3.1.

1 INFRARED (IR)LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED):

 The infrared LED emitter produces a light beam across the bottom of the coil.
 We chose IR (infrared) because there's less noise and ambient light than at normal
optical wavelengths.
 The light sources that interfered with the light beam, most noticeably indirect
sunshine from a nearby window made a big difference to the optodetector.
  It would even work with a flashlight bulb, which also make it much easier to see
everytthing working inside the levitator's box.
 An LED has a nearly constant forward voltage. Regardless of the current, the LED
will show about the same voltage across its terminals.

 Infrared light ranges from 700nanometer-4.9micrometer.

 The viewing angle is narrower than the above LED, probably about 6° to 8°.
 This LED needed just under 1.5 volts to operate, and 50mA of current was needed
for it to function very well at all.
 This LED is
known as the
High

Efficiency infrared, and they usually come in several different wavelengths; the most
common being 880nm and the least common being 940nm.
  LEDtronics announces an expanded line of Infrared (IR) LED (Light Emitting
Diode) Lamps, which provide the illumination needed by infrared-sensitive
equipment to capture clear images in total darkness or low-light conditions.
 Infrared LEDs are ideal light sources for use with night vision goggles, surveillance
cameras, medical imaging, recognition and calibration systems. 
 Solid-state design renders Infrared LEDs impervious to electrical and mechanical
shock, vibration, frequent switching and environmental extremes.

LED

CHARACTERISTICS:

 light Emitting Diodes are silicon devices that produce light.

 To produce light, the forward voltage must be higher than the diode's internal barrier
voltage.
 To produce light, the forward voltage must be higher than the diode's internal barrier
voltage. This point is labelled +Vf ("voltage forward") on the graph.
  LEDs pass current in the forward direction, but block current in the reverse direction.
This means the LED will only light up if connected with its cathode on the negative
side of the circuit, and its anode on the positive side. Too much reverse voltage will
destroy LEDs and diodes.
 The LED can be easily destroyed by an excess of current. To protect the LED, a series
current limiting resistor is added.

SPECIFICATIONS:
MAXIMUMRATINGS:
 Forward current: 100Ma.
 Peak forward current: 200mA.
  Reverse voltage: 5 volts.
 Operating temp: -55°C to +100°C\
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL:
 Forward voltage: 1.5 volts typical.
 Radiant power: 32 milliwatts.
 Peak wavelength: 920nm.
 Spectral line halfwidth: 75-80nm.
 "Viewing" angle: 20°.
 Switching time: 300 nanoseconds.

3.2PHOTODIODE SENSORS: