Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Adverse Events of Botulinum Toxin A in Facial Injection: Mechanism, Prevention and Treatment
Adverse Events of Botulinum Toxin A in Facial Injection: Mechanism, Prevention and Treatment
DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2019.190069
http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/201907837.pdf
肉毒素面部注射的不良反应——机制、预防与治疗
陈舒悦,龙剑虹
(中南大学湘雅医院整形美容科,长沙 410008)
[摘要] 肉毒素作为一种由肉毒杆菌产生的能引起肌肉麻痹的神经毒素,目前应用于临床各个方面,在面部美容
中尤为广泛。相较于传统手术方式,肉毒素注射的微创、安全等优点,受到更多求美者的青睐,并产生了较好的临
床效果。但由于注射剂量、操作技巧、解剖变异等因素,操作过程中可能出现注射感受不佳、药物弥散等不良反应。
[关键词] 肉毒素;面部注射;不良反应;预防与治疗
(Department of Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China)
ABSTRACT As a kind of neurotoxin causing muscle paralysis from Clostridium botulinum, the botulinum toxin
A is currently used in different clinical aspects, especially in the facial cosmetic. Compared with the
traditional surgical methods, the botulinum toxin injection is minimally invasive and safe, favored
by more beauty seekers and with better efficacy. However, factors, such as injection dose, operation
skills, and anatomical variation, may result in side effects during the operation, including poor
injection experience and drug dispersion.
KEY WORDS botulinum toxin A; facial injection; adverse events; prevention and treatments
自18世纪以来,肉毒素的临床应用一直被认为 用于神经肌肉接头和自主神经节的胆碱能神经元。
较为安全,尤其在美学方面功效显著 [1-2],但其与任 重链与突触前神经元受体结合形成的复合物可通过
何药物一样,都可能引起不良反应。肉毒素是一种 内噬作用进入神经细胞内;轻链能与突触体相关蛋
锌肽链内切酶,由1条重链和1条轻链组成,能够作 白-25(synaptosome-associated protein of 25,SNAP25)
收稿日期(Date of reception):2019-01-22
第一作者(First author):陈舒悦,Email: duiyu07@163.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-8902-6017
通信作者(Corresponding author):龙剑虹,Email: jianhonglong@126.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-7864-6133
838 中南大学学报 ( 医学版 ), 2019, 44(7) http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn
相互作用,使后者发生裂解,防止突触囊泡与细胞 使用肉毒素时,仍可能发生免疫原性反应[24-27]。患者
膜融合从而抑制神经末梢释放乙酰胆碱导致肌肉软 体内形成NAbs,在随后的治疗过程中可能出现对肉
瘫[3]。肉毒素的不良反应大多是温和且可逆的,经过 毒素治疗抵抗或无效 [28],一般见于初次使用肉毒素
代谢作用会逐渐消失。 后。一项荟萃分析 [28]显示:在2 240名包含了各种肉
常见的不良反应包括注射部位红斑、淤青、水 毒素治疗适应证的患者中,形成NAbs的患者比例为
肿、短暂或长期偏头痛、类流感样症状以及眉毛或 0~1.28%,11例患者NAbs检测呈阳性,其中3例对肉
眼睑下垂、眼睑外翻、干眼症以及复视(眼外肌无力引 毒素反应无效。市场上的肉毒素均为混合制剂,且
起)等,而过敏反应、肌无力等不良反应十分罕见。这 每种制剂的结合蛋白含量和种类也有所不同。其中
些不良反应会对使用者生活和心理造成影响[4-6]。 Xeomin(德国梅尔兹制药公司)不含多余的复合蛋白,
制剂纯度较高,但注射Xeomin是否优于其他肉毒素
1 肉毒素不良反应的发生机制 制剂仍需进一步研究[29-30]。
表1 肉毒素面部注射常见不良反应
Table 1 The common adverse events of botulinum toxin in facial injection
不良反应 发病率 临床表现 发生及恢复时间
上睑下垂 3%~5.4%[44] 最初症状轻微,但随着时间的推移,眼 注射后48 h出现,最晚在7~10 d后出现,持续
