Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Current Status
• Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
- Assume global ductility (Ra)
- Detail accordingly
• Modal Superposition Procedure
- Include higher mode effects
• Time History Analysis
- Rarely used
W A(T1 )
- Tedious and requires hysteretic models Vt
Ra (T1 )
2
Target Performance
Dictated by codes (DBYBHY 2007, Section 1.2.1):
“....The objective of seismic resistant design is to
have no structural/nonstructural damage in low
magnitude earthquakes, limited and repairable
damage in moderate earthquakes and life safety
for extreme earthquakes...”
3
Critique of Current Practice
Advantages :
- Simple to use
- Have proven to work
- Became a tradition all over the world
- Uncertainty is lumped and easier to deal with
Disadvantages :
- No clear connection between capacity and demand
- No option for interfering with the target performance
- No possibility of having the owner involved in the decision
process
- Not easily applicable to seismic assesment of existing structures
4
Vision 2000
• First complete document published by SEAOC in 1995 addressing
performance based design principles.
• Then ATC (1996) and NEHRP (1997) guidelines follow.
5
6
7
Performance Based Engineering
Methodology:
- Define Performance Levels (operational, immediate occupancy etc.)
- Define Response Targets (Damage, drift ratios, rotations etc.)
- Define Design Earthquakes (Response Spectrum, Synthetic G.M.)
- Explicit Check of Structural Performance against Design Earthquakes Using
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis
Concern:
- Uncertainties due to stiffness, strength, ductility, demand (earthquakes)
- Complications introduced (more loop holes)
8
Turkish Earthquake Code-Chapter 7
- For Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Buildings
(Is it easier to establish PBD guidelines for existing structures ?)
(Economical and academical reasons !!)
- Steps:
• Collect information from an existing structure
• Assess whether info is dependable and penalize accordingly
• Conduct structural analysis
- Linear static analysis
- Nonlinear static analysis (Pushover analysis)
- Incremental pushover analysis
- Time history analysis
• Identify for each member the damage level
• Decision based on number of elements at certain damage levels
9
Linear Elastic Assesment
Based on these
tables, determine
performance level
of each member.
11
Inelastic Assessment
F D V
Vy
V
dy d
Spectral
Acceleration
1.4
Spectral Acceleration,g
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Bilinear approximation
Vy
Capacity curve from analysis
Roof Displacement
dy dt
Target displacement
13
How much to push?
dt = Co CR Sde
Co = First mode participation
CR = Ratio of inelastic to elastic displacement
Sa
TB
Te
CR = 1 if Te > TB (equal displacement)
CR = f (RY) if Te < TB (CR ≥ 1)
Sae
RY = Sae / Say
1 ( Ry 1)TB / Te
Say CR
Ry
Sd
Sde
14
Can we do better?
- Actual earthquake response is hard to predict anyways.
- Closest estimate can be found using inelastic time-history analysis.
- Difficulties with inelastic time history analysis:
- Suitable set of ground motion (Description of demand)
- hysteretic behavior models (Description of capacity)
- Computation time (Time)
- Post processing (Time and understanding)
Alternative approach is pushover analysis.
0.6
0.4
Acceleration (g)
0.2
0 Sec.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
15
Pushover Analysis
• Definition: Inelastic static analysis of a structure
using a specified (constant or variable) force
pattern from zero load to a prescribed ultimate
displacement.
• Use of it dates back to 1960s to1970s to
investigate stability of steel frames.
• Many computer programs were developed since
then with many features and limitations.
16
Available Computer Programs
• Design Oriented:
SAP 2000, GTSTRUDL, RAM etc.
• Research Oriented:
Opensees, IDARC, SeismoStrut etc.
What is different?
• User interface capabilities
• Analysis options
• Member behavior options
17
Section Damage Levels
Internal Force
Strain
18
Section Damage Levels
600
500
AK
400
GV GÇ
Moment
(kN.m)
Φp = θp / Lp 300
Φt = Φy + Φp 200
100
0
0.0000 0.0200 0.0400 0.0600 0.0800 0.1000 0.1200
(Φy) Curvature
Eğrilik (Φt)
(rad/m)
20
How do we estimate strains from a
structural analysis?
Moment Moment
My
Curvature Strain
øy øu
Moment
θpu =(øu – øy) Lp OR
My Utilize this idealized
θp =(ø – øy) Lp moment-rotation
Where Lp = 0.5h response during
inelastic structural
analysis
Plastic
θpu Rotations
21
ATC-40/SAP 2000
AB : Linear elastic
b BC : Yielding
a
CD : Strength decay
C DE : Residual strength
Force
Yük
a, b and c values: depend
B
on type of inelasticity
D E
c
A
Deformation
Deformasyon
22
Definition of Potential Plastic Hinges
• End regions of columns and beams (center for gravity loads)
are the potential plastic hinges
• Plastic hinges are hinges capable of resisting My (not
significantly more, hardening allowed) undergoing plastic
rotations
Rigid End
zones
Elastic
h Beam- Plastic
Column Hinges
Element
Lp
23
Elastic Parts
For regions other than plastic hinging occurs, cracking is expected therefore
use of cracked stiffness is customary (0.4-0.8) EIo
0.4-0.8EIo
Moment
EIo
Eğrilik
Curvature 24
Pushover Analysis
25
Steps of Pushover Analysis:
A Simple Incremental Procedure
1. Build a computational model of the structure
26
Steps of Pushover Analysis
27
Steps of Pushover Analysis
28
Steps of Pushover Analysis
29
Steps of Pushover Analysis
Step 2:
Beyond Step 1, yielded element’s critical location can not take
any further moment. Therefore place an actual hinge at that
location. Conduct an analysis increment for this modified
structure. This load increment should be selected such that
upon summing the force resultant from this incremental step
and previous step, second hinge formation is reached.
V2 = V1 + ΔV
Results from Step 1 + Results from an
F2 = F1 + ΔF incremental analysis with a hinge placed at first
yield location = Second Hinge formation
d2 = d1 + Δd
30
Steps of Pushover Analysis
.
.
Step i:
Similar to step 2 but additional hinges form and incremental
analysis steps are conducted for systems with more hinges.
Results are added to those from the previous step
Vi = Vi-1 + ΔV
Results from Step 1 + Results from an
Fi = Fi-1 + ΔF incremental analysis with a hinge placed at first
yield location = Second Hinge formation
di = di-1 + Δd
31
Steps of Pushover Analysis
Step n:
Sufficient number of plastic hinges have formed and system
has reached a plastic mechanism. Note that this could be a
partial collapse mechanism as well. Beyond this point, system
rotated as a rigid body.
ANALYSIS DONE
- Plot Base Shear- Roof Displacement
- Check member rotations and identify performance levels
32
Example Application: 3 Story- 2 Bay RC Frame
MODEL
12 J8 15
J4 J12
3 6 9
3m
11 J7 14
J3 J11
2 5 8 3m
10 J6 13
J2 J10
4 3m
1 7
J1 J5 J9
6m 6m
33
Assumptions
Assume
• Constant Axial Load on Columns for Analysis Steps
• Rigid-plastic with no hardening or softening moment-rotation behavior for columns
and beams
• Plastic hinging occurs when moment capacity is within 5% tolerance
• Load combinations 1.0 DL + 0.3 LL and 1.0 DL + 0.3 LL+1.0EQ to compute axial load
levels
DL=15kN/m LL=2kN/m
EQ=40kN
DL=15kN/m LL=2kN/m
EQ=20kN
34
DATA
Columns Beams
10-f10
3-f10
60cm 50cm
3-f10
60cm 25cm
35
Section Capacities
Elemnaların Moment-eğrilik ilişkileri
Idealized member moment curvature
elasto-plastik, pekleşmesiz
relations for estimated axial load level Φ
Φy
u l t
Eleman
Member N My
kN kNm rad/m rad/m
1 -83,786 124 0,0055 0,111
2 -51,347 115,5 0,0056 0,115
3 -19,872 107,5 0,0056 0,119 My
4 -253,392 166 0,0059 0,085
5 -158,905 143 0,0060 0,099
6 -64,797 119 0,0060 0,113
Moment
7 -124,104 133,5 0,0056 0,105
8 -77,747 122 0,0057 0,112
9 -31,201 110 0,0054 0,118
10 5,606 49 0,0073 0,103
11 1,421 50 0,0069 0,102
12 -17,233 53 0,0069 0,099 fy Eğrilik f ult
13 5,606 49 0,0073 0,103
14 1,421 50 0,0069 0,102
15 -17,233 53 0,0069 0,099
43
Total Incremental Load (kN)= 39
Total Base Shear (kN) = 144.72
45
Total Incremental Load (kN)= 4.2
Total Base Shear (kN) = 150.42
Step 11 (Incremental)
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)= 1.94
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)= 23.90917
Frame M ΔM M + ∆M
Condition
Element kNm kNm (kNm)
124.03 0.00 124.03 YIELDED
1 6.95 -5.34 1.61
52.22 2.18 54.40
2 -55.25 -4.04 -59.29
-9.71 3.14 -6.57
3 -55.09 0.00 -55.09
ΔEQ=2.1kN 4
167.90 0.00 167.90 YIELDED
-21.59 -5.17 -26.76
72.12 2.35 74.47
5 -75.02 -4.19 -79.21
20.74 3.00 23.73
ΔEQ=1.4kN 6 -106.77 0.00 -106.77
135.60 0.00 135.60 YIELDED
7 3.50 -2.09 1.41
52.83 -2.09 50.74
ΔEQ=0.7kN 8 -58.11 0.16 -57.95
-7.91 0.16 -7.75
9 -54.36 0.00 -54.36
45.27 7.52 52.79 YIELDED
10 -49.58 0.00 -49.58 YIELDED
45.54 7.18 52.72 YIELDED
11 -51.64 0.00 -51.64 YIELDED
55.09 0.00 55.09 YIELDED
12 -53.68 0.00 -53.68 YIELDED
44.13 7.52 51.65 YIELDED
13 -49.33 0.00 -49.33 YIELDED
44.11 7.18 51.30 YIELDED
14 -50.19 0.00 -50.19 YIELDED
53.10 0.00 53.10 YIELDED
15 -54.36 0.00 -54.36 YIELDED
46
Collapse Mechanism
160
SYSTEM IS UNSTABLE
140
120
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Roof Displacement (mm)
47
What did we obtain?
• A simple representation of the capacity curve
• Plastic mechanism and sequence of hinge formation
• Lateral load and displacement capacity
• Ductility and plastic rotation demand
160
140
100
SAP2000
80 • hardening/loss of strength
• P-M interaction
60
40
20
• Systematic stiffness approach
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Top Displacement (mm)
48
Lumped Inelasticity Approach: A detailed
model (Filippou et.al.1998)
49
Elastic Element
[d ] [ f ] [ F ]
50
Plastic Hinges
[d ] [ f ] [ F ]
51
Effect of Axial Force
52
Element Stiffness Matrix
Element Tangent
Flexibility Matrix
Invert
Element Stiffness
Matrix
Transformation 0
crd
Matrix 0
53
Solution Algorithm
Assemble structural stiffness matrix with
conventional assembly procedures
54
Distributed Inelasticity (T.H.Lee 2005)
55
Section Deformations
İth fiber
εo
Strain
Displacement
Relations
56
Interpolation Functions
u( x) N1u1 N 4u4 Relates nodal forces to internal
v( x) N 2u2 N3u3 N5u5 N6u6 displacements
N4 N2 N5
N1
1 1
1 N3
N6
Linear Interpolation for
Cubic Interpolation for
axial displacements
transverse
displacements
Weak Form of
Equilibrium
58
Section and Member Stiffness
Element Stiffness
Matrix
60
Why Strengthening?
• Insufficient capacity (deformation or strength)
• Increased seismicity
• Updated codes
• Changes in target performance
61
Definitions
• Strengthening: Upgrades on undamaged
members or structures to restore member
capacities
• Repair: Rehabilitation of damaged members
or structures to restore member capacities
62
Strengthening Methods
Member Strengthening
(Beam-Column Strengthening) 63
Repair / Strengthening Methods
Global Strengthening
(Shear Wall Addition, Bracing)
64
Member Strengthening
Members
• Column jacketing
• Beam strengthening
Materials
- Reinforced concrete
- Structural steel
- Fiber reinforced polymers
65
Column Strengthening
• Objectives
– Strength (axial, bending, shear)
– Deformation capacity
• Stiffness enhancement is usually a by-product.
66
66
Steel Jacketing
• Corner elements
• Welded steel plates
67
67
Steel Jacketing
• Corner L plates
• Welded trans. Plates
Confinement
Shear Strength
68
68
Steel Jacket Shear Contribution
69
69
Kesit büyütülerek
eğilme kapasitesi
artırılabilir.
Steel Jacketing
70
Steel Jacketing
Tamir Harcı
Dolgusu
t jb d
Vm f yw Çelik Plaka Mantolama
s 71
Steel Jacketing
D
C
B
A
72
Steel Jacketing
• Fire Proofing
• For moment capacity enhancement longitudinal
continuity is needed
• Otherwise used only for shear and axial capacity
73
73
RC Jacketing
74
74
75
75
COLUMNS – RC JACKETING
Jacketing Concrete
Available Concrete
Embeded
Dowel
Long.
Reinfor. 76
for Jacket 76
Use of Fiber reinforced Polymers
Axial Strength Enhacement
Confinement
Shear Strength Enhancement
Insuff. Lap Splice Strengthening for Deformed Bars
77
77
炭素繊維ストランド巻付け耐震補強
ADVANTAGES
•Lightweight
• No welding
• Short construction period
• No heavy equipment
• Less workmanship
• Easy handling
DISADVANTAGE
•Cost
• Total cost? 79
Continuous Fiber Sheets
Cloth Type CF Sheet Prepreg Type CF Sheet
AF Tape
80
Stress-Strain Relationship of Fibers
Stress Carbon
(GPa)
3.0 Aramid
2.0
Glass
83
COLUMN TESTS by Matsuzaki et al.
85
Design of FRPs
Axial Strength and Ductility Enhancement
86
Design of FRPs
Axial Strength and Ductility Enhancement
fcc
fc’
Axial stress-strain model for
FRP confined concrete
0.002 εcc 87
Design Example
P Long. Reinforcements : 12ø26
Stirrups : ø10 @ 400 mm
fc = 15 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
Clear Cover = 50 mm
L D P =1800 kN (%27Po)
D = 750 mm, L = 5 m
Properties of FRP :
Ef = 230000 MPa
ffu = 3450 MPa
Thickness of 1 layer = 0.165 mm
Design the above cantilever column to enhance its displacement ductility to 1.5
times the available one by utilizing FRP.
88
Design Example
For the available column: 1200
Moment (kNm)
Øu = 15 rad/km 600
d = d e + dp 200
de = øy L2/3 = 40 mm 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Curvature
Eğrilik (rad/km)
dp = (øu - øy) L Lp = 20 mm
d = 60 mm d εc = 0.0035
Target d = 90 mm
(unconfined)
89
Design Example
For column confined by 3 layers of
1200
FRP:
1000
fl = ½ κa ρf εf Ef
800
Moment (kNm)
ρf = (4x3x0.165/750)=0.0026
600
CF sheet
Penetrating hole
Bundle of CF
strands
CF-anchor Wing wall
92
When there are spandrel walls
Surface preparation
-Remove finishing
- Grind the damaged part
of the concrete
93
Drilling
wall column
Penetrated97holes
Cutting of Fiber Sheets
98
Application of Carbon Fiber Sheet (CFS)
Winding CF strands
around the reel
and bundling them up
100
Application of CF anchor
Resin impregnation
before installation
Wall thickness
20~30mm
103
Columns with
window frame
CF-anchor
Closed wrapping
without removing
window frame
CF-anchor
104
Application to beams with slab
105
System Retrofit
106
System Retrofit
• Insufficient Lateral Building Stiffness
• Numerous Members require retrofit
• Impractical or ineconomical member
rehabilitation/retrofit
107
107
System Retrofit
• Limits lateral displacement demands,
• Avoids the uneconomical strengthening of
circumferential members having insufficient
capacity and/or ductility,
• Eliminates system related weaknesses like soft
story, short column, strong beam – weak
column, etc.
108
108
Strengthening with Steel Braces Strengthening with RC Shearwalls
109
SUGGESTION FOR INSUFFICENT STRUCTURES
IN OUR COUNTRY
A w 0.0025 Api
0.01Apt
SAw: total shear wall area for each direction
SApi: total floor area of entire building
Apt : building floor area
Aw : shearwall thickness × distance between outer
faces of end columns
110
110
RC Shearwall Layout
• RC shearwalls should be placed to satisfy the symmetry
along each direction.
• If the above limitation is not fulfilled, the extra
torsional moment demands would occur due to the
shift of center of rigidity.
• Newly formed RC frames decrease the fundamental
period of structure in concern due to the stiffness
enchancement.
• Therefore, it should be proved that the capacity
enchancement is larger than the increase in the
demands.
111
111
Strengthening with RC Infill Walls
• Do not seperate the RC
infill walls from the frame.
• Dowels
– Deformed bars
– For frames 10-15f
– Inside shearwall 35f
– Hole diameter > Dowel
diameter + 5 mm
– Minimum f16
112
112
Strengthening with RC Infill Walls
• Total dowel area embedded inside both columns and
beams should be larger than total reinforcement
area placed inside RC wall along each direction.
• The spacing of anchorages should be calculated to
account for the story shear.
• Anchorage rods should be mounted to the drilled
holes by utilizing a suitable epoxy based adhesive.
• Before applying adhesive material inside the
anchorage zone, the dust inside the anchorage holes
should be cleared with the help of air compressors
after removing the damaged concrete portions inside
the holes by using steel brush.
113
113
Strengthening with RC Infill Walls
• To satisfy the continuity between stories, the
whole height of the beams should be drilled and
the vertical anchorage rods should be placed.
• If the concrete quality of columns are not
adequate, column jacketing might be a good
solution.
• Mesh reinforcements should be placed at the
both sides of shearwall and the reinforcement
ratio should be compatible with the limits of
TEC2007 for ductile RC shearwalls.
114
114
Strengthening with RC Infill Walls
116
116
117
117
Strengthening with RC Infill Walls
• RC shearwall has to be connected to a suitable
foundation.
• The dowel length for a continuous foundation
should be at least 20f.
• If the foundation underneath RC shearwall is
inadequate or there is no foundation, a new
foundation should be built.
• This new foundation should be connected to the
available foundation system with a proper
anchorage mechanism.
118
118
119
119
120
Strengthening with Steel Braces
121
Strengthening with interior steel frames
Column
IPE200
122
Strengthening of Infill Walls
Requirements:
• In-plane capacity and ductility enhancement
• Out-of-plane stability
• Limited displacement capacity (<%0.5)
124
STRENGTHENING OF INFILL WALLS:
Concrete Grout with Wire Mesh
125
DOLGU DUVARLARIN
GÜÇLENDİRİLMESİ: Hasır Donatılı Sıva
126
STRENGTHENING OF INFILL WALLS:
Fiber Reinforced Polymer
127
FRP Diagonals
Sıvalı Duvar
LP şerit
LP ankraj
LP dübel
LP çekme çubuğu
Dolgu duvar basınç çubuğu
128
Strengthening with Lifli Polimer ile
Güçlendirme
129
STRENGTHENING OF INFILL WALLS:
Precast Concrete Panels
130
Strengthening with Precast Concrete
Panels
131