10 Most Common Locations of Shunt Capacitors Installed in A Power System - EEP

8/27/2019 10 most common locations of shunt capacitors installed in a power system | EEP
High Voltage / Medium Voltage / Power Substation / Transmission and Distribution
10 most common locations of shunt capacitors

installed in a power system
Home / Technical Articles / 10 most common locations of shunt capacitors installed in a
power system
Why shunt capacitor banks?

It’s quite simple, using shunt capacitor banks to supply the leading currents required by
the load relieves the generator from supplying that part of the inductive current. Both
distribution and transmission systems benefit due to the application of shunt capacitors
include: reactive power support, voltage profile improvements, line and transformer loss
reductions, release of power system capacity, savings due to increased energy loss.
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10 most common types and locations of shunt capacitors installed in a power

system (photo credit: geomatic1 via Flickr)
https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/shunt-capacitors-locations-power-system 1/17
Considerations in locating capacitors

Shunt capacitors provide reactive power locally, resulting in reduced maximum kVA
demand, improved voltage profile, reduced line / feeder losses, and decreased payments
for the energy. Maximum benefit can be obtained by installing the shunt capacitors at
the load.
This is not always practical due to the size of the load, distribution of the load, and
voltage level.
Depending on the need, the capacitor banks are installed at extra-high voltage (above
230 kV), high voltage (66–145 kV), and feeders at 13.8 and 33 kV. In industrial and
distribution systems, capacitor banks are usually installed at 4.16 kV. Note that voltage
ratings may vary from country to country.
Let’s discuss now the most important locations where shunt capacitor banks are usually
being installed.
Contents:
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1. Pole-mounted capacitor banks
2. Shunt capacitor banks at EHV levels
3. Substation capacitor banks
4. Metal-enclosed capacitor banks
5. Distribution capacitor banks
6. Fixed capacitor banks
7. Switched capacitor banks
8. Installation of capacitors on the transformer LV side
9. Installation of capacitors on transformer HV side
10. Mobile capacitor banks
1. Pole-mounted capacitor banks
These type of capacitors are probably the most visible and widely spotted by people. In
the distribution systems, the power factor correction capacitors are usually installed on
the poles. These installations are similar to the pole-mounted distribution transformers.
The interconnections are made using insulated power cables. Pole-mounted capacitor
banks can be fixed units or switched units to meet the varying load conditions. The
voltage rating can be 460 V–33 kV.
The size of the capacitor units can be 300–3,000 kVAR. A typical pole-mounted
installation of a capacitor bank is shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 – A pole-mounted harmonic filter bank (photo credit: Powercap Capacitors
Pvt. Ltd)
In the case of capacitor banks, the following components are installed on a stable
platform:
Capacitor banks
Vacuum or oil switches
Controller to switch the capacitor units
Control transformer
Fuse units along with mounting
Distribution class surge arrester
Junction box
Current limiter or harmonic filter reactor
Go back to Content Table ↑
2. Shunt capacitor banks at EHV levels
Usually extra-high voltage (EHV) lines are used to transmit bulk power from remote
generations to load centers. These long lines tend to produce significant voltage drops
during peak loads. Therefore, shunt capacitors are used at the EHV substations to
provide reactive power.
Sometimes these capacitor banks are switched as and when required. A typical high
voltage harmonic filter bank is shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 – A high voltage filter bank
3. Substation capacitor banks
When large reactive power is to be delivered at medium or high voltages, then shunt
capacitor banks are installed in substation locations. These open stack shunt capacitor
units are installed for operating voltages 2.4–765 kV.
The open rack construction and exposed connection need significant protection in the
substation. Such installations contain capacitor banks, cutout units with fuses, circuit
breakers, surge arresters, controllers, insulator units at high voltage, and
interconnections.
A typical substation type capacitor bank installation is shown in Figure 3. At high voltage
levels, the shunt capacitor banks are used for reactive power support, voltage profile
improvement, reduction in line, and transformer losses.
These shunt capacitor banks are also installed in select substations after careful load
flow and stability analysis.
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Figure 3 – Substation capacitor bank
4. Metal-enclosed capacitor banks
When the capacitor banks are installed in industrial or small substations in indoor
settings, then metal-enclosed cabinet type construction is employed. Such units are
compact and require less maintenance. A typical metal-enclosed capacitor bank is shown
in Figure 4.
The life expectancy of these type of units is longer because they are not exposed to
external environmental factors such as severe heat, cold, humidity, and dust.
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Figure 4 – A metal-enclosed harmonic filter bank
5. Distribution capacitor banks
Distribution capacitors are installed close to the load, on the poles, or at the
substations. Although these capacitor units provide reactive power support to local load,
they may not help reduce the feeder and transformer losses.
Low voltage capacitor units are cheaper than high voltage capacitor banks. Protecting
distribution capacitor banks from all types of fault conditions is difficult.
Sometimes pad-mounted installations are used for low or medium voltage distribution
capacitors. A typical pad-mounted capacitor bank is shown in Figure 5. Although the
pad-mounted capacitors are outdoor installations, they are protected by metal enclosures
from outdoor environment and are similar to pad-mounted transformer installations.
Pad-mounted capacitor banks are usually available in ratings of 15-25kV.
Pad-mounted capacitor banks have broad applicability through out the industry, including
non-utility facilities. The capacitors are installed to boost the voltage back within the
operating tolerance of the system and, thereby, provide voltage stability.
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Figure 5 – A pad-mounted three-phase capacitor bank (photo
credit: Switchgear Power Systems – SPS)
Without capacitors, load circuits will operate at reduced voltage, motors will run slower
and overheat, lights will not burn as bright, relays in process industries will drop out, etc.,
creating end-user system disturbances.
Capacitors extend the range of substations by allowing feeder circuits to have longer
runs of cable. Extending the range of substations also means that capacitors serve to
increase network capacity. For individual customer facilities, it may be necessary or
desirable to provide improved voltage regulation atthe installation.
For this purpose, on-site pad-mounted capacitor banks near customer loads provide
power factor correction.
Pad-Mounted capacitor banks bring aesthetic view to field installations, eliminating clutter
on overhead poles, while also making certain that components are not exposed to the
environment.
Pad-mounted capacitor banks have three (3) major advantages:
1. Voltage stability,
2. Increased network capacity, and
3. Power factor correction.
These all combine to provide cost savings through lower system losses. For application
in the electric industry, individual capacitor units are rated in kvars (kilovars-amperes
reactance) and are applied in banks called shunt- capacitor banks.
For underground distribution systems, capacitor banks are installed in pad-mounted

