Fox

Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals

Foxes
belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes have a
flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly
upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush).

Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of

genus Vulpes. Approximately another 25 current or extinct
species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are
either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American
foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of bat-eared fox,
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) lying in
gray fox, and island fox.[1] Foxes live on every continent except
snow
Antarctica. By far the most common and widespread species of
fox is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with about 47 recognized Scientific classification
subspecies.[2] The global distribution of foxes, together with their Kingdom: Animalia
widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their
prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies Phylum: Chordata
around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, Class: Mammalia
long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British
Order: Carnivora
Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the
New World. Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
Groups included
Contents
Some Canini species:
Etymology
Phylogenetic relationships †Dusicyon cultridens
Biology Cerdocyon
General morphology
Cerdocyon thous
Pelage
Dentition Lycalopex
Behaviour
Lycalopex culpaeus
Sexual characteristics
Vocalization Lycalopex fulvipes
Classification Lycalopex griseus
Conservation Lycalopex
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) gymnocercus
Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes)
Lycalopex sechurae
Relationships with humans
Lycalopex vetulus
Fox hunting
Domestication All Vulpini species
Attacks on humans
Vulpes
Urban foxes
 In culture Vulpes lagopus
Notes Vulpes vulpes
References Vulpes velox
External links Vulpes macrotis
Vulpes corsac
Etymology Vulpes chama

The word fox comes from Old English, which derived from Vulpes pallida
Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.[nb 1] This in turn derives from Proto- Vulpes bengalensis
Indo-European *puḱ-, meaning ’thick-haired; tail’.[nb 2] Male
Vulpes ferrilata
foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, and
young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the latter name is not to be Vulpes cana
confused with a distinct species called kit foxes. Vixen is one of Vulpes rueppelli
very few words in modern English that retains the Middle
Vulpes zerda
English southern dialect "v" pronunciation instead of "f" (i.e.
northern English "fox" versus southern English "vox").[3] A
Some primitive Canidae
group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth.[4][5]
species

Phylogenetic relationships Urocyon

Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several Urocyon
phylogenetic divisions: cinereoargenteus
1. The fox-like canids, which include the kit fox (Vulpes Urocyon littoralis
velox), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Cape fox (Vulpes Urocyon sp.
chama), Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), and fennec fox
(Vulpes zerda).[6] Otocyon
2. The wolf-like canids, (genus Canis, Cuon and Lycaon)
including the dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray wolf Otocyon megalotis
(Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), eastern wolf
(Canis lycaon), coyote (Canis latrans), golden jackal Cladistically included but
(Canis aureus), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), black- traditionally excluded taxa
backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), side-striped jackal
(Canis adustus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), and African wild All other species in Canini
dog (Lycaon pictus).[6]
3. The South American canids, including the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), hoary fox
(Lycalopex uetulus), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolf (Chrysocyon
brachyurus).[6]
4. Various monotypic taxa, including the bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), gray fox (Urocyon
cinereoargenteus), and raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides).[6]

Biology

General morphology
Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the
family Canidae such as wolves and jackals, while they may be
larger than some within the family, such as Raccoon dogs. In the
largest species, the red fox, males weigh on average between 4.1
and 8.7 kg (9.0 and 19.2 lb),[7] while the smallest species, the
fennec fox, weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg (1.5 to 3.5 lb).[8] Fox-like
features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an
elongated rostrum, and a bushy tail. Foxes are digitigrade, and
thus, walk on their toes. Unlike most members of the family Comparative illustration of skulls of a
Canidae, foxes have partially retractable claws.[9] Fox vibrissae, true fox (left) and gray fox (right), with
or whiskers, are black. The whiskers on the muzzle, mystaciae differing temporal ridges and
vibrissae, average 100–110 mm (3.9–4.3 in) long, while the subangular lobes indicated
whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in
length. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also on the forelimbs and
average 40 mm (1.6 in) long, pointing downward and
backward.[2] Other physical characteristics vary according to
habitat and adaptive significance.

