nen, A iy TORR SLON ne 613-300 a “ASEA BROWN SOVERL RFR, November 1979 7433 1 Editioa 5 File BX 00-90 E ABB Relays Section 6 Distance relay type .RASPE 0 Static three-phase design 0 Minimum operating time approvinstely half < oyele © Superior ground-fautt measurement by shaped polar characteristic © Accurate and selectiive.neasutenent vith small tran~ sient overresch © Separate measuring eleneiits at all steps for ground and phase faults o Very low burden on current’ and voltage instrument transformers © Suitable for single-paesé tripping tes203) ames Salat DESCRIPTION‘efoto, ‘LAFORMATION +R 613-300 B Frome 3 rove RFR, November 1979 7433 2 Blition 5 Pege commas THORODUCTTON 3 General 3 Operating characteristics 4 Operating tines 1 Inputs 1 Indication and signalling 8 Auziliary voltage supply 9 Additional equipment g DESIGN AND MODE OF GPRRATION Design . 9 Block diagran W Compensating circuits 12 Signal processing 5 Theory of meacurenent 6 Tripping logic 25 Auxiliary voltage supply 28 ADDITONAL EQUIEMENT Eg Power swing blocking at Co-operation vith communication Link 20 Réclosing relay 28 Testing system COMBITEST 29 Start eigoalling unit 29 INSTALLATION 30 EXTERNAL CONMECTTOHS 30 Externe] comection aiagran 5 COUMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE 30 TRCHNCAT, DATA 31 ORDERING PARTICULARS 3h REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS 3u APPINDICES Operating tines REY 2339 2 Dimension ‘print 5283 o0bo~c‘AvTRODUCTION General. ANFORMATION RK 613-300 E FronDute Fag, Page FRR, November 1979 71133 3 Ldition 5 Distanes rélaying: is’ used to Large extent to provide protection against ground and phase faults on HY and BAY Hietworks. The operation of all distance relays is based on inforna~ ‘tion avaiisble through main ourrent and voltege trenc- fornore, Scmetinés additonal information may ve required from obuer apparatus such as receiver equipment in @ con- munication link between tvo distance relays. Bub, the action of a protective relay cannot only bo based oa the sole estimation’ of currents and volteges in the ‘primary system, but uust algo take’ inte consideration the steady-state and transient characteristics of the reley input’sources, nanely the instrument current and voltage transforiers. ‘The dendids made on protective relays’ ere steadily in~ creesing owidg to such factors as the growing short-cir- cuiting power and the demand of consumers for greater reliability-in their power sapply. A protective relay for IY and SIV pover Lines must ga~ tisty the following requirenents: & SELECTIVITY: 50 that only the Life section effected by a fault is tripped. Tais requirouent implies an accurate impedance measurement vith Low overreach sind a Tully secure airectional discrimination, the tiescurenent being unaffected by transient phenonena fron capacitive voltege transformers. b RAPIDITY: short operating times énsure that the power system vill not run into transient stability problems and damages are kent to a minimum, This implies also the ability of the rélay to operate vith saturated current ‘transformers without delays, ¢ ° PLEXIBILITY: so that the operating characteristic can be adapted to different system conditions. This inplies such factors as independent reach settings in the reactive and resistive dixections as well as independent reach settings at aiffereat steps, plug-in moduler design and interchangeability. ASEA E7248 Vices Svotenwoe IN ORMATION BK 613-300 E Fonoas ea. P08 BRR, Novenber 1979 7433 4 zaition 5 4G RELTARTLITY: to ensure = trouble-free, secure and dependable operation (i.e. no incorrect trips and operatien vhenever reguixea)..Thie implies a care~ ‘ul choice of components, aa extensive quality con ‘trol. and a skillful design wnich will, guarantee surge inmunity as well a¢ 4 nininm of neintenence. 2 CONFATIBILITY: so that the relay may easily co-one= rate with peripheral devices Like throouphaee or single-phase high-speed reclosing relays, conmuni- cation Links between the renote ends of @ Line, fault locating eqaiptent, ete. Distance relay type RAZFE is a static three step three phase non-awitched schewe that satisfies the above men tioned reguirenents. It is intended for use in solidly grounded networks amé operates selectively for multi- phase faults as well oo greund faults. ‘The range of ASHA distance provective schenes spene from alectronechanicsl releys of classical design to nodern static svitched and non-svitched schemes, that heve gained for thenselves s gocd reputation, particularly concerning reliatility aad the need for the minimum of maintenance. Operetiing characteristics ‘he operating cheracteristic of a distance relay should te flexible in order to suit the different selectivity requirements during various system conditions, i.e. ais- crimination between normal Load and fault condition, Girectional measurement and distance measurement, ‘hese espscts hare been thoroughly eonsiderad, and are reflected in the enoice of operating cheracteristic of distance relay type RAZFE. For ground feults the distance relay has a resctance- Like operating characterictic, the reactance line being inclined by a few degrees toverds the resistance oxic. This provides an excellent margin for high resistance faults, which is particularly importent for short Line applications, and minimizes the effects of load current ane ranote-end infeed on aiataxce measurenent. Zero~ sequence current compensetion is used to ellow for & relay setting based on positive sequence vslue. Correct Girectional action ie ensured by using heeltny phase~ to-phase voltages, vhicn makes the relay decision con- pletely safe even in the event of eloce-ap faults in- dependent of vhether the voltage instrument trenoforners are of the magnetic or capacitive type.tote INFORMATION RK 613-300 & Framicote on rae BER, Wovembar 1979 7833 5 Baition 5 Qo avoid load encrosciment problen the relay is provided with blinder chatacteristic. Independent setting possi- Dilities in the recictive and reactive directions pro- ‘vide an excellent discrimination between load end fault conditions even for Long line applications, The operating characteristic for ground faults is show in Fig, 1 asciming zero soured: iinpedance condition. Figs 1. Operating characteristic for ground faults. For three-phase faults the meesuring elements for ground faults are partly used and a voltage menory circuit en- sures correct operation even in the evant of close-up faults. The operating cherecteristic of three-phase fouls is show in Tig. 2. Figs 2. Operating cheracterietic for three-pnase faults, AREA 6-72608 Wrens SoBeIafo-na, TAFORMATION RK 613-300 © Sree