enclosures as small, distributed installations that are connected to main-primer feeder
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circuits at a considerable distance from the substation. These distributed banks can be
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fixed on the circuit or switched on and off as dictated for system stability.
Pad-mounted capacitor banks have valued advantages for the underground

distribution system:
1. They extend the ability of the power supply system to support longer lines to the
load.
2. Growing systems into newer developments are more typically served underground
and pad-mounted capacitor banks fit this growth segment.
3. The enclosed components offer a more aesthetic appearance than exposed
overhead components, making them well suited for utility, industrial, commercial, and
institutional installations.
4. The enclosure affords considerable protection from the environmental flora and
fauna.
5. Access to components is easier to achieve at ground level than on a pole.
6. Component integration can be arranged in a fairly low-profile enclosure.
7. Underground circuits are less prone to storm damage.
6. Fixed capacitor banks
In distribution and certain industrial loads, the reactive power requirement to meet the
required power factor is constant.
In such applications, fixed capacitor banks are used. Sometimes such fixed capacitor
banks can be switched along with the load. If the load is constant for the 24-hour period,
the capacitor banks can be on without the need for switching on and off.
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Figure 6 – Examples of fixed capacitor bank (photo credit: lifasa.com)
Fixed MV capacitor banks are usually 50 to 4800 kvar capacity, insulation levels from 7.2
to 36 kV.
The most common configurations are parallel connection of three-phase units (internal
star connection and internal fuses) and double star configuration with isolated neutral
using single-phase capacitors. Other configurations are available.
7. Switched capacitor banks
In high voltage and feeder applications, the reactive power support is required during
peak load conditions. Therefore the capacitor banks are switched on during the peak
load and switched off during off-peak load.
The switching schemes keep the reactive power levels more or less constant, maintain
the desired power factor, reduce overvoltage during light load conditions, and reduce
losses at the transformers and feeders.
The switching controls are operated using one of the following signals:
Voltage: since the voltage varies with load.