睑下垂逐渐加重[38],上眼睑下垂1~2 mm 2~4周[38-39]
眼裂变窄 下睑支撑力减弱,眼袋加重,甚至出现
睑外翻、巩膜外露、复视、溢泪、暴露
性角膜炎等[45-46]
[47]
眉毛下垂 3.1% 可能导致抬眉障碍,眉眼间距变窄,形
成“冰冻额头”,或眉尾上抬形成“武
士眉”[38]
[48-53]
咀嚼无力 0.9%~63.6% 表现为咀嚼功能下降,咬合能力减弱, 治疗1~4周出现[50, 54],3~8周逐渐恢复,约12
咀嚼坚硬物困难 周完全恢复[49-50, 55-57];MRI评估单次治疗后咬
肌萎缩持续4月,完全恢复需6月[52, 58]
下颌缘消失或 0.2%[53] 见于中老年患者注射咬肌后,肌肉体积 初次注射后2个月内[49]
皮肤下垂 减小,支撑力下降,皮肤和软组织下垂
瘀斑 2.5~6.3% 小静脉或毛细血管破裂,局部皮肤呈青 5~7 d恢复
紫色,可能伴有轻度压痛
肿胀 6.3%~22.7% 注射后早期出现,1周内恢复
表2 肉毒素面部注射少见不良反应
Table 2 Uncommon adverse events of botulinum toxin in facial injection
不良反应 发病率 临床表现 发生及恢复时间
蛙腮 0.49%~18.8%[49, 53-54, 58] 咀嚼时咬肌肌肉反常膨胀 注射24 h后出现,也可在2~4周出
现,10 d内自行恢复[49, 54]
[58]
颞下颌关节 Xie等 报道在220例患者中有8例出 张口困难
异常活动 现该不良事件
颞肌凹陷 0.05%[60] 颞区局部形成凹陷
口干症 6.3%~13.3%[48] 唾液等分泌物减少,口腔干燥 3~4周恢复[48]
头晕和头痛 Xie等[58]报道220例注射咬肌患者出 一过性的头晕、头痛,也可反复发 注射后立即发生[72],2~4 d缓解[73]
现2例头晕、1例头痛;大剂量肉毒 作,部分患者的症状表现为注射剂
素注射后出现头痛者约1%[44] 量相关性
过敏反应 大剂量注射后发生率约为0.011%[21] 皮疹、肉芽肿形成以及其他局部甚 可在注射后数分钟内发作,亦可
至全身性过敏反应[17-19],暂无过敏 在2~3 d后出现[74]
性休克的报道
全身肌无力 上睑下垂、吞咽及发音障碍、呼吸
困难、四肢软弱等全身肌肉麻痹症
状,严重时可能导致死亡
量为6~400 U;最大可增加至400~600 U;中毒性剂量 evaluation of the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment
of glabellar lines in women with skin types V and VI[ J]. Dermatol
为2 500~3 000 U。
Surg, 2009, 35(3): 429-435.
842 中南大学学报 ( 医学版 ), 2019, 44(7) http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn
[10] Punga AR , Alimohammadi M, Fagrell D, et al. A randomized, [24] Mejia NI, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Long-term botulinum toxin efficacy,
comparative study to evaluate efficacy and safety of two injection safety, and immunogenicity[ J]. Mov Disord, 2005, 20(5): 592-597.
volumes of AbobotulinumtoxinA in treatment of glabellar lines[ J]. [25] Klein AW. Complications and adverse reactions with the use of
Dermatol Surg, 2016, 42(8): 967-976. botulinum toxin[ J]. Dis Mon, 2002, 48(5): 336-356.
[11] Carruthers A, Bogle M, Carruthers JD, et al. A randomized, [26] Dressler D, Benecke R. Pharmacology of therapeutic botulinum
evaluator-blinded, two-center study of the safety and effect of toxin preparations[ J]. Disabil Rehabil, 2007, 29(23): 1761-1768.
volume on the diffusion and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in the [27] Kessler KR, Skutta M, Benecke R. Long-term treatment of cervical
treatment of lateral orbital rhytides[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2007, 33(5): dystonia with botulinum toxin A: efficacy, safety, and antibody
567-571. frequency. german dystonia study group[ J]. J Neurol, 1999, 246(4):
[12] Tang-Liu DD, Aoki KR, Dolly JO, et al. Intramuscular injection of 265-274.
