BHOPALI

NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGYANDSCI
ENCE
TUTORI
ALS-I
I
M.
E.(
VISEMESTER)
THERMALENGG.&GASDYNAMI
CS
ME-601

UNI
T-I(
STEAM GENERATORS)
S.
NO.
Thefoll
owi ngobser vationswer etakenduringateststeam boi
ler
:
Quantit
yofcoal bur nt/hr. =720kg
Feedwat ersuppl ied/hour =7000kg
Calori
fi
cv alueofcoal f
ired. =34000KJ/Kg
Feedwat ert emper atureent er
ingEconomi ser =25OC
1 Feedwat ert emper aturel eav i
ngEconomi scr =80OC
Steam pressur e =10Bar
Drynessfract i
onofst eam l eavingboil
erdrum =0.95
Temper atureoft hest eam l eavingsuperheater =250OC
Determinet het hermalef f
iciencyofTheboi l
eralsocalculat
etheheatabsor
bedbyf
eed
waterinvariouscomponent sasaper centageoftotal
heatabsorbed.
Thefoll
owingobserv
ationswer emadeinaboilertri
alCoalused=200kg,
cal
ori
fi
cval
ueof
coal=29800kJ/kg,steam pressure=11.5bar ,waterevaporat
ed=2000kg.Feedwat
er
2
temp.=34° C.Cal
culat
et heequival
entevapor
at i
onfrom andat100°
Cperkgofcoaland
eff
ici
encyofboil
eri
fthest eam i
sO95dr y
.10
Aboi l
erwit
hsuperheat ergenerates8000kg/ hofst eam atapressureof25bars.O·95dry
atexitfr
om theboi lerandat emperatur
eof350° Conl eavingthesuperheat
er.Ifthefeed
watertemper atur
ei s75° C andt heov eral
leffi
ciencyoft hecombi nedboi
l
erandsuper
3
heateri
s85%, determi ne:
(a)Theamountoft hecoal usedperhour ,
ifthecal
or i
fi
cvalueofcoalused=30000kJ/ kg.
(b)Theequivalentev apor
ationfrom andat100°Cf orcombinedunit.
Aboi l
erisbeingt estedfor24hour sanddur
ingthi
stri
alsteam ataver
agepressure
of10bar ,
drysatur at
edispr oducedfr
om 15tonofwaterconsuming1.5tonofcoal.
Composi t
ionofcoalhas3% moi st
ureand4% ash.Feedwat erisaddedat35° C.
4 Determine,
(i
)theboilereffi
ci
ency ,
(i
i
)theequi val
entev aporat
ionperkgofdrycoal,
and
(i
i
i)theequivalentevaporati
onperkgofcombust i
blepr
esentincoal.
I
nat estonaboi lerfol
lowi
ngobservati
onswav er ecorded,coalburni
ngperHour=500kg
waterevaporat
ion/ h=4500kg,Boilerpressur
e=30bar ,Feedactertemper
at e=90o C,
ur
temperatur
eofst eam l
eavingt
heBoi l
er=300° C.Calori
ficval
ueoft hecoalused=3060
5
KJ/Kg.Determi
ne.
(a)Eff
ici
encyoftheBoil
er
(b)Theequival
entevaporat
ionf
rom andat100° C.
UNI
T-I
I(VAPOURPOWERCYCLES)
ARankinecy cl
eisoperati
ngbetweenapr essureof80barand5bar.Themaxi
mum cycle
temperat
ur ei
s600°e.I
fthesteam t
urbi
neandcondensatepump
1
Eff
ici
enciesare0.
9and0. 8respect
ivel
y;cal
culatet
hespeci
fi
cworkandther
malef
fi
ciency
ofthecycle.
Thest eam at100bar,600°
Centersthefi
rstst
ageTurbi
neofani dealRanki
necy cl
ewit
h
reheat.Thesteam l
eavi
ngthereheatsect
ionofthest
eam generat sat500oC,andt
ori he
2
condenserpressur
eis0·06bar
.Ifthequal
it
yattheexi
tofthesecondstageturbi
nein90%
determinethecycl
ether
maleff
ici
ency.
St
eam at320bar,520°
Cl eav
esthestear
ngener
atorofan.i
dealRankinecy
clemodi
fi
edto
3
i
ncl
udethreet
urbinestageswit
hreheatbet
weenthestages.Thereheatpr
essur
esare40
 barand5bar ,respectivel
y.Thest
eam enter
st hesecondstagetur
bineat440°
Candt
hir
d
stagetur
bineat360°C.Thecondenserpressureis0·
08bar.Deter
minefort
hecycl
e:
(a)Thenetworkperuni tmassofsteam f
lowinginkJ/kg.
(b)Thethermaleffi
ciency.

