Author

VEDVEERARYA
V
edveerAr
yaisaci
vi
lse
rvant
andas e
n i
orofficerf
romMini
st
ryofDe
fenc
e .
HeisaSans
kri
t
s
chol
arandarese
arc
herwit
hp r
ofou
n dins
ig
htsi
nthec
hro
nolog
ic
alhi
st
oryofI
ndi
a.Hema d
e
a
nin-d
epthst
udyofvar
iou
sepigr
aphsinori
gi
nal
andcr
iquedthech
ronol
ogyofI
ndiaput
f
ort
hbycolo
nial
his
tor
ia
nsandthei
rfol
lowers
.
Book
sar
eav
ail
abl
eon a
maz
on.
i
n
 T
heChr
onol
ogyofIndi
a:
F
romManutoMa habha
rat
a
In
d i
anhis
tor
i
calt
radio nreck
onsthechr
o nol
ogyfr
omS vāya
mb huvaMa n
uto
theMa hā
bhāra
taerainter
mso ft
hee l
apsednumbe rofManvanta
rasand
Ma hāy
ugas(
Chatur
yu g
as).I
ti
sreco
rdedthatsi
xMa nvant
arasandtheDvāpa
ra
Yugaofth
e28thMa hāyugaofth
eseventhMa nva
ntarahadelaps
edd u
ri
ngthe
Ma hābhā
rat
aera.
Th oughthe5-
yearYugacal
endarconn uedtobeinvogue
st
arn gfr
omt h
ee a
rlyVedicer
atotheMa hābhār
ataera,
thedurao nofa
YugaandaChatur
yugawe rei
ncr
easedfr
o m5y ea
rsto1200y e
arsandfr
om2 0
y
ear
sto480
0y ear
srespe
cv el
yattheendo ft
he28thKri
taYuga.L
ater,
thedurao nofa
C
hat
uryu
gawa sagai
ninc
reas
edfr
om4 800year
sto12000y e
arscons
ideri
ngthediffer
ena l
d
uraonoffou
r Yuga
sinaraoo f4:
3:2:1.

Duri
n gthepre-
Ma hā
bh ār
ataera,
anci
entIndi
anast
rono
me rsf
u r
there
xten
d edthedurao nofa
Yugafrom1 200yea
rsto4320 0
0years(
1200 me s360)
a n
dt heduraonof aChatu
ryugafr
om
12000yea r
sto4320000years(1
2000 me s360)wi
ththeobjecveo f
achi
evingacc
u r
ate
cal
end r
i
calcal
cul
ao ns.Unf
o rt
unat
ely,
thos
eschola
rswholaterupda
tedthePurāṇashad
er
rone ousl
ydeemedtheincreas
edcalendr
ic
aldur
ao nofCh a
turyu
gasasag i
venfa
c t
,andon
th
at basi
s,nar
rat
edthechronolog
ic
alhis
tor
yo f
anci
entI
n d
ia,r
e s
ulngin,s
inceanq uit
y,t
helo
ss
oft
h etruechr
o n
olog
yfromMa nutoMa ha
bharat
a.
Theres
earc
hfoun dthattheepochoftheendofthe28thKrit
aYugaoftheV a
ivas
vat
aMa nv
antar
a
wouldbethest
rongestbasis
,i
fit
isaccur
a t
el
yesta
b l
i
shed,toret
ri
evethatl
o s
tchronol
ogy.
Lā
ṭadeva
,ad i
sci
pl
eo fĀryabhaṭ
ap r
ovidesver
ifi
ableast
ronomicald
etai
lsoftheepocho f
the
Kr
it
ayugānt
ainhisSūryaSi
d dhā
nta.Accord
ingt
oh i
m, Mayāsur
awr ot
eS ūr
yaS i
ddhānt
aa tt
hee n
d
oft
he28thK r
i
taYu g
awh ena l
lfiveplan
ets,t
hesuna n
dt hemo onwereinap er
fect
con j
unco ni
n
Me ṣ
aRāśi(
Ari
es)onC hait
raŚukl
aPrap adā.Thi
sres
earchisabl
etodeterminethatt
hisra
rest
o f
co
n j
unco nsocc
u rr
edo n22ndFeb,6778BC E,
lea
d i
ngtotheaccur
atefixingoftheepochofthe
begi
nni
ngof t
he2 8hT
t r
etāYugaas6 7
77BC E.
Th
ed ur
ao no f
theTret
āY u
gawa sonly1200yearsbeca
usethedurao no faYugawasext
ended
f
rom5y e
arsto1200yearsi
n6777BC E.Ae r t
hee n
do ft
he2 8t
hTretāYuga,t
hed i
ffer
ena l
dur
ao noffourYu
gaswa si
ntr
odu c
ed; t
heref
ore,t
hed u
rao no f
the2 8
thDv āpar
aYugawas2400
y
ears
.Asthedurao nofaYuga,bef
o r
e6 777BCE,wasonlyfiveyears
,Thisres
earc
hisabl
eto
es
tabl
i
shtheepochoftheearl
yVedicYugacalen
da ra
sbeingaround1596 2BCE.I
nthi
smanner
,
t
hechronol
ogyhasbeenrecons
truct
edinth i
sbook,f
romt h
e meo fSv
āy ambhuvaManutoth
e
Mahābhār
ataerabas
edo ntheveri
fiablearcha
eo-ast
ronomical
ref
erencesfoundi
nV e
dic
l
i
ter
atur
eandP ost
-Ved
icl
iter
atu
re- t
heRā māyaṇa,theMa h
ābhārat
aa ndthePurāṇas
.

