of alienation from the mostly white teachers.
50. Asset=
_ Her knowledge and experience would make her a priceless asset to the
team.
51. Crucial=
_ Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
Test 3
1. Systematic= …..
READING PASSAGE 1 2. Objective= …..
Attitudes to language 3. Linguistic= …..
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about 4. Debate= …..

language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly
deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language 5. Deteriorate=…..
belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a 6. Invective= …..
right to hold an opinion about it. And when opinions
differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as 7. Polemic= …..
easily over minor points of usage as over major
policies of linguistic education. 8. Minor=…..
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it
is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. 9. Criticize= …..
No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: 10. Exempt= …..
linguistic factors influence how we judge personality,
intelligence, social status, educational standards, job 11. Variety= …..
aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social
survival. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, 12. Inherently= …..
when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view 13. Impose= …..
that one variety of language has an inherently higher 14. Propound= …..
value than others, and that this ought to be imposed
on the whole of the speech community. The view is 15. Favour= …..
propounded especially in relation to grammar and
vocabulary, and frequently with reference to 16. Encounter= …..
pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this
17. Adherent= …..
account, is usually a version of the 'standard' written
language, especially as encountered in literature, or in 18. Deviation= …..
the formal spoken language which most closely
reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to 19. Prescriptively= …..
speak or write 'correctly'; deviations from it are said to
be 'incorrect! 20. Codify= …..
All the main languages have been studied
21. Principle= …..
prescriptively, especially in the 18th century
approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. 22. Apparent=…..
The aims of these early grammarians were threefold:
(a) they wanted to codify the principles of their 23. Chaos= …..
languages, to show that there was a system beneath
the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a 24. Settle a dispute/ lawsuit/ conflict/
means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they argument= …..
wanted to point out what they felt to be common
errors, in order to 'improve' the language. The 25. Reliance= …..

authoritarian nature of the approach is best
characterised by its reliance on ‘rules' of grammar. 26. Prescribe=…..
Some usages are 'prescribed,' to be learnt and
followed accurately; others are 'proscribed,' to be 27. Proscribe= …..
avoided. In this early period, there were no half-
measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was 28. Evaluate =…..
the task of the grammarian not simply to record
alternatives, but to pronounce judgement upon them. 29. Halt = …..
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a
widespread concern that linguistic standards should be 30. Advocate=…..
maintained. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point
of view that is concerned less with standards than with 31. Legislation = …..
the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is
summarised in the statement that it is the task of the 32. Tenet = …..
grammarian to describe, not prescribe to record the
facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the 33. Descriptive= …..
impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or
halting language change. In the second half of the 34. Prescriptive= …..
18th century, we already find advocates of this view,
such as Joseph Priestiey, whose Rudiments of English 35. Liberalism= …..
Grammar (1761) insists that 'the custom of speaking is
the original and only just standard of any language! 36. Elitist = …..
Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by
logic and legislation. And this view has become the 37. Conservatism= …..
tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical
analysis.
In our own time, the opposition between
'descriptivists' and 'prescriptivists' has often
become extreme, with both sides painting unreal
pictures of the other. Descriptive grammarians have
been presented as people who do not care about
standards, because of the way they see all forms of
usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarians have
been presented as blind adherents to a historical
tradition. The opposition has even been presented in
quasi-political terms - of radical liberalism vs elitist
conservatism.
1. Systematic =
_ Analysis of the data should have been more systematic.

2. Objective =
_ Sometimes it’s hard to be objective when the situation gets emotional.
3. Linguistic =
_ A student with strong linguistic intelligence may remember new words very easily
and use them quickly.
4. Debate =
_ The law was passed, after a long and sometimes angry debate.
5. Deteriorate =
_ Ethel's health deteriorated to the point that she could no longer walk.
6. Invective =
_ An overbearing, bullying boss who is fond of sending invective e-mails to long-
suffering assistants.
7. Polemic =
_That is why it is sad to see so much bitter polemic springing out of sincere concern.
8. Minor =
_ She fell off her horse, but suffered only minor injuries.
9. Criticize =
_ The government has been criticized for not taking the problem seriously.
10. Exempt =
_ Nonprofit organizations are exempt from taxes.
11. Variety =
_ The doctor encouraged him to increase the variety of food that he eats.
12. Inherently =
_ Firefighting is an inherently dangerous occupation.
13. Impose =
_ Teachers should try to avoid imposing their own beliefs on their students.
14. Propound =
_ It was Ptolemy who propounded the theory that the earth was at the centre of
the universe.
15. Favour =
_ I generally favour travelling by night, when the roads are quiet.

16. Encounter =
_ The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past.
17. Adherent =
_ He was not an adherent of an established religious tradition but followed his own
personal faith.
18. Deviation =
_The sudden rise in market prices was an unexpected deviation from the norm.
19. Prescriptive =
_ Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it's actually used by
speakers and writers while prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language
as certain people think it should be used.
20. Codify =
_His call for a new spirit of experimental investigation was
later codified and converted into a more concrete programme by Francis Bacon.
21. Principle =
_ The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
22. Apparent =
_I was on the metro this morning when, for no apparent reason, the man opposite me
suddenly screamed.
23. Chaos =
_ There was chaos in the theatre when the bomb went off.
24. Settle a dispute/ lawsuit/ conflict/ argument =
_ Rodman met with Kreger to try and settle the dispute over his contract.
25. Reliance =
_ We are in talks with potential partners in Asia as part of our strategy to reduce our
reliance on the American market.
26. Prescribe =
_ Four years is the minimum jail sentence that federal law prescribes.
27. Proscribe =
_ The reasons for the ban were multiple, and certainly there are other pesticides
today that should also be proscribed.
28. Evaluate =
_ Employees will be evaluated on their performance, attendance, and team skills.