Pelage
Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors Fox skeleton
range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with
white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes (and other species
of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as kit foxes), for example, have large ears and short fur to aid in
keeping the body cool.[2][9] Arctic foxes, on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as
thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm.[10] Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical
auburn pelt, the tail normally ending with white marking.[11] A fox's coat color and texture may vary due
to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer
months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April; the process begins
from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back.[9] Coat color may also change as the individual
ages.[2]

Dentition
A fox's dentition, like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (Bat-eared foxes have six
extra molars, totaling in 48 teeth.) Foxes have pronounced carnassial pairs, which is characteristic of a
carnivore. These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, and work together to shear
tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced, also characteristic of a carnivore, and are
excellent in gripping prey.[12]

Behaviour
In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten
years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family
groups, but some (Arctic foxes) are known to be solitary.[2][9]
Foxes are omnivores.[13][14] The diet of foxes is largely made up
of invertebrates such as insects, and small vertebrates such as
reptiles and birds, and can include eggs and plants. Many species
are generalist predators, but some (such as the crab-eating fox)
have more specialized diets. Most species of fox consume around
1 kg (2.2 lb) of food every day. Foxes cache excess food, burying
it for later consumption, usually under leaves, snow, or soil.[9][15]
Foxes tend to use a pouncing technique where they crouch down
Arctic fox curled up in snow
to camouflage themselves in the terrain, then using their hind
legs, leap up with great force to land on top of their targeted
prey.[2] Using their pronounced canine teeth, foxes grip on to their prey's neck and either shake until the
prey is dead, or until the animal can be disemboweled.[2]

The gray fox is one of only two canine species known to regularly climb trees; the other is the raccoon
dog.[16]

Sexual characteristics
The male fox's scrotum is held up close to the body with the testes inside even after they descend. Like
other canines, the male fox has a baculum, or penile bone.[2][17][18] The testes of red foxes are smaller
than those of Arctic foxes.[19] Sperm formation in red foxes begins in August–September, with the
testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February.[20]

Vixens are in heat for one to six days, making their reproductive cycle twelve months long. As with other
canines, the ova are shed during estrus without the need for the stimulation of copulating. Once the egg is
fertilized, the vixen enters a period of gestation that can last from 52 to 53 days. Foxes tend to have an
average litter size of four to five with an 80 percent success rate in becoming pregnant.[2][21] Litter sizes
can vary greatly according to species and environment – the Arctic fox, for example, can have up to
eleven kits.[22]

The vixen usually has six or eight mammae.[23] Each teat has 8 to 20 lactiferous ducts, which connect the
mammary gland to the nipple, allowing for milk to be carried to the nipple.

Vocalization
The fox's vocal repertoire is vast:

Whine – Made shortly after birth. Occurs at a high rate when kits are hungry and when
their body temperatures are low. Whining stimulates the mother to care for her young;
it also has been known to stimulate the male fox into caring for his mate and kits.
Yelp – Made about 19 days later. The kits' whining turns into infantile barks, yelps,
which occur heavily during play.
Explosive call – At the age of about one month, the kits can emit an explosive call
which is intended to be threatening to intruders or other cubs; a high pitch howl.
Combative call – In adults, the explosive call becomes an open-mouthed combative
call during any conflict; a sharper bark.
Growl – An adult fox's indication to their kits to feed or head to the adult's location.
Bark – Adult foxes warn against intruders and in defense by barking.[2][24]
In the case of domesticated foxes, the whining seems to remain in adult individuals as a sign of
excitement and submission in the presence of their owners.[2]

Classification
Canids commonly known as foxes include the following genera and species:[2]
 Genus Species Picture

Ethiopian wolf, sometimes called the Simien fox or

Canis
Simien jackal

Ethiopian wolf, native to the

Ethiopian highlands

Cerdocyon Crab-eating fox

Crab-eating fox, a South American

species

† extinct genus, including the Falkland Islands wolf,

Dusicyon sometimes known as the Falklands Islands fox

Falkland Islands wolf Illustration by

John Gerrard Keulemans (1842–
1912)

