Professional Documents
Culture Documents
stress ulceration
BASIC
Learning objectives
• At the end of this lecture you should be able
to:
» describe general principles of managing sedation
in ICU patients
» explain theoretical and practical aspects of
feeding patients with critical illness
» prescribe appropriate DVT prevention strategies
» understand basic principles of stress ulcer
prophylaxis
BASIC 2
Sedation
1
min
Why do you think it is
important for ICU
patients to receive
enough sedation but
not too much sedation?
BASIC
Sedation
• Relieve anxiety
• Enhance tolerance of ETT & mechanical
ventilation
• Allow therapeutic & monitoring procedures
• Control cerebral oxygen demand
BASIC
Sedation
• Pain
– Analgesia not sedation
• Delirium
– Treat cause
– Anti‐psychotic if necessary
– Not sedation
• Muscle relaxants do not sedate
BASIC
Sedation
• Appropriate level
– Frequent repeated re‐appraisal
– In general lighter (but calm) better than deeper
– Exceptions:
• Difficult to ventilate
• High ICP
BASIC
Sedation
• Titrate sedation to achieve appropriate level
– Target sedation score may help
– Beware decreased elimination due to organ failure
– Consider drug pharmacokinetics
BASIC
Sedation
• Consider adverse effects
– Caution in haemodynamically unstable patient
– Prolonged sedation
– Withdrawal
– Specific drug effects eg delirium associated with
benzodiazepine use
BASIC
Nutrition
1
min
You are asked to design a
feeding strategy for patients
in the ICU.
How, what, when, and
how much would you
feed them?
BASIC
How?
• Enteral
– May prevent atrophy and possible loss
of barrier function associated with
complete bowel rest
• Parenteral
– Intravenous
– Higher complication rate
– Only indicated when enteral nutrition
is not possible or has failed
BASIC
What?
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids (30% daily energy needs)
• Protein
• Vitamins
• Trace elements
BASIC
How much?
• BEE (kcal/day) = 25 x Body weight (kg)
• Adjustment in hypermetabolic conditions
– Fever: BEE x 1.1 (for each 0C above the normal body
temperature)
– Mild to moderate stress: BEE x 1.2
– Moderate to severe stress: BEE x 1.4
• Daily protein requirements
– 1 g/kg
– Hypercatabolism: 2‐3 g/kg
• Ratio of calories to nitrogen (120‐150:1)
BASIC
How much?
• Commercial feed
– = 1 kcal/ml
• Give 1.2‐1.8 ml/kg/h
– = 1800‐2400 kcal/day
BASIC
When?
• Enteral as soon as possible
• Early feeding
– Reduced infection
– Better wound healing
– Prior malnutrition ‐ feed earlier (1‐2d)
• Parenteral – can wait 7 days
BASIC
Practical aspects
• Insert feeding tube
– Usually nasogastric
– Check position on CXR
BASIC
BASIC
Practical aspects
• Start with 30 ml/h
• Aspirate NG every 4 hours
• Stop feeding if aspirate >200‐400 ml
• Otherwise return aspirate to patient &
continue feeding
• Full feeding within 48h
BASIC
Practical aspects
• Signs of feed intolerance (poor specificity)
– Poor gastric emptying
• High residual volume
– Abdominal pain
– Abdominal distension
– Diarrhoea
BASIC
Practical aspects
• Feed in semi‐recumbent position
– 30°head up
– Decrease aspiration/nosocomial pneumonia risk
BASIC
Practical aspects
• Diarrhoea
– Usually not due to feed
– Consider drugs, Clostridium difficile colitis
– If feed related may be due to:
• Osmolality
• Malabsorption
BASIC
Thromboembolic prophylaxis
BASIC
Who needs it?
• Almost all ICU patients
• DVT 13‐31% of ICU patients
– Immobility
– Hypercoagulability
– Vessel injury
BASIC
Prophylaxis
• LMW heparin
– 4000‐6000 AXaU SC daily
• Unfractionated heparin
– 5000 U SC 8 hourly
• 12 hourly if <50 kg or >75 yrs
BASIC
• Sequential compression devices
• Double venous flow rate in the legs
BASIC
• Graded compression stockings
• Promote venous flow
BASIC
Stress ulceration
BASIC
Stress ulcer
• Probable mechanisms
– Hypoxic‐reperfusion injury of gut
– Acid production
BASIC
Prophylaxis
• Based on pathophysiology
– Prevent and treat shock and sepsis
• Early resuscitation
– Prevent or reduce acid production
– Promote protective mechanisms
• Early enteral nutrition
BASIC
Pharmacological prophylaxis
• H2 receptor antagonists
• Proton pump inhibitors for patients with
known previous ulcer or on aspirin
• Others
• Sucralfate, prostaglandins
BASIC
Importance of “housekeeping”
• Appropriate management reduces morbidity
and mortality
BASIC
Summarise and Revise
1
min
Write down 3 key learning
points covered in this lecture
BASIC 31
Summary
• Target sedative level to sedation score
• Treat pain and monitor for delirium
• Early enteral nutrition is optimal but watch for
intolerance
• Use pharmacological DVT prevention unless
contraindicated
• H2 blockers first line for stress ulcer
prevention unless risk factors present
BASIC
Any questions?
BASIC