Frame structures

Abstract

Experiments on concrete beams have shown that ultimate tensile strength in bending is greater than
tensile stress obtained by director splitting tests,

Introduction

SLAB DESIGN

[1]Fy=60ksi

[2]Beta=longer span/shorter span

[3]Beta s=length of continuous sides/total perimeter

[4]Thickness of slab

[5]h=ln(800+0.005fy)/(36000+9000(1+beta s))

[6]ln=longer span(clear span)

[7]=20*12(800+0.005(60000)/(36000+9000(1.25)(1+0.5))

[8]=5”

Loads

[9]Self weight =5/12*0.15

[10]=0.0625ksf

[11]Finishes=0.036ksf

[12]LL=0.05ksf or 0.1ksf(for lobby) =0.05*1.6=0.08ksf

[13]DL=1.2(0.0625+0.036)

[14]=0.118ksf

Moments

Short direction positive moment

[15]Ma,pos=Ca dl*Wud*la^2+Ca LL*Wul*la^2

[16]Case 4
[17]One shorter one longer continuous

[18]Ma pos=2.06kft

Longer direction positive moment

[19]Mb pos(d+l)=Cb+ve dl*Wu dl*l b^2+Cb LL*Wu l *lb^2

[20]Mb pos(d+l)=1.395kft

Shorter direction negative moment

[21]Ma-ve=Ca neg*Wu*la^2 Wu=0.118+0.08=0.201

[22]Ma-ve=3.65kft

Longer direction negative moment

[23]Mb-ve=Cb-ve*Wu*lb^2

[24]Mb-ve=2.33kft

Calculation of As

[25]Ma+ve(d+l)

[26]As=0.102in^2

[27]Asmin=0.108in^2>As #3@10”c/c

[28]Mb+ve(d+l)

[29]As=0.07in^2

[30]Asmin=0.108in^2>As #3@10”c/c

[31]Ma-ve

[32]As=0.18in^2>Asmin #3@6”c/c

[33]Mb-ve

[34]As=0.122in^2>Asmin #3@8”c/c
Column Analogy

[35]The elastic center method provides a quick means for the solution of a two-hinged polygonal
arch, and for the determination of influence lines for a fixed-ended arch.

[36] The method can be applied to symmetrical structures only, but may be readily extended to
unsymmetrical frames and arches.

[37]The column analogy method provides the most useful means for the determination of fixed-
end moments, stiffness, and carry-over factors for nonprismatic members.

[38]This method can be derived from the elastic center method, but may be derived
independently if required.

[39]The translational stiffness is the horizontal force required to produce unit translation at one
end of a curved member.

[40] The distribution of bending moment in closed rings is readily obtained by the column
analogy method.

[41]]Displacements in a closed ring are given by the moment of the elastic load about an axis
through the elastic center parallel to the displacement.

[42]Since this requires the determination of the position of the elastic center, displacements are
more conveniently determined by the conjugate structure method.
Combined footing

P=c1=187.5k

P=c3=85.6k

P=c5=253.7k

P=c2=248k

P=c4=200k

P=c6=444k

Sum of P=1418.8k

M1x=c1=-9.96k’

Mx=c3=-5.29k’

Mx=c5=-6.68k’

Mx=c2=-6.96k’

Mx=c4=-13.8k’

Mx=c6=1.5k’

Sum of My=27.48k’

X1=4.64’

X2=4.4’

X3=13.5’

X4=19.16’

Sum of X=18.3’

e@x=L/2-X=0.6’

Y1=3.97’

Y2=200’

Sum of Y=15.37’

Self wt=3562K
P=1775.05K

q=1.86<3.85ksf

e@y=2.87’

Mey=1065.03K’

Mex=5094.3K’

M1x=1065.03+2798=1093.01K’ Zx=6016.16in^3

M1y=5094.3+44.28=5138.5K’ Zy=3958.3in^3

qx= P/A+M1/z=2.04<3.85ksf

Zy=3958.3in^3

M1y=3.2<3.85ksf

For EQx

P1=c1=-28.09 k

P=c2=-50.92k

P=c3=-3.81k

P=c4=-27.7k

P=c5=4.41k

P=c6=83.11k

Mxc1=24.09k’