Current: as the load is switched on.
kVAR: as the kVAR demand increases, the capacitor banks can be switched on and
vice versa.
Power factor: as the power factor falls below a predetermined value, the capacitor
banks can be switched on.
Time: sometimes the capacitor banks can be switched on using a timer and
switched off at the end of a factory shift.
The general practice is to switch the capacitor in steps in order to accommodate large
voltage changes. Several layouts for switching capacitor banks are shown in Figure 6(a)
– 6(e).
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In Figure 6(a), one capacitor bank is switched by a circuit breaker. Figure 6(b) shows one
fixed capacitor and two automatically switched capacitor banks. The circuit breakers must
have suitable short-circuit ratings to handle the energization and back-to-back switching
requirements.
Figure 6(a): One capacitor bank is

switched by a circuit breaker;
Figure 6(b): One fixed capacitor
and two automatically switched
capacitor banks.
Table 1 – Selection of capacitors in binary order for power factor control
Item Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Remarks

1 0 0 0 All switches are open.
2 1 0 0 Switch 1 is closed.
3 0 1 0 Switch 2 is closed.
4 1 1 0 Switches 1 and 2 are closed.
5 0 0 1 Switch3 is closed.
8 1 1 1 All three switches are closed.
Figure 6(c) shows the capacitor bank switching arrangement with one automatic and two
non-automatic circuit breakers.
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Figure 6(c) – Capacitor
bank switching
arrangement with one
automatic and two non-
automatic circuit
breakers
In certain applications with random variations in the reactive power requirements, the
capacitors are to be switched in and out using a binary arrangement. Such a scheme
is shown in Figure 6(d). The corresponding choice of capacitors is listed in Table 1
above.
This arrangement can be used to switch seven steps of capacitor banks using three
capacitor banks and three circuit breakers.
Figure 6(d) –
Switching in and out
capacitors using a
binary arrangement
The selection requires careful programming and is achievable using programmable
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controllers.
Figure 6(e) shows another scheme where one automatic circuit breaker can switch three
capacitor banks equipped with fuses and non-automatic circuit breakers. The capacitor
banks can be of equal size.
Figure 6(e) – Automatic

circuit breaker switches
three capacitor banks
equipped with fuses and
non-automatic circuit
breakers
8. Installation of capacitors on the transformer LV Side
The capacitor bank is installed close to the load to provide reactive power locally. In
a system in which a large number of small equipment are compensated, the reactive
power demand may fluctuate, depending on the load.
During off-peak load condition, the capacitor bank voltage may go up and hence
overcompensation should be avoided. This may result in unwanted fuse operation and
failure of capacitor units. Therefore, a switched capacitor bank on the low voltage side
of the transformer may be a good choice.
Harmonics in the system should be checked to determine if the capacitor and the
reactance of the power transformer are in series and create resonance. A typical scheme
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is shown in Figure 7.
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Figure 7 – Per phase representation of
the low voltage capacitor installation
9. Installation of capacitors on transformer HV side
This type of installation provides the same kind of reactive power compensation as a low
voltage capacitor bank. The installation can be safe from overvoltage if it is switched on
and off, depending on the reactive power requirement. One of the main advantages of
high voltage capacitor installation is that the losses in the step-down transformer are
reduced.
The cost of a high voltage capacitor scheme will be higher. As in the low voltage
capacitor scheme, the possibility of over-compensation and resonance issues should be
checked.
A typical scheme is shown in Figure 8. Sometimes it may be possible to correct the

power factor at the individual load location. The relative advantages and disadvantages
are presented in Table 2.
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Figure 8 – Per phase representation of the
high voltage capacitor
Table 2 – Power factor correction on the HV side versus at the load location
On the Transformer Primary Side Capacitor at the Load Location

