’ See Roem 3. Energy Theorems Energy theorems are very useful for analysing statistically indelerminate structures. It can also be used to determine the deflections and rotations of structures. Under this section, we study following forms of energy in structures and related theories: + Strain Energy + Potential Energy + Virtual works + Complimentary Energy 3.1 Strain Energy Aya: Work done= W*Ay A system of external loads distorts the structure to which they applied. Consequently, work is done using the stored energy in the structure. This particular form of potential energy is known as strain ner The strain energy may be due to 1) Axial effect 2) Bending effect 3) Shear effect 4) Torsion effect 5) Combination of the effects stated above. 1) Strain energy due to axial forces Complementary inergy de P+8P e i P+8P WA, es P ZC 1 I P ZA a ye y A Y t —— AGA : A AYA P Linear material Non linear material ‘ {i deformation varies deformation varies non linearly with load linearly with load P+SP ‘External work done (when the force increased from P to P+5P).P+P+6P 2 Work done = BeBe aa= (r+ )ua Average force = P 4 4 Strain Energy stored in the bar, du = PdA fou Bsiletar fra us fous é 3 a o2- _Complementary energy stored in the structure (when the force increased from P to P+8P). Ther= 1s no Physical menniy Complementary Energy, de = Average displacement x Change in force cp Thisconceb his Used : A+(A+dd) 4, ={ dA because of ets Conveviente ce 2 +Dhp = Adp , c= Jaco ed ily These two energy equations are valid for linear and non-linear materials. (iefpenclent- oS ou defornation cuvss) +N) For linear material, C=U Paxis © mt erat Ssh oe a nuh Prodcteal He paral ne oxi one jects. @fpenan- (near System CF, © Think Hore ove shoud knew’ loed “deformation Yelation sii. EXPRESSION For. STRATNENER cy FOR LINEAR ELASTES. MATCRSAAG Action of Igads on Structure mtemal forces | 2) Strain energy due to bending 3) Strain energy due to shear iy Aa\ Gorce Renan L> Sheardorce LS sorslsa’s Consider an clement of length ds and subjected to BM, M. Assume that the moment is applied gradually. External WD = Ave. moment x rotation OEM) 49M x 40 2 2 ds=Rxd0 M_E_o am RT I Ry TaM e= 7 R El MM 6B), =e My. BE) => as 42 u= foes = shear strain, a G= Shear Modulus (Modulus of rigidity) External WD = Ave, moment x displacement F : = od podsShearstress _ Shearforce 1 re =shearstrain= Ext Wo-=/(—_ 2\ AG, Area G AG T External WD = Ave. torque x rotation a 7 : +T a9. Tap ee 2 From Torsion formula pee ae JL ¢ T= torque J= Polar moment of Inertia of the section = Shear stress o Shear strainP_GO_¢de Ad ds dé= Lag GJ Ext WD = +(e 2\GI £ 2 a sar s 2 (sz), = (2a : 1267 5) Strain energy due to combined of effects Total strain energy, U can be obtained as: U=Ussiat + Urenting + Urasion + User U=u, +u, +u, +u, on? wa 5 a2 58 = Jeet a ae ea 3 2AE 9 2EI 5 2GA 3 2G] as - 2 U= > f [Applied force] ds ar 32 (Product of related constants) 3.2 Theorem of Total Potential Energy The total potential energy of a system has a stationary value when the system is in equilibrium. There are three types of equilibrium position depending on the potential energy.Denced GO| Ce Minimum P.E. Constant P. B. Maximum P.E. Stable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium In the above diagrams, potential energy is only due to weight of the body. In order to use this theorem in structural problems, it is necessary to combine the gravitational potential energy (v) with the strain energy (u) of the structure to get the total potential energy of the structure. Total potential Energy = P.E. due to loads + S.E. of the structure = v +u For small displacements from the equilibrium position involve significant changes of total potential energy. P V=Vo-PA Where Vo is potential energy before deformation. Notes: 1) If there are independent displacements Ax, Ay, Az..., duty) _ uty) _ Au+v) then, BA. aAy Az 2) There are no limitations on the time of load displacement relationship. 