LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Name – Conceptualizing human resource management in the gig economy: Toward

a platform ecosystem perspectives Jeroen Meijerink, Anne Keegan 

methodology

To conceptualize HRM in the gig economy, the authors offer a novel ecosystem perspective to
develop propositions on the role and implementation of HRM activities in the gig economy.

Findings

The authors show that HRM activities in the gig economy are designed to govern platform
ecosystems by aligning the multilateral exchanges of three key gig economy actors: gig workers,
requesters and intermediary platform firms, for ensuring value co-creation. The authors argue
that the implementation of HRM activities in the gig economy is contingent on the involvement
and activities of these gig economy actors.

2) NAME - Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and
the gig economy on worker livelihoods
Mark Graham, Isis Hjorth, Vili Lehdonvirta

FINDINGS

digital work is now a global phenomenon, it is characterised by distinct geographies. Some

workers are able to thrive in platforms that reward entrepreneurialism by skilfully building their
ranking scores, aligning their self-presentation with the needs of clients, and re-outsourcing tasks
to be performed for even lower wages
 3) NAME - Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig
economy

Gerald Friedman

FINDINGS

While the rise of this ‘gig’ economy is praised by some as a response to the wishes of a more
entrepreneurial generation, it is more likely that it is driven by the concerns of businesses to
lower wages and benefit costs during business down-turns while also reducing their vulnerability
to unfair dismissal lawsuits. The rise of gig labor calls for new initiatives in social policy because
it shifts more of the burden of economic risk onto workers even while removing gig workers
from many of the employment-bound New-Deal-era social insurance programs.

4) NAME - Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options?
Andrew Stewart, Jim Stanford

Findings

There is considerable uncertainty regarding the scope of traditional regulations, minimum

standards and remedies in the realm of irregular digitally mediated work. Regulators and
policymakers should consider how to strengthen and expand the regulatory framework governing
gig work.

5)The Impact of Behavioral and Economic Drivers on Gig Economy Worker.

Author- Gad Allon, Maxime Collon, Wichingpong Park Sinchaisri.

Written on- 29 October, 2018

Gig economy firms profit by work adaptability by recruiting autonomous self-planning laborers.
Such adaptability represents an extraordinary test as far as arranging and focusing on a help
limit. Understanding the inspirations that drive gig economy laborers is in this manner vital. In a
joint effort with a ride-hailing stage, we concentrate how on-request laborers settle on work
choices: explicitly, when to work and for to what extent. Our model offers an approach to
conceivably accommodate contending hypotheses of work supply with respect to the effect of
salary stuns on work choices. We are intrigued not just in improving the forecast of the quantity
of dynamic specialists yet additionally in seeing how to configuration better budgetary
motivating forces for laborers. Utilizing an enormous extensive dataset, we dissect laborers'
choices and reactions to motivating forces to work while representing test determination,
synchronization, and endogeneity predispositions. We locate that money related motivations
affect the choice to work and on the quantity of hours worked - affirming the positive pay
flexibility set by the standard salary impact. We likewise discover support for a conduct
hypothesis, for example, salary focusing on conduct (working less when arriving at a gaining
objective) and idleness (proceeding to work progressively subsequent to working for a more
drawn out period). We show through numerical investigations that motivating force streamlining
dependent on our model can expand administration limit by 22% without acquiring extra
expense, or keep up a similar limit at a 30% lower cost. Disregarding conduct variables could
prompt under staffing by 10-17% underneath the ideal limit level. Finally, latency could be a
potential indication of laborers' dedication to the stage

6) Benefits for Gig Worker

Author – Amitai Etzioni

Written on—2018.

The gig economy in the United States is huge and developing, and a considerable lot of its
laborers need benefits. This article contends that all specialists—regardless of whether they are
working in the gig economy or customary all day business—ought to get benefits. It talks about
the effect laborers without benefits have on the economy, looks at legitimate difficulties brought
by drivers in the gig economy charging misclassification, and investigates strategy choices for
giving gig laborers benefits. At last, the article finishes up with its very own arrangement
alternative expected to expand reasonableness and control maltreatment from managers
endeavoring to game the framework.
7) The Rise of the 'Just-in-Time Workforce': On-Demand Work, Crowd Work and
Labour Protection in the 'Gig-Economy'

Written by: Valerio De Stefano, KU Leuven - Faculty of Law

Date Written: October 28, 2015

Abstract

The supposed "gig-economy" has been developing exponentially in numbers and

significance as of late however its impact on work rights has been to a great extent
ignored. Types of work in the "gig-economy" incorporate "swarm work", and "work-on-
request by means of applications", under which the interest and supply of working
exercises is coordinated on the web or through portable applications. These types of work
can give a decent match of openings for work and permit adaptable working calendars.
Be that as it may, they can likewise make ready to an extreme commodification of work.
This paper talks about the ramifications of this commodification and backers the full
acknowledgment of exercises in the gig-economy as "work". It shows how the gig-
economy is certainly not a different silo of the economy and that is a piece of more
extensive wonders, for example, casualization and in formalisation of work and the
spread of non-standard types of business. It at that point investigations the dangers related
to these exercises with respect to Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, as they are
characterized by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and addresses the issue of
misclassification of the business status of labourers in the gig-economy. Current
important patterns are along these lines analysed, for example, the rise of types of self-
association of labourers. At last, some approach proposition is basically examined, for
example, the chance of making a halfway classification of specialist among
"representative" and "self-employed entity" to order work in the gig-economy, and other
speculative recommendations are advanced such expansion of crucial work rights to all
 labourers independent of business status, and acknowledgment of the job of social
accomplices in this regard, while staying away from enticements of hurried deregulation.

8) Employment, Work, and Value Creation in the Era of Digital Platforms

Written by: Martin Kenney, University of California, Davis

Petri Rouvinen, ETLA, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
John Zysman, University of California, Berkeley

Date Written: August 2, 2019

Abstract

This paper thinks about the ramifications of the expanding reception of digital platforms
for work and worth creation. To do this we build up a taxonomy not of kinds of platforms
yet the sorts of work and worth creation. Along these lines, we show that platforms are
unmistakably progressively common and organizing of cultural worth creation than the
majority of the writing demonstrates. To affirm this, we present a taxonomy of work and
worth creation in the stage economy.

Our taxonomy characterizes principle bunches into which one can isolate people making an
incentive for the digital platforms. In spite of the fact that our centre is work, we don't keep
ourselves to digital labour showcase platforms that have pulled in such a great amount of
consideration from those keen on "sharing economy" firms or those giving remote gig worker.
This centre has brought about creators significantly downplaying the effect of platforms. Such
labour platforms are just a little piece of the bigger story that is increasingly intricate and
progressively huge. The under-estimation of the significance can be seen by the ongoing
concentration upon the effects of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft. Yet
additionally thought of the job of platforms, for example, Yelp and Booking.com. These
additionally structure entrepreneur rivalry and, by augmentation, esteem creation and catch and
how workers are dealt with.
9) Online Labor Index: Measuring the Online Gig Economy for Policy and Research

Findings: -

Labor markets are thought to be in the midst of a dramatic transformation, where standard
employment is increasingly supplemented or substituted by temporary work mediated by online
platforms. Yet the scale and scope of these changes is hard to assess, because conventional labor
market statistics and economic indicators are ill-suited to measuring this “online gig work”. We
present the Online Labor Index (OLI), an experimental economic indicator that approximates the
conventional labor market statistic of new open vacancies. It measures the utilization of online
labor across countries and occupations by tracking the number of projects and tasks posted on
major online gig platforms in near-real time. The purpose of this article is to introduce the OLI
and describe the methodology behind it. We also demonstrate how it can be used to address
previously unanswered questions about the online gig economy. To benefit policymakers, labor
market researchers and the general public, our results are published in an interactive online
visualization which is updated daily

10) LABOR PLATFORMS AND GIG WORK: THE FAILURE TO REGULATE

Findings: -

Uber is a crucial case in the analysis of labor regulation: compared to most labor platforms and
independent contractor work relations, it comes closest to the kind of control over work
conditions envisioned in legal definitions of employee status. Yet drivers, as atomized actors,
have found it difficult to mobilize for pro-labor outcomes. While some driver protests have been
mounted, they are generally small, infrequent, and not immediately successful. Instead, drivers
are most often represented by surrogates, who act in their own interests and thereby shape the
representation of drivers. Although city councils and legislatures have enacted regulations on
safety, consumer protection, and competition issues, regulations addressing drivers’ rights and
benefits have been almost entirely absent in these elected venues. Despite the relative frequency
with which they are brought to court, labor issues have gone largely unregulated in that venue as
well. Consonant with the interests of plaintiffs’ attorneys who bring these cases, class actions
related to workers’ rights have been settled, dismissed, or stalled without resolution of whether
drivers are owed traditional employment protections.

11.GIG ECONOMY: THE RISE OF FREELANCERS & ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN

RESOURCE (HR)

Findings:

The ascent and development of the gig economy brings up the issue of to what degree this work
of freelancer is new or distinctive contrasted with customary work. Organizations and
governments see openings when shoppers and organizations find better approaches for giving
administrations and when inactive limit is being used. This incorporates conveyance, traveller
transport, and expert and local administrations, (for example, cleaning) through stages. In the gig
economy, free market activity is united all the more effectively with inventive innovation by
moderately youthful organizations. In the meantime, various inquiries emerge with respect to:

a. What the gig economy is actually.

b. How huge the wonder is or can possibly progress toward becoming.
c. To what degree this involves new types of working.
12.The Gig Economy: A Disruptor Requiring HR Agility

Findings:

The growth of the gig economy has implications for the labor market and more importantly,
CHROs. Agility may be a key draw for many workers to the gig economy, lifting labor force
participation and topping up incomes, but it is also likely to present challenges for workers who
seek the benefits and income stability of traditional work arrangements. As technology platforms
that support contingent workers become more ubiquitous, additional data will be needed to
measure the extent and impact of the gig economy. In the meantime, CHROs have the
opportunity to take the lead in developing HR Agility within their teams and HR processes to
more effectively compete in the gig economy with a company that is change ready