29. Halt =
_Filming was halted after the lead actor became ill.
30. Advocate =
_ She’s a passionate advocate of natural childbirth.
31. Legislation =
_ The legislation requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.
32. Tenet =
_ A major tenet of the women’s movement has been that society needs their talents.
33. Descriptive =
34. Prescriptive =
_ Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it's actually used by
speakers and writers while prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language
as certain people think it should be used.
35. Liberalism =
_ Only liberalism can deliver us from isolation.
36. Elitist =
_ These are nothing but elitist attempts at separating classes and colors and keeping
the poor where the wealthy have put them.
37. Conservatism =
_ Increasingly that view is regarded as retro, the old conservatism rather than the new.
READING PASSAGE 2 (test 3)
Tidal Power
Undersea turbines which produce electricity from the
tides are set to become an important source of
renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to
predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all
1. Predict=
the signs are that they will play a significant role in the
future.
2. Play a part/role in=
A
Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the 3. Operate=
power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents
which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, 4. Tidal=
unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power
input is constant. The technology raises the prospect
of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy 5. Current=
and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions.
If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain 6. Blade=
would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power
plants and export renewable power to other parts of 7. Propeller=
Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally
developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing
the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea 8. Prospect=
turbines could become a big export earner to island
nations such as Japan and New Zealand. 9. Emission=
B 10. Export=
Tidal sites have already been identified that will
produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power - and at
11. Abandon=
prices competitive with modern gas turbines and
undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear
industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between 12. Identify=
Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of
the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under 13. Include=
the sea, and another at Alderney in the Channel
Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s
largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in
Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol
Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly
the channel between Campbeltown and Northern
Ireland.
C
Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites 14. Advance=
are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s
sustainable energy research group. The first station is 15. Sustainable=
expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon
shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly
funded by the department of Trade and Industry and 16. Install=
the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the
Southampton research, said: The prospects for energy 17. Venture=
from tidal currents are far better than from wind
because the flows of water are predictable and 18. Jointly=
constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile
saline environment under the sea has been developed
19. Fund=
in the North Sea oil industry and much is already
known about turbine blade design, because of wind
power and ship propellers. There are a few technical 20. Charge (In charge of
difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we something)=
will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’
Southampton has been awarded £215,000 over three 21. Deal with=
years to develop the turbines and is working with
Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on
22. Commercial=
the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified
106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the
coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or 23. Subsidiary=
around heavily indented coasts where there are
strong tidal currents. 24. Potential=
D
25. Indented=
A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of
the size of a wind generator to produce three times as
much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in 26. Generator=
diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be 27. Diameter=
environmental objections. Fish and other creatures
are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively 28. Objection=
slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a
tower which will connect to the national power supply
grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of 29. Relatively=
the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be
designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance 30. The National Grid=
and to clean seaweed from the blades.
E
Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site,
where there are powerful currents. The single
undersea turbine farm would produce far more power
than needed for the Channel Islands and most would 31. Feed =
be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into
Britain via the cable under the Channel. 32. Vibration=
F 33. Submerged=
One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. 34. Debris=
These can cause vibration and damage the blades of
the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number 35. Robust=
of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make
sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce 36. Hostile(hostile
performance. Another slight concern is submerged environment/climate/terrain
debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know etc)=
how much of a problem it might be. We will have to
make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile
environment, but all the signs that we can do it are
good.’
1. Predict=
_ In the future, it may be possible to predict earthquakes.
2. Play a part/role in=

_ A good diet and fitness play a vital part in helping people live longer.
3. Operate=
_ The bus is designed to operate in all weather conditions.
4. Tidal=
_ Helena, but no one was on the beach on the side facing the tidal wave when
it arrived.
5. Current=
_ Strong currents can be very dangerous for swimmers.
6. Blade=
_ The blade of the knife flashed in the moonlight.
7. Propeller=
_ The boat is fitted with a two-blade propeller.
8. Prospect=
_I'm very excited at the prospect of seeing her again.
9. Emission=
_ Environmental groups want a substantial reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases.
10. Export=
_Japan exports a huge quantity of cars around the world.
11. Abandon=
_ Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
12. Identify=
_ Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
13. Include=
_ Mozart’s musical compositions include symphonies and operas.
14. Advance=
_Everyone was disappointed when the team failed to advance to the next
round of the competition.
15. Sustainable=
_All renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and
ocean energy are sustainable as they are stable and available in plenty.
16. Install=
_ We’ve installed new anti-virus software.
17. Venture=
_ His bankruptcy was the result of several reckless business ventures.
18. Jointly=
_ The training centre is jointly funded by the government and local industries.
19. Fund=
_ He plans to donate money to fund health centers.
20. Charge (In charge of something) =