Steam enter
sthet urbineat80barand480° Cwor ki
ngwi t
hIdealfankinecy cle.Thenet
poweroutputoft hecy cl
ei n100MW.Amodi fi
cati
onismodei nt heabovecy cletoincl
ude
oneopenf eedwat eroper at
ingat7barsatur
atedli
quidleavesthefeedwat erheat erat7
4
bar.Det
ermineforthecy cle.
(a)Therateofheattransfertothewor
kingf
lui
dthroughthesteam generate,
inMW.
(b)ThethermalEffi
ciency.

A Reheatcy cl
e oper
ati
ng between 30 and 0.05 barhas a superheatand Reheat
5 temperat
ureof450°C.Thefir
stexpansi
ont akesplacet i
llt
hesystem i
sdr y
ingsat
urat
ed
andthenreheat
sisgiv
en.Det
erminethei
deal cycl
eeffi
ciencyandnegl
ectfeedpumpwork.
UNI
T-I
II(
GASDYNAMI
CS)
Airfl
owswi thav el
oci
tyof360m/ sthr
oughaduct.Atapar t
icul
arsecti
onoftheduct,the
stati
cpressureandtemperatureare85kPaand290° K.Assumingtheflowtobereversi
ble
adiabat
ic,est
imate:
1
(i
)MACHnumberatagi v
ensect i
on.
(i
i
)MACHnumber ,t
emperatureandveloci
tyatanot
hersecti
on,wherethest
ati
cpressureis
125kPa.
Airhasavel
ocit
yof1000km/ hr
.atapressur
eof10kPav acuumsandat emper
atureof
2 47°C.Comput
eitsstagnat
ionproper
ti
esandt hel
ocalMACH number.Takeatmospher
ic
pressur
e=100kPa,
R=287J/ kgoKandγ=1.4.

Asuper soni
cpl anfl
iesat2000km/hratonal t
it
udeof9km abov esealeveli
nstandard
atmosphere.Ifthepressur
eanddensityofairatthisatt
it
udear estat
edtobe30KN/ m2
3 absolut
eand0. 45kg/m3Makecalcul
ati
onsforthepressur
e,temperat
ureanddensi
tyatthe
stagnat
ionpointonthenoseofthepl
ane
TakeR=287J/ kgKandu=1. 4.

Ai
ratatemper
atur
e27°
Cisf
lowi
ngatM =2.
8.Cal
cul
atet
hev
eloci
tyoff
lowi
nm/
secand
4
machangl
e.
Airf
lowst hroughaconv ergentdiv
ergentnozzl
e.Atsomesect i
oninthenozzl
epressur
e=2
bar,v elocit
y=170m/ sec,Temp=200° C cross sectionalarea=10cm2.Assumi ng
5 i
sotropicflow condi
tiondetermineveloci
ty,MachNoandf l
ow rateattheout
letofnozzle
wheret hepressureis1.1bar.Alsodeterminethetemp,
velocit
yandf l
owareaatthethroat
ofnozzle.TakeYf orair=1.4,cp=1.005andR=0. 287kj/kgk.
UNI
T-I
V (
AIRCOMPRESSORS)
Atwo- stageai rcompressorcompr essesairfrom 1bar,20°Ct o40barfol
l
owingt helaw
PV1.33constant.Forperf
ecti nt
ercooli
ngf i
ndtheworkdoneandmassof
1 coolingwat ertobecirculatedinint
er cool
erforonekgofair,i
fthemaximum r
iseincooli
ng
watert emper atur
eisl i
mi tedto22° C.Iftheabovecompr essi
oni sdonebysinglestage,
whatwi llbe%ofwor ksav edinmultistagi
ng?
Adoubl eact i
ngsinglecylinderai
rcompressorhasapi stondispl
acementof 0·015m3/
rev
,
operatesat500r .p.m.andhasa5%cl earance.Theairi
sreceived
2 at1barar i
ddeliveredat6bar .Thecompr essionandexpansionarepoly
tropi
cwith η=
l
.3.Findv olumetri
cef fi
ciency,powerrequired,heatt
ransfer
redduri
ngcompr essi
onofai
r
wit
hi nlett
emp: of20° C.
Ar eci
procati
ngcompressorofsi ngl
estageanddoubleact i
ngtypehasfr
eeairdeli
ver
edat
14m3/ min.Measur
edat1· 0132barand288K,pr essureandt emperat
ureatsucti
onare
4 0·95barand305K.Thecy linderhasclearance
Volumeof5%ofsweptv olume.Theai risdeli
ver
edatpressureof7barandexpansionand
compr essi
onf ol
l
owsthesamei ndexof1:3.Det er
minet heindicat
edpowerrequi
redand
 v
olumet
ri
cef
fi
ciencywi
thr
espectt
ofr
eeai
rdel
i
ver
ed.
Findthemaxi mum wor kandpowerrequir
edtoderivethecompressorf
oratwostageair
5 compr essorwhichtakes3m3 atairminuteatapressureof1barandtemper
atur
eprocess
foll
owst helev
el PV1.25=C.Al
sof
indt
hei nt
ercool
erpressur
e.
UNI
T-V (
STEAM NOZZLE&CONDENSERS)
Calcul
at emassf lowrat
eofst
eam i
naconv
ergentnozzl
ewi
tht
hedat
agi
venbel
ow-
I
nletpressure=l 0bar,
1 I
nlettemper ature=200°C
Backpr essure=0. 5bar
Throatdiamet er=10mm
Steam issuppli
edt oanozzleat3.5barand0.96dr
y.Thesteam ent
erst henozzl
eat
2 240m/sec.Thepr essur
edropsto0.
8bar.Det
erminethevel
oci
tyanddrynessfr
acti
onof
steam wheni
tleavesthenozzl
e.
Determinethest
eam velocityofthenozzl
e,i
fdrysaturat
edst
eam at6barwithnegl
igi
ble
3 veloci
tyexpandsisent
ropicall
yinaconv er
gentnozzleto1bar.Thedrynessfr
acti
onof
steam i
s0.95.
Asur f
acecondenserhav ingvacuum of715mm Hgandt emper
atureof32° Chas
cooli
ng watercircul
ated at800 kg/min.Thecool
ing waterenter
ing condenser
becomeswar merby14° C.Thecondensateisavail
ablefrom condenserat25
4
kg/min.Thehotwel lt emper
atureis30°C.Bar
ometerreadingi
s765mm ofHg.
Deter
mi nethemassofai ri
nkg/ m3ofcondenserv
olumeanddr ynessf r
acti
onof
steam ent
ering.
Asurfacecondenserhasv acuum of71cm Hgandmeant emperat
ureof35° C.The
barometerr eadingi s76. 5cm Hg.Thehotwel lt
emper at
ureis28°C.“team ent
ers
condenserat2000kg/ hrandr equir
escoolingwaterat8° C att
her ateof1000
kg/min.coolingwat erleavescondenserat24°C.
Deter
mi ne
5 (i
)Thev acuum ef ficiencyofcondenser
(i
i
)Theunder coolingi ncondenser
(i
ii
)Correctedv acuum i nrefer
encet ostandar
dbarometerreadi
ng,(
iv)t
he
condenseref fi
ciency .