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ABSTRACT
The Blast Furnace (BF) route for iron making will remain commercially successful for the
coming decades owing to several reasons, viz., slow progress of alternative iron making
processes coupled with their high risk investments compared to BF route, availability of
mega module BFs of ~ 4000 m3 or 5500 m3 volumes for single installation capacities of 3.0
– 4.5 MT, possibility of upgrading existing BFs with advanced features at economical cost
index and ever improving BF performance indices.
In India, the BF route of iron making has witnessed constant incremental improvements in
design features to achieve maximum productivity, lowest possible coke rate, mechanized
operations, adopting best environmental practices, constant endeavour to lower the
production & operating costs and efforts to utilise maximum indigenously available raw
materials.
The aforesaid objectives have provided an indirect opportunity for innovations and
advancements in BF design & technology base.
In tandem with the performances of globally benchmarked BFs, Indian operators are
keeping pace with modern BF productivity levels and we have lately witnessed the
emergence of state of the art BF installations, viz., TATA STEEL BF # G & H, JSW BF #
2,3&4, JSPL BF # 2 and other BFs at Bhushan Steel & SAIL (BSP BF # 7& 8 & BSL BF #
2&4 RSP# BF5, ISP# BF5 ). Even in the MBF route, more & more entrepreneurs are
looking to adopt state of the art design features to achieve better techno - economic
parameters. Inefficient BF operation technologies with lower hot blast temperature & low
top pressure are being dispensed with and intensified cooling systems to cater to auxiliary
fuel injection & sinter charging in BF burden are being increasingly adopted in MBF
sector also resulting in longer campaign life & lower cost of production.
This paper attempts to highlight the design features of Indian BFs and bring the
technology status of existing as well as proposed Blast Furnace installations both in large
& mini sectors to help operators & entrepreneurs have a better understanding of the
current trend.
INTRODUCTION
The Blast Furnace (BF) technology for iron making will continue to be the dominant route
for hot metal production in the coming years owing to various reasons such as:
Table 1.0: Some broad details of major modern BFs in India are shown in Table below:
Technology
Client Major Technical Data Remarks
Supplier
Tata Steel, BF # H SGP - PW INBA
(commissioned - 2008) system
Useful Volume: 3814 m3 GCP - PW Annular Gap
Tata Steel, BF # I (under
Number of Tuyeres: 34 Scrubber
design & erection)
Hearth Diameter: 13.0 m TRT - 13.5 MW
Paul Wurth
RINL, BF # 3 Production: 2.5 – 2.8 Mtpa (design)
(under commissioning (7150 tpd for Bhushan & Tata Top charging - PW BLT
trials) BF # H has crossed 10,000 tpd) system
Cooling System: Copper staves Hot blast system - PW
Bhushan Steel, BF # 2 design
(under construction) PCI system - PW design
SGP - Rasman Screw
type
GCP - Bischoff Annular
Useful Volume: 4161 m3 Gap system
Number of Tuyeres: 38 TRT – 14to 18 MW
POSCO ISP, New BF
Hearth Diameter: 13.6 m (Mitsui& Nico )
e&c ( commissioned in Nov
Production: 2.8 Mtpa (8000 Top charging- PW BLT
2014)
tpd) system
Cooling System: Copper staves Hot blast system -
Danieli Corus
PCI system –
CISRI/NMT/SPCL
Useful Volume: 2648 m3 Double cast house
Number of Tuyeres: 30 PW BLT system
Tata Steel, BF # G
Paul Wurth Hearth Diameter: 11.05 PW GCP (Tangential
(Revamped in 2005)
Production: 1.8 Mtpa (5150 tpd) cyclone + two stage
Cooling System : Copper staves venturi scrubber)
Danieli Corus RSP, BF # 5 Useful Volume: 4060 m3 SGP - DC Dewatering
BV (commissioned in 2013) Number of Tuyeres: 36 Wheel
Hearth Diameter: 13.2 m GCP – DC Bischoff
Production: 2.8 Mtpa (7984 system
tpd) TRT - 14 MW (design)
Cooling System: Copper plate Top charging - PW BLT
coolers system
Apart from above medium to large size blast furnace installations, entrepreneurs in MBF
sector are also increasingly adopting modern BF cooling system, bell less top charging
system, high capacity cast house equipment, high temperature stoves including top fired
stoves, coal injection & use of higher percentage of prepared burden.
Today, Indian BF operators are fully aware of advantages of modern iron making design &
practices and are working to achieve primarily followings goals:
Increased pulverised coal injection (~200 Kg/ thm) & high blast furnace
productivity (~2.5 t/ m3 WV/ d)
Reduction in CO2 emission by decreasing heat losses & improving energy
efficiency.
Provision of Facilities to meet Environment norms like Cast house and stock house
dedusting system
Table 2.0: peak head load conditions alongwith typical heat load
Peak heat
Productivity on Heat load fluctuation
Type of operation load
Burden mix working volume (°C/min)
KW/m2
Low productivity Iron Ore lump < 1.5 10 – 40 6 – 10
In consideration to high productivity and long campaign life requirement, use of copper
staves/ plates alongwith compatible high spalling resistance & high conductive refractory
materials is most suited and adopted world wide.
A Table is given below, wherein all the aforementioned parameters alongwith its variations
and its effect on BF productivity and fuel rate are shown:
Table 3.0: parameters alongwith its variations and its effect on BF productivity and fuel
rate
Sl.
Item (Parameters) Base Value Change Productivity Coke Rate
No.
