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CANINE BABESIOSIS
Dr. Jibachha Sah
M.V.Sc, Lecturer, College of Veterinary Science,
NPI, Bhojad, Chitwan, Nepal
jibachhashah@gmil.com,00977-9845024121
Introduction
●The two predominant species capable of naturally infecting dogs are Babesia (B.) canis and B.
gibsoni. Babesia gibsoni (formerly called "the Asian strain") that affects dogs in the mostly Asian
countries.
●Babesia species affecting dogs and/or cats are not reported to be Ixodid tick
of zoonotic importance.
Lifecycle
●A tick carrying B. canis sporozoites attaches to a dog, and feeds on its blood, releasing many
sporozoites into the dog's bloodstream. Each sporozoite attaches to a red blood cell, and moves
inside the cell. This transmission requires 2-3 days.
Pathogenesis
●Babesia spp. sporozoites are present in the salivary glands of the infected tick vector. They are
transmitted to the dog during feeding.
● This transmission requires 2-3 days. The sporozoites enter the red blood cells and multiply by binary
fission. Although dogs usually mount a good humoral immune response to infection, they are unable
to clear the parasitemia and become chronic carriers.
● The parasites induce FLP (fibrinogen like proteases) that cause the red blood cells to become sticky,
resulting in capillary sludging. Parasitized cells are sequestered in the spleen, and extravascular and
intavascular hemolysis occurs.
● Less common signs include ascites, peripheral edema, ulcerations, stomatitis, gastroenteritis, CNS
signs, acute renal failure, and rhabdomyolysis.
● Acute infections of virulent strains of Babesia canis have been associated with induction of the
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
secondary to massive immunostimulation and cytokine release.
● Signs of MODS can include coagulopathies (DIC), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
cerebral dysfunction, and acute renal failure.
Congested congenctival mucus membranes
●Clinical signs are because of tissue hypoxia following anaemia and a concomitant systemic
inflammatory response syndrome caused by marked cytokine release [Lobetti RG.2006].
●In the severe form of the disease
(case-can observe marked haemolytic
anaemia, severe
acidbaseabnormalities with frequent
secondary multiple organ failure and
complications such as acute renal
failure(ARF), hepatopathy with
marked icterus, hypoglycaemia
●Hypotensive shock results from the release and production of vasoactive amines and cytokines
which produce vasodilation.
●Hemolysis may involve proteases produced by the invading parasite, an immune reaction to
parasitized cells, and/or oxidative damage to erythrocytes.
●The reason for thrombocytopenia in babesiosis could be due to platelet sequestration in the spleen
or immune mediated platelet destruction and development of disseminated intravascular
coagulation(A. L. Boozer and D. K. Macintire,2003)
●Babesia initiates a mechanism of antibody-mediated cytotoxic destruction of circulating erythrocytes.
●Auto-antibodies are directed against components of the membranes of infected and uninfected
erythrocytes. This causes intravascular and extravascular haemolysis, which leads to anaemia.
●The blood picture showed anaemic changes like anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, nucleated
RBCS and neutrophilic leucocytosis with left shift due to marked systemic inflammatory response.
●The adverse effects of this medication include pain during injection and cholinergic effects such as
salivation, drooling, nasal drip or vomiting which can be mitigated by premedicating with atropine at
0.05 mg/kg.
● Additionally some less frequent adverse effects are panting, restlessness, diarrhoea, renal tubular or
hepatic necrosis and injection site inflammation and more rarely ulceration, which usually heals within
days to weeks.
2.Diminazene aceturate: It is 4,4′-(diazoamino) dibenzamidine diaceturate
which is widely used in tropical countries as a first-line agent for the treatment
of Babesia gibsoni infection of dogs, usually as an intramuscular injection of
3.5 mg/kg.
●There are reported toxicity such as acute CNS signs including ataxia,
nystagmus and occasional seizures in dogs administered with one
recommended intramuscular dose (3.5 mg/kg) of diminazene for treatment of
babesiosis [Han D, et al.,2014].
3.Treatment with a combination therapy of Clindamycin(CLDM), @ 25mg/kg PO q 12h,
Metronidazole(MNZ) @ 15mg/kg PO q 12h and Doxycycline(DOXY) @ 5mg/kg PO q 12h for
10days(Nandini MK et al.,2016)
5. A combination of atovaquone (13.5 mg/kg PO q 8 h with a fatty meal) and azithromycin (10 mg/kg PO
q 24 hours) for 10 days effective treatment.
6 Other drugs that may be effective against babesiosis include clindamycin and metronidazole.
Clindamycin has been used to treat B microti in people, and metronidazole (25-65 mg/kg q 24 h for 10
days) resulted in clinical improvement in one group of dogs with B gibsoni.
7. Uneventful recovery was recorded after treatment with intra muscular administration of two doses
of diminazene aceturate @ 7.0 mg/kg body weight and oral administration of clindamycin @ 25 mg/kg
body weight twice in a day. Three days of therapy and complete dermatological clinical cure
was obtained after two months of therapy.(S. Sivajothi, B. Sudhakara Reddy ,2017).
8.Supportive treatment is advisable, particularly in valuable animals, and may include the use of anti-
inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and fluid therapy and blood transfusions may be life-saving in
very anemic animals.
In Babesia-infected dogs, intravenous fluid therapy is required for patients in shock, old dogs with
history of renal disease, clinically dehydrated patients and dogs with intravascular haemolysis and
haemoglobinuria.
Mildly dehydrated patients (approximately 5%) require 50 ml/kg body weight, and moderately
dehydrated (approximately 10%) requires 100 ml/kg body weight, whereas severely dehydrated (15%)
dogs require about 150 ml/kg body weight of replacement fluid.
Usually intravenous crystalloid fluid is indicated with correction of electrolyte and acid–base
abnormalities. It is important to maintain blood volume and adequate end-organ perfusion diuresis
and prevention of red blood cell sludging in capillaries [Ayoob AL et al.,2010].
Hetastarch (10 to 20 ml/kg) causes greater plasma volumes expansion, its beneficial in resuscitative
fluid therapy.
Whole blood/ RBC/plasma transfusion: Need for blood
transfusion depends on magnitude of anaemia (haematocrit
≤15%) and clinical signs such as dyspnoea or tachypnoea.
●Regular control of the tick vectors by routinely dipping or spraying pets or using tick collars or
spot-on preparations.
●Vaccines against other Babesia species such as B. gibsoni are currently being developed
including recombinant antigen and DNA vaccines [Fukumoto S et al.,2009]