Functions 5

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
MATHEMATIC
S
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
MATHEMATIC
S
Inequalities, Functions and Graphs
MATHEMATIC
S
Greatest Integer Function AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS
Domain = Set of all real numbers Results For k ∈ Z, we
Range = Set of integers have
1) [x] ≤ k ⇒x<k+1
It is many-one function.
2) [x] < k ⇒x<k
[x] ≤ k – 1
3) [x] ≥ k ⇒x≥k
4) [x] > k ⇒x≥k+1
MATHEMATIC
S
MATHEMATIC
S
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONS
FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTIONAND FUNCTIONS
y = {x} = x–[x]
1 1
1
2
2
x–
x+
x
x+
x–
–2 –1 0 1 2 3
MATHEMATIC
S
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MATHEMATIC
S
Example Solve for x : 2x – 1 = 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
Solution : As x = { x } + [ x ]
2 ({ x } + [ x ]) – 1 = 3[x]+2{x}
2{x}+2[x]–1 = 3[x]+2{x}
[x] = –1
x ∈ [ – 1, 0
)
MATHEMATIC
S
10 { x + r }
Example RELATIONS
[x] + ∑ AND FUNCTIONS
=
r=1 10
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONS
10 AND FUNCTIONS
{x+r}
Example To Prove [ x ] + ∑ 10
= x
r=1
Solution :
As we know that, { x + k } = { x }, for k ∈

10 Z
{x+r} 10{ x }
So, ∑ 10
=
10
r=1
MATHEMATIC
So L.H.S = [ x ] + { x } = x
S
MATHEMATIC
S
Example Solve for x : | 2x – 1 | = 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
MATHEMATIC
S
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
MATHEMATIC
S
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
RELATIONS AND
a>1
FUNCTIONS
Increasing
y = logax function
1
log a b = c if b = ac
log28 = 3 (23 = 8) 0<a<1 Decreasing
log5625 = 4 (54= 625) function
y = logax ; a > 0 ; a ≠ 1 1
MATHEMATIC
Both have range:S all real and One – One Function
Remark RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. If f (x) is increasing or decreasing ?
MATHEMATIC
S

1. If f (x) is increasing, then x2 > x1 ⇒ f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 )
2. If f (x) is decreasing, then x2 > x1 ⇒ f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )
3. If f ( x ) is an increasing function x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f ( x2 )
4. If f(x) is a decreasing function then x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x ) ≥ f ( x2
)
So, basically on applying increasing function, Inequality does not change.

While on applying decreasing MATHEMATIC
function, Inequality changes.
S
For solving purpose
Result While solving equations or in-equations involving log,
Be careful about domain. Because log is not every where defined
1 (a) loga x2 = log a x1 ⇒ x2 = x1
x2 > x1 if a > 1
(b) loga x2 > log a x1
x2 < x1 if 0 < a < 1
x > ap if a > 1
2 loga x > p
MATHEMATIC
x < ap if 0 < a < 1
S
PROBLEMS ON LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
MATHEMATIC
S
Example If 1 ≤ x ≤ 100 , then ? ≤ log10x ≤ ?
MATHEMATIC
S
Example If 1 ≤ x ≤ 100 , then ? ≤ log10x ≤ ?
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS As 10 > 1
Solution : 1 ≤ x ≤ 100 So inequality
remain same
log 10 1 ≤ log 10 x ≤ log 10 100
0 ≤ log 10 x ≤ 2
MATHEMATIC
S
Example RELATIONS
Solve for x AND FUNCTIONS
log10 (x – 1) < 1
MATHEMATIC
S
Example RELATIONS
log10 (x – 1) < 1
Solution : x – 1 < 10 Also x–1>0

x < 11 x>1
Taking intersection
x∈
(1,11)
MATHEMATIC
S
Example RELATIONS
log10 (5x – x2) < log10 6
MATHEMATIC
S

Example Solve for x
Now take care
2
log10 (5x – x ) < log10 6 of Domain
Solution : 5x – x2 < 6 5x – x2 > 0
x2 – 5x + 6 > 0 x (5 – x) > 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) > 0 x (x – 5) < 0
x ∈ (– ∞, 2) ∪ (3, x ∈ ( 0, 5
∞) )
Intersection of both
MATHEMATIC
x ∈ (0, 2) ∪ (3,
5) S
DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION
Rules of finding domain
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONS ANDdomain
Rules of finding FUNCTIONS
1
1. , then expression ≠ 0
expression
2. √ Expression , then Expression ≥ 0
3. loga x , then x > 0 and a > 0 and a ≠ 1
4. f(x) Domain is D1
g(x) Domain is D2
f(x) ± g(x) MATHEMATIC
Domain is D1 ∩ D2
S
PROBLEMS ON DOMAIN
MATHEMATIC
S
Example Find domain of the following