700 – 900 ° C + 100 0C +3% 3%
1. Hot Blast Temperature 900 – 1000 ° C + 100 C 0
+2% 2.5 %
1000 – 1100 ° + 100 0C + 1.5 % 1.5 %
C
2. Fe% in lump ore 62% + 1% +2% 1.0 %
INTERNATIONAL BENCHMARKS
Following data have been collected on similar BFs working elsewhere in the world to
benchmark the design/ operating parameters for Indian BFs:
POSCO
Danieli BF # 2 PWIT NDK
Design/ Baoshan Inland
Corus Gwangyang BF # 1 & 5 BF # 2, BF # 3,
Operating Steel Steel
Unit BF # 7, Steel Works Gwangyan Thyssen NSC,
Parameter BF # 1 Corp.,
Ijmuiden, & BF # 3 g Steel German Kimitsu,
s &2 USA
Netherlands Pohang Steel Works y Japan
Works
Useful
volume m3 4450 4350 4020 4063 4403 4063
(UV)
Working
volume m3 3790 3685 3445 4769 3442 3739 3442
(WV)
Sinter in
% 42 - 50 76 74 85 85 – 86 11 - 12 100
burden
Pellets in
% 44 - 50 8.2 12 10 NIL 85 - 86 -
burden
Iron ore
%
lump in 6 15.8 14 14 – 15 2
(max)
burden
No. of
- 38 38 36 44 36 36
tuyeres
O2 %
15 10-12 10 8-10 4-6 4 4-6
enrichment (max)
Production t/d 8412 -10,632 9000 9230 11500 9025 10200 9250
Productivit t/m3
2.2 – 2.8 2.37 2.68 2.41 2.17 2.5 2.5
y (on WV) /d
Top
bar 2.2 2.8 2.65 2.8-3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5
pressure
Hot blast
0
Temperatur C 1250 1150 – 1200 1150 - 1200 1200 1200 1250 1200
e
kg/
Coke rate 285 - 295 333 356 290-300 430 429 303
thm
Coal dust kg/ 27
200 - 240 200 177 – 189 200-210 75 203
injection thm (NGI)
Si in hot
% 0.40 0.42 0.4 0.3 0.6
metal
kg/
Slag rate 216 - 260 267 275 - 282 270-280 325 305 320
thm
Coke ash % 10.9 11 11 11 11 12 12
Charging Bell
- Bell Less Bell Less Bell Less Bell Less Bell Less Bell Less
system Less
Note: The biggest Blast furnace of more than 5000m3 with productivity around 2.5/d/m3
have also been installed in number of countries like Japan, South Korea, Russia, Germany
etc.
Indian iron - making has come of age with increased consciousness amongst operators to
meet the requirements of competitive iron making at reduced cost high productivity,
energy efficient with “green technologies”. The need of the hour is to adopt cutting edge
innovative technologies to achieve cost reduction method, improve specific consumption
of raw materials, increase energy efficiency, improve quality, yield & productivity,
increased automation, adopting ergonomic practices with a focus on environmental aspect.
To achieve the aforesaid multiple perspectives, the present trend in India generally covers
around the following major ideas:
Even in Mini Blast Furnace sector, plants are being built in 250 to 450 m3 size range with
refractory & cooling system capable for longer campaign life of 10 years & productivity
level of more than 2.5 t/ m3/ d on working volume basis. Some of the blast furnace in this
segment such as 262 m3 MBF at M/s Adhunik, Rourkela, Jindal SAW, Jindal, Raipur &
ECL, Kolkata has touched 3.0 t/ m 3/ d productivity levels quite consistently. Some of these
blast furnaces have incorporated sinter charging (~ 50%) in the burden & have injected ~70
kg/ thm PCI. Top fired Stoves for achieving 1200 ° C hot blast temperatures are already
implemented at Sunflag & Kirloskar BFs with good results.
It may be noted that although the Fe content of Indian iron bearing materials is more or less
comparable, the Al2O3 content of the same is > 2.0 % in comparison to < 1.5 % world
wide. Higher Al2O3 in burden compel the Indian BF operators to generate more slag in the
BF in order to keep low Al2O3 % in slag. High Al2O3 slag reduces the slag viscosity
particularly at the bosh level (bosh slag) leading to flooding during high productivity
operation.
In this connection, it is important to mention that most of the iron ore imported from India
by different countries is blended with low Al 2O3 iron ore from other sources for use in high
efficiency BFs abroad.
Similarly, it may not be advisable to aim for low ash (about 10 %) coke in India as used in
high productivity BFs abroad since this requires the use of ~ 100 % imported coal
A number of BFs abroad use metallic input like HBI/ scrap for achieving high hot metal
production rate which is not extensively considered in India due to several economic
considerations. However, facilities for charging of DRI have been considered for the new
4000 m3 BFs.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the productivity of BFs is largely dependant on following factors:
BF top pressure
Hot blast temperature
Auxiliary fuel Injection
Burden distribution and control
BF refractory and cooling system
Quality of input raw materials
BF stock house & charging system
Automation and Control
Increase of oxygen content in blast
Review of design and operating parameters of benchmarked large BFs globally suggest the
present operating level of around 2.2 – 2.8 t/ m3/ day on working volume basis.
While configuring the BF plant, various design & operating parameters have to be selected
in line with intensified operations similar to international benchmarks. However, due
consideration to available raw materials & operating conditions have to be kept in mind.
REFERENCES
at Kolkata.