IELTS 0-3.

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LESSON 04
READING

I- LỘ TRÌNH HỌC IELTS:

1. Dạng Flowchart:

Lưu ý: Đây chỉ là một lộ trình để tham khảo.

Giai đoạn #1: Củng cố Kiến thức Nền tảng (Language Practice)

Giai đoạn #2: Trang bị Kỹ năng (Exam Practice)

Giai đoạn #3: Giải đề (Practice Tests)

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II- CÁC TÀI NGUYÊN PHỤC VỤ HỌC TIẾNG ANH – TỪ ĐIỂN:

1. Từ điển Anh-Anh

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/

2. Từ điển Anh-Việt (khi quen rồi các bạn ko cần phải tra từ anh-việt cũng ok)

http://tratu.soha.vn/

3. Từ điển từ đồng nghĩa (synonym):

https://www.thesaurus.com/

4. Từ điển collocation - Online Oxford Collocation Dictionary:

http://www.freecollocation.com

5. Từ điển tra ví dụ cho từ:

Muốn hiểu và sử dụng thành thạo một từ, bạn cần tìm 5,6 ví dụ có chứa các từ đó,
xem từ đó được sử dụng trong các ngữ cảnh khác nhau như thế nào. Một từ điển rất tốt
giúp bạn làm việc này là:

https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/

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III- IELTS READING:

3.1. Cấu trúc bài thi IELTS Reading (Academic):

Thông tin chung về Phần thi IELTS Reading như sau:

 3 bài đọc (mỗi bài đọc có độ dài từ 900-1200 từ)

 Tổng số câu hỏi là 40 câu
 Tổng thời gian làm bài là 60 phút (đã bao gồm thời gian chuyển đáp án sang tờ
Answer Sheet)
 Nguồn bài đọc được lấy từ sách, báo, tạp chí thông dụng & tạp chí chuyên
ngành
 Nội dung có thể thuộc nhiều chủ đề khác nhau, nhưng nhìn chung đều được
viết cho đối tượng độc giả không chuyên

3.2. Lộ trình học Reading:

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3.3. Phương pháp học Reading đúng:
Có phương pháp học Reading đúng là vô cùng quan trọng. Việc học Reading theo
cách "cày đề" truyền thống đem lại hiệu quả không cao: Một mặt, các bạn không cải
thiện được mấy về vốn từ vựng còn hạn chế; mặt khác, các bạn cũng không hiểu được
logic của người ra đề & tự rút được lỗi sai.

Phương pháp sau đây, gọi chung là “keyword technique” hoặc “keyword table”, là
phương pháp được giới thiệu bởi thầy Simon, và sau đó tiếp tục được phát triển bởi
thầy Đinh Thắng IELTS (thuộc team IELTS Family – Các nhóm tự học IELTS).
Phương pháp này có hiệu quả rõ rệt là bởi vì nó buộc các bạn phải hiểu logic & các
bẫy trong cách ra đề, đồng thời giúp bạn học từ vựng theo các cụm từ đồng nghĩa
(synonym) hoặc cách diễn đạt tương đương (paraphrasing).

Lưu ý: Phương pháp đúng không thay thế được cho việc cần thiết phải đọc nhiều &
chăm học từ vựng!

1. Cách thực hiện phương pháp “keyword table”:

1. Sau khi làm bài tập xong, bạn tra đáp án và tự chữa bài như thông thường
2. Dựa trên đáp án đúng, bạn quay sang bài đọc, tìm và gạch chân chính xác các
đoạn chứa câu trả lời đúng
3. Dựa trên các keyword trong câu hỏi và câu chứa đáp án đúng trong bài đọc, lập
bảng keyword table theo mẫu sau:

Keyword table:

Câu Cụm tương đương nghĩa Cách

Keyword trong câu hỏi
số trong bài đọc paraphrase

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 Tham khảo một bảng keyword sau:

KEYWORD TABLE

Reading: Freya Stark, explorer and writer

Book: Complete IELTS 4-5, Unit 2
Method of
No. Similar words in passage Keywords in questions
paraphrasing
She had no formal education as a
first formal education at
1 child … She entered London Diễn đạt lại.
London University
University in 1912
… she joined the nurse corps and
2 … worked as a nurse in Italy Diễn đạt lại.
was sent to Italy
She attended the School of She studied at School of
3 Từ đồng nghĩa
Oriental Studies Oriental Studies
She travelled by donkey to the
She made a journey to the
4 Jebel Druze, a mountainous area in Diễn đạt lại.
Syrian mountains on a donkey
Syria.
She wrote about in …, a classic for
She won a Gold Medal for a
5 which she was awarded a Gold Từ đồng nghĩa
book
Medal.
3.4. Các loại từ khóa

Loại 1: Từ khóa không biến đổi được, từ khóa trong câu hỏi giống hệt trong bài đọc.
Bao gồm: tên riêng, số, các thuật ngữ khoa học.

Loại 2: Từ khóa có thể biến đổi được ( có thể viết lại thành bằng từ khác). Sử dụng
biến đổi dạng từ ( wordform) hoặc từ đồng nghĩa ( synonym).

IV- LUYỆN TẬP:

Exercise 1: Tìm từ khóa loại 1 và loại 2 trong các câu sau:
1. William Gillbert conducted some experiments to understand magnetism.
2. The 15,000 excess deaths in France during August, compared with previous
year, have been related to the high night-time temperatures.
3. Ekman’s research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for
good lie detectors.
4. Sparks first became aware of the army of “closet phenologists”.
5. Other researchers have unearthed data from odd resources.
6. The trees from which quinine is derived grow only in South America.

Exercise 2: Tìm và gạch chân đoạn chứa thông tin tương ứng:

Insects, birds and fish tend to be the creatures that humans feel furthest from. Unlike
many mammals they do not engage in human-like behaviour. The way they swarm or
flock together does not usually get good press coverage either: marching like worker
ants might be a common simile for city commuters, but it’s a damning, not positive,
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image. Yet a new school of scientific theory suggests that these swarms might have a
lot to teach us.

American author Peter Miller explains, ‘I used to think that individual ants knew
where they were going, and what they were supposed to do when they got there. But
Deborah Gordon, a biologist at Stanford University, showed me that nothing an ant
does makes any sense except in terms of the whole colony. Which makes you wonder
if, as individuals, we don’t serve a similar function for the companies where we work
or the communities where we live.’ Ants are not intelligent by themselves. Yet as a
colony, they make wise decisions. And as Gordon discovered during her research,
there’s no one ant making decisions or giving orders.

Take food collecting, for example. No ant decides, ‘There’s lots of food around today;
lots of ants should go out to collect it.’ Instead, some forager ants go out, and as soon
as they find food, they pick it up and come back to the nest. At the entrance, they
brush past reserve foragers, sending a ‘go out’ signal. The faster the foragers come
back, the more food there is and the faster other foragers go out, until gradually the
amount of food being brought back diminishes. An organic calculation has been made
to answer the question, ‘How many foragers does the colony need today?’ And if
something goes wrong - a hungry lizard prowling around for an ant snack, for instance
- then a rush of ants returning without food sends waiting reserves a ‘Don’t go out’
signal.

1. Birds and fish’s ways of behaving are not similar to those of people.
2. From her study, Gordon found that no individual ant has leadership roles.
3. When forager ants have located food, they take it and return to where they live.

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Exercise 3: Read and answer the questions below:

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Exercise 4: Tìm và gạch chân đoạn thông tin chứa thông tin tương ứng

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in London, England. As a boy,
Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and
engineering. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional,
laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm
for chemistry.

As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of
chemistry. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher,
Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to attend a series of lectures given by the eminent
scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young
chemist’s enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Royal College of
Chemistry, which he succeeded in entering in 1853, at the age of 15.

At the time of Perkin’s enrolment, the Royal College of Chemistry was headed by the
noted German chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin’s scientific gifts soon
caught Hofmann’s attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann’s youngest
assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring
him both fame and fortune. At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment
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for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South
America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus,
when Hofmann made some passing comments about the desirability of a synthetic
substitute for quinine, it was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to take up the
challenge.

