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1.1.2 c 5:§~W1§X .. ..... ...... ... ..... ... .. ...... .. .... ... ...... .... ........... ...... ........ ...... l-6
1.2 flfits~mlUWW11= .... ... ...... .... .... .... ............. .. .... ... ..... .. .. ... ...... ... ..... .. .. .. .. 1-7
1.3 m~~-1~ c flfit ........ ... ...... ...... ... ..... .. ..... .... .......... ... .. ... ... ........ ... .... 1-13
1.3.1 flfitB~mlUI!Wt~~ ..... ..... ....... ...... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... .. ....... .:......... .. 1-14

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2.2.3 :7'Ji35!Jt , ~±.1&4R ....... ...... ...... .............. ..... .. ... ........ ............ 2-9
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2.2.5 ~1~8~5~1I:ll ....... .. ... ...... ........ ..... ........... .. ..... .. ... ... ........ ..... ..... ..2-12

2.2.6 ~H~~'§~~I~ ....................................... ........... ............... 2-12

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2.3 .1 ~8U~ ................................................................................... ... 2-14

2.3.2 ~m~ ...................................................................................... 2-14
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2.4.1 gg)Z:;J~~~ .......... .. ................. .. .... .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. ..... ...... .. ...2-15
2.4.2 gg~~~~~ ................................................................................... 2-16

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3.2.3 )3.~61~~~ float.. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. ... ...... ...... ... ........ .... .:....... .... .. ...... 3-15
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4.2.2 ................................................................................... 4-19
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4.3.3 )~~*mfti~B~ ~ *~ .... ............ ............................ .......................4-30
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5.1.3 ¥ll~~¥l::s- .................... .................................... .........................5-6
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5.1.6 ~f!i~¥l::s- ....... ......................................................... .. .. .. ......... 5-13
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6.2.2 ~~8~~}J-~M* ift,)(3.fil ........................................................ 6-10

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6.2.4 ~~m~:fi-if W else 8~j!!j2Uro~fil! .. .............. .... ... .. ........... ... ...... 6-15

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7.6 fi~f§E,E§O]~-;fi@llJ? ........................ .. ........................... .. ................ 7-23

7.7 ~)jj\@ll] ................................................. ........................................ ..... 7-24

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7.8.2 continue i]i9:3lll; .............. ..............................................................7-35

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8.2.1 '§1'5lillJl'X®:~!UMAE: ~lillll'X ................... .. ......... .. ........... ... ........... 8-5

8.2.2 J'j~f~Let,0¥0~ lilil'X .......................................................... .. ..... .... 8-8

8.3 ~~8Jlillll'Xl!!ffli8f~tl ..... ... .... ...... ..... ..... .. ................. .. ... .. ........ ... .......... 8-11

8.3 .1 ~Ji~BJlillllH*~ ..................... ......... ....... ...... .. ... .. ... .. ........... .... 8-11

8.3.2 f5J8~f§E,E§ ~ @llilll l'X ....................... ............ ... .............................8-19

8.3.3 lilil'X2rs~BJ1§ILD¥0~ ........... .. ..... .... .. ........... ........ ............ ........ 8-21

8.4 ~®lillll'X ...................... ............. ·······................................ .................... 8-24

8.5 ]§Iii~ ' ~ i~!M ijji~~l'X ............................................................. ..........8-34

8.5 .1 ]§Iii~~l'X .................................................................. .. .............. 8-34

 8.5.2 iE±~~'~ .......................... ........................................................ 8-38

8.5.3 ~¥~~'~ . . . . . . . ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 8-43

8.6 slf~1®~8~H~ffiLl ... .............................. ............ .. ........... .......... ......... .. ....8-45

8.7 §JJ~~If~-#define .. ... ................ ... .. ................................ ... .. ............. 8-48

8.7.1 f§Effl #define §JJ~~If~ ............................................... ...... ...8-48
8.7.2 :~dt~~ ffl #define? ........................... .... .. .. .... ... .. .. ............... 8-51
8. 7 .3 f§Effl const fl~IDll-:f ........... ..... ....................................................8-53
8.7.4 fLlffl #define @1~FJi~B'SJ~f~ ................. ......... ........... .. ... .. .... 8-54
8.7.5 1§Efflfislf~8'Sle$ ......... ... ... .. ... .. .... .......................... ... ............ 8-55