iha
saor
g/ g
roups
/iha
sa/ I
TI
HAS
A_I
NDI
A
 T
heChr
onol
ogyofI
ndi
a:
F
romMahabha
rat
atoMedi
eva
lEr
a(inTwoVolumes)
Pr
iort
othecol
o ni
aler
a,India
nstradio n
allyfo
ll
owe dawell
-es
tabl
i
shed
c
h r
onol
ogic
alhi
stor
yasn arra
tedinthePura n
asstarngfr
omt heMa hab
harat
a
er
atotheGuptaperi
od.T heregnal
p er
iodsoftheBri
hadr
atha,Pr
adyot
aand
Si
sunag
ad y
nase soft
h eMa gadhaE mpir
eg i
veninthePura
n a
scl
earl
yindi
ca
te
t
hatMa ha
padmaNa ndaf oundedhisNand adynast
y1500yearsaer t
he
Mahabhara
tawa r
.Ev
identl
y,thetr
adio nalchronol
ogypl
acesBuddhai
nthe
19t
hcentur
yBC EandCha ndra
guptaMa uryainthebegi
nnin
go ft
he16th
c
entu
ryBCE
.Col
o n
ial
his
tori
ansid
enfi e dSandrokou swithC handr
agup
taMa ury
aa n
dd a
ted
h
imasthec
ontemporar
yofAlexa
nderan dthedateo f
Bud dhanir
vanahasbeenbroug
ht
f
orwar
dby138
0y ear
sandfixedaround4 83BC E
.