_ Stern put Travis in charge of the research team.
21. Deal with=

_ Both countries are having to deal with the problem of violence in urban areas.
22. Commercial =
_ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold
and became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office.
23. Subsidiary=
_ Under our law, a subsidiary can go bankrupt and normally the parent
company will not be liable for its debts.
24. Potential=
_ It is important for manufacturers to identify potential problems at the design

stage.
25. Indented=
_ Each new paragraph should be indented about two centimetres from the
margin.
26. Generator=
_ The hospital's emergency generators are designed to cope with power cuts.
27. Diameter=
_Draw a circle six centimetres in diameter.
28. Objection=
_ I have no objection except that it may cost more than expected.
29. Relatively=
_ He predicted marketing would be hardest hit, while research would be relatively
spared.
30. The National Grid=

_ The plant will generate around 30 megawatts of electricity, which will be fed
into the national grid.
31. Feed =
_ The public baths are fed by natural springs.
32. Vibration=
_ Vibrations were felt hundreds of miles from the centre of the earthquake.
33. Submerged=
_ Humans become unconscious after being submerged for 3 hours in water at
15C.
34. Debris=
_ After the tornado, debris from damaged trees and houses littered the town.
35. Robust=
_ She was almost 90, but still very robust.
36. Hostile(hostile environment/climate/terrain etc.)=

_ Sales increased last year despite the hostile economic environment.
READING PASSAGE 3
Information theory - the big

idea
Information theory lies at the heart of everything - from
DVD players and the genetic code of DNA to the 1. Genetic code=
physics of the universe at its most fundamental. It has
been central to the development of the science of
communication, which enables data to be sent 2. Central=
electronically and has therefore had a major impact on
our lives 3. Enable=
A 4. Take place=
In April 2002 an event took place which
demonstrated one of the many applications of
5. Demonstrate=
information theory. The space probe, Voyager I,
launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images
of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar 6. Application=
System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25
years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of 7. Space probe=
deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age.
Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and 8. Spectacular=
NASA experts realised that they had to do something
or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution
was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use 9. Soar=
spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12
billion kilometres from Earth, this was not an easy task. 10. Exposure to something=
By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep
Space Network, the message was sent out into the 11. On the brink/edge of something=
depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it
took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the
orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed 12. Spare=
to hear the faint call from its home planet, and
successfully made the switchover. 13. Manage to do something=
B 14. Triumph=
It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a
triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also
15. Highlight=
highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques
developed by American communications engineer
Claude Shannon, who had died just a year earlier.
Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed
an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and
made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer 16. Breakthrough=

technology when still a student. While at Bell
Laboratories, Shannon developed information theory, 17. Foundation=
but shunned the resulting acclaim. In the 1940s, he
single-handedly created an entire science of
18. Shun=
communication which has since inveigled its way
into a host of applications, from DVDs to satellite
19. Acclaim=
communications to bar codes - any area, in short,
where data has to be conveyed rapidly yet accurately.
20. Inveigle one’s way into smt=
C
21. Convey=
This all seems light years away from the down-to-earth
uses Shannon originally had for his work, which began
22. Prestigious=
when he was a 22-year-old graduate engineering
student at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of
23. Apparently=
Technology in 1939. He set out with an apparently
simple aim: to pin down the precise meaning of the
24. Pin smb/smt down=
concept of ‘information’. The most basic form of
information, Shannon argued, is whether something is
25. Precise=
true or false - which can be captured in the binary
unit, or ‘bit’, of the form 1 or 0. Having identified this
26. Capture=
fundamental unit, Shannon set about defining
otherwise vague ideas about information and how to
27. Identify=
transmit it from place to place. In the process he
discovered something surprising: it is always possible
28. Fundamental=
to guarantee information will get through random
interference - ‘noise’ - intact.
29. Guarantee=
D
30. Interference=
Noise usually means unwanted sounds which interfere
with genuine information. Information theory
31. Genuine=
generalises this idea via theorems that capture the
effects of noise with mathematical precision. In
32. Relative=
particular, Shannon showed that noise sets a limit on
the rate at which information can pass along
33. Capacity=
communication channels while remaining error-free.
This rate depends on the relative strengths of the
34. Cope with=
signal and noise travelling down the communication
channel, and on its capacity (its ‘bandwidth’). The
35. The ravages of something=
resulting limit, given in units of bits per second, is the
absolute maximum rate of error-free communication
given signal strength and noise level. The trick,
Shannon showed, is to find ways of packaging up -
‘coding’ - information to cope with the ravages of
noise, while staying within the information-carrying
capacity - ‘bandwidth’ - of the communication system
being used.
E
Over the years scientists have devised many such
coding methods, and they have proved crucial in
many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft 36. Devise=
transmitted data using codes which added one extra
bit for every single bit of information; the result was an 37. Crucial=
error rate of just one bit in 10,000 - and stunningly
clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have 38. Transmit=
become part of everyday life - such as the Universal
Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error- 39. Error=
detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out
lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag 40. Ensure=
of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a
major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo 41. Ultimate=
codes - which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate
limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted 42. Ambiguous=
reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile
videophone revolution. 43. Cram something into/onto etc
something =
F
Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient
ways of storing information, by stripping out
superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which
contributed little real information. As mobile phone text
messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to
leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning.
As with error correction, however, there’s a limit
beyond which messages become too ambiguous.
Shannon showed how to calculate this limit, opening
the way to the design of compression methods that
cram maximum information into the minimum space.
1. Genetic code=
_These examples show clearly that the human genetic code does not contain
specific instructions to behave in a particular way.
2. Central=
_Reducing inflation is central to the government's economic policy.
3. Enable=
_The software enables you to create your own DVDs.
4. Take place=
_The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
5. Demonstrate=
_ The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment.
6. Application=
_ There are both advantages and disadvantages of the application of genetic
engineering in agriculture.
7. Space probe=
_ Despite serious technical obstacles, space agency officials are considering
whether to launch a Jupiter space probe powered entirely by sunlight.
8. Spectacular=
_ In the evening, there will be a spectacular display of fireworks.
9. Soar=
_ Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels.
10. Exposure to something=

_ Prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.
11. On the brink/edge of something=

_ The country is teetering on the brink of a massive financial crisis.
12. Spare=
_ Are there any spare chairs we can borrow?
13. Manage to do something=

_ How do you manage to stay so slim?
14. Triumph=
_ The victory over the French at Waterloo was Wellington's greatest triumph.
15. Highlight=
_ Your CV should highlight your skills and achievements.
16. Breakthrough=
_ Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
17. Foundation=
_All theories should be built on a foundation of factual knowledge.
18. Shun=
_ Some young women are shunned by their families when they become
pregnant outside of marriage.
19. Acclaim=
_ She is being acclaimed as the greatest dancer of her generation.
20. Inveigle one’s way into something=

_ He inveigled his way into a position of authority.
21. Convey=
_ Please convey our condolences to the family.
22. Prestigious=
_ Harvard University is the oldest university in the US and is regarded as one of
the most prestigious in the world.
23. Apparently=
_I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.
24. Pin somebody/something down=

_ The fire department is trying to pin down the cause of Wednesday’s fire.
25. Precise=
_ The precise cause of this serious disease is still unknown.
26. Capture=
_ The data is captured by an optical scanner.
27. Identify=
Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
28. Fundamental=
_ Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
29. Guarantee=
_ I guarantee you’ll love this film.
30. Interference=
_ There's a lot of interference on my car radio which makes me annoyed.
31. Genuine=
_ If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions.
32. Relative=
_ To sit in relative peace and quiet in the Miller house was a very rare
occurrence and Terry was enjoying it.
33. Capacity=
_ The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.
34. Cope with=

_ Local authorities have to cope with the problems of homelessness.
35. The ravages of something=

_The ravages of the fire showed in the splintered woodwork and blistered
paint.
36. Devise=
_ The company has also devised a computer program that enables people to
design their own homes.
37. Crucial=
_ Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
38. Transmit=
_ Instructions were transmitted to the pilots through their headphones.
39. Error=
_ The letter contains a number of typing errors.
40. Ensure=
_ Officials will ensure that the election is carried out fairly.
41. Ultimate=
_ Our first class passengers enjoy the ultimate in luxury and service.
42. Ambiguous=
_ Ambiguous writing will score lower than discussion that conveys a clear
message.
43. Cram something into/onto etc. something =

_ He crammed eight people into his car.
Test 4
READING PASSAGE 1
The life and work of Marie

Curie
Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman
scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in
Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on
radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel 1. Radioactivity=
Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri
Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for
Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel 2. Sole=
Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a
Nobel Prize.
From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her 3. Prodigious=
prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold
medal on completion of her secondary education.
Because her father lost his savings through bad 4. Fulfil =
investment, she then had to take work as a teacher.
From her earnings she was able to finance her sister
Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding 5. Bread and butter=
that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an
education.
In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to 6. Partnership=
Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the
University of Paris). She often worked far into the night
and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. 7. Mineral=
She came first in the examination in the physical
sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in
the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not
until the spring of that year that she was introduced to
Pierre Curie.
Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a
partnership that was soon to achieve results of world
significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in
1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called
'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the
radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in
other elements. She discovered that this was true for
thorium.
Turning her attention to minerals, she found her
interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose 8. Pitchblende=
radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could

be explained only by the presence in the ore of small 9. Superior =
quantities of an unknown substance of very high
activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she
10. Pure =
had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led
to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and
radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to 11. Presence =
the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie
struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. 12. Ore =
This was achieved with the help of the chemist André-
Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on 13. Substance =
the results of this research, Marie Curie received her
Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre
shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for 14. Undertake =
the discovery of radioactivity.
The births of Marie's two daughters, Irène and Eve, in 15. Resolve=
1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work.
She was appointed lecturer in physics at the École 16. Devote your time/ energy/
Normale Supérieure for girls in Sèvres, France (1900), attention/ yourself etc to smt =
and introduced a method of teaching based on
experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she
was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed 17. Chiefly =
by Pierre Curie.
The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter 18. Radiations =
blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her
career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to 19. Metallic =
completing alone the scientific work that they had
undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to
the professorship that had been left vacant on her 20. Interrupt=
husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at
the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel 21. Experimental=
Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of
radium. 22. Demonstration=
During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her
daughter Irène, devoted herself to the development of
23. Vacant =
the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units
which came to be known as ‘Little Curies', used for the
treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium 24. Operate =
Institute, whose staff Irène had joined, began to
operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear 25. Earnest=
physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest
point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the
Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of
radioactive substances and their medical applications.
In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie
Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States 26. Triumphant=
to raise funds for research on radium. Women there
presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign.

Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and 27. Accumulate =
Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of
seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in
28. Intense=
Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the
Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became
director. 29. Abundant =
One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to
have understood the need to accumulate intense 30. Leukaemia =
radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to
maintain an abundant supply for research. The 31. Exposure =
existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of
1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to
the success of the experiments undertaken in the 32. Isotopes =
years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the
discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and,
above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irène and
Frédéric Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few
months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a
result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation.
She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive
isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-
green light they gave off.
Her contribution to physics had been immense, not
only in her own work, the importance of which had
been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but
because of her influence on subsequent generations of
nuclear physicists and chemists.
1. Radioactivity=
_ Workers were exposed to high levels of radioactivity.
2. Sole =
_ Griffiths is the sole survivor of the plane crash which killed everyone else on board.
3. Prodigious =
_ At the time of his death, Mozart was considered one of the most talented and
prodigious musical composers of all time.
4. Fulfil =
_Our aim is to fulfill our clients’ wishes as efficiently as possible.
5. Bread and butter=

_ I do a lot of photography, but accounting is my bread and butter.
6. Partnership=
_The festival is being coordinated by the city council in partnership with local schools.
7. Mineral=
_ Calcium (Ca) is the most common mineral found in drinking water.
8. Pitchblende=
_ The cliff contains pitchblende veins that have been sources of dissolved uranium.
9. Superior =
_ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding.
10. Pure =
_Clothes made of pure cotton are much cooler than those made of mixed fibers.
11. Presence =
_ The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
12. Ore =
_ Earlier studies on the deposit indicated the copper ore can be treated using
conventional methods.
13. Substance =
_She was arrested for smoking marijuana, an illegal substance.
14. Undertake =
_Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.
15. Resolve=
_It is difficult to see how this conflict can be resolved without taking the matter to court.
16. Devote your time/energy/attention/yourself etc. to something=
_ She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.
17. Chiefly =
_ Before 1849, travel was done chiefly on horseback.
18. Radiations =
_ An accident at the power station could result in large amounts of radiation being
released.
19. Metallic =
_The result is a fine-grained rock containing small traces of metallic iron.
20. Interrupt=
_Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.
21. Experimental=
_A few of the drugs are experimental and not covered by insurance companies.
22. Demonstration=
_He gave a demonstration of how the program works.
23. Vacant =
_Then the station you left hires someone to fill your vacant slot.
24. Operate =
_The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
25. Earnest=
_Despite her earnest efforts, she could not find a job. E
26. Triumphant=
_ Winning a ring would be the triumphant moment of his career.
27. Accumulate =
_ As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their
incomes.
28. Intense=
_ Very intense exercise may actually be bad for you.
29. Abundant =
_ During the 18th century land was cheap, grain was plentiful, and meat was abundant.
30. Leukaemia =
_ When he went to a doctor, he was diagnosed with leukaemia, and everything came to
a screeching halt.
31. Exposure =
_ Too much unprotected exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause skin
damage, eye damage, immune system suppression, and skin cancer.
32. Isotopes =
_ By looking at the levels of various isotopes, geochemists can group the rocks that
have similar deep-earth origins.
READING PASSAGE 2
Young children's sense of
identity
A sense of self develops in young children by
degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in 1. Degree=
terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat
separate features: the self as a subject, and the self 2. Gradual=
as an object. William James introduced the
distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his,
such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing 3. Emergence=
debate. Ever since then psychologists have
continued building on the theory. 4. Separate=
B 5. Distinction=
According to James, a child's first step on the road to
self-understanding can be seen as the recognition
6. Contemporary=
that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that
he labelled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various
elements. These included an awareness of one's own 7. Debate=
agency (i.e. one's power to act), and an awareness of
one's distinctiveness from other people. These 8. Various=
features gradually emerge as infants explore their
world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) 9. Infant=
suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was
primarily concerned with being able to exercise
power. He proposed that the earliest examples of 10. Caregiver=
this are an infant's attempts to control physical
objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is 11. Propose=
followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other
people. For example, infants learn that when they cry 12. Attempt=
or smile someone responds to them.
C 13. Mimic=
Another powerful source of information for infants
about the effects they can have on the world around 14. Vocalize=
them is provided when others mimic them. Many
parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early 15. Reflection=
months, copying their infant's vocalizations and
expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking
in mirrors, where the movements they can see are
dependent upon their own movements.
This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection
as their own image (a later development). However,
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants'

