AVES

By:
Name : Fitria Ramadhani Ayuningtyas
Student ID : B1B017046
Entourage : VI
Group :2
Assistant : Solikhul Amin

ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS II LABORATORY REPORT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2019
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The word Aves comes from the Latin word which is used as a class name, while
Ornis from the Greek language, used in "Ornithology" means the study of birds. Aves is
the animal most widely known because it can be seen everywhere, is active during the
day and is unique in having fur as a body covering. Aves can also be farmed so as to
increase business opportunities for the community. Aves is the only class in the
Chordata group that is quite unique by having feathers and various types of legs. Fur is a
modification of scales that evolved evolutionarily from reptiles. The heart of a bird
consists of four chambers and is classified as a warm-blooded animal. All birds use
beaks and have no teeth. Structural modifications for flight include curved bones, the
front appendicular skeleton is transformed into wings, air sacs, wide eyes, and
cerebellum that develop very well (Djuhanda, 1983).
His closest relatives are the Crocodylidae, aka crocodile families, birds form a
group of animals called Archosauria. It is thought that birds developed from a type of
reptile in the past, which shortened their front claws and grew special feathers on their
bodies. Initially, the primitive wing which was the development of the front claw could
not yet be used to really fly and only helped to be able to float from a height to a lower
place. Today's birds have developed in such a way that they are specialized for long
distances, with the exception of some primitive species. Its feathers, especially on the
wings, have grown wider, lighter, stronger and tightly arranged. These feathers are also
arranged so that they are able to resist water, and keep the bird's body warm in the cold.
The bones become lighter because of the air cavities in it, but still strong support the
body. His breastbone grew and flattened, as a place to attach strong flying muscles. His
teeth disappeared, replaced by a mild beak of horny substance (Iskandar, 1989).
All of that makes birds easier and more flying, and able to visit various habitats
on earth. Hundreds of species of birds can be found in tropical forests, they inhabit these
forests from the coast to the mountain peaks. Birds are also found in swamps,
grasslands, coastal areas, the middle of the ocean, rock caves, urban areas, and polar
regions. Each type of adapt to the environment and its main food. Then known various
types of birds with different colors and shapes. There are bright bright colors or jet
black, green leaves, dark brown or dotted for disguise, and others. Some have strong
beaks for tearing flesh, scraping hard fruit seeds, pointy to spear fish, flat to filter mud,
wide to catch flying insects, or long to suck nectar. Some have sharp claws to grip prey,
tree climbing claws, earth digging and litter claws, webbed claws for swimming, strong
claws for running and tearing the enemy's stomach (Kimball, 1999).
B. Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory are:

1. Students learn and observe some members of Class Aves.
2. Students learn some basic characteristics for Class Aves.
 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Aves' general characteristics include having a body covered with feathers, there
are two pairs of limbs, an anterior pair generally undergoing modifications to become
wings for flight, a pair in the posterior is adapted for walking, perching or swimming.
Four-toed feet, shins and claws wrapped in scales with gore skin. Light, strong, perfect
ossification, some fused bones cause stiffness, mouth with protruding beak covered with
horns, no teeth in present-day birds, skull with an "occipital condyle" which articulates
with neck vertebrae, necks are generally long and flexible , the pelvis is united in a
number of vertebrae, the breastbone enlarges generally with the center forming a keel,
the tail vertebra is slightly and compressed posteriorly (Radiopoetro, 1996).
In addition, Aves has a heart with four pumping chambers (two separate atriums
and two ventricles), only right aortic arches (cysternic), nucleated red blood cells, ovals
and biconvex. Respiration with lungs that are compact (tightly arranged) and very
efficient attached to the ribs and associated with thin-walled air sacs spread between
internal organs and part of the framework, there is a voice box (syrinx) at the base of the
trachea. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, have excretion with kidney
methanephros, major nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, semisolid urine, no
bladder (except in Rhea and ostriches), there is a porta renal system. Basically constant
body temperature (endodermis). Internal fertilization of female animals generally with
only the left ovary and oviduct, eggs with many yolk covered by hard shells, incubated
outside the body, meroblastik segmentation, there is an extraembryonic membrane
(amnion, khorion, yolk sac and allantois) during development inside the egg , young
animals that have just hatched guarded their mother (Brotowidjoyo, 1990).
Aves are classified into two subclasses. Those are Archaeornithes Subclasses and
Neornithes Subclasses. Archaeornithes are ancient birds and are now extinct. The
characteristics of Archaeornithes include having teeth on its beak, tails still with bones,
and wings still clawed. Examples of Archeornithes Subclass is Archaeopteryx sp.
(Kurochkin et al., 2010).
Neornithes are a true group of birds. The characteristics of the Subclass
Neornithes include having a united metacarpal bone forming a carpometacarpus. Both
toes are the longest fingers. Have 13 caudal vertebrae or less. The breast bone (sternum)
with or without carina, and its tail is hairy and short in size. Neornithes are a group of
modern birds that we often encounter today. Examples of subclasses of Neornithes
include fast runners, for example ostriches (Struthio camelus), terrestrial birds that
cannot fly, such as kiwis (Apteryx sp.), Swimmers in Antarctica, penguins (Aptenodytes
sp.), And groups of songbirds for example, the Wren (Padda oryzivora), and other
groups (Nudds et al., 2004). Neornithes do not have a separate postorbital ossification
but some of them have a secondary temporal fenestra, a striking feature that has been
repeatedly recorded but never thoroughly studied before (Elzanowski & Mayr, 2017).
Subclass Neornithes are divided into two super orders, Paleognathae and
Neognathae. Palaeognathae (walking birds), are a group of birds that cannot fly, because
they do not have teeth, wings shrink, corscoids and small scapula. The neognaths have
fused metacarpals, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from
the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means
"new jaws", but it seems that the supposedly "more ancient" paleognath jaws are among
the few apomorphic (more derived) features of the Palaeognaths, meaning that the
respective jaw structure of these groups is not informative in terms of comparative
evolution (Hermanto, 2008).
Order Strigiformes are groups of birds that have large, round head sizes. They are
having large eyes and facing forward, the body is surrounded by feathers arranged in a
radial manner (fingers). They have wide ear holes but are often covered by folds of skin,
short beak size, toes have sharp claws for gripping, including birds that are active at
night (nocturnal). They are included as predators. The example is owls (Tyto alba)
(Wink et al., 2009). Ciconiiformes are orders of aves with well-developed wing
characteristics. They do not have teeth in the jaw but have pygostylus. The sternum has
carina sterni. Neck and legs long, fingers not webbed. The beak is straight or bent, and
likes to live in water. Spread of fur in some calves there are no feathers. Examples of
species are the tongtong stork (Leptoptilos javanicus) (Berge, 1970).
The Order Galliformes is a group of aves which has well-developed wing traits.
Have no teeth in the jaw but have pygostylus. Their sternum bone has a carina sterni.
Their beak is short, branched feathers, perjal feet to scavenge / run. They are terrestrial.
They can fly but short, and graminivorous (seed eater / grass). Example is Gallus gallus
(chicken) (Rands, 1986). The chicken (Gallus gallus) was the first avian species with a
complete mitochondrial genome assembly. Subsequently, researchers assembled the
mitochondrial genomes of members of the Paleognathae (e.g., ostriches, emus, kiwis)
and other members of the Galloanserae (ducks, chicken-like birds) and recovered the
same gene order found in the mitochondrial genome of the chicken, which led to the
conclusion that the mitochondrial genome of the chicken is representative of the
ancestral avian gene order (Hanna et al., 2017). Anseriformes are orders of aves with
well-developed wing characteristics. They do not have teeth in the jaw but have
pygostylus. The sternum has carina sterni. Large beak, wide and covered with a thin
layer of horn, the edge of the beak has lamellae. A fleshy tongue, short legs and webbed
swimming. The tail is short and when young it has feathers like cotton (Olson &
Feduccia, 1980).
 The Order Struthioniformes is one of the orders from the class of aves with
characteristics including groups of birds that cannot fly. Large and terrestrial body
shape. Head, neck and legs have thin feathers, small head shape. Its beak is short and
wide. His neck is long and flexible. Feathers do not have aftershaft, two-fingered limbs
and can run fast, sternum bones do not have carina sterni and have pubic symphysis. The
Order Casuariiformes is an order of aves with the characteristics of a large body shape;
can't fly because it's terrestrial. Thin hairy head, fur has a long aftershaft. Small and
rudimentary wing shapes; the legs have three fingers, and the sternum has no carina
sterni (Dyke & Van Tuinen, 2004).
The Order Passeriformes is a member of a bird with a foot character that has four
fingers with three fingers towards the front and one towards the back; the beak can be
used to cut. The Accipitriformes Order is a group of birds with sharp and curved beak
features equipped with cere (membrane of the base of the bird's jaw where the nostrils
are open), long and wide wings with 4-6 feathers on the outer edges, can fly for long
periods without flapping wings , has strong legs and claws, carnivores and diurnal
(active during the day). The Order Sphenisciformes is one of the orders of the Aces class
with the characteristics of a well-developed carina sterni, a water bird, unable to fly but
able to swim, having small feathers like scales, wings like oars for swimming, legs
having membranes on their fingers and legs has four toes facing forward. An example is
penguin (Spheniscus demersus) (Dyke & Van Tuinen, 2004).
 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Materials