I
nfac
t,thecomplexproblemsinInd
ianchronol
o gyar
is
efromami s
unders
tandi
ngoftheepoc
hs
of
anci
e n
t I
ndi
ane ras
.Ihavedisc
overedthat
theK urt
akoc opperp
lat
ed a
tedSaka530ref
er
stoa
t
otal
sola
r e
cli
pseo c
curr
e don9 t
hMa y53BC EinNo r
ther
nKarnat
akawh i
chconc
lus
ive
ly
es
tabl
i
shesthattheSakae r
acomme ncedin583BC EandtheSaka
ntaeracomme nc
edin78CE.
Hi
st
ori
ansmista
k enl
ymi x
e dupthesetwoepo c
h swhic
hledtoachron
ologi
cale
rror
of6 6
0year
s.
Outoft
woc ont
e mporarycopperpl
a t
esfo
u n
da t Pr
anav
eshvar
atemple,
Tala
gunda,onepl
at
eis
da
tedintheSakaerawh ereas
,anot
h eri
sdat
e dintheSak
antaera
.
Apar
t r
fomthi
serroro
f66 0y ears
,lat
erJa
inhi
storia
n si
na dv
ertentl
yidenfi edUjja
inK i
n g
Chandr
agupta
,ad i
sc
ipl
eof Bha dr
a b
ahuwiththeMa uryaKi
n gChandraguptawhic
hma de
Mahavir
a,acont
emp or
aryo fBu d
d ha.
Inrea
li
ty
, Budd h
aaa inedn i
rva
na67 5yearsbeforethe
ye
a r
o f
Ma havi
r
an i
rva
na.P uranasandtheBurme seinscri
po n
sclearl
yin
dicat
et h
a tBudd h
a
aa i
nednirv
anain1864BC E.Re c
entexcav
ao nsa tLumb i
nia ndtheradi
ocarbonsamp le
s
co
ll
ectedfr
omtheT r
enchC 5a tthecent
eroftheBu ddhists
hrineatLumb i
niin
dicateane ar
li
est
dat
eo f16
81BC E
.Thus,t
he reisac h
ronol
ogi
cale r
rorof1 3
80y earsi
nd an gofBud dhanirv
ana
duetomixi
ngupo ft
wod i
ffe rente p
ochsofSakaa ndSakantaerasandthemi s
takenidenfi c
ao n
ofChandr
agupt
a,thedi
sci
p l
eo fBh adr
abahu.
Th edan gofBu ddhan i
rv
anain1 864BC Eals
o
va
li
datest
hetradionaldateo fAdiSanka
rach
ary ai
nt he6thc e
n t
u r
yBCE.
T
hepresentr
esear
chworkiscomplet
elybase
do nthecomprehensi
vestudyoft
h ech
ronol
ogi
cal
c
onten
tof t
heins
cri
po ns
.T h
isre
searc
hh asdi
scove
redtheexactepochsofvar
i
o usa
nci
ent
I
ndi
anerastha
tconcl
usi
vel
yu pho
ldtheauthenc i
t
yo ft
hePu r
anicch
ronologyandexpos
ethe
f
al
la
cyofthechro
nolog
ygiveninthemo d
erntext
booksofIn
d i
anh i
st
ory.T
h e
reisaser
io
usneed
t
ore-
writ
etheenr ehi
stor
yo fanc
ien
t I
ndi
awi t
href
e r
encetothenewlydisc
overedepoc
hsoft
he
a
nci
entIn
d i
aneras
.

iha
saor
g/ g
roups
/iha
sa/ I
TI
HAS
A_I
NDI
A
 T
heOr
igi
noft
heChr
isa
nEr
a:F
actorF
icon
Chron
ologyi
stheu nd
en i
abl
eu nderpi
nninginthechroni
cl
i
n go f
his
tory
,andit
is
axi
omact hatanu nq
ue sonableb as
eli
neistheabsol
utebe dro
ckof
chr
onolog
y.Esta
b l
i
shi
ngthetrueba se
li
neisthep r
inc
ipal
prerequi
si
teinthe
re
const
ruco no fc
hronol
ogi
calhis
to r
yandth ela
ckofonema yl
ayuso pe
nto
err
or.
Toil
l
u s
tr
a t
e,hi
st
orian
switha bsol
utebelie
fthatt
heep ochoftheChri
san
er
a(1C E
)isthefirmb a
seli
neofwo rl
dc hr
ono l
ogyhavefai
l
e dmiser
ablyin
est
abl
is
hingtheexactd
a t
esofthefi r
stdynastyofBabyl
onan dthef
allof
Bab
ylon.
Thisi
sappar
entfro
mt hefactt
hattherei
g nofHammu ra
bihasbeend at
edinfi v
e
di
ffere
ntchronol
ogi
es:1
93 3
-1890BCE,1848-
1 806BC E,
1792 -
1750BC E
,172 8-
1686BC Eor
16
96-1654BCEandsi
milar
ly
,thefal
lofBabyl
onh asbeenvariousl
ydate
da s17 3
6BC E,16
51
BCE,
1595BC E
,1531BCEo r1
4 99BCE.
T
hisi
nc onsi
st
e ncyi
nd etermini
ngt hee x
act chr
o nol
o gyof theHa mmu rabid
yn as
tya ndother
i
nst
ancesisac l
earindicatorthatthee pocho ftheC hri
sa nerad oesnotqual
ifyt
ob ethefirm
b
aseli
neo fwo r
ldch ronology.TheV enusTab l
eto f
K i
ngAmmi saduqafoundinBaby l
o noffers
i
ndepende nt
lyveri
fi ablea s
tronomi c
alevidenceb ut u
n f
o rt
un atel
y,worl
dh i
st
o r
iansh av
ema r
kedl
y
f
ai
ledtofi xtheexact dateo ft
heV e nusTabletbecauseo ftheb l
i
nda ss
umpo nof1C Easthe
e
po c
ho ftheb i
rt
ho f J
e s
u sChri
stwi t
ho utpresenn ganyi ndep endent
lyver
ifiabl
ee vidence.Fi
xi
ng
t
hee x
a c
td at
eso fancient hi
st
o r
icaleventswithp r
ec i
si
oni sind e
eda narduousandh e r
cul
ean
u
nd et
raki
n gbutthisresea r
chh asn owco ncl
u s
ivel
ye sta
b li
shedt heexactda
tesofth eVenusT a
blet
b
asedo na r
chaeo -
astrono mical
e vi
d e
n c
e. Thus,thereigno fKingAmmi saduqacanb ee xa
c t
ly
d
atedto2 473-2453BC E,therei
gno fHa mmu r
ab i
to2 619 -2
5 78BC Eandthefall
of Babylo
nc an
a
ls
ob efi xedas2 418BC E.
T
hea r
c haeo-
a s
tronomi calevi
den ceof t
heV enu sTablet
, whicha ccur
atel
yandinde pendentl
y
e
stabl
ishestheda t
eo fK i
ngAmmi sadu qa,thefi hs ucce ssoro f
Ha mmu r
abi,wil
lqu al
if
ytob ethe
t
rueba s
eli
neo fthec hronologyof anci
ent We st
e r
nk i
n g
d oms .Accordi
ngly
,myb ooka rguesthat
t
hereisag en
u i
nen ee dtor ec
ons t
ructWe sternchro nol
o gyu ptoAu gust
uswithout r
e f
err
i
n gto
t
hee pocho f
theC hrisa ne ra
.Infact,emin enthis
tori
a nso ft
h eWe ste
rnwo rl
dh a
v eincor
rectl
y
a
ssume dthefi c o u sep ochofth eCh r
isa nera(1C E)a stheu nqueso nabl
eb aseli
nea nd
r
econcil
edthec hronologyo fworldh i
stor
yi nant h esi
stot het r
adio nalc
hronologyo fanci
ent
c
iv
il
isao ns,r
e su
ln ginn ume r
ou sirr
esol
v abl
ec hronologicalquandari
es.
I
l
lust
ran gwi t
hd ocu me ntedevidencea ndv er
ifiablefacts,thisre
searchhastrac
edt hecomp let
e
c
hronologyof We s
ternk i
n gdomsf roma ncientme stot hefa l
loftheByzann eRo ma nEmp ir
e.I
f
t
hed a
teo ftheVe nusT abl
e ta
sth eb a
s e
li
n ewe retob eu nanimo usl
yaccept
ed ,a
llthechronic
p
roblemso fthechro nologyofwo rldhis
to r
yc anbes as factoril
yresol
ved.

1
stF
loor
,21
51/1
1,Ne
wPa
tel
Nag
ar,
NewDe
lhi
.
S
-38,Pa
rthBuil
di
ng,Se
c t
or–1
3,Kharg
har,Na
viMumba
i,Mahara
sht
ra
hindue
terna
l@g ma
il
.com eter
nalhi
ndu.
org
/ 8 65
7144
169

hi
ndue
ter
nal
/ Hi
nduE
ter
nal e
ter
nal
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ndu-
foundaon/ e
ter
nal
-hi
ndu-
foundaon