developing understanding that the movements they
see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads
to a growing awareness that they are distinct from 16. Contingent on/upon=
other people. This is because they, and only they,
can change the reflection in the mirror.
17. Distinct=
D
This understanding that children gain of themselves
as active agents continues to develop in their 18. Co-operate=
attempts to co-operate with others in play. Dunn
(1988) points out that it is in such day-to-day
relationships and interactions that the child's 19. Empirical=
understanding of his- or herself emerges. Empirical
investigations of the self-as-subject in young children
are, however, rather scarce because of difficulties of 20. Acquire=
communication: even if young infants can reflect on
their experience, they certainly cannot express this
aspect of the self directly. 21. Play a part=
E
Once children have acquired a certain level of self- 22. Unique=
awareness, they begin to place themselves in a
whole series of categories, which together play such
an important part in defining them uniquely as 23. Characteristic=
'themselves'. This second step in the development of
a full sense of self is what James called the 'self-as-
object'. This has been seen by many to be the aspect 24. Derive something from something=
of the self which is most influenced by social
elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as
student, brother, colleague) and characteristics 25. Identity=
which derive their meaning from comparison or
interaction with other people (such as
trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
F
Cooley and other researchers suggested a close
connection between a person's own understanding of
their identity and other people's understanding of it.
Cooley believed that people build up their sense of
identity from the reactions of others to them, and
from the view they believe others have of them. He
called the self-as-object the 'looking-glass self', since
people come to see themselves as they are reflected
in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw
the self and the social world as inextricably bound
together: 'The self is essentially a social structure,
and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to 26. Bind smb/smt together=
conceive of a self arising outside of social
experience.'
G 27. Arise=
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important
developmental milestone is reached when children
become able to recognize themselves visually 28. Conceive of (doing) something =
without the support of seeing contingent movement.
This recognition occurs around their second birthday.
In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) 29. Milestone=
dabbed some red powder on the noses of children
who were playing in front of a mirror, and then
observed how often they touched their noses. The 30. Contingent=
psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what
they usually looked like, they would be surprised by
the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On 31. Experiment=
the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18
months are generally not able to recognize
themselves unless other cues such as movement are 32. Longitudinal study/survey/research
present.
etc=
H
Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-
awareness in general can be seen in the displays of
33. Frustration=
rage which are most common from 18 months to 3
years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of
three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the
34. Anger=
intensity of the frustration and anger in their
disagreements increased sharply between the ages
of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's disagreements
involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had
played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children
seemed to be disputing ownership rather than
wanting to play with it. Although it may be less
marked in other societies, the link between the sense
of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a notable feature of
childhood in Western societies.
1. Degree=
_All the students have different degrees of ability.
2. Gradual=
_There has been a gradual change in climate.
3. Emergence=
_ The political implications of China's emergence as an economic power are profound.
4. Separate=
_ He tries to keep his professional life completely separate from his private life.
5. Distinction=
_ It’s sometimes very difficult to draw a clear distinction between the meanings of
different words.
6. Contemporary=
_ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired.
7. Debate=
_ After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal.
8. Various=
_ After the party I collected up bottles from various parts of the house.
9. Infant=
_ We studied newborn infants up to two months old.
10. Caregiver=
_ As patients are sent home sooner and sooner, families are thrown into the role of
caregivers.
11. Propose=
_ She proposed that the book should be banned.
12. Attempt=
_ All my attempts to get the machine working failed miserably.
13. Mimic=
_ ""Hmm, '' Phil said. ""Hmm, '' Graham mimicked.
14. Vocalize=
_ Your baby will begin to vocalize long before she can talk.
15. Reflection=
_ He admired his reflection in the mirror.
16. Contingent on/upon=

_ Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather.
17. Distinct=
_ The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other.
18. Co-operate=
_ The president said that Mexico would continue to cooperate with the US in the fight
against drugs.
19. Empirical=
_ The diagnosis of a business problem should be based both on empirical analysis
and on theoretical analysis.
20. Acquire=
_ The course makes it possible for workers to acquire new skills.
21. Play a part=

_ They've certainly worked very hard, but luck has played a part too.
22. Unique=
_ Cao Lầu is not something you’ll find all over Vietnam – it’s very unique to Hoi An, the
historic trading port town along the central coast.
23. Characteristic=
_ The two diseases have a number of characteristics in common.
24. Derive something from something=

_ She derived great satisfaction from helping other people.
25. Identity=
_ Some people fear that globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural
identity.
26. Bind somebody/something together=

_ Their shared experiences in war helped to bind the two communities together.
27. Arise=
_ Low achievement at school often arises from poverty and bad social conditions.
28. Conceive of (doing) something =

_ He couldn't conceive of a time when he would have no job.
29. Milestone=
_ For most people, the birth of their first child is a milestone in their lives.
30. Contingent=
_ Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather.
31. Experiment=
_ Scientists are conducting/ carrying out/ doing experiments to test the
effectiveness the new drug.
32. Longitudinal study/survey/research etc.=

_ While this longitudinal study is one of the most famous, it is by no means the only
one.
33. Frustration=
_ His failure to get the right job has a been a great frustration to him.
34. Anger=
_ Andrea still feels a lot of anger towards her mom, who left when she was a little girl.
READING PASSAGE 3 1. Conviction=….
2. Relic=….
The Development of
3. Infallible=….
Museums
A 4. Testimony=….
The conviction that historical relics provide
infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the 5. Root=….
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when
science was regarded as objective and value free. 6. Objective=….
As one writer observes: 'Although it is now evident
that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles,
public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic 7. Artefact=….
seems ipso facto real.' Such conviction was, until
recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums 8. Chronicle=….
used to look - and some still do - much like storage
rooms of objects packed together in showcases: 9. Veracity=….
good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle
differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor,
10. Endure=….
to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information
accompanying the objects often made little sense to
the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations 11. Tangible=….
dated back to a time when the museum was the
exclusive domain of the scientific researcher. 12. Ipso facto=….
B 13. Scholar=….
Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the
way it should be presented have altered. The key
word in heritage display is now 'experience', the 14. Accompany=….
more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all
the senses. Good examples of this approach in the 15. Exclusive=….
UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National
Museum of Photography, Film and Television in 16. Heritage=….
Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London.
In the US the trend emerged much earlier:
Williamsburg has been a prototype for many 17. Emerge=….
heritage developments in other parts of the world. No
one can predict where the process will end. On so- 18. Prototype=….
called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical
events is increasingly popular, and computers will 19. Virtual=….
soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will
present visitors with a vivid image of the period of
20. Vivid=….
their choice, in which they themselves can act as if
part of the historical environment. Such

developments have been criticised as an intolerable
vulgarisation, but the success of many historical 21. Intolerable=….
theme parks and similar locations suggests that the
majority of the public does not share this opinion.
22. Vulgarize=….
C
In a related development, the sharp distinction
between museum and heritage sites on the one 23. Sharp=….
hand, and theme parks on the other, is gradually
evaporating. They already borrow ideas and
concepts from one another. For example, museums 24. Theme park=….
have adopted story lines for exhibitions, sites have
accepted 'theming'as a relevant tool, and theme
parks are moving towards more authenticity and 25. Evaporate=….
research-based presentations. In zoos, animals are
no longer kept in cages, but in great spaces, either in
the open air or in enormous greenhouses, such as 26. Adopt=….
the jungle and desert environments in Burgers'Zoo in
Holland. This particular trend is regarded as one of
the major developments in the presentation of natural 27. Undergo=….
history in the twentieth century.
D 28. Fulfill=….
Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as
they try to present more serious social and cultural
issues, and move away from fantasy. This 29. Operate=….
development is a response to market forces and,
although museums and heritage sites have a special,
rather distinct, role to fulfill, they are also operating 30. Be engaged in something=….
in a very competitive environment, where visitors
make choices on how and where to spend their free
time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to 31. Interpret=….
invent stories and recreate historical environments to
attract their visitors: their assets are already in place.
However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts 32. Steer a course=….
and facts as we know them, and attractively
presented. Those who are professionally engaged in
the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult
position, as they must steer a narrow course
between the demands of 'evidence' and
'attractiveness', especially given the increasing need
in the heritage industry for income-generating
activities.
E
It could be claimed that in order to make everything in
heritage more 'real', historical accuracy must be

increasingly altered. For example, Pithecanthropus
erectus is depicted in an Indonesian museum with 33. Depict=….
Malay facial features, because this corresponds to
public perceptions. Similarly, in the Museum of 34. Correspond=….
Natural History in Washington, Neanderthal man is
shown making a dominant gesture to his wife. Such
presentations tell us more about contemporary 35. Perception=….
perceptions of the world than about our ancestors.
There is one compensation, however, for the 36. Dominant=….
professionals who make these interpretations: if they
did not provide the interpretation, visitors would do it 37. Gesture=….
for themselves, based on their own ideas,
misconceptions and prejudices. And no matter how
38. Compensation=….
exciting the result, it would contain a lot more bias
than the presentations provided by experts.
39. Prejudice=….
F
Human bias is inevitable, but another source of bias 40. Bias=….
in the representation of history has to do with the
transitory nature of the materials themselves. The 41. Inevitable=….
simple fact is that not everything from history survives
the historical process. Castles, palaces and
cathedrals have a longer lifespan than the dwellings 42. Occupy=….
of ordinary people. The same applies to the
furnishings and other contents of the premises. In a 43. Era=….
town like Leyden in Holland, which in the seventeenth
century was occupied by approximately the same 44. Wonder=….
number of inhabitants as today, people lived within
the walled town, an area more than five times smaller
than modern Leyden. In most of the houses several 45. Stroll=….
families lived together in circumstances beyond our
imagination. Yet in museums, fine period rooms give 46. Nostalgia=….
only an image of the lifestyle of the upper class of
that era. No wonder that people who stroll around
exhibitions are filled with nostalgia; the evidence in
museums indicates that life was so much better in the
past. This notion is induced by the bias in its
representation in museums and heritage centres.
1. Conviction=….
_ The students possess the conviction that they can make a difference to their
community.
2. Relic=….
_ Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time.
3. Infallible=….
_ There is no infallible way of predicting exactly what the weather will be like.
4. Testimony=….
_ The pyramids are an eloquent testimony to the ancient Egyptians' engineering
skills.
5. Root=….
_ The high crime rate has its roots in unemployment and poverty.
6. Objective=….
_ Sometimes it's hard to be objective when the situation gets emotional.
7. Artefact=….
_ The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times.
8. Chronicle=….
_ The report is a chronicle of the history of the Party since its formation.
9. Veracity=….
_ Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?
10. Endure=….
_ Friendships which endure over many years.
11. Tangible=….
_ There is no tangible evidence of dishonesty among the company's directors.
12. Ipso facto=….