125I-botulinum neurotoxin-complex versus 125I-botulinum-free [28] Naumann M, Carruthers A, Carruthers J, et al. Meta-analysis
neurotoxin: time course of tissue distribution[ J]. Toxicon, 2003, of neutralizing antibody conversion with onabotulinumtoxinA
42(5): 461-469. (BOTOX®) across multiple indications[ J]. Mov Disord, 2010,
[13] Abbasi NR , Durfee MA, Petrell K, et al. A small study of the 25(13): 2211-2218.
relationship between abobotulinum toxin A concentration and [29] Frevert J, Dressler D. Complexing proteins in botulinum toxin type A
forehead wrinkle reduction[ J]. Arch Dermatol, 2012, 148(1): 119- drugs: a help or a hindrance?[ J]. Biologics, 2010, 4: 325-332.
121. [30] Jost WH, Benecke R, Hauschke D, et al. Clinical and pharmacological
[14] Jiang H, Zhou J, Chen S. Different glabellar contraction patterns in properties of incobotulinumtoxinA and its use in neurological
chinese and efficacy of botulinum toxin Type A for treating glabellar disorders[ J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015, 9: 1913-1926.
lines: a pilot study[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2017, 43(5): 692-697. [31] Zhao CH, Stillman M. Atrophy of corrugator supercilii muscle in a
[15] Abramo AC, Do Amaral TP, Lessio BP, et al. Anatomy of forehead, patient induced by the onabotulinum toxin injection[ J]. Headache,
glabellar, nasal and orbital muscles, and their correlation with 2012, 52(2): 309-311.
distinctive patterns of skin lines on the upper third of the face: [32] Guyuron B, Rose K, Kriegler JS, et al. Hourglass deformity after
reviewing concepts[ J]. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2016, 40(6): 962-971. botulinum toxin type A injection[ J]. Headache, 2004, 44(3): 262-
[16] De Almeida AR , Da Costa Marques ER , Banegas R , et al. 264.
Glabellar contraction patterns: a tool to optimize botulinum toxin [33] Koerte IK, Schroeder AS, Fietzek UM, et al. Muscle atrophy beyond
treatment[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2012, 38(9): 1506-1515. the clinical effect after a single dose of OnabotulinumtoxinA injected
[17] LI M, Goldberger Ba, Hopkins C. Fatal case of BOTOX-related in the procerus muscle: a study with magnetic resonance imaging[ J].
anaphylaxis?[ J]. J Forensic Sci, 2005, 50(1): 169-172. Dermatol Surg, 2013, 39(5): 761-765.
[18] Lewitt PA , Trosch RM. Idiosyncratic adverse reactions to [34] Mathevon L, Michel F, Decavel P, et al. Muscle structure and stiffness
intramuscular botulinum toxin type A injection[ J]. Mov Disord, assessment after botulinum toxin type A injection. a systematic
1997, 12(6): 1064-1067. review[ J]. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2015, 58(6): 343-350.
[19] Ahbib S, Lachapelle JM, Marot L. Sarcoidal granulomas following [35] Rafferty KL, LIU ZJ, YE W, et al. Botulinum toxin in masticatory
injections of botulic toxin A (botox) for corrections of wrinkles[ J]. muscles: short- and long-term effects on muscle, bone, and
Ann Dermatol Venereol, 2006, 133(1): 43-45. craniofacial function in adult rabbits[ J]. Bone, 2012, 50(3): 651-662.
[20] Carruthers A, Kane MA, Flynn TC, et al. The convergence of [36] Adler M, Sheridan RE, Deshpande SS, et al. Neuromuscular
medicine and neurotoxins: A focus on botulinum toxin type A and transmission and muscle contractility in SNAP-25-deficient
its application in aesthetic medicine—A global, evidence-based coloboma mice[ J]. Neurotoxicology, 2001, 22(6): 775-786.
botulinum toxin consensus education initiative: part I: botulinum [37] Caleo M, Spinelli M, Colosimo F, et al. Transynaptic action of
toxin in clinical and cosmetic practice[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2013, 39(3 botulinum neurotoxin type A at central cholinergic boutons[ J]. J
Pt 2): 493-509. Neurosci, 2018, 38(48): 10329-10337.