Need one capacitor bank. Need three capacitor banks.
One physical location. Three physical locations.
Rack mounted outdoor or metal enclosed
Metal enclosed indoor or pole mounted.
indoor.
Multiple locations require more
Easy to maintain.
maintenance.
Can be designed as a tuned filter. Filtering with transformer.
Controlled resonant point. Multiple resonant points.
Stable system impedance from filter System impedance sees resonance points
location. in the impedance mode.
Relatively low cost due to one location. Higher cost due to multiple locations.
May not be able to switch based on load
Load changes can be handled.
changes.
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Need to have one circuit breaker to handle Need to have circuit switches to handle
capacitor switching. capacitor switching.
10. Mobile capacitor banks
When there is need to apply shunt capacitors in distribution systems to relieve

overloaded facilities until permanent changes are made, portable capacitor banks can
be used. These banks are available in three-phase and single-phase units.
A typical mobile capacitor bank mounted on a truck is shown in Figure 9.
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Figure 9 – A mobile capacitor bank (photo credit: EATON)
Mobile capacitor banks are unique and designed specifically to meet the requirements of
the customer. Because mobile capacitor banks are often designed to be placed anywhere
on the customer’s transmission or distribution system, the banks are designed to be fully
self-contained.
This can include a protection and control system, SCADA, automatic and remote
switching, protective fencing, critical spare components, manual transfer switch for local
power when in storage, service control and DC battery system.
Depending on customer requirements, mobile capacitor banks can be designed on a

single- or multi-trailer platform.
10.1 Special considerations
When utilizing mobile capacitor bank solutions, it is important to consider national, state
and local requirements for the transportation of electrical equipment. Special permitting
and/or escort vehicles may be required for transportation of the mobile capacitor bank.
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Sources:
Power System Capacitors by Ramasamy Natarajan

Maintain required voltage with reactive power solutions by Eaton
Pad-mounted capacitors 15-25 kVby Federal pacific
Edvard Csanyi
Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for design of
LV/MV switchgears and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations,
commercial buildings and industry facilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming.

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8/27/2019 10 most common locations of shunt capacitors installed in a power system | EEP

High Voltage / Medium Voltage / Power Substation / Transmission and Distribution

10 most common locations of shunt capacitors

Why shunt capacitor banks?

10 most common types and locations of shunt capacitors installed in a power

Considerations in locating capacitors

1. Pole-mounted capacitor banks

Go back to Content Table ↑

2. Shunt capacitor banks at EHV levels

Figure 2 – A high voltage filter bank

Go back to Content Table ↑

3. Substation capacitor banks

Figure 3 – Substation capacitor bank

Go back to Content Table ↑

4. Metal-enclosed capacitor banks

Go back to Content Table ↑

5. Distribution capacitor banks

Pad-mounted capacitor banks are usually available in ratings of 15-25kV.

Pad-mounted capacitor banks have three (3) major advantages:

For underground distribution systems, capacitor banks are installed in pad-mounted

Pad-mounted capacitor banks have valued advantages for the underground

Go back to Content Table ↑

6. Fixed capacitor banks

Go back to Content Table ↑

7. Switched capacitor banks

Voltage: since the voltage varies with load.

Figure 6(a): One capacitor bank is

Table 1 – Selection of capacitors in binary order for power factor control

Item Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Remarks

The selection requires careful programming and is achievable using programmable

Figure 6(e) – Automatic

Go back to Content Table ↑

8. Installation of capacitors on the transformer LV Side

Go back to Content Table ↑

9. Installation of capacitors on transformer HV side

A typical scheme is shown in Figure 8. Sometimes it may be possible to correct the

On the Transformer Primary Side Capacitor at the Load Location

Go back to Content Table ↑

10. Mobile capacitor banks

When there is need to apply shunt capacitors in distribution systems to relieve

A typical mobile capacitor bank mounted on a truck is shown in Figure 9.

Depending on customer requirements, mobile capacitor banks can be designed on a

10.1 Special considerations

Power System Capacitors by Ramasamy Natarajan

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