The instruments used in this laboratory activity are specimen tray, forceps,
magnifying glass, light microscope, stereo microscope, camera, animal identification
book, gloves, surgical mask, and stationary.
The materials used in this laboratory activity are some specimens of Aves.

B. Methods

The methods used in this laboratory activity are:

1. The morphological characters of the specimens are observed, drawn and described by
the students.
2. The specimens are identified with identification keys/literature by students.
3. A simple identification key based on the observed characters is made by students.
4. The discussion and conclusion are constructed based on the result data by students
 REFERENCES

Berge, J. C. V., 1970. A comparative study of the appendicular musculature of the Order
Ciconiiformes. The American Midland Naturalist, 84(2), pp. 289-364.
Brotowidjoyo, D. M., 1990. Zoologi Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Djuhanda, T., 1983. Analisa Struktur Vertebrata Jilid I. Bandung: Armico.
Dyke, G. J. & Van Tuinen, M., 2004. The evolutionary radiation of modern birds
(Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record. Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society, 141(2), pp. 153-177.
Elzanowski, A. & Mayr, G., 2017. Multiple origins of secondary temporal fenestrae and
orbitozygomatic junctions in birds. J. Zool. Syst. Evol., 1(1), pp. 1-22.
Hanna, Z. R., Henderson, J. B., Sellas, A. B., Fuchs, J., Bowie, R. C. K. & Dumbacher,
J. P., 2017. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the northern spotted owl
(Strix occidentalis caurina) and the barred owl (Strix varia; Aves: Strigiformes:
Strigidae) confirm the presence of a duplicated control region. PeerJ, 1(1), pp. 1-28.
Hermanto, L. A., 2008. Klasifikasi Unggas/Burung (Aves) Menggunakan Algoritma
Grey Self-Organizing Feature Maps. Teknoin, 15(7), pp. 73-76.
Iskandar, J., 1989. Jenis Burung yang Umum di Indonesia. Jakarta: Djambatan.
Kimball, J, W., 1999. Biologi Edisi Kelima Jilid 3. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Kurochkin, E. N., Zelenkov, N. V., Averianov, A. O. & Leshchinskiy, S. V., 2011. A
new taxon of birds (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia, Russia.
Journal of Systematic Palaentology, 9(1), pp. 109-117.
Nudds, R. L., Dyke, G. J. & Rayner, J. M. V., 2004. Forelimb proportions and the
evolutionary radiation of Neornithes. Biological Sciences, 271(5), pp. 27-35.
Olson, S. L. & Feduccia, A., 1980. Presbyornis and the origin of the Anseriformes
(Aves: Charadriomorphae). Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, 1(1), pp. 1-73.
Radiopoetro., 1996. Zoologi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Rands, M. R. W., 1986. The survival of gamebird (Galliformes) chicks in relation to
pesticide use on cereals. IBIS, 128(1), pp. 57-64.
Wink, M., El-Sayed, A. A., Gurth, H. S. & Gonzales, J., 2009. Molecular phylogeny of
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