[21] Naumann M, Boo LM, Ackerman AH, et al. Immunogenicity of [38] Matarasso SL. Complications of botulinum A exotoxin for
botulinum toxins[ J]. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 2013, 120(2): 275- hyperfunctional lines[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 1998, 24(11): 1249-1254.
290. [39] Carruthers A, Kiene K, Carruthers J. Botulinum A exotoxin use in
[22] Brin MF, James C, Maltman J. Botulinum toxin type A products are clinical dermatology[ J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1996, 34(5 Pt 1): 788-
not interchangeable: a review of the evidence[ J]. Biologics, 2014, 8: 797.
227-241. [40] Guyuron B, Huddleston SW. Aesthetic indications for botulinum
[23] Dorizas A, Krueger N, Sadick NS. Aesthetic uses of the botulinum toxin injection[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1994, 93(5): 913-918.
toxin[ J]. Dermatol Clin, 2014, 32(1): 23-36. [41] Jiang HY, Chen S, Zhou J, et al. Diffusion of two botulinum toxins
肉毒素面部注射的不良反应——机制、预防与治疗 陈舒悦,等 843
type A on the forehead: double-blinded, randomized, controlled measurement of human masseter muscle[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2009,
study[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2014, 40(2): 184-192. 35(12): 1902-1906.
[42] Sneath J, Humphrey S, Carruthers A, et al. Injecting botulinum toxin [57] Park HU, Kim BI, Kang SM, et al. Changes in masticatory function
at different depths is not effective for the correction of eyebrow after injection of botulinum toxin type A to masticatory muscles[ J]. J
asymmetry[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2015, 41 (Suppl 1): 82s-87s. Oral Rehabil, 2013, 40(12): 916-922.
[43] Gordin EA, Luginbuhl AL, Ortlip T, et al. Subcutaneous vs [58] Xie Y, Zhou J, Li H, et al. Classification of masseter hypertrophy for
intramuscular botulinum toxin: split-face randomized study[ J]. tailored botulinum toxin type A treatment[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,
JAMA Facial Plast Surg, 2014, 16(3): 193-198. 2014, 134(2): e209-e218.
[44] Cox SE, Adigun CG. Complications of injectable fillers and [59] Lee HJ, Kang IW, Seo KK, et al. The anatomical basis of paradoxical
neurotoxins[ J]. Dermatol Ther, 2011, 24(6): 524-536. masseteric bulging after botulinum neurotoxin type A injection[ J].
[45] Carruthers A, Carruthers J. Clinical indications and injection Toxins (Basel), 2016, 9(1): pii: E14.
technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum a exotoxin[ J]. Dermatol [60] 张新成, 张姣姣. 罕见A型肉毒毒素注射咬肌引起的颞部凹陷
Surg, 1998, 24(11): 1189-1194. 原因分析[ J]. 中国美容医学杂志, 2017, 26(7): 71-72.
[46] Garcia A, Fulton JE, JR. Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of ZHANG Xincheng, ZHANG Jiaojiao. Analysis of causes on tempus
facial expression with botulinum toxin. a dose-response study[ J]. depression caused by masseter injection of type A[ J]. Chinese
Dermatol Surg, 1996, 22(1): 39-43. Journal of Aesthetic Medicine, 2017, 26(7): 71-72.
[47] Sundaram H, Signorini M, Liew S, et al. Global aesthetics consensus: [61] Kwon JS, Kim ST, Jeon YM, et al. Effect of botulinum toxin type A
botulinum toxin type A-evidence-based review, emerging concepts, injection into human masseter muscle on stimulated parotid saliva
and consensus recommendations for aesthetic use, including updates flow rate[ J]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2009, 38(4): 316-320.
on complications[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016, 137(3): e518-e529. [62] Yeh YT, Peng JH, Peng HP. Literature review of the adverse events
[48] Kim JH, Shin JH, Kim ST, et al. Effects of two different units of associated with botulinum toxin injection for the masseter muscle
botulinum toxin type a evaluated by computed tomography and hypertrophy[ J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2018, 17(5): 675-687.
electromyographic measurements of human masseter muscle[ J]. [63] Jia Z, Lu H, Yang X, et al. Adverse events of botulinum toxin type
Plast Reconstr Surg, 2007, 119(2): 711-717. A in facial rejuvenation: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[ J].
[49] Liew S, Dart A. Nonsurgical reshaping of the lower face[ J]. Aesthet Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2016, 40(5): 769-777.
Surg J, 2008, 28(3): 251-257. [64] Emmerson J. Botulinum toxin for spasmodic torticollis in a patient
[50] Gaofeng L, Jun T, Bo P, et al. Evaluation and selecting indications for with myasthenia gravis[ J]. Mov Disord, 1994, 9(3): 367.
the treatment of improving facial morphology by masseteric injection [65] Tarsy D, Bhattacharyya N, Borodic G. Myasthenia gravis after
of botulinum toxin type A[ J]. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg, 2010, botulinum toxin A for Meige syndrome[ J]. Mov Disord, 2000,
63(12): 2026-2031. 15(4): 736-738.
[51] Kim NH, Park RH, Park JB. Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment [66] Iwase T, Iwase C. Systemic effect of local and small-dose botulinum
of hypertrophy of the masseter muscle[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2010, toxin injection to unmask subclinical myasthenia gravis[ J]. Graefes
125(6): 1693-1705. Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2006, 244(3): 415-416.
[52] Wei J, Xu H, Dong J, et al. Prolonging the duration of masseter [67] Dressler D. Subclinical myasthenia gravis causing increased
muscle reduction by adjusting the masticatory movements after the sensitivity to botulinum toxin therapy[ J]. J Neural Transm (Vienna),
treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy with botulinum toxin type 2010, 117(11): 1293-1294.
a injection[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2015, 41 (Suppl 1):101s-109s. [68] Chegini A. Therapeutic plasma exchange in a rare case myasthenic
[53] Peng HP, Peng JH. Complications of botulinum toxin injection for crisis after botox injection[ J]. Atheroscler Suppl, 2017, 30: 283-285.
masseter hypertrophy: Incidence rate from 2036 treatments and [69] Garner CG, Straube A, Witt TN, et al. Time course of distant effects
summary of causes and preventions[ J]. J Cosmet Dermatol, 2018, of local injections of botulinum toxin[ J]. Mov Disord, 1993, 8(1):
17(1): 33-38. 33-37.
[54] Kim NH, Chung JH, Park RH, et al. The use of botulinum toxin type [70] Sheth AN, Wiersma P, Atrubin D, et al. International outbreak of
A in aesthetic mandibular contouring[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2005, severe botulism with prolonged toxemia caused by commercial carrot
115(3): 919-930. juice[ J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 47(10): 1245-1251.
[55] Ahn KY, Kim ST. The change of maximum bite force after botulinum [71] Bakheit AM, Ward CD, Mclellan DL. Generalised botulism-like
toxin type a injection for treating masseteric hypertrophy[ J]. Plast syndrome after intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A: a
Reconstr Surg, 2007, 120(6): 1662-1666. report of two cases[ J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1997, 62(2):
[56] Kim KS, Byun YS, Kim YJ, et al. Muscle weakness after repeated 198.
injection of botulinum toxin type A evaluated according to bite force [72] Lee DH, Jin SP, Cho S, et al. RimabotulinumtoxinB versus
844 中南大学学报 ( 医学版 ), 2019, 44(7) http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn
OnabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of masseter hypertrophy: a A therapy during pregnancy[ J]. Mov Disord, 2004, 19(11): 1384-
24-week double-blind randomized split-face study[ J]. Dermatology, 1385.
2013, 226(3): 227-232. [87] Kuczkowski KM. Anesthetic implications of botulinum toxin type
[73] Choe SW, Cho WI, Lee CK, et al. Effects of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections for the treatment of 'the aging face' in the
A on contouring of the lower face[ J]. Dermatol Surg, 2005, 31(5): parturient[ J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2007, 51(4): 515-516.
502-507. [88] Robinson AY, Grogan PM. OnabotulinumtoxinA successfully used as
[74] Brueggemann N, Doegnitz L, Harms L, et al. Skin reactions after migraine prophylaxis during pregnancy: a case report[ J]. Mil Med,
intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A: a rare side effect[ J]. J 2014, 179(6): e703-e704.
Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2008, 79(2): 231-232. [89] Cote TR, Mohan AK, Polder JA, et al. Botulinum toxin type A
[75] Defatta RJ, Krishna S, Williams EF, 3RD. Pulsed-dye laser for treating injections: adverse events reported to the US Food and Drug
ecchymoses after facial cosmetic procedures[ J]. Arch Facial Plast Administration in therapeutic and cosmetic cases[ J]. J Am Acad
Surg, 2009, 11(2): 99-103. Dermatol, 2005, 53(3): 407-415.
[76] Wollina U, Konrad H. Managing adverse events associated with [90] Yiannakopoulou E. Serious and long-term adverse events associated
botulinum toxin type A: a focus on cosmetic procedures[ J]. Am J with the therapeutic and cosmetic use of botulinum toxin[ J].
Dermatol, 2005, 6(3): 141-150. Pharmacology, 2015, 95(1/2): 65-69.
[77] Carruthers J, Carruthers A. The evolution of botulinum neurotoxin [91] 农凌波, 何为群, 徐永昊, 等. 注射肉毒素导致严重呼吸功能
type A for cosmetic applications[ J]. J Cosmet Laser Ther, 2007, 衰竭一例报告及文献复习[ J] . 中华结核和呼吸杂志, 2008,
9(3): 186-192. 31(5): 369-371.
[78] De Maio M, Swift A, Signorini M, et al. Facial assessment and NONG Lingbo, HE Weiqun, XU Yonghao, et al. Severe respiratory
injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid failure after injection of botulinum toxin: case report and review of
fillers: focus on the upper face[ J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(2): the literature[ J]. Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory
e265-e276. Diseases, 2008, 31(5): 369-371.
[79] Cartee TV, Monheit GD. An overview of botulinum toxins: Past, [92] Carruthers J, Fagien S, Matarasso SL. Consensus recommendations
present, and future[ J]. Clin Plast Surg, 2011, 38(3): 409-426. on the use of botulinum toxin type a in facial aesthetics[ J]. Plast
[80] Fan KL, Wang YL, Chu G, et al. Delayed antitoxin treatment of two Reconstr Surg, 2004, 114(Suppl 6): 1s-22s.
adult patients with botulism after cosmetic injection of botulinum [93] Lewis T, Jacobsen G, Ozog D. Intrafollicular orifice injection
type A toxin[ J]. J Emerg Med, 2016, 51(6): 677-679. technique for botulinum toxin type A[ J]. Arch Dermatol, 2008,
[81] De Paiva A, Meunier FA, Molgo J, et al. Functional repair of motor 144(12): 1657-1658.
endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic [94] Cavallini M, Cirillo P, Fundaro SP, et al. Safety of botulinum toxin
switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent A in aesthetic treatments: a systematic review of clinical studies[ J].
terminals[ J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1999, 96(6): 3200-3205. Dermatol Surg, 2014, 40(5): 525-536.
[82] Pongrac JL, Slack PJ, Innis SM. Dietary polyunsaturated fat that is
low in (n-3) and high in (n-6) fatty acids alters the SNARE protein
complex and nitrosylation in rat hippocampus[ J]. J Nutr, 2007, (本文编辑 平静波)
137(8): 1852-1856.
[83] Kaneko Y, Cortes L, Sanberg C, et al. Dietary supplementations as
neuroprotective therapies: focus on NT-020 diet benefits in a rat
model of stroke[ J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2012, 13(6): 7424-7444.
[84] Burgoyne RD, Morgan A. Cysteine string protein (CSP) and its role
本文引用:陈舒悦, 龙剑虹. 肉毒素面部注射的不良反应——
in preventing neurodegeneration[ J]. Semin Cell Dev Bio, 2015, 40:
机制、预防与治疗[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2019, 44(7): 837-844.
153-159.
DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2019.190069
[85] Cunha MP, Pazini FL, Ludka FK, et al. The modulation of NMDA
Cite this article as: CHEN Shuyue, LONG Jianhong. Adverse events
receptors and L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway is implicated in the
of botulinum toxin A in facial injection: Mechanism, prevention and
anti-immobility effect of creatine in the tail suspension test[ J]. treatment[ J]. Journal of Central South University. Medical Science, 2019,
Amino Acids, 2015, 47(4): 795-811. 44(7): 837-844. DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2019.190069
[86] Newman WJ, Davis TL, Padaliya BB, et al. Botulinum toxin type