Lycalopex
Culpeo or Andean fox
Darwin's fox
South American gray fox
Pampas fox
 Sechuran fox
Hoary fox

A South American gray fox in Pan de

Azúcar National Park along the
Pacific coast of the Atacama Desert

Otocyon Bat-eared fox

Bat-eared fox in Kenya

Gray fox
Urocyon Island fox
Cozumel fox (undescribed)

Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), in the

Channel Islands of California, US

Vulpes
Arctic fox
Bengal fox
Blanford's fox
Cape fox
Corsac fox
Fennec fox
Kit fox
Pale fox
Rüppell's fox
Red fox
Swift fox
Tibetan sand fox
 The fennec fox is the smallest
species of fox

Conservation
Several fox species are endangered in their native environments.
Pressures placed on foxes include habitat loss and being hunted
for pelts, other trade, or control.[25] Due in part to their
opportunistic hunting style and industriousness, foxes are
commonly resented as nuisance animals.[26] On the other hand,
foxes, while often considered pests themselves, have been
successfully employed to control pests on fruit farms while Red fox
leaving the fruit intact.[27]

Island fox (Urocyon littoralis)

The island fox, though considered a near-threatened species
throughout the world, is becoming increasingly endangered in its
endemic environment of the California Channel Islands.[28] A
population on an island is smaller than those on the mainland
because of limited resources like space, food and shelter.[29]
Island populations, therefore, are highly susceptible to external The island fox is a near-threatened
threats ranging from introduced predatory species and humans to species.
extreme weather.[29] On the California Channel Islands, it was
found that the population of the island fox was so low due to an
outbreak of canine distemper virus from 1999 to 2000[30] as well as predation by non-native golden
eagles.[31] Since 1993, the eagles have caused the population to decline by as much as 95%.[30] Because
of the low number of foxes, the population went through an Allee effect; this is where at low enough
densities, an individual's fitness decreases.[28] Conservationists, therefore, had to take healthy breeding
pairs out of the wild population to breed them in captivity until they had enough foxes to release back
into the wild.[30] Nonnative grazers were also removed so that native plants would be able to grow back
to their natural height, thereby providing adequate cover and protection for the foxes against golden
eagles.[31]

Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes)

Darwin's fox is considered critically endangered because of their small known population of 250 mature
individuals as well as their restricted distribution.[32] On the Chilean mainland, the population is limited
to Nahuelbuta National Park and the surrounding Valdivian rainforest.[32] Similarly on Chiloé Island,
their population is limited to the forests that extend from the southernmost to the northwestern most part
of the island.[32] Though the Nahuelbuta National Park is protected, 90% of the species live on Chiloé
Island.[33] A major problem the species faces, therefore, is their dwindling, limited habitat due to the
cutting and burning of the unprotected forests.[32] Because of deforestation, the Darwin's fox habitat is
shrinking, allowing for their competitor's (chilla fox) preferred habitat of open space, to increase; the
Darwin's fox, subsequently, is being outcompeted.[34] Another problem they face is their inability to fight
off diseases transmitted by the increasing number of pet dogs.[32] To conserve these animals, researchers
suggest the need for the forests that link the Nahuelbuta National Park to the coast of Chile and in turn
Chiloé Island and its forests, to be protected.[34] They also suggest that other forests around Chile be
examined to determine whether Darwin's foxes have previously existed there or can live there in the
future, should the need to reintroduce the species to those areas arise.[34] And finally, the researchers
advise for the creation of a captive breeding program, in Chile, because of the limited number of mature
individuals in the wild.[34]

Relationships with humans

Foxes are often considered pests or nuisance creatures for their
opportunistic attacks on poultry and other small livestock. Fox
attacks on humans are not common.[35] Many foxes adapt well to
human environments, with several species classified as "resident
urban carnivores" for their ability to sustain populations entirely
within urban boundaries.[36] Foxes in urban areas can live longer
and can have smaller litter sizes than foxes in non-urban
areas.[36] Urban foxes are ubiquitous in Europe, where they show
A red fox on the porch of a house
altered behaviors compared to non-urban foxes, including
increased population density, smaller territory, and pack
foraging.[37] Foxes have been introduced in numerous locations,
with varying effects on indigenous flora and fauna.[38]

In some countries, foxes are major predators of rabbits and hens.

Population oscillations of these two species were the first
nonlinear oscillation studied, and led to the now-famous Lotka–
Volterra equation.[39][40] Dead foxes in Carbunup

Fox hunting
Fox hunting originated in the United Kingdom in the 16th century. Hunting with dogs is now banned in
the United Kingdom,[41][42][43][44] though hunting without dogs is still permitted. Red foxes were
introduced into Australia in the early 19th century for sport, and have since become widespread through
much of the country. They have caused population decline among many native species and prey on
livestock, especially new lambs.[45] Fox hunting is practiced as recreation in several other countries
including Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, Russia, United States and Australia.

Domestication
There are many records of domesticated red foxes and
others, but rarely of sustained domestication. A recent and
notable exception is the Russian silver fox,[46] which
resulted in visible and behavioral changes, and is a case
study of an animal population modeling according to human
domestication needs. The current group of domesticated
silver foxes are the result of nearly fifty years of experiments
in the Soviet Union and Russia to domesticate the silver
morph of the red fox. This selective breeding resulted in
physical and behavioral traits appearing that are frequently
A tame fox in Talysarn, Wales
seen in domestic cats, dogs, and other animals, such as
pigmentation changes, floppy ears, and curly tails.[47]
Notably, the new foxes became more tame, allowing
themselves to be petted, whimpering to get attention and sniffing and licking their caretakers.[48]

Attacks on humans
In the United Kingdom, a number of cases of non-fatal attacks on humans were reported. They often
involved children, or if there were gaps in homes through which foxes could pass.[49]

Urban foxes
Foxes are among the comparatively few mammals which have been able to adapt themselves to a certain
degree to living in urban (mostly suburban) human environments. Their omnivorous diet allows them to
survive on discarded food waste, and their skittish and often nocturnal nature means that they are often
able to avoid detection, despite their larger size. Urban foxes, however, have been identified as threats to
cats and small dogs, and for this reason there is often pressure to exclude them from these
environments.[50]

The San Joaquin kit fox is a highly endangered species that has, ironically, become adapted to urban
living in the San Joaquin Valley and Salinas Valley of southern California. Its diet includes mice, ground
squirrels, rabbits, hares, bird eggs, and insects, and it has claimed habitats in open areas, golf courses,
drainage basins, and school grounds.[50]

In culture
The fox appears in many cultures, usually in folklore. However, there are slight variations in their
depictions in folklore. In Western folklore and also in Persian folklore, foxes are depicted as a symbol of
cunning and trickery – a reputation derived especially from their reputed ability to evade hunters. This is
usually represented as a character possessing these traits. These traits are used on a wide variety of
characters, either making them a nuisance to the story, a misunderstood hero, or a devious villain.

In Asian folklore, foxes are depicted as a familiar spirit possessed of magic powers. Similar to Western
folklore, foxes are depicted as mischievous, usually tricking other people, with the ability to disguise as
an attractive female human. However, there are other depictions of foxes as a mystical, sacred creature,
that can either bring wonder or ruin.[51] Nine-tailed foxes appear in Chinese folklore, literature, and
mythology, in which, depending on the tale can be a good or a bad omen.[52] The motif was eventually
introduced from Chinese to Japanese and Korean cultures.[53]
The constellation Vulpecula represents a fox.[54]

Notes
1. Cf. West Frisian foks, Dutch vos, and German Fuchs.
2. Cf. Hindi pū̃ch ‘tail’, Tocharian B päkā ‘tail; chowrie’, and Lithuanian paustìs ‘fur’. The bushy
tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, llwynog, literally meaning ‘bushy’, from
llwyn meaning ‘bush’. Likewise, Portuguese: raposa from rabo ‘tail’, Lithuanian uodẽgis
from uodegà ‘tail’, and Ojibwa waagosh from waa, which refers to the up and down
"bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail.