Mxc2=-24.29K’

Mxc3=-29.96k’

Mxc4=-20.6k’

Mxc5=-19.97k’

Mxc6=-11.01k’

Myc1=-95.23k’

Myc2=-84.79k’
Myc3=-54.97k’

Myc4=-94.04k’

Myc5=-104.21k’

Myc6=-85.45k’

c.g. for push force

X=33.84’

c.g. for pull force

X1=5.26’

X2=1.08’

X3=9.5’

X=11.85’

E=X1-X2=21.9’

Mey=2428.12k’

Mtx=1642.98k’

q=P/A+M/Z=2.2<5.12ksf

EQY at service

P=c1=-10.22k

P=c2=6.09k

P=c3=3.32k

P=c4=-5.42k

P=c5=-8.94k

P=c6=17.25k

Mxc1=2.65k’
Mxc2=6.16k’

Mxc3=63.02k’

Mxc4=11.937k’

Mxc5=17.30k’

Mxc6=22.30k’

Myc1=31k’

Myc2=-22.20k’

Myc3=21.01k’

Myc4=-23.12k’

Myc5=-33.87k’

Myc6=-21.72k’

Sum of Mx=124.36k’

c.g for push force

Y1=21.2’

c.g for pull force

Y2=11.78’

E=Y1-Y2=21.2-11.78=8.21’

Mex=252.36

Mty=69.61k’

q=P/A+M/z=3.61<5.12ksf

For X-X direction

Comb 1=1.4D+1.7L

P7=134.89k

P11=306.74k

P12=421.77k
P34=375.02k

P36=320.38k

P27=710.8k

pT=2260.6k

e=My/p=0.2028<L/6=6.3’

qmax/qmin=P/A+-M/z

qmax=3.43ksf

qmin=1.31ksf

Comb 2=1.32D+0.55L+1.1*1.4EQ

P7=103.77k

P11=219.5k

P12=373.11k

P34=228k

P36=208.02k

P37=738.79k

pT=1872.19k

e=M/P=0.31<6.3’

 as done above for comb 1

 then check for punching
 then design footing

qu=54k/ft

Mu=1057.68k’

 whichever load comb govern

 take its moment and calculate As

Sigma=P/A+M/Z=0.682ksf<1.146ksf z=bb^2/6=682kft^3

Allowable bearing capacity=0.52Tsf

Sigma=P/A-M/Z=-0.05ksf safe in bearing the pressure of soil

Description

[43]The analysis and design of slabs, beams, columns, and footings require shear checks, flexure checks,
storey sway, seismic analysis which include P-delta and dynamic analysis [ACI-318], storey drift

[44] while modelling the frame structure, from base reactions of foundations to storeys design and
modelling, loads are transferred from top to ground, while the model is built from ground to top,

[45] storey drift is the differential drift of the upward storey with respect to immediate storey below the
upward storey,

[46] Differential drift indicates the maximum allowable elasticity of frame, for which frame is designed

Conclusion

[47]Frame structure includes the structural members, that behave as elastic due to ductile property of
steel,
Frame structure requirements

LL=40psf

DL= (from calculation of self weight and finishes)

Max allowable deflection=l/360 (LL only)

Qs, Ce,Cq, seismic zone factors (from seismic design code)

Non linear Time history and

Fp=4*Ca*Ip*Wp (design of total lateral force)

Whereas,

Fp shall not be less than 0.7Ca*Ip*Wp

And not more than 4*Ca*Ip*Wp

Dynamic Analysis

 Appropriate ground motion representation

 Elastic design response spectrum
 Soil profile types
 Mathematical model
 Ground motion
 Response spectrum analysis

Area of cable and duct

For 1 cable=5.14in^2 ( stronghold manual) For 12strands or less

For 3 cables=15.42in^2
Height always checked at mid
It is simply supported girder
Moment will be maximum at centre
Height =0.5466
Cable steel area=0.153in^2. (For 1 strand)
For 12 strands
0.153*12=1.836in^2

For 3ducts=1.836*3=5.508in^2

Acknowledgement

Book of steel structures by Singer and Pytel

Book of Structures by Schodek

R C Hibbler