Calculus

The word calculus stands for the method of computation. There may be an arithmetic calculus or
a probability calculus. The most common use of calculus is in regard to the computation of the
rate of change in one variable with reference of an infinitesimal variation in the other variable.
Calculus is the most important implication of mathematics. The present and potential manager of
the contemporary world, make extensive use of this mathematical technique for making
significant decisions. Calculus is inevitably indispensable to measure the degree of changes
relating to different managerial issues. Calculus makes it possible for the enthusiastic and
ambitious executives to determine the relationship of different variables on sound footings.
Calculus in concerned with dynamic situations, such as how fast production levels are increasing
or how rapidly interest is accruing.

For example, we know that given the speed, the distance covered is a function of time or given
the time taken is a function of speed. There is then a dependent variable, which gets an impulse
for change by a change in the independent variable. Calculus gives us the technique for
measuring these changes in the dependent variable with reference to very small change,
approaching almost zero, in the dependent variables or variables. The techniques concerning the
calculation of the average rate of change are studied under differentiation or the differential
calculus and the calculation of the total amount of change in the given range of values in studied
under integration or integral calculus.

Importance of calculus in commerce:

The usefulness of both these is very great in business given certain functional relations. We can
find out the average rate of charge in the dependent variable with reference to a change in one or
more independent variables.
For example with a given demand function it would be possible to find the degree of change in
demand with reference to small change in price or income or both as the case may be end also
the maximum and minimum values of the function.
Mathematics resolved calculus into two parts differential calculus and integral calculus.
Calculus mainly deals with the rate of changes in a dependent variable with respect
corresponding change in independent variables. Differential calculus is concerned with the
average rate of changes, where as integral calculus, by its very nature, considered the total
rate of changes in variables.

Classification of calculus:
Calculus

Differential calculus Integral calculus

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Southern University Bangladesh
 Differentiation calculus
Differentiation: To express the rate of change in any function we have the concept of derivative
which involves infinitesimally small changes in the dependent variable with reference to a small
change in independent variables. Differentiation we can say is the process of finding out the
derivative of a continuous function. A derivative is the limit of the ratio of the increment in the
function corresponding to a small increment in the argument as the letter tends to zero.

Derivative of a Function
The derivative of a function is its instantaneous rate of change. Derivative is the infinite
primarily small changes in the dependent variable with respect to small change in independent
variables.
dy
Let y= f(x), derivative i.e. means rate of change in variable y with respect to variable x.
dx
The derivative has many applications and is extremely useful in optimization – that is, in making
quantities as large (for example profit) or as small (for example average cost) as possible.

Some important fundamental theorems:

d du d d d
(cu )=c (u±v )= (u )± (v )
1. dx dx 2. dx dx dx

d d d d d d d
(u . v )=u (v )+v (u ) (u . v . w )=uv (w )+uw ( v )+vw (u)
3. dx dx dx 4. dx dx dx dx

d d
v ( u )−u ( v )
d u x dx
( )=
dx v dy dy dz dy dy dt dz
v
2
= . , = . .
5. 6. dx dz dx dx dt dz dx

Some important formula for differentiation:

d
(c )=0
dx Where c is a constant.
n n−1
d
dx
( x )=nx d
( log e x )= 1x
dx
d
( x
1
n
)=
−n
x x
dx
e )= e
n +1
d
x dx
(
n n−1
d
dx
(a x d
)=a x n
dx
=anx x x
d
dx
( a )=a log e a =
x
a log a e

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Southern University Bangladesh
 x
d
dx
( log a 1
)= log a e
x

Basic Rules of Differentiation with example:

Function Rules Examples

1. y=f ( x )=x dy y=x
=1
dx dy
=1
dx
2. y=f ( x )=C dy y=17
=0
dx dy
=0
dx
3 y=f ( x )=cx. dy y=7 x
=C
dx dy
=7
dx
4. y=f ( x )=x n dy y=x 3
=n x n−1
dx dy
=3 x3−1=3 x 2
dx
5. y=f ( x )=cx n dy y=5 x 4
=cn x n−1
dx dy
=5 ×4 x 4−1=20 x 3
dx
6. y=f ( x )=¿ dy du dv dw y=5 x 4 + x 3−7 x +17
= + +
dx dx dx dx dy
u+ v+ w
=5 ×4 x 4−1+ 3 x 3−1−7+ 0
dx
¿ 20 x 3+3 x 2−7
7. y=f ( x )=uv dy d d y=( 3 x 2 +5 ) ( x 2+ 2 x )
=u v +v u
dx dx dx
dy d d
=( 3 x 2+5 ) ( x 2 +2 x ) + ( x 2 +2 x ) ( 3 x 2+ 5 )
dx dx dx
¿ ( 3 x 2+5 ) (2 x +2 ) + ( x 2+ 2 x ) ( 6 x )
¿ ( 3 x 2+5 ) (2 x +2 ) +6 x ( x 2 +2 x )
8. y=f ( x )=uvw dy d d y=( 3 xd2 +5 ) ( x 2+ 2 x ) (x +1)
=uv w +vw u+uw v
dx dx dx dx
dy d d
=( 3 x 2+5 )( x 2 +2 x ) ( x+ 1 )+ ( x 2+2 x ) ( x +1 ) ( 3 x 2 +5 ) + ( 3 x 2 +5 )
dx dx dx
¿ ( 3 x 2+5 )( x2 +2 x ) ( 1 ) + ( x 2 +2 x ) ( x +1 )( 6 x ) + ( 3 x 2+ 5 ) ( x +1 ) (2 x+ 2)
¿ ( 3 x 2+5 )( x2 +2 x )+ 6 x ( x 2 +2 x ) ( x+ 1 )+ ( 3 x 2 +5 ) ( x +1 ) (2 x +2)

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Southern University Bangladesh
 u d d 2
9. y=f ( x )= u−u v y= ( x −1 )
v
v dy dx dx ( x 2 +1 )
=
dx v 2

( x 2 +1 ) d ( x 2−1 )−( x 2−1 ) d ( x 2 +1 )

dy dx dx
=
dx 2
( x −1 )
2

( x2 +1 ) ( 2 x ) −( x 2−1 ) ( 2 x )
¿ 2
( x 2−1 )
2 x ( x2 +1 ) −2 x ( x 2−1 )
¿ 2
( x 2−1 )
2 x ( x2 +1−x2 +1 )
¿ 2
( x 2−1 )
4x
¿ 2
2
( x −1 )
10. y=f ( x )=(u)n dy d y=( x3 −2 x +10 )
4
=n(u)n−1 u
dx dx
3 d 3
¿ 4 ( x 3−2 x +10 ) ( x −2 x+10 )
dx
3
¿ 4 ( x 3−2 x +10 ) ( 3 x 2−2 )

Try yourself
A. Differentiae the following function with respect to x:
1
5

(1) x 7
(2) x (3) 4x (4) x
3

(5) 10 (6)
3
√x (7) √x (8) √x
3 2

3 13
1
x
1

x 5. √ x
− −9
3 3
(9) 5 (10) 15 (11) √ x (12) 3. √x (13) (14) 5x3-
2
3x +7x-9
5 2
3
2 x −4 x 7
x
−
2 3
+2 +7
(15) 5x3+3x2- 4x -9 (16) ax2-2bx+c (17)
5
2

(18) 3x2-6x+1 (19) 2 x +5 x−7 ) 2

(20) 4x3-7x4
4 3 2
4 3 6
9 x −7 x + 8 x − 8x +10 X −7 x +4 x
7 −3
2

(21) x
3

(22) 3 (23) √3 x −7
1 1
5 3 2 2 2 2

(24) (3x -5x +3)3 2 3

(25) √6 x −7 x +9
3

(26) √ x + a + √ x +b

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Southern University Bangladesh
 2

1
2 (1−x)
( x− ) 2 4 3

(27) x (28) x
2

(29) √ ax +bx +c (30) √ 2 x +3 x −5 x +6

3

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Southern University Bangladesh
B. Differentiate the following function with respect to x
2
3 x +5 x
1. 7 x +4 2. (x2-5) (x-x3) 3. (3x2+1) (x2+2x)
4 2
5 x +6 x −7 x 8
3 5 4 2
4. (x -2x ) (x -3x +10)5. 5 x−6 6. (3x2+5) (2x3+x+7)
2

3
x −1
3 4 5 2

7. ( √ x +2 . √ x )( √ x−2 . √ x ) 8. ( 2x 2
)( √ x +2)( √ x−1) 9. x +1
1

( x+1 )(2 x−1 ) x +2 2

5x
2

x 12. ( x +1)
3

10. ( x−3) 11.

2

C. Exponential, Logarithmic Function: Differentiate the following with respect to x

1. 7logax-5logex 2. x2logx 3. exlogx 4. logax (x2+2x+4)
x
n e +log x
x log x x

5.
3 √ x log x −7
a 6. x2 ex logx 7. log x 8. x 9. log a
Successive Differentiation:
The process of differentiating a function more than once is called successive differentiation.
Properties of successive differentiation:
It, y denotes the function of x, then
d dy
( y), '
The first derivative namely dx is denoted by dx or y1, or f ( x )
2

d dy d y , y ,f 2
''
( x)
( ) 2

" 2 nd
'' '' dx dx " " " dx
2 3

d d y d y , y ,f '' '
( ) 2 3 3 (x)
dx
" 3 rd
" " dx " " " dx
n
d y y
n

" nth derivative is denoted by dx

or Yn or f n(x)
Try yourself:
(1) Find, 2nd order derivative of 5x3
(2) Find the fourth order differentiation of the function : log 3x+4, √
m nx
(3) Find the 2nd order differentiation of the function x e
(4) Find the fourth order differentiation of the function x3+5x2-7x+2
2 3 1 2
(5) Find the fourth order differentiation of the function: y= x + x −6 x+ 8
3 2
y=x + 2 x 3−3 x 2−4 x+ 4
4
(6) Find fourth order differentiation of the function:

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Southern University Bangladesh
 (7) Find third order differentiation of the function: y=2 x 3−15 x 2+ 36 x +12

Properties for maxima, critical point and point of inflexion:

(A) Condition for critical point:
i) First Derivative will be zero
dy
' =o
∴ f ( x)=0 or dx
(B) Condition for local maxima and local minima:
For maxima-
i) First Derivative will be zero
dy
=o
∴ f ( x)=0 or dx
'

ii) Second derivative will be negative

2
d y <o
2
∴ f ' ' ( x )<o or dx
For minima-
i) First derivative will be zero
dy
' <o
∴ f ( x)=oor dx
ii) Second derivative will be positive
2
d y >o
2
∴ f ' ' ( x )>o or dx
(C) Condition for point of inflexion
i) First derivative will be zero
dy
=o
∴ f '( x )=o or dx
ii) Second derivative will be zero
2
d y =o
2
f ' ' ( x )=o
or dx
iii) Third derivative will not be zero
3
d y ≠o
'''
∴f (x)≠o
3

or dx
(D) Condition for absolute maxima and absolute minima:
i) Here critical points and ends points must be considered
For maxima and minima
1. Find out the result of 1st derivate.
2. Equate the result with zero, to get the value of x.

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Southern University Bangladesh
 3. To find out the result of 2nd derivate. To see whether it is negative or positive. If it is
negative, it will give you maximum value. if it is positive, it will give you minimum
value
4. Put the value in the equation to get the maximum value.
Try yourself (maxima and minima):
(1) Find the maxima and minima values of the function, 2x3+3x2-36x+10
(2) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function x4+2x3-3x2-4x+4
(3) Find the maximum and minimum values of expression x3-3x2-9x+27
(4) Find the maximum and minimum values of expression x3-9x2-48x+52
2 3 1 2
(5) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function, y= x + x −6 x+ 8.
3 2
(6) A company has examined its cost structure and revenue structure and has determined that C
the total cost, R total revenue and x the numbers of units produced are related as.
C= 100+1.015x2 and R=3x
Find the production rate x that will maximize profits of the company. Find that profit when
x=120.
(7) The total cost TC for output x is given by,
2 35
TC= x+
3 2
Find: (i) Cost when output is 4 units.
(ii) Average cost of output of 10 units.
(iii) Marginal cost when output is 3 units.

(8) The sum of two numbers is 24. Find the numbers if the sum of their squares is to be
minimum.

(9) Let the cost function of a firm be given by the following equation.
2 3
C=300 x−10 x x 1
+3
, where 'C' stands for cost and 'x' for output.
Calculate:
i) Output, at which marginal cost in minimum.
ii) Output at which average cost is minimum.
iii) Output at which average cost is equal to marginal cost.
(10) The total revenue function of a firm is given as R=21q-q2 and its total cost function as
3 2
c= q 3q
1
3
− −7 q +16
, where q is the output, Find
i) the output at which the total revenue is maximum and
ii) the " " " " " cost is minimum.
1
x= ( 25−2 p )
(11) The units demand function is 3 where x is the number of units and p is the
price. Let the average cost per unit be Tk. 40. Find
a) The revenue function R in terms of price 'p'
b) The cost function e

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Southern University Bangladesh
c) The profit function p
d) The price per unit that maximizes the profit function
e) The maximum profit.

e
−
3
(12) The demand function for a particular commodity is y=15 for O≤x≤8
Where y is the price per unit and x is the number of units demanded. Determine the price and the
quantity for which the revenue is maximum.

(13) A radio manufacturer produces x sets per week at a total cost of Tk. (x2+78x+2500). He is a
600−p
x=
monopolist and the demand function for his product is 8when the price is Tk. P
per set. Show that maximum net revenue (i.e profit) is obtained when 29 sets are produced per
week. What is the monopolist price?

(14) The demand function faced by a firm is p=500-0.2x and its cost function is C=25x+10000.
Find the output at which the profits of the firm are maximum. Also find the price it will charge.
(p=price, x=output and c=cost).
3
F
(15) The production function of a commodity is given by Q=40F+3F 2- 3 , where Q is the total
output and F is the units of input.
Find, i) the number of units of input required to give maximum output.
ii) the maximum value of marginal product.
3 2

(16) The total cost function of a firm is

e=
1
3
x − bx +28 x+10
where c is total cost and
x is output. A tax at the rate of Tk. 2 per unit of output is imposed and the producer adds it to his
cost. If the market demand function is given by p=2530-5x, where Tk. p is the price per unit of
output, find the profit maximizing output and price.

Calculus I. Jahan
Southern University Bangladesh