2 Indefinite Integral PDF

Calculus II
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Indefinite Integral
Sekar Nugraheni, S.Si.,M.Sc.

sekar.nugraheni@ugm.ac.id
Department of
Mathematics
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Definition of Indefinite
Integral
In the Calculus I course, we have been given a function, f (x) and
asking what the derivative of this function was.
Starting with this section we are now going to turn things around.
We now want to ask what funtion we differentiated to get the
function f (x).
Now that we have worked an example lets get some of the

definitions and terminology out of the way.
Definition of Anti-Derivative
Given a funtion f (x), an anti-derivative of f (x) is any function
F (x) such that
F 0 (x) = f (x).
Definition of Anti-Derivative
Given a funtion f (x), an anti-derivative of f (x) is any function
F (x) such that
F 0 (x) = f (x).
Importantly, anti-derivatives are not unique.

A given function can have many anti-derivatives.
For instance, the following functions are all anti-derivatives of x 2 .
x3
,
3
x3 x3
, + 1,
3 3
x3 x3 x3
, + 1, + π, etc.
3 3 3
x3 x3 x3
, + 1, + π, etc.
3 3 3
However, any anti-derivatives of given function differ by a

constant.
x3 x3 x3
, + 1, + π, etc.
3 3 3
However, any anti-derivatives of given function differ by a

constant.
This allows us to write a general formula for any anti-derivative of
x 2:
x3
+ c,
3
where c is a constant.
Definition of Indefinite Integral
If F (x) is any anti-derivative of f (x) then the most general
anti-derivative of f (x) is called an indefinite integral and denoted
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + c,
for c is any constant.

Definition of Indefinite Integral
If F (x) is any anti-derivative of f (x) then the most general
anti-derivative of f (x) is called an indefinite integral and denoted
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + c,
for c is any constant.

Z
In this definition the is called the integral symbol, f (x) is
called the integrand, x is called the integration variable, and the
c is called the constant of integration.
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
1. sin x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
1. sin x dx = − cos x + C
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
Z
2. e x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
Z
2. e x dx = e x + C
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
Z
2. e x dx = e x + C
Z
3. u 4 du =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Examples
Z
Z
2. e x dx = e x + C
1
Z
3. u 4 du = u 5 + C
5
Note that
Z
d d
f (x) dx = (F (x) + C ) = f (x).
dx dx
Therefore, we have some important properties of integrals:

Properties
Z Z
1. (f + g )(x) dx = (f (x) + g (x)) dx =
Z Z
f (x) dx + g (x) dx
Z Z Z
2. (kf )(x) dx = kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx, where k is any
number.
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Proof
Z Z
1. Suppose that H(x) = f (x) dx + g (x) dx. Then,
Z
dH(x) d
Z
= f (x) dx + g (x) dx
dx dx
Z Z
d d
= f (x) dx + g (x) dx
dx dx
= f (x) + g (x).
In other words,
Z Z Z Z
(f + g )(x) dx = (f (x) + g (x) dx = f (x) dx+ g (x) dx.
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Proof
Z
2. Suppose that J(x) = k f (x) dx. Then,
Z
dH(x) d
= k f (x) dx
dx dx
Z
d
= k f (x) dx
dx
= kf (x).
In other words,
Z Z Z
(kf )(x) dx = kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx.
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Some of Integral Formulas
Z
1. dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
Z
2. x n dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. =
x
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Z
4. sin x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Z
4. sin x dx = − cos x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Z
Z
5. cos x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Z
Z
5. cos x dx = sin x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
1. dx = x + C .
1
Z
2. x n dx = x n+1 , with n 6= −1.
n+1
dx
Z
3. = ln |x| + C .
x
Z
Z
5. cos x dx = sin x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
6. sec2 x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
6. sec2 x dx = tan x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx = − cot x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx = − cot x + C .
Z
8. sec x tan x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx = − cot x + C .
Z
8. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx = − cot x + C .
Z
Z
9. csc x cot x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
Z
7. csc2 x dx = − cot x + C .
Z
Z
9. csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Z
10. ax dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
ax
Z
10. ax dx = + C , with a > 0 and a 6= 1.
ln a
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
ax
Z
10. ax dx = + C , with a > 0 and a 6= 1.
ln a
Z
11. e x dx =
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
ax
Z
10. ax dx = + C , with a > 0 and a 6= 1.
ln a
Z
11. e x dx = e x + C .
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
dx
Z
12. =
1 + x2
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
(
dx arctan x + C
Z
12. = .
1 + x2 − arctan x + C
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
(
dx arctan x + C
Z
12. = .
1 + x2 − arctan x + C
dx
Z
13. √ =
1 − x2
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
(
arctan x + C
dx
Z
12. =.
1 + x2
− arctan x + C
(
dx arcsin x + C
Z
13. √ = .
1−x 2 − arccos x + C
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
(
arctan x + C
dx
Z
12. =.
1 + x2
− arctan x + C
(
dx arcsin x + C
Z
13. √ = .
dx
Z
14. √ =
x x2 − 1
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
(
arctan x + C
dx
Z
12. = .
1 + x2
− arctan x + C
(
dx arcsin x + C
Z
13. √ = .
(
dx arcsec x + C
Z
14. √ = .
x x2 − 1 −arccsc x + C
Definition
Department of
Mathematics
Note that:
e x + e −x e x + e −x
sinh x = and cosh x =
2 2
Therefore
Z
15. sinh x dx = cosh x + C .
Z
16. cosh x dx = sinh x + C .
Exercises
Exercises
Department of
Mathematics
Exercises
Z
Find the f (x) dx, if:
1. f (x) = 3x 2 − 2x + 10
√
x − 3x
2. f (x) = √
3
x
√
x 3 − 2x 2 − 5x + 7 x
3. f (x) =
x2
√
4. f (x) = ( x + 2x)2
5. f (x) = e x − 2x + 1
Exercises
Department of
Mathematics
Exercises
Z
Find the f (x) dx, if:
1. f (x) = 2x + sec x tan x
x +1 2

2. f (x) =
x
3. f (x) = sin x sec2 x + 3 sec2 x + 1

√
4. f (x) = 2x + 2x − 5
5. f (x) = cos2 x

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Calculus II

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Sekar Nugraheni, S.Si.,M.Sc.

Now that we have worked an example lets get some of the

Importantly, anti-derivatives are not unique.

However, any anti-derivatives of given function differ by a

However, any anti-derivatives of given function differ by a

for c is any constant.

for c is any constant.

Therefore, we have some important properties of integrals:

1. f (x) = 2x + sec x tan x

3. f (x) = sin x sec2 x + 3 sec2 x + 1

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