During his vacation in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of
his family’s house. He was attempting to manufacture quinine from aniline, an
inexpensive and readily available coal tar waste product. Despite his best efforts,
however, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark
sludge. Luckily, Perkin’s scientific training and nature prompted him to investigate
the substance further. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline
at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple
solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur’s words ‘chance
favours only the prepared mind’, Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

Historically, textile dyes were made from such natural sources as plants and animal
excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to
obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail
was once so costly that in society at the time only the rich could afford it. Further,
natural dyes tended to be muddy in hue and fade quickly. It was against this backdrop
that Perkin’s discovery was made.

1. Perkin soon developed his passions for several subjects when he was a little
child.
2. Perkin’s lecturer was the person who recognized his ability and dedication as a
student of chemistry.
3. Perkin made the discovery that made him rich and famous subsequent to
becoming an assistant of Hofmann.
4. The tree from which quinine is derived grow in South America.
5. Perkin hoped to produce quinine from a coal tar waste product.
6. A well-known person claimed that luck only comes to a person who has
worked hard.

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Exercise 5: Choose the correct answer and fill in the keyword table below.

THE BALLPOINT PEN

Most of us have at least one, but how did this popular item evolve?
 
One morning in 1945, a crowd of 5,000 people jammed the entrance of Gimbels
Department Store in New York. The day before, Gimbels had placed a full-page
advertisement in the New York Times for a wonderful new invention, the ballpoint
pen. The advertisement described the pen as 'fantastic' and 'miraculous'. Although they
were expensive, $12.50 each, all 10,000 pens in stock were sold on the first day.
 
In fact, this 'new' pen was not new at all. In 1888, John Loud, a leather manufacturer,
had invented a pen with a reservoir of ink and a rolling ball. However, his pen was
never produced, and efforts by other people to produce a commercially successful one
failed too. The main problem was with the ink. If it was too thin, the ink leaked out of
the pen. If it was too thick, it didn't come out of the pen at all.
 
Almost fifty years later, in 1935, a newspaper editor in Hungary thought he spent too
much time filling his pens with ink. He decided to invent a better kind of pen. With
the help of his brother, who was a chemist, he produced a ballpoint pen that didn't leak
when the pen wasn't being used. The editor was called Ladislas Biro, and it was his
name that people would associate more than any other with the ballpoint pen.
 
By chance, Biro met Augustine Justo, the Argentinian president. Justo was so
impressed with Biro's invention that he invited him to set up a factory in Argentina. In
1943, the first Biro pens were produced. Unfortunately, they were not popular, since
the pen needed to be held in a vertical position for the ink to come out. Biro
redesigned the pen with a better ball, and in 1944 the new product was on sale
throughout Argentina.
 
It was a North American, Milton Reynolds, who introduced the ballpoint pen to the
USA. Copying Biro's design, he produced the version that sold so well at Gimbels.
Another American, Patrick Frawley, improved the design and in 1950 began
producing a pen he called the Papermate. It was an immediate success, and within a
few years, Papermates were selling in their millions around the world.
Questions:

1  People went to Gimbels to buy a ballpoint pen because

A. they couldn't get them anywhere else.

B. they had been told how good the pens were.
C. they had never seen a ballpoint pen before.
D. they thought the price was good.
 

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2  Why were early ballpoint pens not produced commercially?

A. Nobody wanted to buy one.

B. It cost too much to produce them.
C. They used too much ink.
D. They didn't work properly.
 
3  Why was Ladislas Biro's pen better than earlier models?

A. It didn't need to be filled with ink as often.

B. It was designed by a chemist.
C. The ink stayed in the pen until it was needed.
D. It was easier to use.
 
4  Biro's first commercially-produced pen

A. was produced in a factory owned by the Argentinian president.

B. only worked if used in a certain way.
C. was a major success.
D. went on sale in 1944.
 
5  Patrick Frawley's pen
A. was a better version of an earlier model.
B. took time to become successful.
C. was the USA's first commercially successful ballpoint pen.
D. was only successful in the USA.

Exercise 6: Identify the key words in these questions, read the following passage
and answer the questions:
1. What percentage of children live in extended family in Asia, The Middle
East, South America and Sub-Saharan Africa?
………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why are grandparents often less busy and stressed than parents?
………………………………………………………………………………
3. What do young adult often think living alone will be like?
………………………………………………………………………………
4. What helped children in extended families learn about the past?
………………………………………………………………………………
5. According to the Italian proverb, who should you phone when you have a
problems?
………………………………………………………………………………

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