References
1. Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, eds. (2004). The biology and conservation of
wild canids (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-
0198515562.
2. Lloyd, H.G. (1981). The red fox (2. impr. ed.). London: Batsford. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7134-
11904.
3. "Episode 113: A Zouthern Accent - The History of English Podcast" (http://historyofenglishp
odcast.com/2018/06/27/episode-113-a-zouthern-accent/). historyofenglishpodcast.com.
4. Fellows, Dave. "Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20150320071411/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm)
. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. USGS. Archived from the original (http://www.n
pwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm) on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 9 October
2014.
5. "Fox Cubs and the breeding cycle" (http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/wildlife/mam
mals/foxes/family-life.html). New Forest Explorers Guide. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
6. Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family" (http://wooferhouse.n
et/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm).
Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2F0168-9525%2893%2990122-x). PMID 8337763 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8
337763).
7. Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). "Vulpes vulpes". Mammalian Species (537): 1–
11. doi:10.2307/3504236 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504236). JSTOR 3504236 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/3504236).
8. Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). Foxes (https://archive.org/details/foxes0000nobl/page/35).
Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36 (https://archive.org/details/foxes0000nobl/page/35).
ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2.
9. Burrows, Roger (1968). Wild fox. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 9780715342176.
10. "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125952/http://www.arkiv
e.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/). ARKive. Archived from the original (http://www.arkive.org/
arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/) on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
11. Fox, David. "Vulpes vulpes, red fox" (http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vulpe
s_vulpes/). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
12. "Canidae" (http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288). The University of
Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
13. Fedriani, J.M.; T. K. Fuller; R. M. Sauvajot; E. C. York (2000-07-05). "Competition and
intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (https://web.archive.org/web/201110
06040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf) (PDF). Oecologia.
125 (2): 258–270. Bibcode:2000Oecol.125..258F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000O
ecol.125..258F). doi:10.1007/s004420000448 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004420000448).
hdl:10261/54628 (https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F54628). PMID 24595837 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24595837). Archived from the original (http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public
_html/Oecologia_00.pdf) (PDF) on 2011-10-06.
14. Fox, David L. (2007). "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)" (http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/
accounts/information/Vulpes_vulpes.html). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan
Museum of Zoology.
15. Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other
Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 42 (2): 170–185. doi:10.1111/j.1439-
0310.1976.tb00963.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x).
16. Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild? (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=P85eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258). Lulu Press, Inc.
ISBN 9781326219529.
17. Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia."
Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.
18. Bijlsma, Rob G. "Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight. (http://zoo
gdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bi
jlsma_2014.pdf)" Naturalist 80: 45–67.
19. Heptner & Naumov 1998, p. 341
20. Heptner & Naumov 1998, p. 537
21. Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of
certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London. 105 (4): 823–841. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x (https://doi.o
rg/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x).
22. Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". Journal of Mammalogy. 33 (4):
419–428. doi:10.2307/1376014 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1376014). JSTOR 1376014 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/1376014).
23. Ronald M. Nowak (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=0q5aHw2mFi8C&printsec=frontcover#v=snippet&q=foxes%20%22mammae%22&f=fal
se). JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2.
24. Tembrock, Günter (1976). "Canid vocalizations". Behavioural Processes. 1 (1): 57–75.
doi:10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0376-6357%2876%299000
7-3). PMID 24923545 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24923545).
25. Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=QvUfIvp4muEC&pg=PA2). p.58.
26. Bathgate, Michael. The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18). 2004. p.18.
27. McCandless, Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms (https://web.archive.org/web/20100
730043903/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/foxes.html). nysaes.cornell.edu
(1997-04-24)
28. ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA;
COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island
Fox" (https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/57044/1/conBiol.pdf) (PDF). Conservation
Biology. 21 (4): 1082–1091. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x (https://doi.org/10.111
1%2Fj.1523-1739.2007.00721.x). hdl:10261/57044
(https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F57044). PMID 17650257 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
17650257).
29. Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer
Associates. pp. 143–146. ISBN 9781605352893.
30. Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A
population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California".
Ecological Modelling. 183 (1): 77–94. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2Fj.ecolmodel.2004.07.022).
31. "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox" (http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescienc
e/fox-saving.htm). National Park Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
32. Jiménez, J. E. (2006). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's
fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology. 271 (1):
63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.200
6.00218.x).
33. Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). "Pseudalopex fulvipes" (https://www.iuc
nredlist.org/details/41586/0). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008. Retrieved
30 September 2014.
34. Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy,
Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K.
(1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation
Biology. 10 (2): 366–375. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x (https://doi.org/10.104
6%2Fj.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x).
35. Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. Practical Quail-keeping (https://books.google.com/books?
id=gJl8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28). 2013.
36. Iossa, G. et al. A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&pg=PA283), from Urban Carnivores. Stanley Gehrt et al. eds.
2010. p.174.
37. Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. Urban Ecosystems (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=JVWJWKzTrJkC&pg=PA126) 2013. p.126.
38. See generally Long, John. Introduced Mammals of the World (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=7YC3cYhGMOcC&pg=PT551). 2013.
39. Sprott, Julien. Elegant Chaos (https://books.google.com/books?id=buILBDre9S4C&pg=PA8
9) 2010. p.89.
40. Komarova, Natalia. Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=_PWsM_hzQjgC&pg=PA113), from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk
and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.
41. "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5109184.stm). BBC News
Online. 2006-06-23.
42. Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban' " (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20090930013856/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/
6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html). The Daily Telegraph.
London. Archived from the original (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/
htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html) on 30 September 2009.
Retrieved 2010-05-02.
43. Fox Hunting (https://web.archive.org/web/20050307100822/http://www.nwlacs.co.uk/foxhunt
ing.htm). North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk
44. "Fox Hunting: For and Against" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100331221254/http://www.e
mteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://w
ww.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf) (PDF) on 2010-03-31. Retrieved
2009-12-12.
45. Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government (ht
tp://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-european-
red-fox-vulpes-vulpes)
46. "The most affectionate foxes are bred in Novosibirsk – citation needed –" (http://redhotrussi
a.com/domestic-foxes-novosibirsk/). Redhotrussia.com. Retrieved 2014-04-08.
47. Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). "Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment" (http://ww
w.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf) (PDF). American Scientist. 87 (2):
160. doi:10.1511/1999.2.160 (https://doi.org/10.1511%2F1999.2.160).
48. Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George
Johnson(2011)Biology Ninth Edition, p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York.ISBN 978-0-07-
353222-6.
49. Dunne, J.; Moore-Bridger, B.; Powell, T. (2018-06-21). "Woman mauled in bed by fox in
Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies" (https://www.standard.co.
uk/news/london/woman-mauled-in-bed-by-fox-im-traumatised-and-fear-i-would-contract-rabi
es-a3868586.html). Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 2018-06-22.
50. Clark E. Adams (15 June 2012). Urban Wildlife Management, Second Edition (https://books.
google.com/books?id=D0X7CAAAQBAJ). CRC Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-4665-2127-8.
51. Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a "Fictional Animal" ".
Asian Folklore Studies. 65 (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/300
30396).
52. Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial
and modern China. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15–21. ISBN 978-0-231-
13338-8.
53. Wallen, Martin (2006). Fox. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781861892973.
54. "Constellation Names" (http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/).
Constellation Guide. Retrieved 1 October 2014.

External links
BBC Wales Nature: Fox videos (http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/mediaexplorer/?theme_
group=species&theme=mammals&set=fox)
The fox website (https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021238/http://www.thefoxwebsite.or
g/)
Texts on Wikisource:
"Fox" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Fox).
The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
"Fox" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/F
ox). Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 (9th ed.). 1879.
"The Badger and the Fox". Popular Science Monthly. 38. April 1891. Reprinted from
Cornhill Magazine.
"Fox". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Fox". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Fox" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Fox).
The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
"Fox" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Fox).
Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Fox" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Fox).
Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox&oldid=932528521"

This page was last edited on 26 December 2019, at 16:00 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.