_ You admit you fired the gun and we now know that the shot killed the victim so you
are, ipso facto, responsible for his death.
13. Scholar=….
_ Chu Van An is the only Vietnamese scholar who is worshipped in Ha Noi's Van
Mieu (Temple of Literature) - Quoc Tu Giam (the first university of Viet Nam).
14. Accompany=…
_ There's a workbook to accompany the course book.
15. Exclusive=….
_ Your password gives you exclusive access to your personal computer files.
16. Heritage=….
_ In 1994 and subsequently in 2000, Ha Long Bay was recognized by UNESCO as
World Natural Heritage.
17. Emerge=….
_ The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
18. Prototype=….
_ Pilots have begun testing a prototype of the new aircraft.
19. Virtual=….
_ Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.
20. Vivid=….
_ I loved listening to his vivid descriptions of life in Italy.
21. Intolerable=….
_ Three-quarters of the world's population live in conditions that people in the West
would find intolerable.
22. Vulgarize=….
_ Such hateful speech vulgarizes our culture and goes against everything the
University of St. Thomas stands for.
23. Sharp=….
_ The mountains stood in sharp contrast to the blue sky.
24. Theme park=….

_ When it comes to attendance, the Walt Disney World Resorts are by far the largest
theme parks in the world.
25. Evaporate=….
_ Plants keep cool during the summer by evaporating water from their leaves.
26. Adopt=….
_ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
27. Undergo=….
_ I had to undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme.
28. Fulfill=….
_ She said the president had failed to fulfill his campaign promises.
29. Operate=….
_ The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
30. Be engaged in something=….

_ She's part of a team of scientists who are engaged on/upon cancer research.
31. Interpret=….
_ This dream can be interpreted in several different ways.
32. Steer a course=….

_ The government chose to steer a middle course between the two strategies.
33. Depict=….
_ Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century.
34. Correspond=….
_ The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5.
35. Perception=….
_ There is a general perception that exams are becoming easier to pass.
36. Dominant=….
_ Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s.
37. Gesture=….
_ In Viet Nam, crossing your fingers is considered a rude and disrespectful gesture.
38. Compensation=….
_ She admitted her company's responsibility for the disaster and went on to explain
how compensation would be paid to the victims.
39. Prejudice=….
_ Women still face prejudice in the workplace.
40. Bias=….
_ It’s clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities.
41. Inevitable=….
_ The accident was the inevitable consequence of carelessness.
42. Occupy=….
_ The bed seemed to occupy most of the room.
43. Era=….
_ He remembers the 1960s as being an era of sexual permissiveness.
44. Wonder=….
_ I wonder what the future holds for you and me.
45. Stroll=….
_ We drove to Penrhyn Castle, and strolled around the beautiful gardens there.
46. Nostalgia=….
_ He looked back on his university days with a certain amount of nostalgia.

(WORKBOOK) - Boost Your Vocabulary - Cam9 - Dinhthang PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(WORKBOOK) - Boost Your Vocabulary - Cam9 - Dinhthang PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Chào các bạn,

Trân trọng cảm ơn,

 Giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012.

Facebook: dinhthangielts | Website: www. ielts-dinhthang.com

HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH WORKBOOK

William Henry Perkin 2. Curiosity= …

was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline,

IS THERE ANYBODY OUT

The question of whether we are alone in the Universe 2. Haunt=

that, if other civilisations do survive in our galaxy, 17. Optimism=

based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 31. Astronomical=

have to be addressed by the global community 50. Address=

_ I couldn’t concentrate on my work – my mind was on other things.

The history of the tortoise

talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which

before that various more or less worm-like creatures

B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that 5. Consequence= ...

D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom

processing of speech and verbal communication could

F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of 34. Persistence= ...

G. Children experiencing an auditory function deficit

be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are 40. Strategy= ...

I. A number of countries are already in the process of 54. Promulgate= ...

1. Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing etc. impairment =

B 9. Draw somebody to something= ….

fundamental of all astronomical measurements.

READING PASSAGE 3 1. Trace something (back) to

A neuroscientist reveals how 2. Fire=

sell their ideas to other people. This is where social

1. Trace something (back) to something=

13. Suffer from=

18. Be confronted with something=

33. Bombard somebody with something=

48. Intertwine with=

_ A necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls.

It is not easy to be systematic and objective about 4. Debate= …..

errors, in order to 'improve' the language. The 25. Reliance= …..

_ Analysis of the data should have been more systematic.

_ I generally favour travelling by night, when the roads are quiet.

_ Employees will be evaluated on their performance, attendance, and team skills.

READING PASSAGE 2 (test 3)

Britain via the cable under the Channel. 32. Vibration=

2. Play a part/role in=

20. Charge (In charge of something) =

21. Deal with=

_ It is important for manufacturers to identify potential problems at the design

30. The National Grid=

36. Hostile(hostile environment/climate/terrain etc.)=

Information theory - the big

made breakthroughs in the foundations of computer 16. Breakthrough=

_The next meeting will take place on Thursday.

10. Exposure to something=

11. On the brink/edge of something=

13. Manage to do something=

20. Inveigle one’s way into something=

24. Pin somebody/something down=

34. Cope with=

35. The ravages of something=

43. Cram something into/onto etc. something =

The life and work of Marie

radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could

presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign.