Prepared By: S.

Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

ME 471- BIO-ENGINEERING / BIO-MEDICAL

TOPICS: MUSCLE

Prepared By,

S. EHTESHAM AL HANIF (HRIDOY)

STUDENT ID: 0510035
E-MAIL: SEAHHRIDOY@GMAIL.COM
MOBILE: 88-01670839383

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Skeletal Muscle Basics:

 Muscle to tendon then tendon to bone

 Movement done by muscle

For
ce
(%
of
max
)
Sarcomere length
(% of optimum)
 Dependence of isometric force on sarcomere length
 Force is proportional to filament overlap: important evidence for sliding filaments

What causes the filament sliding?

 Myosin heads bind to actin, then go through a cycle of events – the cross bridge cycle
 Overall effect is force generation and ATP hydrolysis
 As all myosin molecules are identical, can reduce problem to considering just a single myosin head interacting
with actin

The “Tension Length C

 Force in Isometric contraction: 2no sliding (bond will break down if hydrolysis happened)
Thin filament

Attached crossbridge, no
force (spring not stretched)

Thick filament

3
BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE
Attached crossbridge has
changed shape to stretch
spring, force but no sliding
 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

Cross-bridge Cycle: Key Features

1) ATP is used in each cycle to provide the energy
a. Rigor mortis occurs if ATP concentration = 0
2) Direction of filament force and sliding (if sliding occurs) is one-way (thin filament moves toward M-line at the
centre of the sarcomere)
3) Step size is small: sliding produced by one cycle is only about 1% of the sarcomere length
a. Many cycles occur in succession to cause large movements (as in running, walking, etc)

Why so complicated?
 Some constraints due to muscle properties…
What is isometric contraction?

 Muscles are active (=contracting) producing isometric force

 The muscle force resists gravity and prevents the arm and book falling
 Isometric means the muscle length is constant

Contraction with shortening (concentric)

 Biceps contracts and its shortening flexes the elbow

 Biceps does work lifting the book
 POWER is the rate at which work is done

Antagonistic muscles

 Active (contracting) muscle can shorten (pull towards its center)

 BUT it cannot elongate (push away from its center) Te Te
 Therefore, antagonistic muscles are required nd
Tri Bi
nd
 Example: Rotation around the elbow
on
ce ce
on
Te
Te
ps ps
nd
nd
Rotation around the elbow: Flexion on
on

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

Biceps
contracts &
Triceps shortens
is
lengthen
ed (not
contracti
ng)
Rotation around the elbow: Extension

Series & Parallel structures (How the arrangement of structures affects force and length change):

Springs connected in Series

Fixed position

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

Springs connected in Parallel

Fixed position

A B

Fixed position

Structures in Series:
 Force at A and B are equal.

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
 For structures in series, forces do NOT add up

A
Force
=A
Fixed position
B

Forc A
A+B
e=

 For structures in parallel, forces add up

Length changes

Length 2.0 m

 = 0.5 m
Length 1.5 m

Connect in series
Length 4.0
m

Length  = 1.0
3.0 m m

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
For structures in series, length changes add up

Length 2.0 m

 = 0.5 m
Length 1.5 m

Connect in parallel
Length
2.0 m
1.5 m
Length
m
 = 0.5

For structures in parallel, length changes do NOT add up

Contractile and Elastic Structures

In series and in parallel

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
A muscle-tendon complex (MTC):

Bone
“Muscle fibres”
orParall
Contractile Component (CC)
“Tendon” el
Bone
elasti
Because muscle and tendon are in series: or Series Bone elastic component (SEC)
• Both experience the same force at each moment.c “Muscle”
comp
• An observed length change of MTC could be due to either component
• Tendon can only be stretched when muscle is active
or CC
• Muscle cannot move bones without onent “Tendon”
Bone
first stretching tendon
Elasticity also in parallel: or SEC
The parallel element:

• Can exert force when CC is relaxed.

• Adds its force to that of muscle when CC is active.
• More complicated connections can switch elasticity between series and parallel….
Where and what are the SEC and PEC relative to the crossbridges?
• Tendon (collagen) series
• Aponeuroses (collagen) series
• Epimysium (collagen) parallel
• Filaments (titin) parallel
• Filaments (myosin, actin) series
Arrangement of fibres with muscle

 How the arrangement of structures affect force and length change

 Arrangement of muscle fibres: some examples

parallel fusiform triangular unipennate multipennate

PEC

bipennate

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Arrangement of fibres within muscle:
Pennation increases muscle force
 Volumes equal and line of muscle force is the same
 Each fibre in “pennate” muscle is half the length of the fibres in the “parallel” muscle and at angle q to the line
of muscle force;
 force along line of muscle (F) = cos q * force along line of fibre (f)
pennate
 For q = 30o, cos q = 0.87
 But there are twice as many fibres in the “pennate” muscle as in the “parallel” muscle
 Net effect: “pennate” muscle produces 2 * 0.87 = 1.74 times more force than the
“parallel” muscle

Pennation reduces muscle shortening velocity

 In each unit of time

 the cos rule means that muscle shortening is cos * fibre shortening.
 also each fibre in the “pennate” muscle only shortens half as far as each
fibre in the “parallel” muscle.
 Net effect: “pennate” muscle shortening is only 0.5 * 0.87 = 0.41 times as much as the

“parallel” muscle per unit time

Force-velocity relation, also power

Isometric phase
muscle force too
Before stimulation of the muscle small to lift weight start stimulation of the muscle

Muscle Force Muscle Force

Muscle length
Muscle length
(Lever movement)
(Lever movement)
time Stim
time

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]
Isotonic shortening:
constant force
Larger weight
During stimulation, muscle force
during shortening enough to lift weight Before stimulation of the muscle

Muscle Force Muscle Force

Muscle length
Muscle length
(Lever movement)
(Lever movement)
Stim time
time

Isometric phase Isotonic shortening:

constant force During stimulation of the muscle
muscle force too
small to lift weight During stimulation of the muscle during shortening

Muscle Force Muscle Force

Muscle length Muscle length
(Lever movement) (Lever movement) Larger force &
Stim Stim slower velocity
time time

Inverse relation between force and velocity of shortening.The “Force Velocity Curve”

0.2
 Power = work rate
= (force x Dlength ) / Dtime 1.0
Po wer

= force x (Dlength / Dtime) 0.1

Force

= force x velocity 0.5

0.0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Velocity
Velocity

Contraction with lengthening (eccentric)

 The book is lowered in a slow, controlled movement.
 Biceps is acting as a brake.
 Biceps is producing force, EMG, etc, (=contracting)
 The elbow extends as the length of biceps increases due to the book & gravity. Work is done on biceps.
 Force during isovelocity stretch of active muscle
o Force-Velocity relation for Stretch

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE

 Prepared By: S. Ehtesham Al Hanif (Hridoy) [0510035]

Stretch of active muscle

• Occurs during normal every-day activities
• Contracting muscle fibres act as a brake
• Large forces can be produced
• But not much fuel (ATP) is used
• Forces can be large enough to cause damage
• Not covered in many standard textbooks

BIO (BIO-MEDICAL) ENGINEERING – MUSCLE