fea Pact BTR, November 1979 7133 6 Baition 9 For two-phase foults a cixeular operating characteristic 4g adopted aainly becaase the feult resistance ic low, the are lengsh being Limitea by the conductor epacing, there is to need for more sophisticated operating cherac- teristics, Phe phase measuring elements heve an inherent directional action giving 9 maxima of selectivity, ‘A two-phase-to-ground fault la e system with solidly grounded neutral presents special problaus since the ground-fault measuring ‘elenents will tead to yield mee~ Surenent errors dua to the fault resistanee to ground. tn distance reley type RAZFE edventage is taken of the fact that the measuring elements for two-phase faults operate correctly for foults along the majority of the line up to the set reach while the grouni-fault measur ing clowonts operate correctly for close-up Paults. Ob- viously, in order to avoid overreaching under such son- ditions, a particular ground-fault nessuring element js selected for a particular sev of phases involved in the fault, thus giving selective and fast operation for faults within the protected zone. ‘the operating characteristic for two-phase faults ie shown in Fig. 3 essuning zero source impedence condi— tion. Om Fig. 3. Operating characteristic for two-phase faulte. ‘Tae setting venges for the reach in the reactive ang resistive divections are shown in tabel 1,Info, INFORMATION RK 613-300 F From/ete aa aye RFR, Novenber 1979 7433 1 BRition 5 Reted secondary Setting range for the reach urgent of the ~ instrument trens- in the reactive direction for in the resistive Tormers step | at a rated frequency direation for . £=.50 Bz f= 60 He all steps tA X1 ghus/phase X1,ohne/ghase By, olune /phaoe 1 0.250-64,00 0.30-76.60 2-50 2 0.125-32.09 0,15-35.40 1-25 5 0,050-12.80 -.0.05-15.36 O.b-t0 Hebel 1, ', Sotting-rapgee invthe reactive direction for step 1, X1, Operating, tines Inputs end in. the resistive direction, y. The setting ranges for step. 2, K2,.ere 1 to 5 tines X1 and for step 3, X3, are 1.to 10 tines Xt. Due +o = judicious choice of measuring: quentities the dynanic overreach is very low, and the.typical operat- ing vines of the relay renges between nalf © cycle end a cycle of power frequency, the dispersion in opereting times being low even at nigh system impedance ratios. This is illustreted in the constant operating tine cna- racteristic of appendix RFY 2333 2. The meximm and mi- nimun operating times et any given fault iccation and system impedance ratio were obteined by varying the fault incidence angle. Besides the three-phase ac current and voltage inputs and dc-inpots for auxiliary pover supply, four inputs are provided for the purpose of eltering the mode of operation of the distance relay. ‘These: inputs are cles- teieatly actusted for instance by extvernel comtacts, switehes ebe., and the information is trenomitted into the distance relay tarough interfacing relays in a unit type FXMBB 1; This unit is normally supplied for use at the sane voltage as the station battery. The following inputs ere availetle in the standard design: CR (Carrier. receiving), Received signal from remote Line end. This input ean be dnterpreted upon the type of. relaying, echeme i.e, tripping or blocking Scheme, end can be used for step acceleration. BC {Breaker closure), This input enables the switch- into-fault protection, for clearing the ease of a breaker olosing against @ persistent close-up fault consisting of e.g. forgotten grounding de- vices. AGHA ERG Hitede SuotenINFORMATION RE 613-300 & Fromvbate ag. Fogo RFR, Vovember 1979 7433 8 Baition 5 BLOCK Blocking of the relay by sone external device Like a uiniature cirewit-breaker in the secondary se voltege circuit, RESED This inpzt, whenever actuated, will reset all indi- cators in the relay. Indication and signalling ‘The distance reley in its standard design has flag indi- eators and corresponding ten signalling make contacts housed in & two-relay“seats tmit PXSK 2K of CONBTFLEX plug-in design, On request, two more indicators and as socisted signalling contacts can be accomodated in the same unit. The indicators are reset electricsily by a pash~button in the front of the unit, It 4s also poasib- le to reset the indicatora electrically by a contact ‘through an input to the distance relay. This lsst tea~ ture is pertioularly of interest when remote-resetting de requested in un-manned stationz. The indiestors ure labelled as follows: RN Start indication for single-rhace fault RN. SN Start indication for single-phase fault SN, TH Start indication for single-phase fault TN. 2@ Start indication for two-phase faults (BS, et, TRI. 3.9 Svart indication for three-phase fautts. YU Generat tripping 1K2 Operation of step 2 time-lag relay. TES Operation of step 3 time-leg reley. P Pover swing blocking (connected if pover aving blocking operation is provided) = DC power supply interruption, Te should be noted that a12 signalling contacts are con nected to = ecumon de bue in the plug-in unit,Info-te, INFORMATTON RK 613-300 Frat Pos Page RES, November 1979 7433 9 Zaition 5 Auxidieny voltage supply Additional equipment The measuring circuits and output relay coils of tne distance relay are supplied from the station bettery via a built-in de /de~converter (direct voltage conver~ ter) type RTQA 180, tous ensuring en efequete separs- tion between the relay end the auxiliery power source, ‘The distance relay can aleo be provided with an impe~ dance power swing blocking reloy, high-epecd reclosing relay, appropriate logic for co-operation with the dis- tence relay at the renote end of the line via communi~ cation link, and interface circuits for co-operation with fault locating equipment ete. DESTON AND MODI OF CPLRATTON Design The static distance relay type RAPE is housed i a COMBIFLEX equipment frame size 128 (21" high] with three apparatus fremes, 600 vide (S > Lh.4S ma = 1.75 in, C= 7 m= 0,26 ia.). See Fig, 4 and enclosed dimension print appendix 5283 OW0-C. Further particu~ lars of the ucdular system COMBIFLEX can be found in Catalogue RK G2-10 EB, The top and widdle apparetus fraues coatein the sigual generation and signal processing perts of the distance velay ard ean be considered as fixed, intriasic parts that remain generally unaffected by applieation requirs- mente. The lowest apparstus frame contains plug-in mo~ dules and is Gedicoted to versatile hardware such as time-Lag releys, input and output circuits which can very in complexity depending cn the epplication require- nent,Fig. i. Static distanc 101 126, 129... 158 ge GOT, 1907, 114 oa oo 925, 931 931 ong Hig wee te TNFORTION RK 613-300 E Frmios ep Pas RFR, Noveoher 1979 7k33 10 Baition 5 @ relay type RAUFE for single Pheve an¢ three-nhase tripping. The eketeh shows the position references for the fimetion mdules. ‘Transformer and compensating unit with ell setting adjuct- nent kache, Printad~cireuit toarde with ste- tic components, forming the mee~ suring circuits of the relay. Test owites REXE-18. 3 duxiliary tripping relays type ROME |, Tripping unit type FEMBA 1, fero-sequence current unit type REIED 1 with mxiliary relay for interfacing with fault loca= ting equipment. Time-Jag relays type FAK 1 for Second and third step operation. Signal and indicator unit type FXSE 2H. Direct voltage converter type RIGA 180, Input relay unit, type OMEE 1.Block diagran INFORMATION EK 613-300 B onvOate eas reo RER, Novenbar 1979 7433 " Eéition 5 The modules at position 901. (RTMP 18), 919 (RIED 1) are delivered only on request vhen these properties are re- quired. The two relay seats 1125 and 1131 can accomodate my additionsl units required ty « particuler application. ‘The. dlock’ diegran in Fig. 5 shows the structure of the distance relay type RAZFE, auxiliary power inputs ‘ae inputs digitai input s ‘dcfee converter aisdiy relay interface anatog processing éurrent and voltage supervision AJD conversion] ime aigitet pics] processing [Es tripoing indicotion ang outputs ‘signalling rn) WHAT Fig. 5. Elock diagrem for distance relay type RAZFS, AGGA STA Vids DoonInfos, ‘TMFORMATION RK 613-300 F FronvDaie Foe Page RFR, November 1979 7433 12 Baition 5 The ac currents and voltages of the three phases are fed to block 2 for enslog processing “in compensating gna setving cizouits, In this block the neasured exr- Fonts and volvages aré developed-into a set of quanti- ties required Zor the operation of the distance reley. Tn block 1 the phase information contained in these quantities are extracted by converting the analog sis~ fal to digital equare-uave signels. These signals are suosequently fed to block 7 for Gigitel processing in Ghase comparators, Legic getes etc. in ordex to perform EL the fanctione implied by the distence relay pria- ciple. Yt is to be noted that the digital processing carried out in block 7 is controlled by current ond voltege supervision. functions carried out in block 5. Block § acts as an interface to the cirewit-breaker trip coils and indicates the single-phase tripping capability of the relay. mock 9 gives a display of the events vhenever ® pover syeten Gisturtonce ceours for vhich the relay reacts. Signalling contacts enable o commmieation with perinheral Jevices like sequence of evente reeordere or Feclosing relay, ete. . The velay interface of block 3 Links extemal digital inputs like contact function from a winisture cireuite breaker etc. vith the intemal logic of block 7. he direct voltage converter in block | provides a gal~ yanie seperation bevveen the station vattery and the internal circuits of tho distance relay. the time-leg relays of block 6 determine the operating time of the back-up function of the distance relay and axe therefore Linked to block 7. Compensating circuits je mentioned. before all quantities necessary for inpe™ dence ond directional nessureents are developed in the compensating cireuste ac snow in Fig. 6.‘ITNPORNARTON RK 613-300 E ROR, “Novenber 1979 7h33 3 Edition 5 po Yer { URN Wears Yr UnakN, Years u ihe Pt. UraRN, UkakRS lige i - wer Rik = I UpiR ' | © % ear ! i Irn i r | R \ : UNH Ee i 1 Tr Ke? 2 woe JL Fig. 6. Prineiple @iagram of compensating eiroait. 1, 2 end 3 are three separate reference points, Uniais Vains Compensated voltage used for mea Pay Zar Upiny YpoR suring at step i, i= 1, 2 and 3. Replica impedances of the normal Line impedance and neutral dmpe— dance respectively. Measured voltage used for Limiting the reach in the resistive airee- tion, 1 forward, 2 = reverse, 8, , 6 Dy Factors used for the setting Pos 3s Rie Thee TH {ASE 52608 Yealnels SwodenTHFORMATION RK 613-300 Frontal Fos. Poge RFR, November 1979 7133 1h gaition 5 AG yolteges and currents are fed to the distance relay through input transformers provided with electrostatic shields thus ensuring galvanic isolation between the relay and the instrument transformers, and an effective attenuation of possible spurious signals on the input Leads. Bah phase block nes @ replica impedance ef the Line, Zp, with setting possiilities for the reactance (a-, e- and pefactors) and fot the time constant (L/R) of the line (U%-factor), the latter. parameter being a nea~ sure of the characteristic angle of the Line. Noreover two symetrice] image impedances which are wainly re~ sistive help determine the toad diseximlnation point or resistive reach Eh, of the relay, the setting being governed by the b-factor., (For further details see TECH NICAL DATA). A separate setting of the reactive reach at different stens is possible by means of p1, 92 end 93 factors and the resistive reach of the ctaracteristic can be set independent of the resch in the reactive direction. A fourth block built in the sane fashicn as the phase~ Diocks makes it possible to represent the neutral impe~ dance of the Line, 2, with a separate adjustment of fa replica impedence, This means that the zero~sequence compensation factor of the line can be matched both in anplituce and phase by a suitetle adjustment of the Ky-factor and the tine constant “ty of the replica im- pedance in the neutral circuit of the distance relay. Tt is to be noted that no further mixing trensformers are used after the input stege, this being done in order to minimize the number of energy storing devices, thus inproving the response of the reley during transient conditions, Linear combinations of voltages and currents are simply develoved by measuring across tvo points either from phase to phase or from phase to around. The necessary gelvanic coparation between the different reference points is obtained through independent end galvanicelly separated de systens provided ty the built-in dc/ae— converter. ‘As an example it- can be.sean from Pig. 6 that the quenti- sy Ugign is developed ty suming up the voltages: Oey “lathes “Abe thu giving rice te @ compensated voltage suiteble for impedance meeeurenent, Note that 2, is « fuaction of an, Cy Pr and %Factors and Zy is a function of a, en, pr end Gy-factors.signed processing Info, LFORMATION RK 613-300 E Fron/Dae ro age RYB, November 1979 7432 15 Bdition 5 This poverful teolinique for deriving the measuring quanti~ ties ensures 9 maximun of ‘signa accuracy in the inform tion flow within the circuits of the reley, especially when-i% cones +6 sudden chinges in the electrical state