UNIT-I INTRODUCTION

1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM (E.S)

An embedded system is an electronic/electro-mechanical system designed to perform a
specific function and is a combination of both hardware and firmware (software).

Fig.1 Embedded System

1.2 Comparison of General Purpose Computing system and E.S

Criteria General Purpose Computer Embedded System

A system which is a combination
A system which is a combination of
of a generic hardware and a
special purpose hardware and
Contents General Purpose operating System
embedded OS/firmware for executing a
for executing a variety of
specific set of applications
applications.
It contains a general purpose It may or not contain an operating
OS
operating system (GPOS). system for functioning.
Applications are alterable by the Applications are not-alterable by the
Alterations
user. user.
Application specific requirements are
Key factor Performance is key factor.
key factors.
Power
More Less
Consumption

Response Time Not critical Critical for some applications

Deterministic for certain types of ES
Execution Need not be deterministic
like ‘Hard Real Time’ systems.
1.3 HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
 Before IT revolution also embedded system present.
 In olden days embedded system built with old vacuum tube and transistor technologies
and the embedded algorithm was developed in low level language
 First modern embedded system is AGC (Apollo Guidance Computer) developed by MIT
laboratories for lunar expedition. AGC provides electronic interface for guidance,
navigation and control of space craft (2MHz)
 First mass produced embedded system is ‘Autonetics D-17’ which is a guidance
computer for minuteman-I missile in 1961.

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Based on generation

2. Complexity & performance requirements

3. Based on deterministic behavior

4. Based on triggering

1.4.1 Classification Based on Generation

 First generation : 8 bit µp like 8085 and 4-bit µc - simple h/w – f/w in assembly code
(e.g.: Digital telephone keypad)
 Second generation : 16 bit µp and 8/16 bit µc – instruction set much more complex
(e.g.: SCADA System)
 Third generation : 32 bit µp and 16 bit µc – DSP and ASIC came to picture – pipelining
evolved (e.g:Robotics)
 Fourth generation : Advent of System on Chip (SOC), multi core processors- making
use of high performance RTES (e.g: PDA, Smart Phones)
 What is next?-Embedded system market highly dynamic & demanding.
1.4.2 Classify Based On Complexity & Performance

 Small scale embedded system:

 Simple
 Not time critical
 Low performance
 Low cost
 May or may not contain operating system (e.g: electronic toy)
  Medium scale embedded system:
 Slight complex in h/w and s/w
 Medium performance
 Low cost
 Usually contain an operating system
 Large scale embedded system :
 Highly complex h/w and s/w
 Demanding high performance
 May contain multi-core processors and co processors
 Usually contain RTOS for task scheduling and prioritization and management

The classification based on deterministic system behavior is applicable for ‘Real Time’
systems. Execution behavior can be deterministic or non deterministic. Based on the execution
behavior Real Time embedded systems are divided in to hard and soft.
Embedded system reactive in nature classified based on triggerevent triggered or time
triggered

1.5 MAJOR APPLICATION AREAS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

The application areas and the products in the embedded domain are countless. A few of
the important domains and products are listed below:

1. Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.

2. Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine, fridge, microwave
oven, etc.
3. Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers, intruder detection
alarms, closed circuit television cameras, fire alarms, etc.
4. Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking systems (ABS), engine control, ignition
systems, automatic navigation systems, etc.
5. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone switches, handset multimedia applications, etc.
6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc.
7. Computer networking systems: Network routers, switches, hubs, firewalls, etc.
8. Healthcare: Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines etc.
9. Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, digital CROs, logic analyzers
PLC systems, etc.
10. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines (ATM), point of sales (POS).
11. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices, etc.
1.6 PURPOSE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Each embedded system is designed to serve the purpose of any one or a combination of the
following tasks:
1. Data collection/storage/representation
2. Data communication
3. Data (signal) processing
4. Monitoring
5. Control
6. Application specific user interface

1.6.1 Data Collection/Storage/Representation

 Embedded systems designed for the purpose of data collection performs acquisition of
data from the external world.
 Data collection is usually done for storage, analysis, manipulation and transmission.
 Data can be either analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
 Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniques collect data
directly in the form of analog signal whereas embedded systems with
digital data collection mechanism converts the analog signal to the digital
signal using analog to digital (A/D) converters and then collects the
binary equivalent of the analog data.
 If the data is digital, it can be directly captured without any additional
interface by digital embedded systems.
 A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded system with data
collection/storage/representation of data.
 Images are captured and the captured image may be stored within the
memory of the camera. The captured image can also be presented to the
user through a graphic LCD unit.