Literature Review

REVIEW LITERATURE:

Sien lin. Et.,al In his study he had developed chitosan scaffolds combined
with collagen derived from deer antler and test its in vivo bone regeneration
capacity in the calvarial defect model. Chitosan was crosslinked with deer
antler-derived collagen by chemical reaction and lyophilized to attain porous
scaffolds. Untreated chitosan was taken as control. Proliferation rate of rat
bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was measured at 3 or 5 day after
seeded on the porous scaffold in vitro. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to
operation to make calvarial bone critical defects. Then the defects were left
empty or implanted with chitosan scaffolds, or antler collagen/chitosan (A-
collagen/chitosan) scaffolds. Samples were collected for micro-CT then
decalcified for histology analysis 8 weeks post-surgery. Cell proliferation was
significantly enhanced when they seeded onto the A-collagen/chitosan
scaffolds compared with chitosan only scaffolds. The volume of mineralized
tissue was also markedly increased in the calvarial defect region when
implanted with A-collagen/chitosan compared with chitosan only scaffolds.
Histological results also showed more new bone forming beneath the A-
collagen/chitosan scaffolds, which was consistent with that of micro-CT
analysis. In conclusion, A-collagen/chitosan scaffolds showed promising
reparative effect in rat critical-sized calvarial bone defect models.

R.Kumaresan Et.,al The objective of this research was to evaluate alternative

source for collagen. Collagen is one of the major connective tissue to animal
proteins and has wide biomedical application. The common source of collagen
is from bovine and pig. The outbreak of diseases, such as bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE),
has resulted in anxiety among users of collagen derived from these animals.
Thus, there is need to find an alternative source of collagen. Broiler Chicken
waste is one of the alternative sources because of its abundant collagen protein

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content. Acid- solubilized collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC)

were isolated from the chicken waste, with the yields of 43.9% and 88.6% on
the basis of dry weight, respectively. Total collagen protein was estimated for
both ASC and PSC respectively, by Bradford assay and it was denoted for ASC
as 36.7 mg/ml and PSC as 72.4 mg/ml. From FT-IR spectrum results it
showed and confirmed of secondary structure of ASC and PSC. Molecular
weight of ASC and PSC was analyzed and confirmed by SDS- PAGE analysis
technique. The morphological analysis of collagen showed the fibular structure
and interlinking property of collagen. Thus from the report it indicates that
broiler chicken waste might be a new useful alternative source of collagen.

Florin Iordache.Et.,al studied on Vascular tissue engineering attempts to

grow blood vessels through the use of different scaffolds that allows vascular
cells such as endothelial cells to form networks and organized in vascular
tissue. Various biomaterials are used to produce scaffolds that allow growth
and differentiation of stem cells; depending on the cell type and applications
some materials are more suitable than other. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the cytocompatibility of collagen based scaffolds and to assess the
capacity of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) isolated from human umbilical
cord to form vascular networks on these scaffolds. Our results show that after
5 days in culture with collagen scaffolds, the EPC remained viable, a sign of
biocompatibility with the 3D scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy showed
that in the collagen scaffolds EPC organize within networks and presents an
abundant extracellular matrix that strengthen the links between them. When
EPC were cultured on collagen chitosan scaffolds, they are more adherent to
the scaffolds compared with collagen, exibiting a good capacity to form
networks. This study shows that the collagen and collagen-chitosan scaffolds
are not cytotoxic for EPC and they provide the possibility of being used in
vascular tissue engineering to help creating blood vessels.

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 Literature Review

A.Gaspar.Et.,al he studied about the tissue engineering is a new emerging

biotechnology that focuses on the synthesis of new 3–D biofunctional materials
to serve as porous scaffolds for cell attachment. These constructs, built from
synthetic or natural polymers, can be used to produce neo–tissue with mature
extracellular matrix and to guide the proliferation and spread of seeded cells in
vitro and in vivo. The main requirements for skin biomaterials are
biocompatibility, degradability and structural integrity. Collagen (COL) is a
natural polymer abundant in all vertebrates, which provides the major
mechanical support for cell attachment. It is a biomaterial of interest to the
medical community due to its advantageous properties that recommend it for
tissue engineering. These properties are conferred by the COL molecule's native
structure and chemical composition. Many types of COL have been discovered,
which differ in their three–dimensional structure and their amino acid
sequence, in order to meet the functional needs of different tissues. In recent
years, special attention was paid to COL, due to its excellent biocompatibility
and its ability to degrade into well–tolerated compounds. The favorable
influence of COL on cell infiltration and wound healing are demonstrated in
previous studies. Applications range from treating medical conditions such as
nasal bleeding, burns, tablets for weight control, cosmetics but also light tissue
defects, plastic surgery and even collagen gels combined with chemotherapic
agents for cancer treatment.

The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize the four COL based
porous scaffolds and to assess their in vitro biocompatibility and physico–
chemical properties. Our work investigated the effect of agarose (AG) over the
COL based scaffolds' biostability and in vitro biocompatibility by using a mouse
fibroblast cell line in order to establish if these supports can be used for skin
tissue engineering.

Serafim.M.Et.,al he studied about Bone repair and regeneration is one of the

most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the
current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on

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intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone

formation, endochondral ossification. We propose to create a transient cartilage
template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone formation by
the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study
are 1) to prepare and characterize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the
cartilage template, and 2) to establish a method of culturing chondrocytes in
type I collagen sponges and induce cell maturation. Collagen sponges were
generated from a 1% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique
followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two locations in
chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic
acid to induce chondrocyte maturation and extracellular matrix deposition.
Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyses were
conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the
culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved
stiffness and supported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells
underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellular matrix
throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I
collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have
created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral
bone formation after implantation.

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