RELATIONS AND function
FUNCTIONS
1) y = logx x + 2 2) y = log (1 – x) + √x + 2
1
3) f (x) = + √x + 2
log(1 – x)
MATHEMATIC
S
Example Find domain of the following function
1) y = logx x + 2
Number is always positive
Solution : y = log x x + 2 Base is positive and not equal to 1
x > 0 , x > 0 and x ≠ 1
x ∈ (0, ∞) – {1}
MATHEMATIC
S
2) y = log (1 – x) + √x + 2
First, we find out Then we find out
Solution :
domain of log (1 – x) domain of √ x + 2
Then answer is intersection of both

For log (1 – x) For √ x + 2
(1 – x) > 0 x+2 ≥ 0
x < 1 x ≥ –2
Taking intersection
MATHEMATIC
x ∈[–2, 1) S
1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

3) f (x) = + √x + 2
log(1 – x)
Solution :
1 – x > 0 log (1 – x) ≠ 0 x ≥ –2
x < 1 1– x ≠ 1
x ≠ 0
Taking intersection
x ∈ [ –2, 0) ∪
(0,1) MATHEMATIC
S
√
5x – x2
1) f(x) = log10
4
MATHEMATIC
S
√
5x – x2
1) f(x) = log10
4
5x – x2
Solution : ≥1
4
x2 – 5x ≤ –4
5x – x2 5x – x2
log10 ≥ 0 > 0 A x2 – 5x + 4 ≤ 0
4 4
(x – 1) (x – 4) ≤ 0
2
5x – x
≥1 B
4 x ∈ [1,
4]
MATHEMATIC
Solution of B is contained in solution of A, So we will find
solution of BS only
RELATIONS
2
AND FUNCTIONS
3) y = log4 (log5 (log3 18x – x – 77))
MATHEMATIC
S
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
MATHEMATIC
S
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
y = ax a>0; a≠1
If x is increasing If x is increasing
a > 1 0 < a <1
Then y is increasing Then y is decreasing
MATHEMATIC
Increasing function
S Decreasing function

1. If f (x) is increasing or decreasing ?
MATHEMATIC
S

1. If f (x) is increasing, then x2 > x1 ⇒ f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 )
2. If f (x) is decreasing, then x2 > x1 ⇒ f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 )
3. If f ( x ) is an increasing function x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ f ( x2 )
4. If f(x) is a decreasing function then x1 ≤ x ≤ x2 ⇒ f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x ) ≥ f ( x2
)
So, basically on applying increasing function, Inequality does not change.

While on applying decreasing MATHEMATIC
function, Inequality changes.
S

Result
1. ax2 = ax1 ⇒ x2 = x1
x2 > x1 if a > 1
x2 x1
2. a > a
x2 < x1 if 0 < a < 1
MATHEMATIC
S
PROBLEMS ON EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONSx AND FUNCTIONS

Example If x ∈ [ 1, 5 ] , then 2 ∈ [ ? , ? ]
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONSx AND FUNCTIONS

Example If x ∈ [ 1, 5 ] , then 2 ∈ [ ? , ? ]
Solution
Taking f(x) = 2x
1≤ x ≤ 5 ⇒ f ( 2 ) ≤ f( x ) ≤ f( 5 )
21 ≤ 2x ≤ 25
2x ∈ [ 21, 25
]2x ∈ [ 2, 32
]
MATHEMATIC
S

x–1
Example = 23 – x
2
MATHEMATIC
S

x–1
Example = 23 – x
2
1 x–1 x–3
1
Solution : =
2 2
x–1 = x–3
1=3
Which is not possible, so x ∈
φ
MATHEMATIC
S
x 2x
1 1
RELATIONS
Example Solve for x: AND
> FUNCTIONS
2 2
MATHEMATIC
S
x 2x
1 1
RELATIONS
Example Solve for x: AND
> FUNCTIONS a < 1
2 2
∴ Inequality will
change
Solution : x 2x
1 > 1
2 2
x < 2x
x > 0
x ∈ (0 ,
∞)
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONS
x
AND
1 5x –FUNCTIONS
2 6
Example Solve for x : (3) >
3
MATHEMATIC
S
RELATIONS
x
AND
1 5x –FUNCTIONS
2 6
Example Solve for x : (3) >
3 + – +
x2 –6 1
Solution : (3) > (3)6 – 5x
x2 > 6 – 5x
x2 + 5x – 6 > 0
(x – 1) (x + 6) > 0
x ∈ (– ∞, – 6) ∪ (1 ,
∞)
MATHEMATIC
S
Example Solve for x : 1 1 + | x – 2 |

RELATIONS AND ≥ 22xFUNCTIONS
2
MATHEMATIC
S
Example Solve for x : | 2x – 1 | = 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
Recall : whenever we have a variable outside modulus also ,
we prefer making cases
Solution :
1
Case I 2x – 1 ≥ 0 i.e. x ≥
2
2x – 1 = 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
2({x}+[x])–1 = 3[x]+ 2{x}

2{x}+2[x]–1 = 3[x]+ 2{x}
MATHEMATIC1
[ x ] = – 1 ; x ∈ [ – 1, 0 but x S
≥ So, no solution!!
2
1
Case II x <
RELATIONS
2 AND FUNCTIONS
1–2x = 3[x]+ 2{x}
1 – 2 ( [ x ] + { x } )= 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
1 – 2 [ x ] – 2{ x } = 3 [ x ] + 2 { x }
5 [ x ] + 4 { x }= 1
1– 5[x]
{x}=
4
1– 5[x]
0 ≤ < 1
4
MATHEMATIC1 1
∴ [ x ] = 0 & corresponding { x } = S ⇒ x =
4 4
RELATIONS
2
AND FUNCTIONS
3) y = log4 (log5 (log3 18x – x – 77))
Solution :
log5 (log3 (18x – x2 – 77)) > 0 log3 (18x – x2 – 77) > 0 18x – x2 – 77 > 0
log3 (18x – x2 – 77)) > 1 i.e. 18x – x2 – 77 > 1
i.e. 18x – x2 – 77 > 3
i.e. x2 – 18x + 80 > 0

i.e. (x – 10) (x – 8) > 0
MATHEMATIC
∴ x ∈ (–∞, 8) ∪ (10,
∞) S
Example Solve for x : 1 1+|x–2|

RELATIONS AND≥FUNCTIONS
22x
2 In-equality
Solution : 1 1+|x–2| 1 – 2x changes
≥
2 2
1 + | x – 2 | ≤ – 2x
| x – 2 | ≤ – 2x – 1
Case 1 x ≥ 2 Case 2 x< 2
x – 2 ≤ – 2x – 1 2 – x ≤ – 2x – 1
x ≤ 1/3 x≤–3
Taking Intersection MATHEMATIC
Taking Intersection
x∈φ x ≤ S– 3
Solution :
We may also solveRELATIONS
| x – 2 | ≤ – 2xAND
– 1 as FUNCTIONS
following : – 2x – 1 > 0
| x – 2 | ≤ – 2x – 1 2x + 1 < 0
1
Squaring both sides, we get x <–
2
2 2
( x – 2 ) ≤ (2x + 1)
( x – 2 )2 – (2x + 1)2 ≤ 0
(3x –1) (– x – 3) ≤ 0
(3x –1) (x + 3) ≥ 0
1
x ≥ Or x ≤ – 3
3
MATHEMATIC
x≤ –3
S

Functions 5

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Functions 5

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Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Greatest Integer Function AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

As we know that, { x + k } = { x }, for k ∈

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Remark RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Remark RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

So, basically on applying increasing function, Inequality does not change.

1 (a) loga x2 = log a x1 ⇒ x2 = x1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

PROBLEMS ON LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Solution : x – 1 < 10 Also x–1>0

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Rules of finding domain

2. √ Expression , then Expression ≥ 0

3. loga x , then x > 0 and a > 0 and a ≠ 1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example Find domain of the following

Then answer is intersection of both

1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Remark RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Remark RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

So, basically on applying increasing function, Inequality does not change.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

PROBLEMS ON EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

RELATIONSx AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONSx AND FUNCTIONS

1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example Solve for x : 1 1 + | x – 2 |

2({x}+[x])–1 = 3[x]+ 2{x}

i.e. x2 – 18x + 80 > 0

Example Solve for x : 1 1+|x–2|

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