Combined stresses

Axial loading = Sigma a=P/A

Torsional loading =Tao=Tpz/I

Flexural loading= Sigma f=MY/I

We consider axial and flexural combination first because it combines only normal stresses and
is therefore the simplest, all other combined shear and normal stresses requires discussion
before consideration

Combined axial and flexural loads

Stress f= MY/I

The force exerted on elements is sigma f dA

Tensile stress= +ve sign

Compressive stress= -ve sign

Sigma= (+P/-A)+-MY/I

Eccentricity

e=h/6

This formula is the basis of well known that in designing masonary or other structures weak in
tension, the resultant load should fall within the middle third of the section,

Stress at any point of cross section

Sigma =-(P/A)-(Pex/Iy)-(Pey/Ix)

For shear and normal stresses

Variation of stress with inclination of elements

In beams, the flexural formula determine stresses only at a plane normal to the longitudinal axis
of the beam, for torsional shear stress, the torsion formula determines shearing stress only on
sections normal to the longitudinal axis of twisted bar,

Sigma =[((sigma x+sigma y)/2)cos 2Theta-Tao xy sin 2theta]

Tao =((sigma x-sigma y)/2)sin 2theta+ Tao xy cos 2 theta