of the ‘power network after @ fault. The analog signals develeped in the compensating cixeulte are processed in aifferent ways; some undergo, for examp- Le, amplitude comparison in order te detect low voltage or'a high current, etc., other signals are squared in order to datect zero-erocdings accurately and then under- go phase comperisor in sequentiel logic circuits (SIC). Impedance end diractional measurenents are carried out by phase comparators, while supervision end control func- tions-are made by amplitude conparators. It will be noted thet ‘tho meacuring elgnais ere filtered before being fed to phase congarators in order to reject unwanted fre~ quency components, o obtain measuring accuracy on-the first step even under adverse signal conditions special active filters with varievle transmission characteristics are ucod in a novel manner and-react to control signals-in such o vey thet delays nomteLly introduced by conventionei cireuits can nov: be cut down to e minimm-withous jeovardizing the meacurement or infringing on security. Fig. T is @ DlocK-Giegram showing the effect of this special filtering teclmigue on one input to a sequential Logie circuit. control_circvit ' | ep wh t & : VIDE-———~4 & st ° ra xz | t input S$ SLC signal Fig. 7. Block diagram of special filter circuit, FO Fault detector VED Voltage and current detector S Static switch SLE Sequential logie cirowits SEA. S-72103 vaste Suoden‘Theory of measurement ttn, INFORMATTOR BK 613-300 5 Fret es, Pas RFR, November 1979 — 7h3g 16 Edition 5 Bestonlly, there are tvo signal channels: one vhich is non-filtered end another vhich gues through a filter thet hes normally zere transmission and no energy stor- age. During normal Lond conditions the non-filtered chan- nel is connected to the sequential logic circuit ELC ‘throngh a static sviten 8. Subsequent to 4 power system disturbence or e feule thet is detected by o fast fault detector FD bullt inte the distance relay, @ control signal is sent to alter the filter chnracteristic to. full transmission thus allow- ing the filter to adapt itsely rapidly to the sev elect tical stave, If the nature of the Teult is sueh thas one may suspect erroneous information frome capacltive voltage trene~ former (CVT), then the ewiteh 3 las to select the £il- tered channel and a second eontrel signal has to reset. ‘the SLC for a short time in order to start a ney mea~ surement proce Since a large voltage drop on the primary side of the CUP generates secondary transicnts that may fool the measurement, @ fest veltage and current detector VAD aeta a limit om the voltage collapse thet may be tole- reted without feer of Large meesurenert errors, and vhan~ ever required it acts on the control eignals to the ste- the ovitch end the GLC, In this way filtering is done only when necessary and the overell speed of eperation of the distance reley is ‘therety enhanced. Signals sre processed simultaneously st all steps on both half-cychea independeatiy yielding both redundancy and re~ pidity. Furthermore, uso of high-level sexiconducter logic ‘nd integrated eireults euch ac operstionel amplifiers end logic gates guarantees s auperiowr noise immunity and a compact designs As nentioned before messurement is done by phase conpari~ sen of measuring siguals in sequentiel logic circuits. Ae 80 exemple, vith alternating input sigsls A and B, the phage comparison ie then governed by the folloving gene~ ral relationship: 6, ¢ arg (A) = arg (EB) < >Infos INFORMATION PK 613-300 F Fronioue fe Pr RFR, Noveuber 1979 7433 T Raition 5 mere §; ana @9 are two axbitrary angular limits and erg (4) is the photo ongle of aignal A referred to an arbitre~ ry reference, and erg (B) is the phase angle of signal 3 referred to the samc reference. It should be noted that the above expression can also be written as: a4 < arg (ALB) < Bp Single-phase faults Considering the grownd-feult measuring element, ZR, of phono R during a tingle-phase-to-ground fault, the dis- ‘ance measurement is obtained at each step by hese com parison bebyeen & compensated voliege and # measuring current. Yern = UR TR > Keb The # Ip + Esty vhera Up and Ip are the voltage and the current of phage R and IN is the current in the neutral. Zy and 2 are the appropricte replitza impedanaes of atep 1, 2 or 3 and ky is a factor for zero-sequence compensation. ‘The element detects & reactance lover than the set reach when the following condition is Ailfillea: Ws ke org Vor) ~ arg (Ign) = 2h ro a) vhere' ig the slope of the Youndery Line, normally &= - (6 £2) avgrees, The condition (1} indicates that the operating boundary of the relay in the R-X plane is straight Line pess~ ing through the tip of the phasor Zk and having @ slope of ® with the resistance axis: This is further iliuetra- ted in Fig, 8 by the three lines I1, 12 and 13 for the first, second and third step distance neasurenant res~ pectively, As mentioned before, measurenent is carries out sitmltaneonsly at all stens. Por the third step measurement Tp Ls used instead of Igy in equation (L) above. ASEA S721 6 Yistrta SwedanInfoate INFORMATION RK 613-300 E Fron/dale es, Page RFR, November 1979 T433 8 Baition 5 Fig. 8. Operating characteristic for ground faults. The dashed curves correspond to # zero source impo dance eenditien. ‘the directional action is sehiered by phase comparison etveen a current dependent quantity end the phase-to~ phase voltege of the two unfaulted phases, This ensures alvays a correct directional discrimination even for eloce-up ?avits independent of any transient errors due fo 2 capacitive voltage tranaforner, since the voltage of the faulted phase does not appear in the signals used for neasurenent. For the 7% funtion the measuring quantities for direc~ ‘ional action are thus: TR TRek Uq - Us 4 Ure Feults in the forverd direction are detected when’ the following condition is tulfilted: 0 < arg (Uns) ~ arg (Tug) <7 (2) Tt can ve shown thet expresaion (2) corresponds in the Rieplane to a straight line having e slope equal to ong (ty) - 7/2 ana passing through the tip of a phasor ~ 25 where : 2lgo + Zed aos 24 By Zs? and c0 are the negative and zero-sequence source impedances. 21 and Zg are the positive and zero-sequence impedances of the Line respectively. This is further illustrated in Figy § by the Line 51.tnt. ‘INFORMATION BK 613-300 E Fromate Fog Page FER, November 1979 7433 19 Rdition 5 For all practical cases it may de assuned vhet the source impedence is noti-zero, and the above measurement ellovs for an appreciable margin in the fourth quadrant of the Rkplene, Hlcte that Pigs 1, 2 and 3 were drawn fox extre~ me condition of zero source impedance. It ghoul be noted that’ although the Line DI of Tig. 8 does hot necessarily peas through the origin of the 8k éingran, the directions] action te still maintained and the relay vill not operate for a fault in the reverse direction. ° Limitation of the reach in the resistive direction is obtained by phave comparison of a current dependort quan- tity and tvo compensated voltages, Por the ZR function the measuring quantities are: T2R = Ipey Ugia = Ua > TpZor Ugo § UR ~ TRZog vhere Zb2 = -Zb1 and is mainly resistive corresponding to the reach in thé resistive direction, Z = totel fault inpedance. Operation is obtained vhenever the following two condi- tions ere fuifitied: 0s arg (Ugig) ~ erg (12q) <7 (3h W< arg (Ugpy) - are (ty) ¢ 2 a The above expressions (3) and {h) indleste an opercting area in the RX-plane, that is contained between tvo straight nes having a slope equal to arg (Zq) end passing through the tip of phasors corresponding to +. Bb - Zi 2+20 a ‘This is illustrated in Fig. @ by lines Bi end Be, Ie should be observed that the factor 3 ts ay at 2 _ an order to deseribe the hourderies of (3) and ()"ti a positive sequence impe- dance plane. Since the loop impedance of the line is. ASEA 87216 Vets SodenINFORMATION RK 613-300 E Fone Fen vane RFR, November 1979 7433 20, Edition 5 20 2+e Ba By got, the tern "Gp inticates « proportioning a of the fault resistance of the loop, between the posi- tive sequenca and the neutral, thus the relay operates for a botel fault resistance corresponding to Sy. Limitation of the reech in the, third and foursh quad~ rants of the Ri=plene is ochieved by phase comparison between the cuxrent and a compensaved voltage. Tt should be noted that the reach in the reverse Line direction is atout 40 percent of the reach in the resis- tive direction For the ZR reley the condition that must ve fuafilled for operation in the third and fourth auatraats ist 2 6 erg (Ugog) ~ arg (Iq) < 7+ ) The boundery corresponding. to (5) is denoted by D2 in Pig. 8 For starting and phase selection purposes en additions], phase comparison is wade between two compensated volt~ ages derived frou characteristic quentities of the phase of the faulted loop and an eAjecent phase. For the ZF-function a boundary is created in the second and third quadrants of the RX-plane ty the condition: 0 «arg (Weg) ~ are haan) < a (6) The compensated voltage URuAN ond UuweN are in grineiple Like Uggy but with 2 replica impedance a taat is a fixed multiple of the replica impedance at the third ptep Baz. Is can be shovn thet the condition (6) corresponds in the impedanoa plane to a cirole passing through the tip of @ phasor yy with the location of its centre being a function of Z, and the source impedances of the power syeten, At zero source impedance condition the circle passes algo through the origin, bub in the general case of finite source impedance, it does not, as cleerly indi- eated by the are of cirsle Ch in Fig. 8. The resultant overating characteristic of the ZR-function at eingle-phace fanite is determined by suitable combina- tions of combitioas (1) te (6).Ine, ‘INFORNATION RK 613-300 F Fremeste mo. P08 BFR, Kovenber 1979 T4330 21 Edition 5 Although it may apgeer thot the meaouring clonont for ground faults is based on a set of different conditions, it should be appreciated that those conditions ere not unrelated t@ each other, in fact the particular choice ana special conbination of the measuring signals elimi- notes any tendency of racing betwean cparation and re— sete ‘The ground-fault measuring elenents for S~ and T-phase 2S. ard ZT respectively are built in sinilar menner ae the 2k-function teking into sccount phose index per~ mutation of the signels. ‘Two-phase faults SEA $7010 Visits Sweden Gworphase faults are detected by directions] impedances measuriag elenents (2K) heve a circuler operating cherac- teristic. Basically, the measuring is performed by phase compari- son of tvo compensated voltages, based on inter-phase voltsge and current quantities os below: Uns = (UR -. Us] ~ &% (IR ~ Is) Yn =. (Ug - Up) - 2, (Tg - Tr), Ugrr = (Up - Up) ~ Sk (it = IR} ‘The operating area cen be determinad by the condition: Tx are (yyg) ~ are Ugg). < 2 (7) Although condition (7) is eufficient for obtaining ope~ ration at all tvo-phese faults, thus implying a voly- phase relay capability, the simple signal generating features of the compensating ciroite maker it pocsible to carry out similtenegusly two more phase comparisons, one being ketveen Uxep and UprR and the other being bet— veen Ucrr and Ukrse Combining the reewlt cf tho three-phase conparicone into a single ovtpat by a two-out-of-three mode of operation, one gets « higher recundaney for the systen without in- fringing on the operating erea governed by expression (7) since 2l1 three conditions always give the seme re~ sult independent of the phase indox of. faulted tvo phases, In the Ri-plane the operation condition of the 2k-fune~ tion is a circle passing thorugh the tip of the phasor % and also through the tip of the phasor - Zs2, and heving its centre at the tip of the phacor (Sx ~ 252) ‘This is illustrated in Pig, 9 by the circles ZK1, ZK and 2K3.INFORMATION RE 613-300 B Fenicee fi. ca RR, Noverber 1979-7333 2 Elition ) Fig. 9. Operating cheracteristic for two-phase faults. the dashed curves correspoad to & zero source impedance condition. he dependency of the operating characteristic of the 2K-funetion oa the source impedance hac the beneficial effect of extending the reach in the resistive direc~ ‘on vith increasing source impedance, thus elloving for « better coverage of fault resistance. Je should be noted that although the circles of 2K1, ke and ZK3 in Fig. 9 do not necessarily pass throush the origin of the BX-diegran, the directional action je stil] maiztained and the relay will not operate for a fault in ‘She reverse direction. A two-phese-to-ground fault in a system vith solidly gromaed neutral presents special problens. Such « Zeult, Gor example SN, ean in principle be measured in tne Tollowing three wars? measuring of phase to phase fault ST measuring of groma fault SW measuring of ground feuly TS‘Three-thase bee, INFORMATION EK 613-300 B FremDate cd Page BFR, November 1979 7433, 23 Baition § ‘The two-phase measuring element ZK measures the phase fault correctly with the exception o? certein ceses of close-up faults when tripping ney not occur. The mea- surenent being practivally independent of the fault re- ‘sistence to ground, ‘The ground~fault measurements vill have an error due to the fault resistance to ground as that the eLenent measuring dn the leading phase (28) vill heve ite raach increased while the element messuring in the lagging phase (ZT) will have its reach cecreased. The operation Will be correct for close-up faults, It is thus clear that measuring the ground fails in the leading phese should not te permitted since there is an obvious risk of nonselective operation. 4s earlier mentioned @ two-phase-to-gromé fault is mea~ sured in distance reley type’RAZFE by the phase neasur- ing elenent'Z€ end the dround-fault measuring element in the lagging phase, ‘The relays thus combine to ensure proper selective operstion. The IK elenent does not operate for three-phase faults. At single-yhase faults the relay is mutometically blocked Dy the phase selection conditions of the ground-foult uea~ suring elements. The phase selection condition of the ground~fault measur~ ing elements (see condition (5} for #R) is also used for starting purposes for two-phase fault thus maleiag full use of the iiformation available within different blocks of the distance relay. Again, simultaneous neasurenent is carried out at the firet, second and third ate by 2K1, 2K2 and 2K2 reanec— tively. faults As earlier mentioned tho ground-foult moacuring elononts are-pabtly used at three-phase faults since the 2X measuring elenent will not respond, — The starting and-phase selection feature th, as veld as the direotional feature Diof Fig. @ ic dispensed with when it comes to three-piase faults, and the basic functions of the modifies 2K, Z8-and ZT slenents tecone: distance neasurenent, load discrimination and sterting. Condition (1) vill in this case correspond to a straight line in the RX-plane, passing through the tip of phasor Zg, end heving @ slope of « with the resistence axis, thus giving the distance measurement. ASEA 272188 Vistods SwedenINFORUATION RK 613+300 E Frominate ep. Page RFR, November 1979 7433 By Edition 5 Conditions (3) and (4) will correspond to an operetiing area, in che RX-plane, that is contained between two straight Lines having © slope equal to arg (2,) and passing through the tip of phavars. corresonding te fay), thus giving the required load discrininavion fea~ ture. Condition (5) will correspond-to « straight Line pass- ing through the tip of phaser Zye, and having a slope of & with the resistance axis, This condition together vith (4), (3) and (4} will always ensure starting in the event of a cireuit-breaker closing egainst a close up metallic three-phase fauit even if the three-phase voltages are sero both before and after trcaker closure. Under such conditions, it is required that input BO (oreaker closure) is activated shortly tefore closure in order to by-pess temporarily the directional. action {according to condition (8) below) and tripping is al- lewed if starting occure within three seconds after ini~ tiation of the closure, Correct directional action even in the event of close- up threewphace faults is ensured by a snecial fonction DIMA having memory action and baced on the phace com parison outline below: O< arg (Uyes) - arg (TzR)< 7 (8) Usps = (Up ~ Ug) wita memory action fendition (8) corresponds in the RX-plane to a streight Line posaing tarough the tip of phasor ~ 2g; (the posi- tive sequence source impedance) and having a elope equal to arg (ue) - M2. However, it should be rememberd that for all times that are larger than the menery tine of the relay, condition (8) reverts to » straight line paseing through the or: gin with tne same slope as vefore. Thus it mey be under stood that the above condition is e dynamic one giving initially a certain margin in the fourth quadrant of the impedance plene for all non-zero source inpedance conditions. The operating sree at three-phase feults is shown in Fig. 10.ripping. logic lng INFORMATION RE'643~300 & RFR, November 19797833, 25 saltion 5 Fig. 10, Operating characteristic for three-phase Taults. The dashed curve is valid for ell times lereer than the menory time of the relay. As wns mentioned earlier measurement is carried out simul- taneously at all steps, Denoting the grourd-fault measuring elements ty 2k, 25, BE and the two-phase feult neasuring element ty ZE, the ‘rioping logic can readily be umderstood by examination of Fig, 11, @ single-phase tripping scheme being assuned. >I Fig. 11. Principle @isgram of the tripping logic. SSEA STM Vistoeks Svecennode FSPORMATION Be 643-300 2, RFR, Novenber 1979 7433 26 Baition 5 ‘The measuring elements at Gifferent steps operate in parallel. but the elenents of the second and the third step are alloved to trip only after the tine-lag of the respective step has elapsed, the firot step being in- stantaneous, Hovever, wherever required the tine-leg relay of the second or tae third step can ve by-passed dy activation of the OR (carrier receiving) input of the protective relay, after having performed @ suitable Internal coding of this input. Auxiliary voltage supply The measuring circuite and output relay coils of the distance relay are supplied frou the station battery via a built-in direct voltage coaverter type TIOA 180 yhich provides » full galvanic isolation betveen the relay cirenitry and the auxiliary power souree, snd sup~ presses effectively possible surges that might be ix- pressed on the dc dapat. Fig. 12 is a block diagram illustrating the operating principle of RT@A 180, surge filter voltage dciae isolating acide stabilizer sorversiony~—~"|transtormet conversion monitoring and regulating circuits Fig. 12. Block diagram of direct voltage converter type RTQA 180, ‘The isolating trenofomer is fitted with an electrostan tig shield, and has several circuits for the output volt- ages that ére rectified and smoothed separately thus providing the necessary galvanic isolation for signal gonorstion in the compensating circuits. ‘dhe monitoring and regulating circuits provide the con stant voltage feature required by the stetic circuits of RADFE as well as an overcurrent protection for the converter.Ino INPORMATION RK 613-300 B Fen Pag Paya RFR, Noventer 1979 1133 aT Bdition 5 ADOTRIOWAL BQUTPMENT (on request) Power swing blocking From a power system operetion point of view it is not desireatle to obtain tripping fron @ distance relax during © pover swing. The fluctuations of voltage and currest occuring in such a tase can make it impossible for the rélay to discern between @ three-phase fault and a heavy power swing. Mo cope with the conditions outlined above, dictance relay type RAZFE cen be supplemented on request with a tuilt-in, static power swing blocking element thet is normally housed within the static signal process- ing block of the distance reley. Detection of power