Physiology and Its Central Principle: Homeostasis With Thad Wilson

Physiology and Its Central Principle
Homeostasis
With Thad Wilson
Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

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Learning Goals
• You will be able to identify the field of

physiology and its prominence in medicine.
• You will understand homeostasis, including

control and regulation.

Physiology
“Physiology is the science of life.
aims to
It is a broad science which
understand the mechanisms

of living, from the molecular basis of cell function
to the integrated behavior of the whole body.”
From The Physiology Society – http://www.understanding-life.org/what-physiology

Physiology
human
“Physiology is the study of how the
body works under normal

conditions.
You use physiology when you exercise, read, breathe, eat,
sleep, move or do just about anything.”
From The American Physiology Society – http://www.physiologyinfo.org/mm/What-is-Physiology

Medical Physiology
“Critical care medicine is, basically, applying physiologic

principles to the care of seriously ill patients”
Quote from: Severinghuas, Astrup, & Murray. Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine, Am J Respir Care Med, 157:S114-22, 1998
Medical Physiology
Integrated Organ Systems Approach
General physiology Cardiovascular system
Nervous system Renal system
Musculoskeletal system Gastrointestinal system
Respiratory system Endocrine system

Medical Physiology
Integrated Organ Systems Approach
Lungs
General physiology
CO2 O2
Nervous system Right heart Left heart
pump pump
Musculoskeletal system
Gut
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular system Kidneys
Renal system
Gastrointestinal system Venous

end Arterial
Endocrine system end
Capillaries
© by Lecturio
Homeostasis
Regulated process by which a biological system

maintains dynamic but relatively consistent internal conditions
incurred from both

during pressures
internal and external factors.

Homeostasis
• What variables are important enough to regulate an

internal environment?
• Aren’t dynamic and consistent contradictory?
• What are examples of changes in internal factors?
• What are examples of changes in external factors?

Homeostasis
Level of Organization
Atom Organ system
Organ
Molecule
Tissue
Macromolecule
Organism
Organelle Cell
© by Lecturio
Homeostasis
Level of Organization and Specialization
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Organism
Cell
DNA
© by Lecturio
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback Control
"Slow down"

Homeostasis
Negative Feedback Control
Coordinating center
Afferent Efferent
pathways pathways
Medulla
Detector Effector
Baroreceptors
Heart Vessels
Bradycardia and vasodilation

counteract increased mean
Mean arterial arterial pressure.
pressure
© by Lecturio
Control and Regulation
Engineering Control System Approach
External Regulated
stressor Variable
Cause alterations in Values sensed by
Effector 1 Effector “n” Sensor 1 Sensor “n”
Control signal sent to Data relayed to
Integrator &
Coordinating
Center

Example Control System For Arterial Blood Pressure
Aortic arch Carotid sinus Baroreceptors
baroreceptors baroreceptors
Sensors
CN X + + CN IX
Medulla
Integrator Nucleus tractus solitarus
- +
Coordinating Vasoconstrictor Cardiac accelerator Cardiac decelerator

Center Sympathetic Parasympathetic
+ + + + -
Effectors Veins Arterioles Contractility Sinoatrial node Heart and
Blood vessels Heart blood vessels
© by Lecturio
Example Control System For Arterial Blood Pressure
Aging and atherosclerosis can blunt carotid

baroreceptor responses due to stiffening of the
vascular wall not allowing as much transduction
of wall distention.
Aortic arch Carotid sinus Baroreceptors

baroreceptors baroreceptors
Sensors
CN X + + CN IX
Medulla
Integrator Nucleus tractus solitarus
- +
Coordinating Vasoconstrictor Cardiac accelerator Cardiac decelerator

Center Sympathetic Parasympathetic
+ + + + -
Effectors Veins Arterioles Contractility Sinoatrial node Heart and
Blood vessels Heart blood vessels
© by Lecturio
This document is a property of: Oddom Mony
Note: This document is copyright protected. It may not be copied, reproduced, used, or
distributed in any way without the written authorization of Lecturio GmbH.


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Physiology and Its Central Principle

With Thad Wilson

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

• You will be able to identify the field of

• You will understand homeostasis, including

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

“Physiology is the science of life.

understand the mechanisms

From The Physiology Society – http://www.understanding-life.org/what-physiology

body works under normal

sleep, move or do just about anything.”

From The American Physiology Society – http://www.physiologyinfo.org/mm/What-is-Physiology

“Critical care medicine is, basically, applying physiologic

General physiology Cardiovascular system

Nervous system Renal system

Musculoskeletal system Gastrointestinal system

Respiratory system Endocrine system

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

Cardiovascular system Kidneys

Gastrointestinal system Venous

Regulated process by which a biological system

incurred from both

internal and external factors.

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

• What variables are important enough to regulate an

• Aren’t dynamic and consistent contradictory?

• What are examples of changes in internal factors?

• What are examples of changes in external factors?

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

Atom Organ system

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

Bradycardia and vasodilation

Cause alterations in Values sensed by

Effector 1 Effector “n” Sensor 1 Sensor “n”

Control signal sent to Data relayed to

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

Coordinating Vasoconstrictor Cardiac accelerator Cardiac decelerator

Aging and atherosclerosis can blunt carotid

Aortic arch Carotid sinus Baroreceptors

Coordinating Vasoconstrictor Cardiac accelerator Cardiac decelerator

Oddom Mony, leedomo2018@gmail.com

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