0 Example 1: B c D ‘The figure shown in the diagram has three uniform members having same modulus of elasticity and cross section. The members are pinned at A, B, C, and D: Find the force in bars using the theorems of minimum P.E. if the structure obeys Hook's law.Boneigycoe 3.3 Principle of Virtual Work ‘When a body, which is in equilibrium under a system of external load, is given any virtual displacement, then the WD by external load over the virtual displacement is equal to the WD by internal forces over compatible set of deformations of the body. In other words, the principle of Virtual work says that the WD by external loads over a virtual displacement is equal to the strain energy stored in the section under the virtual deformation. Q5-S°F *AL, Q5=Extemal WD , }°F, + AL; =Summation of int, SE corresponds to virtual extension a Q= External force Fa, = Member force 8 = Virtual displacement AL, = External extension Example 2: 5; The figure shown in the diagram is a pin jointed frame carrying a vertical load P at point D. Members AD and BD 60 are elastic and having cross sectional area “A” while CD is infinitely rigid. Determine the displacement at D and corresponding member forces of the given structure. 45 Let A=A,=A (Virtual displacements) e =A mae she + 1) ry Hook's law :Force in AD = F, orf) las 4 Force in BD = Figp = AEE 2 petiniisei acini [eat | L 8 V3P(V3 +1) “Re-] Sioa] Tea. +1 3.4 Castigliano’s Theorem (Part I and II) Consider the structure that is in equilibrium under a set of applied load P (P), P2, Ps, .. Bj.....-.Px) and the deflection due io the set of load is A (Ar, Az, As, . Aj.... Aq). Suppose that small increment dpi, pz, dps,....dpj...dp, are given to these loads. Hence the points of application of loads will deflect further amounts dA1, dAz, dds, .. dAj.... dAn,a Consider the j* point: ‘The increase in SE when the load is increased from P; to Pj+ dp; is du, du= Average load x displacement = External work External WD= [Reeser Ls, Total external WD= "Pj dA (vis Daa, = Pjdd, de P+dP P Gain in SE due to increase in loads: du, = yan, ‘ oS 25a, a ou Stain Energy=Extemal WD => 24a, = S'Pjda. er-bewm wo = SS, Since the above equation is valid for any system of dA’. A AtdA as, = Pia, fo Gu | Castighiano’s Theorem- Part 1 aA, ‘The partial differential of the total SE with respect to displacement at any point on the structure is equal to the load applied at that point. ‘Therefore, if there is no load at the point j, 2 =0 ¥ First Theorem of Complementary Energy The partial differential of the total Complementary Energy of the structure with respect to load applied at any point on the structure will give the displacement of the joint in the direction of the applied load Castigliano’s Theorem (Part II) This theorem is applicable only for linearly elastic material Therefore, SE=CE, uC. ps From the first theorem of complementary energy, Ley Z 42 Since c=u, BP‘ / . “qf This theorem says that the partial differential of the strain energy with respect to the load applied at a + point is equal to the deflection at that point. This theorem can be extended to deal with other types of external loads such as moment and torque. Castigliano’s 1* Theorem of | Castigliano’s Theorem Part!) | Complementary | Theorem (Part 11) Energy ‘Axial Load ou a au &, Py si ‘Moment oe oto om; om, s Torque ae uy a Bey, my bail Example: P + Calculate the deflection at B using Castigliano’s theorem A B + Find the rotation at B LsBoneh sroven y. direction of P and Ag are same. + Find the rotation at B P - Zo 2 . xX My mn: iene ears Apply a dummy moment Mo at B. 2 L, 2. [ ses), a wds\O% aM? On\\) “oer ie ) OMe eM. M=px+M,=> <2 =1 aibualnat vA ~ \xe ‘ds x} = fOxtMe laxNv ss ENERGry THEOREM : Wye P Els aie EBs pk pF Cs B Hr — = ; : i : chat wee — dentin WOVK Vv Stoved_as! energy. Shain enevgy (u) “Pr od tert Pr + ey ar ere pe ae a as —|—___sHate Tg G siting al (Consider ator sunjectad bo antncuensing lead, : @ In inerre: Bataan Po -- Ma 7 = hes —_ eee Weevodar ’ OOP, ig BidSDeno wht ganora [exits — v= P—> Pidp => hein energy Stored 4 Ay | Stein enevergy Cue bo axial Aeleonahing ee oS i: | = Constter a Swall elementos ds | Ls Shain e 0 entree aa Ay, force. x detonrehas é noitnose = Peco yekatonte | = du. pan / + —o _tnatertal iaky arab 5 Pe Aa fee Cs 8 Se lets age Ow 1 Fifa @— __| dus he. = vy fe due TE eg ere act os eh} oth 2 _| af Jegih: Is Ly, he Aottenstant Gy i tole = Pe AY ca = 6, Ave Volume’ : tees : aE hans, LE y Wiceredaat OE ©,- Seeciaets Shain Enegy due to berdiyg cleforation ry sy : ee EM =F F as 8, CEES naar deaaiammmamem pore fe eo Ledges rina =D Foyt les le Sb du_= mds m et du= tw? d er Jdu_= [tue qs - atl SSM, Tote Gants : : he pei (les whe, nN, (rs | er Z Woe Ue Ro DEFORMATrON t vt = ; . Soy SR angle A= ds, al, i a 5 al G Shear Shatn — 9 _____athain energy « hte Shoo erear Z age NES ® eden, =f 3 - sreveds: Wecempiland[re ad ccelsh se we pe p os at te OB P= ; | |_dus. ve x at +f du ite = th | ws] fw de Kx fact cecum ting for Shea See tt Clebends om Aeomebged wtih J = a = bWe seetews a ot ee nS Keats So Rete be Bin . ie vdlced A. en eb Sha ao : 3 a ae I, Or) - a = fons pos Kit “Gata Chr o Chewy \Sgehiow —— = f : [= -ppolwernenad « 25 fag 2b tas po 6> Oy. oyDaté ty . GOREN CaSTIGILTANDS THEOREM — Lark -o) Pemcee Goo No| ——The Jantial_devivative 0} Toke! Shain Bnegy ef O Shuchre —— sith resect to_anydlistplacernent (any) deferrnatian of ah —_ldbhted tood_en & Some civection 1s equal to the \oud i eer pt: pede oe a e Gade BP, - gh te sae? bet Neud SyoCP Bhs! alIB). ard Udh 7 Apr} +Supbese Haat 2 Set of tend ts aca, as onsidey. the Shachire en lcquillriun ong eh of applied edie | Senall_Lncrenent_ 3 _dP._diny_are giten, to these lends Hence boints oJ alpplicalion 6} lends! tant deflect fubher Arnaunts AA, nc = A if : sep ie x Cebormation, | Extermal_ warn Cane ©f 9 Oly ie ae) dyy 6h; itl eden dine sib sle Supe diy sf) Gin on. Shain Greyshnes auction ol cisblacomaicy) ts £0) hy = H day a Weesodars!| Ely ZB dps +. ah ane otal tinder Qineideation (is not Brag betel ts an Eachernal Love. Enen Be a aes rninimum su a aki a Awe oad ah betel 2 Coma\plemenkangy he tlidt ve mes pect foi ng toad. £8 cua) b>! feeiaisplason amd os taal whofe: ie Nad sew SSome divec —_t ama oS Den bi eb aEnergy Theorems gic teat + AE & tonstant + Caleudate an verticed oP deflection abe 4 b Va Us use Sheer efeckis rely Tersien GIVE * Ee Ww > aw “iy mpplg castiglione’s Theorem ceT Bu. bet xe + USUae axial effects onby Dommy Memenk ; rs oe 3 pg 4e\'3 BSS > Sas. Be ee oe iE Boa, 2° a! ii Hes Pxt Me = 200608) dp, Oe Be WW. Op Chor atl merabers) Mae = (74 AR)3 | Pe Eg + 2 © a 4 ; i ‘ Looms gp Calewate Oc ® =" a Fink hevinental a4 f | “peplection + ti 0.8 : l By Caseig lianos theorem PUD, oe ia ae. ° 2 Buy 2 P2pins) IM, Bre(8O, BA ati Aver 3M Sp BH BP L ea Ben C62). an Dest «ftw ED. aa ie ou Le fat ; ent 9 AS Grn coder Lf Lg Boia J § i = ss > ay Ree otf (oe WED det by = 4st zz =sei Mie BERS HY. Durnmny —Raasdniaamend ao 6. WU = Us 3 uo. Mle Fa ate - Up = (mids pot =(M_d iinet om, jer fg= De Ste Sm ; ra 2M du oy a = Ope, OM, Bune a Up OM res = ee ane" SN Says a ot il he Z| sil id = : Vie Z Da Me P +o pale \ Member ovigimicel om tom E ciety AS A | eb fro = ep ae: eee = B : Ors Py ork t ( { ( y ‘ | Weerodiard 1«hfe mh Vee oe a g(jeeo Spee ; (Phe Pe Apt+ valid for Strocturel Lehauier + eres eee ere Pr -lineer F Ferces im equilibrium are reluted bo compatible system of aisplacement ieee cre! System anda viewwal Fystem invelved - Pro Pee Real System: GS Actual displacements x Cerrespancl victual ferees = Actual interned Displacementc x Corresponding virtval, Snvernak forces + Jape vie = Arde EWE Berar = [rev reste an AP. dee iT ee A > virkuab syste aa we Ei delas > fies pey ev vietool w* = virtud® © jace rents b) Actua} external gorees x virtue! displ = Actual i ntermab forces x Virtual internal ais placements C cerpatibley A TT eB i da,” vireuad $4860" Sindee 2 Stor peg ay =a virtwal wees vi rtval sere ergy Benoss gooen aisizeen @ ait lead Theorem ¢ ‘rive dank aye ab 7 victueh a we 7 tna) = J (Su 3 fey ev Ieee wr Py ea ae For atruss member C appli cotren og unit toad Theorem) a Jtavces as ~ fptsy pages : = Pus fae- we s coe, Ae Pe & deformation creat) . & due to unit virtvebl Force Jorn numbers A= Se a= Dtue = 7 AE Z a - constar bo] crime ¥ displace ora c a = * Fersior Fe ey &, re i ie p ex renssot © Real syste 4 aw w d hwbi C virtual unit & Fovee ) tvirtual Sytem 3 = Seve Real syster ot x(a) mem ber fortes fake \ co De ep 1 ge “Te Erem unit louc theere™, rebel St Er eas& Be a0, Se a eee ey +) 2 Gt4R) “Ye, Herizenbal ods place mente ¥cea" "BCA Gon No! z System : E : = 7 7 mMe@uabey [tember | Feree Deletes ft * fei Mt s ae ewe Quw-R” a Hi ae wr ° “Ao = = we | Parvo 8 |\be = Ww = We BD wR week als

_Senced Bom blo RQ cateuae hoig-asitst deslection en. “Creche ® Stoke A Ae — 7 A oem St 2 o> | Cc eonepon eestor Cele. | wD i E Real sysiom Vivtualusystern 25 ; memocy a a c fant zi = i we {8 hs 2D -w © DE x |) ie | 2 BD 3 - 2 : Be a Fram unit lewd theevern >O Bee a borhan BE, = Spl 3 ‘a | Se Peal mart 50 i Ce AB: Bs EGE i Ae | Caleatate Rass pone pal = Nertea\ work .oa Ath memboers Mavi Série WS wh | Detonnine vertical, dafleation @ Cueto ucand due vaise == fee —__ @_teulpocabewer ly O 984 Shaki ~ + Cadhicied f Procarrtnertr \ecbardon efor lL mewkes An BC oD, DE 7 CF, FA, BE vs & ang —— EB. BD Os 6 She P se Coad-+ temp) Men bey. tin AO FR Bots yas |} ato © et O| - | ee alo lp Ss pL eel i | HUY REE. polo isle Tone FAAP 3.Q iby Yo. TOY ne tA aan | we Be + LBS Ve, tose | WEREDate ph ix ae = Dols No acrual, » chal sy SW a2 LO- VB pe 4g, Le, : Ae 5 Gata) SE 4 210 CB“) ___THeoRy OF Molrmym PorenrzaL Eneacny sl “Total_fpotential_eneray a systewndnas 1 GaHonipa— tahte ubere —lGystene tte cq iiione ccorntdbitust Cad B. maiinnuen ale x we a & i a z le eal oe Fema ] a a Pleeedsainintunsm Lela! obstacles 5 7 + Stable. Hebel omnstable et Sucked. brobleas Jids_necessongg be Gubine dhe hte! erogy Oh lewd usta Shain enerGy of & Shechare. F_ ola) Pe EB) =. Potewbial trergy” Shain Gnergy ed te éf) pte fies 7 ec a za Cv) as Cul. jnoolue Rac small, Clisblacernen| boone .eqbbrann lo } - qubibrion, “qn Significant Connp, in total pelertial Energg. se (.NO_prmitation ove bic Wlabonn Shep) Weerodarapwnd Foes oo $+ clisblazement Ay ny 7 ira — Be 22 ot meee 2O) OD: t : aWesrodaraDateBDlomows Gone [=] oa ee Ae EE araeeD } = Bid 4% [ws : Ee 4 8g he Te : | Member exigen Gi § Rivne 8 Arp NES ont Be 5B Potatebie \be e-L, e —|_ 8h Spy s kata : CD SE Se [-3 foe Poze Ly epee 1 =a wha 2 ales 4 dy et = GE) VIS spent ss a ° @ 2 254 = (wa Wt OLE See ee oe eo Ee : E p : ee 1 —Nol] bate ynfr Me Lelie A | manna < AS as Sane Ae high | 2 ee i fe Sea Ba Eve ‘ See ie = & Sp a a rz Sea Ly. Meme Miginy - aM mea [du Qu, om Oth I ' = < = =e We on wa res hf a. pe aa [ai alee Ia BPs ane” af e ‘ oe s (eeaxp = Pe ee ee 2\P a 32 0p aye std + oe we axes xz ==. /-a. Bowel Foon AEE Ne Sani croy | Given ec is Vgid amv: ES shee we z asian att ieee eee ae 2 Ab Be Wo 2 se Re = WR Cos®. = z = pike, CHIPS, he SW ap ow 3 ae Us, G—- = = SE dg—_+{M_ds oo ee AE mee es oO” ey Em = T we “$e | Olt 24 Si — pp pees — ene ae He = se cst Rcos® cos Oxi ra : ie = : gesife | wakes do G geeks ae yi { neodO so Fp sinao-+4| ood. | ag | te ly were ao we Pa ae |