sving is made ty measuring the time that elepses bet~ eon the dperstion of two concentric impedence ele~ nents, ‘The operating impedances of these elements are Linked to the set resistive reach of the distance re- lay one element being at 109 percent and the other et 120 percent. ‘The output from the impedence elenents is fed to a lo gic circuit here it is determined whether it is a power sving or a fault thet has occured on the network, This is done ty considering the fact that the change in appa- vent impedance during a yower owing is very slow con- pated to the sudden change wtien a fault occurs, The tine interval used in the power suing blocking ele mert is 35-80 ms vhich means that if the change in armen ront impedance is longer than this fixed time the power sving ‘blocking elenent vill Mock the operation of the distance relay for approximate @ seconds, On the other hand if the change is fester than 35-40 ms the distance relay is permitted to operate in the normal way. Thanks to the input labelled BLOCK (see ites "Inputs" page 8) it is also possible to supplement @ standard RAZPE vith an external pover swing blocking relay housed in a separate equipment frame possible together with other additional equipment. ASEA. S721 Visors SwedenInfos, INFORMATION PK 613-300 B Fronoas a age FFR, Novenber 1979 7433 28 xaition 5 Co-operation with conmunication Link Reclosing relay The first step of a distance reley is normally set in an underreaching mode. This setting is chosen to ensure selective operation, For importent pover lines it is desirable to obtain inctantenoous tripping at both nde of the Line, independent ‘of the location of the fault. For euto-reclosing it is also important that the rele- ‘vant, cireult~breakers operate simultaneously, which makes it possible to reduce the set dead tine interval. This desired simultaneous operation ean be obtained by ness of exchange of information tetveen the two dis- tence relays at the ends of the line section via a high~ frequency link coupled to the power line, by a radio Link or by pitot-wires, ‘The relay is compatible with blocking as well as trip- ping schemes and lends itself to different protection Philosopies. For exanple an iaput is readily provided and vhen energized, it allows for an instantaneous tran sition fron the first to the second or the third step of the relay, thereby waxing it operate as en “accele- ration sehene”, Another input vil) bleck tripping wacn- ever energized, Carrier sending can also be initiated by @ combination of different eriterie derived from the different elements of the distance relay. The’ distance relay cen be nade to co-operate with a re- closing relay. The following functions can te obtained depending on the type or reclosing relay used. Distence relay designed for three-phave tripping © three-phase tripping ond reclosing for all typos of faults © definite three-phase tripping'for alt types of faults Distance relay designed for single~ and three-phase ‘ripping © single-phase reclosing at single-phase faults three-phase reclosing st multi-phase foultsTRFORMATION RE 613-300 eg FremData Pras RFR, Wovenber 1979 7433 29 FaRition 5 © single-phase reclosing st single-phase feults three-phase definite tripping st multi-phase faulta ° three~phase tripping and reclosing at single- and multi-phase faults © threeshase définite tripping st single- and multi~ phase faults : The reclosing relay is aormelly housed in a separate eguipnent frame naybe together with other additional equipment. Testing system COMBITEST Start signalling unit THSTALLATLON EXTERNAL CONNECPIONS To simplify the routine checking of the distance reley 2 test svitch type RINP 16 cad “be dricluded in the relay, The COMBITESE testing system is described in Catalogue RK 92-11 B ‘The relay can be tested with a reley testing sct deve— lope for this purpose. Separate inetractions for oor missioning and testing give detailed informetion about setting and testing of the distance relay. the distance relay can be! supplenénted on request vith 4 signalling unit type RXIED 1 for detection of start in phase Ry 3, 7 end neutral used for eg, fault loce~ tion equipment or saquontial events recorder. The unit is shown mounted in the distance relay in Pig. 4, posi- tion reference 919. The distence reley is designed for 19" rack mounting sind for flush-nounting on a panel, “The dimensions are shown on the enclosed dimension print 5283 OOUO-C. The entire rear of the relay should be accessible for in— spection and gossible future modifications of the con- nections. The relay should always be connected to the external eirenits according to the valid connection diagran. The general external connection diagram for single- and three- phase tripping is shown on page 35. ASG ERIS Yistode Swodenioe INFORMATION RK 613-300 E Fontan a rise RFR, Wovenber 1979 7433 30 Edition 5 ‘A miniature circuit-breaker should be used instead of fuses on the secondary side of the voltage transformers. ‘Ynis miniature edreuit-preaxer blocks the operation of the relay vhea a short circuit occurs on the secondary side of the voltage transformer. The miniature cirenit- qreaker should be installed in the innediate vicinity ef the main voltage transformer in the switch yard co that it will operate for short circults on as large part of the secondary network as possible. CONMESSIONING AND MALRTENANCE TECHNICAL DAPA AQL modules except those for tripping end signalling are of static desig, The maintenance hes tuerefore yean reduced to a mininum. Seperate instructions containing detailed iaformation about settings and recommendations in conection with commissioning and testing of the reley are availaple, Since the relay in normal service only operates at very infrequent intervale, it will be of value to test it regularly, for example once @ year cr once overy other years The standard design of distance reley type RADFE has the follewing data (other data can be obteined on re~ quest): Rated frequency f «50 Hz or 60 fig Rated voltage U, (ioo-110 ¥) = 10%, 50 He (100-130 v) £ 10 #, 60 te Rated current I, VA, 2@ Aor 54 Moximun permissible 3 x reted eurront I, continuous current Maximum permissible 70 x rated current [, current during 15 Minimum operating «20 & of rated current I, current Auxilisey voltage 110-125 or 220-250 ¥ de with tole~ vance range + 10 # ang ~ 20% Tripping node ‘Three-phase tripping or single- and three-phase trippingINFORMATION RK 613-300 E Fromftan ay. ge RPR, Novenber 1979 7433 a Edition 5 Nunber of steps Three directional impedance measuring: steps Time-settings for Step 2 Os1-1 see, back-up steps Svep 3 0.33 sec. Permissible ambient 0-55 °C tanperatwe range Insulation test 2xV, 50 Re Quring 1 min, voltage Tapulse tést 5 EV, 1.2/50 us, 0.5 Joute Surge wave test 2.5 XY, 1 Mix, decaying time: 3-6 periods Reaéh step t xt = £89 /nase Py rated frequency T, = rated current 1, 2p bby By 16, 32 Py = 50-100 6.0.5 or 2 Reach step 2 xe - £5 A jpnase TP Pp = 10-160 -fce Resch step 3 x32 £ £80 fonase a PS Dg = 5-100 Reach in the resi- $A enase ative direstion a 2,.4,°8, 16, 32, 40, 50 Line L/E-matehing %, = 6 9, 18 ms Tyo 4s 6, 9, 18 as ASEA S-7ma8 Vises. SwedenSNFORNATION RK 613-300 E Freetate Pea Pano BER, Novenber 1979 7433 32 Raition 5 Zero~sequence com fy = 0.5, 0.6, -2+ Te! pensation fector nero-sequence reactance positive sequence reactance Resetting ratio loz # Accuracy Es dat step 1 operating time 10-20 ns at 50 He, See Appendix {typical} RFF 2333 E Resetting tine Measuring circuits: 25 ns Tsicluding the tripping circuit: 60 as Power consumption per phase et rated current and voltage carrent cireukt 9.5 VA voltage circuit 3 VA de cirenit Bo-100 Ww Contact data for tripping relays Continuous cur- 6 A vent carrying capacity Making capacity 30 A for 200 ms, in~ auetive Load L/R % 10 ns Breaking capacity az 250 ¥ PLR, B 0.1 204 de L/R & 40 ms n0¥ 105.0 220 250 ¥ eee poORDERING PARTICULARS InvoRNATION FK 613-300 & Peamttote 8 Pog FFR, November 1979 7433 33 Edition 5 Contact data for sig? nalling relays Contitiudis cur “TA rent carrying cepacity Weking capacity 10 & for 200 ms, indue~ tive losd L/R > 10 ms Breaking capacity ac 250 ¥ PLPLO> Ot ia ac 1/R & 4G ms + 119 ¥ OK A 220 V 0.2 Inputa ané outputs Gee the externel connection diagram on page 35 Dimensions See dimension print 5283 0040-¢ weight Approximately 40 kg The following information ia required when ordering: 0 Rated frequency Rated voltage ° Rated current © Auciliary voltege {station battery voltage) 9 Tripping mode: three-phase or single~ and three~phese o If test switch type RTXP 18 and test plug handle type RIG 18 should be ineluded o If rear screv connection terminal strip is required for external connection of the distance relay 0 TP built-in power swing blocking relay is required ASEA $7216 VEelrks SvecerINFORMATION RK 613-300 E eanitata Fos age RFR, November 1976 1533 38 Baition 5 oT? reelosing relay is required © Particulers of the relaying scheme for co-operation with a distance reley at the remote end of the line, if applicable 2 Signalling unit for start in phase R, 8, 7 ond neutrel © Any additional requirements REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS Modular system COMBIFLEX Catalogue Rk 92-10 E Test system COMBITEST Catalogue RE S2-11 E Auxiliary relays Catalogue RK 21-10 B ‘Time~Lag relay type RXKB 1 Catalogue RK 31-14 EInti, INFORMATION FK 613-300 & FromiDate fe aa FER, Vovenber 1979 7433 35 Edition 5 1 Signalling contacts R $ to gor 93792 of—Start RN Josors T sa7a220}— start SN fo 9013 $371230}-~ Sart IN. logos $3730} Start 20 S09 37:3280}— Siart 30 2 # Frepare 39 tp JOH: gsp3730b— General Trip 3 Carrier rece'ving —fo 1i19:18 [ Reset pois S32 OF Step 2 = 01119212 997325 OF — Step 3 smaiie ; DC su ‘ Block 237808 0} — hen Btn fos9r15 ool Cartier senting Le— Tripping ‘ fogorg — %27"27 O)-- iF brovided eo = Power swing block ose STZ it prowded ott siz Ur 9918 S16 p fosoris 018 ia ¢ i ‘ 30110 He @ I! 1‘ Distance relay type RAZFE 5 bud 2 Current transformers TUL, 3. Operating switch for closing lt of circuit breaker 4 Circuit breaker 5S Miniature circuit oreaker |B Voltage transformers t—— 1 4 q Rxternel connection ai. type RAZR. ‘egran for distance relay CEA S-72 vesIaS Setonra] EA RFF 2333 E IE _lossraien rae SINGLE=PHASE FAULT rrmamarr ara ener my RT| [RAF 75 | 22 5 1 3 |enunctoctvatay —[Recsted Gram rwmine ATEE Yaa Oy maa RTTT car ie iat AS reacaes Ren pen] 2 A Time messucenents were performed with a model Capacitive Voltage Transformer having the foltowing le |, data: Rated primary voltage: 300//3 xv is Imtornediate volteges 22,75 lev E Reutvalent capacitance: 0.063 yF EE ™ 10In In 02 In ' 5 \ 1 i "I t i t i i Pt y | i ft H i XerrXsa+Xso c Ky dt= KND oot al 1 0 00 1060 MINIMUM OPERATING TIMES Je . XM 101n > In O2Tn T Y YY r | . 7 r q a i Hl 05 Sima Wl sone! jt HH | Hl it i { It { f Xs +Xe9 #Xgg Q i ! H Kye BUT RD oot a } 0 100 1900 MAXIMUM OPERATING TIMES Pest conditions: f = 50 Hz, I, = TA, Ky ® 1, ty = 2,5 ohms, A, #8 ohms, T= 7, = 18 ms Cy = 60) Xq = Source reactance X,, + Fett reactance Ny ¥ Set operating reactance .oo L re [rar wa] eee | vo 5- S — ——— i ASEA RFF 2333 E anid TWO-PHASE FAULT BS brassiere TTT BT TT ra ToS B | RFE 175 [22 fp femrarersemd oy Reno OF ST OP [Soa TATTOO PETA ra i Bo PT |Z eco tains] 3 i E ime meagurenents were performed with a mode) Capacitive Voltage Transformer having the following le data: Rated pesmary voltage: 300/73 KV Se Intounediate voltage: 22/73 ¥¥ ER Equivalent capacitance: 0.06347 Ee P| f & b XM Dlr Oly In 0.2tq LS 1 t r iN [Nees 5 i I 4 . RU ! i os {oars jaime I I tl [ ) Xs ° H t ui aor o8 \ 0 100 1000 MINIMUM OPERATING TIMES XE ~ XM 2 In 10 In In 02th | SE T \ imc aS \ I r 20ms_ A] 25s, 30rrs_ lf U 05 coh | i i L i L \ t 0 bl ! L %s a1 an 1 0 100 ooo “™ MAXIMUM OPERATING TIMES Test conditions: £ = 50 He, uy ZA, Ky ay y= 2,5 ohms, R= 8 onns, t= t= t8 ms (p = 807} Source reactance %5 X, = Fault resctence Ng = Sev operating reactance 1 [Page 3 added las 20 Farr -|Fp- ss pene sn wif teat | Apo | iw te aaa Tci REF ASEA RFF 2333 E ki THREE-PHASE FAULT Ta a TT NT 20, Benge crash by TAT RIT Ta ERT TURN Ey ie 7 nacaestowal Rav] ‘Time measurenents were performed with a model Capacitive Voltage Transformer having the following dataz Rated primary voltage: 380/¥3 k¥ le Intermediate voltage: 22/13 KV le Bywivalent capacitances 0.063 ¢P H Xp 8 Xm E M 1p 10ly In O.2in 1 Ty T T t i av 1 Os iS 120ms | | 25en¢ n i t + At { ¢ AU I Xs 0.01 a 1 10 100 1000 Kyi MINIMUM OPERATING TIMES AE XM 20In 101n Th 0.2tn 1 NY Xi r 7 c x \ N Wy wes 05 20s ms i 1 f a 1 0 ‘ CCE Xs. on a) 1 10 100 1000 Fy MAXIMUM OPERATING TIMES. Rest conditions: f = 90 lay T= 1 Ay Ky = ty Sy = 2,5 ome R, = 8 ohne, gy a7, 18 ms (P= e6°} b %, Source reactance A, = Fault reeetance Ny Seb operating reactance watsBildkort ASEA (9? Remverk f25 (3283 0040- C- za 19° Equipment frame Fst as flog ar re size 125 PF aaa a oor Poe a PERT Wi Tame EP 7 mom lumen of iiocos 4] 2k ETO) * Dimension Cinches ) I) Te “eet : | \ —_ 408") i ie 3. Try Boul _ r ot a | | C} . I sy HH] kL Yp 832a ery 525 (008)| —_, | OO ! ES Jo i a eee 1465 168) eae) Lemire + I 3508) m4 a !r6l4"| i | 25410") ence sms j | he 9480/78) 42 997 pe Légupment tame jak [Wli {RAK be tel eng Rein kaorael Ba | Set. ‘MOURA wha od