Qasim Lab Report 13-06-2019

Lab Report

(Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of

Concrete)

2015-CIV-22

Department Of Civil Engineering

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Qasim Lab Report 13-06-2019

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Table of Contents
1. DESIGNATION......................................................................................................................................3
2. SCOPE..................................................................................................................................................3
3. THEORY................................................................................................................................................3
4. EQUIPMENT.........................................................................................................................................3
5. SAFETY EQUIPMENT............................................................................................................................4
6. MATERIALS..........................................................................................................................................4
7. SLUMP TESTS.......................................................................................................................................5
8. PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................................................5
9. CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE TEST...........................................................................................................5
9.1. Cylinder # 1..................................................................................................................................6
9.2. Cylinder # 2..................................................................................................................................6
9.3. Cylinder # 3..................................................................................................................................7
9.4. Cylinder # 4..................................................................................................................................7
10. STANDARD DEVIATION....................................................................................................................8
11. PROCEDURE FLEXURAL TEST............................................................................................................8
12. SPECIMEN ARRANGEMENT..............................................................................................................9
13. ACTUAL BEAM BEHAVIOR:...............................................................................................................9
14. ACTUAL MOMENT CAPACITY...........................................................................................................9
15. FAILURE MECHANISM....................................................................................................................10
16. EXPECTED BEAM BEHAVIOR..........................................................................................................10
17. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................11
18. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................11

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Qasim Lab Report 13-06-2019

Lab # 1: Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of

Concrete
(Using Simple Beam with Single Point Loading)
1. DESIGNATION
ASTM C78-02

2. SCOPE
This test method covers the determination of the flexural strength of concrete using
a simple beam with third-point loading. Concrete Compressive test was performed
to Ensure the Cylindrical Compressive Strength of Specimen. And the purpose of
this lab is to understand the design and testing of beam. And Become familiar with
apparatus use & cares that are taken for the process of manufacturing of Concrete
Beam.

3. THEORY
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, and possibly an
admixture. Proportions of each ingredient are adjusted to produce a well-balanced
mix. Concrete in poured in the cylinders. And the Concrete is cured in a wet
environment to avoid loss of moisture through evaporation. The chemical reaction
of water and Portland cement binds the aggregate particles in concrete. This
reaction, known as the cycle of hydration, takes place slowly, during which it is
necessary to avoid the loss of moisture. Concrete cylinders are made with the mix
design and are cure in lab with control environment. And 7, 14, 21- and 28-day
compressive strengths are measured per ASTM-39 standard.

4. EQUIPMENT
Equipment required for designing of beam,

1. Flexural Texting Machine

2. Beam Mold of Required Dimension.
3. Trowel

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Fig.1 Flexural Testing Machine

Fig.2 Beam Mould

5. SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Safety equipment for performing this lab are,

1. Goggle
2. Real shoes

Fig.3 Safety Goggle

Fig.4 Safety Shoes

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6. MATERIALS
1. Portland Cement
2. Coarser Aggregate
 ¾ inch
 3/8 inch
3. Sand
 Fine sand
4. Water conten

7. SLUMP TESTS
Workability is the relative ease or difficulty of placing and consolidating concrete.
When placed, all concrete should be as stiff as possible, yet maintain a
homogeneous, and void less mass. Too much stiffness, however, makes it too
difficult or impossible to work the concrete into the forms and around reinforcing
steel. On the other hand, too fluid a mixture is also detrimental. The slump test is
performed on newly mixed concrete. To perform the test, you need a slump cone
and a tamping rod.

8. PROCEDURE
Procedure for the slump test is same till pouring in the slump apparatus and
tamping.

i. The molds should be filled in three approximately equal layers.

ii. Tamping is done with tamping rod from outer edge to inward of cylinder. For
25 time
iii. Strip off cylinder straight the Slump to be measured.
iv. All this work is done in 5 to 8 seconds
v. Once this is done, turned over the cylinder and placed rod over it.
vi. The drop off concrete is measure with scale carefully.

All the procedure for slump is explained in here in fig.5

Fig. 5 Slump Test

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9. CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE TEST

Concrete compressive strength test was performed according to requirements.
Cylinders were casted, cured and tested according to ASTM C39/39M-03
specifications. An acceptance criterion for standard-cured specimens is not fulfilled.
Because Compressive three Strength specimen strength test falls below fc′ by more
than 500 psi.
The results of compressive strength of all the concrete cylinder specimens are given
below

9.1. Cylinder # 1
Design Compressive Strength = 4000 psi
Actual Compressive Strength = 3376 psi

9.2. Cylinder # 2
Design Compressive Strength = 4000 psi
Actual Compressive Strength = 3626 psi

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Qasim Lab Report 13-06-2019

9.3. Cylinder # 3
Design Compressive Strength = 4000 psi
Actual Compressive Strength = 3241 psi

9.4. Cylinder # 4
Design Compressive Strength = 4000 psi

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Actual Compressive Strength = 3321 psi

10. STANDARD DEVIATION

Standard Deviation
Crushing Average
Sample Deviation Square of
Strength Strength
Number (x-μ) Deviation (x-μ)2
x(Psi) μ=∑x/n
1 3376 -15 225
2 3626 235 55225
3391
3 3241 -150 22500
4 3321 -70 4900
Total 13564     82850

Standard Deviation = √ (82850/4) = 143.918 psi

11.PROCEDURE FLEXURAL TEST

1. Flexural tests of moist-cured specimens shall be made as soon as practical

after removal from moist storage. Surface drying of the specimen results in
a reduction in the measured flexural strength.

2. When using molded specimens, turn the test specimen on its side with
respect to its position as molded and center it on the support blocks.

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3. Center the loading system in relation to the applied force. Bring the load-
applying blocks in contact with the surface of the specimen at the third
points and apply a load of between 3 and 6 % of the estimated ultimate
load.

4. Using 0.004 in. (0.10 mm) and 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) leaf-type feeler gages,
determine whether any gap between the specimen and the load-applying or
support blocks is greater or less than each of the gages over a length of 1 in.
(25 mm) or more.

5. Grind, cap, or use leather shims on the specimen contact surface to

eliminate any gap in excess of 0.004 in. (0.10 mm) in width. Leather shims
shall be of uniform 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) thickness, 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm) width
and shall extend across the full width of the specimen.

6. Gaps in excess of 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) shall be eliminated only by capping or
grinding. Grinding of lateral surfaces should be minimized inasmuch as
grinding may change the physical characteristics of the specimens.

7. Apply the load at a rate that constantly increases the extreme fiber stress
between 125 and 175 psi/min (0.86 and 1.21 MPa/min), when calculated in
accordance with 8.1, until rupture occurs. The loading rate is calculated
using the following equation:
r = Sbd2/L

12.SPECIMEN ARRANGEMENT

Fig.6 Figure shows the arrangement assembly of

experiment

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13.ACTUAL BEAM BEHAVIOR:

Actual Beam Behavior:
Flexural Average
Sample Square of
Strength Correction Strength Deviation (x-μ)
Number Deviation (x-μ)2
x(Psi) μ=∑x/n
1 5430 4760 50 2500
2 6770 6100 1390 1932100
3 6470 5800 1090 1188100
5380
4 6220 5550 840 705600
5 5610 4940 230 52900
6 5800 5130 420 176400
Total 32280     4057600

14.ACTUAL MOMENT CAPACITY

Resisting moment on applied loading

Pl
 Mr=
2
Mr=112.98 kip.in

 Shear V=p/2
V=2690 lbs

Note: Actual moment capacity of specimens from the average value of shear is
twice then the expected values of shear and moment.

15.FAILURE MECHANISM

Point Load is applied at center of each beam and the flexural capacity of beam is
calculated. And Failure load is measured.

All the Samples Fail in shear. Crack starts from support and propagates to top of
beam and splitting of Concrete occurs. For Flexural analysis failure of these samples
was no appropriate because the crack should have to start from bottom at the
midpoint of beam. And the steel of beam should have to yield first for actual
behavior of failure before splitting or crushing of concrete.

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16.EXPECTED BEAM BEHAVIOR

a) Cracking Moment (Mcr):

f r Ig
Mcr =
yt

fr = 7.5λ√fc/

fc/ = Average Compressive Strength = 3391 Psi

fr = 7.5(1) √3391 = 436.74 psi

b h3 = 3 x 5.53 = 41.59 in4

Ig =
12 12

yt = 2.75 in

436.74 x 41.59
Mcr = = 6605 lb.in
2.75

4 M cr 4 x 6605
Associated Point Load = W = = = 550.42 lbs
l 4 x 12

b) Nominal Flexural Capacity (Mn):

a
Mn = Asfy (d - )
2

Asf y 0.22 x 60 x 1000

a= = = 1.526 in
0.85 fc ' b 0.85 x 3391 x 3

1.526
Mn = 0.22 x 60 x 1000 (4.7 - ) = 51968.4 lb.in
2

4Mn 4 x 51968.4
Associated Point Load = W = = = 4330.7 lbs
l 4 x 12

c) Nominal Shear Capacity (Vn):

Vn = 2√fc’bwd

Vn = 2x√3321x3x4.7

Vn =1625.2 lbs

d) Deflection of Beam at Midspan (δ):

P l3
δ=
48 EI

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Qasim Lab Report 13-06-2019

Ie = 41.59 in4
P= 2.5 kip
Where
E= 5700*√fc’=3.284^5
So,
δ =0.8234in

17.CONCLUSION

 Experimental Result for the cylinder test did not match with the actual
required behaviour. As the Compressive strength test falls below fc′ by more
than 500 psi, According to ACI 26.12.3, if fc′ is 5000 psi or less; or by more
than 0.10fc′. Steps shall be taken to increase the average of following strength
results
i. Increase in cementitious materials content
ii. Reduction in or better control of water content
iii. Use of a water-reducing admixture to improve the diffusion of
cementitious materials.
 Failure of beam samples was shear failure because the shear reinforcement is
not provided.

18.REFERENCES

1. Dowell, R.k and Johnson, T 2013, CIV E 302 ab Manual.

2. Russell T. Flynn, Thomas J. Grisinger and Bryant Mather, “Slag Cement in
Concrete and Mortar”, Reported by ACI Committee 233, ACI 233R-03.
3. Guneyisi E et al 2005 Cement and Concrete Composites 27 449–461
4. ASTM C143 / C143M - 15a (Standard Test Method for Slump)
5. ASTM C39 / C39M - 16b (Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens)
6. http://www.concrete.org.uk/fingertips-nuggets.asp?cmd=display&id=559

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