CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF
PERIODONTAL INSTRUMENTS
 PARTS OF INSTRUMENT
 MOUTH MIRRORS
 PERIODONTAL PROBES
 EXPLORERS
 SCALERS
 CURETTES
 SONIC AND ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTS
 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
 INSTRUMENT SHARPENING 2
CLASSIFICATION
 Periodontal probes
 Explorers

 Scaling, root planing and curettage instruments:

a- sickle scaler
b- curettes
c- hoe, chisel and file scaler
d- ultrasonic and sonic scaler
 Periodontal endoscope

 Cleansing and polishing instruments

(CARRANZA 10th ed) 4/56

BASIC DESIGN OF INSTRUMENTS

• Optimal weight of periodontal instrument should be less than 15gms.

• Optimal diameter of periodontal instrument should be 10 mm

• Handle texture should have a knurling pattern. 5/56

SHANK FLEXIBILITY
 RIGID SHANK: larger in diameter
- can withstand the pressure required to remove
heavy calculus
 FLEXIBLE SHANK: thinner in diameter.

- enhance the tactile sensitivity.

8/56
WORKING END DESIGN

9/56
PERIODONTAL PROBES
 Are used to locate , measure and mark the pockets
and also to determine their course in individual
tooth.

12
WALKING OF PROBE
 Walking stroke is a series of strokes along the
junctional epithelium.
 Each up and down stroke should be exactly 1mm in
length.
 The stroke should be very close together

13/56
EXPLORER
 Are used to locate calculus deposits and caries.
 To locate subgingival deposits and carious areas, to
check smoothness of the root surfaces after root
planing.

16/56
SHEPHERD HOOK EXPLORER
 Examination for dental caries and
irregular margins of the restoration.
 E.g : 23 and 54 explorer

STRAIGHT EXPLORER:
 Calculus detection in shallow pockets.

 E.g : 6, 6A, 6L

17/56
CURVED EXPLORER
 Calculus detection in normal and
shallow pockets
 E.g : 3 and 3 A

PIGTAIL AND COWHORN

EXPLORER:
 Calculus detection in normal sulci
and shallow pockets extending no
deeper than cervical third of the
root.
 E.g : 3ML, 3CH 18/56
 SICKLE SCALERS
 Used to remove supragingival
calculus
 U15/30 sickle scaler are large in
size.
 Jacquette sickle scaler #1, 2, 3
have medium size.
 Nevi 2 posterior sickle scaler is
used for removal of subgingival
calculus.

20/56
STROKE DIRECTION
 VERTICAL STROKE on anterior and mesial and
distal of posterior surface.
 OBLIQUE STROKE used on facial and lingual
surface of posterior teeth.
 HORIZONTAL STROKE used at the line angles of
posterior teeth and mid lines of facial and lingual
teeth.

CORRECT
ANGULATION
23/56
 HOE SCALER
 used for scaling of ledges or rings of
calculus.
 The blade is bent at a 99-degree
angle
 the cutting edge is formed by the
junction of the flattened terminal
surface with the inner aspect of the
blade.
 The cutting edge is bevelled at 45
degrees.
 It can maintain contact at two points
on a convex surface.
 Eg : McCall’s #3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 25/56
are a set of six hoe scalers
 CHISEL SCALER AND FILES
 Designed for the proximal surfaces of the
teeth too closely spaced to prevent the use
of other scalers.
 Double ended instrument

 One shank is curved, other straight

 Blades slightly curved

 Staight cutting edges bevelled at 45 degree

 Files are use to fracture or crush large

calculus deposits

26/56
CURETTES
 For removing deep subgingival calculus, root
planing altered cementum and removing the soft
tissue lining the periodontal pocket.
 Finer than sickle scaler.

 Provide good access to deep pockets

 CURETTES ARE OF TWO TYPES:

1. UNIVERSAL
2. AREA SPECIFIC

27/56
CHARACTERISTICS OF CURETTE
 Inner cutting edge is
used for distal surfaces.
 Outer cutting edge is
used for lingual, facial
and mesial.

28/56
AREA SPECIFIC CURETTE
-used in specific areas
-one cutting edge used
-curved in two plane
-offset blade

29/56
GRACEY CURETTES
1-2 & 3-4 ANTERIOR TEETH
5-6 ANTERIOR TEETH &
PREMOLARS
7-8 & 9-10 FACIAL & LINGUAL-
POSTERIORS
11-12 MESIAL- POSTERIORS
13-14 DISTAL- POSTERIORS

30/56
#15-16 After five curettes

Mini curette
-Increase access
-Reduce trauma
-E.g morse scaler
31/56
PLASTIC INSTRUMENTS FOR IMPLANT
 Plastic rather than metal instruments be used to
avoid scarring and permanent damage to the
implants.
 E.g: Coulumbia 4R/4L curette tip,H6-H7 sickle
scaler , 204S sickle scaler tip.

36/56
DIAMOND FILES
 Used for final finishing of root surfaces.
 Do not use cutting edges

 Used to remove small embedded calculus on root

surfaces seen with endoscope.

37/56
SONIC INSTRUMENTS
 Sonic units consist of a handpiece that attaches to
a compressed-air line .
 Vibrations at the sonic tip range from 2000 to 6500
cps
 provides less power for calculus removal than
ultrasonic units.

38/56
 ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENT
 Vibration ranges from 20000 to 45000cps

MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
 Pattern of vibration of tip is elliptical.

 All sides are active while working.

PIEZOELECTRIC
The pattern of vibration of the tip is linear
The two sides of the tip are the most active
39
SEQUENCE OF USE OF TIP

STANDARD DIAMETER TIP for

moderate to heavy calculus

STRAIGHT SLIM DIAMETER for

light to moderate calculus upto 4
mm below CEJ

CURVED SLIM DIAMETER to

remove light to moderate calculus
on post root surfaces greater than
4 mm below CEJ

41/56
DENTAL ENDOSCOPE
 Allows clear visualization of
deep sub gingival pockets
and in the furcations.
 Consists of 0.99mm
diameter reusable fibre optic
endoscope over which is
fitted a disposable sterile
sheath.
 Magnification ranges from
24X to 46X.

42/56
CLEANSING AND POLISHING
INSTRUMENT
 Rubber cups
 Bristle brushes

 Dental tape

 Air powder polishing

43/56
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS
 Excisional and incisional instruments
 Surgical curettes and sickles

 Periosteal elevator

 Surgical chisels

 Surgical files

 Scissors

 Haemostats and tissue forceps

44/56
EXCISIONAL AND INCISIONAL
INSTRUMENT
 PERIODONTAL KNIVES e.g : Kirkland knife
 INTERDENTAL KNIVES e.g : Orbans knife

 Merifield knife#1,2,3,4
 SURGICAL BLADES : 15C, 15, 12D

45/56
56/56