8.7.6 1§Effl~f~? 1§Effl§$? ....... .. ... .. ............................................. 8-58

8.8 .fij*~~ #include §JJ~~If~ ... .............................. .. .. ...................... 8-59
8.8.1 ~~8"-l~liJHi ............ ........................ .. .... ... ............... .............. 8-59
8.8.2 1§Effl El~JB'SJ~aMi ......... ... .. ... ... .. ..... .................. .. ... ... ............ .. 8-61
~~ ............ .... .... ..... .... ... ... ..... .......... ...... .. ..... ...... ............ .. .......... .. ........... ... 8-64

~9~ ~f9UW~$ ......................................................................... 9-1

9.1 -*-i~9U ....... ........ .. .... ... ....... ...... .... ................... .. ................ .. ... ........... .. 9-2
9.1 .1 -ff.11:~9U8'SJ§'§ ..... .. ..... ............ ........................................... .....9-2
9.1.2 ~9UfD1Eitl'SJ~~'.\E ................................................. ..... .................. 9~6
9.1.3 *~®~9U.Pff1~8'SJ~C\ 1 l:~~rs~ ....................... ......... .. .......... ...... ... .. .. 9-7

9.1.4 ~9U8'SJ'®J\5ilHiltrt:tl ................ ............... .. ........... .... ..... .......... ... ... 9-9

9.1.5 ~9uwmS!a"-1*~* ............... .. ......... .............. .. .. .. ........... ............. 9-13

9.2 =*-i~9UW~Hi~9U .. ... ................ ..... ... ... .. ........... .. ........... ... .. ... ......... 9-17
 §~~ - VII

/
9.2.1 =ff.tE~9U8~8§WfJJ1i8~~~~ ................. .. ... ... .... .. ................ 9-17
9.2.2 =ff.tE~9U:JT;~8~:S:fl\Z .................................................... ..... ...... 9-20

9.2 .3 §7ff.tE~9U .......................................................................... ........ 9-23

9.3 1!~1lf 9Um€ilIBJI~ ........................................... .......... .............................. 9-27

9 .3 .1 l~ -ff.tE~9U,ffl s 11~*11~ ....................................................... 9-27

9.3.2 lIBJ~1!~511~8~~i!JU ........................................................... .... 9-29

9.3.3 -ff.tE~9UB~IJIFF.l--~ )El~F~)t ................................................. 9-36

9.3.4 m~=ff.tEW§7ff.tE~9U ............................ ............................ ....... 9-42

9.4 ~$ ......... .. ................. .. ............ .. .......... ..... ........................................... 9-45

9.4.l ~$8~8§WfJJ1i8~~~~ ....................................................... 9-45

9.4.2 FJl~8~i819U -~:JT;W~$8~tt;lQ ............................................ 9-47

9.5 ~$8~'®7\Wf®t±llIBJI~ ................................................ :....... ............... 9-48

9.6 ~$1lf9U ........ ... ........................ .......... ........................................ ......... 9-52

9.6.1 ~$~9U8~8§W~JJ1i8~~~~ ............................................... 9-52

9.6.2 ~$1lf9U:JT;~8~sllf.l&:S:f!iZ ................................................... 9-54
~Jl!Jil .. .................................................... .. .......... ... ....... .. .. .. ........................... 9-57

§g 10 ~ 11§ ~" .... " .. """. " .. "" """ """ ". ". "" "." ". """ """ """" "" 10-1

10. l :t~~.fll'.t~ .............. ....... ....................................................................... 10-2

10.1.l ~fil,~:t~~ .. .................... .. ........................................................ 10-2

10.1.2 ,ffl1f~~FF.l:t~~? ................................................................. 10-4
10.1.3 ~G'l~~lm8~11I±.Lt ........................................................................ 10-4
10.2 {~FF.l:t~~~~ ..................................................................................... 10-6
 10.2.1 :t~~~l98'JE3§ ..................................................................... 10-6

10.2.2 :t~~~l9a'Jf~m ....................... .................. ......... ................... 1o-8

10.2.3 E3§1~*~~19rfft~Pi.::2.~~8'Jm~ 1l'1 ............... ................. 10-15

10.2.3 :t~~~l98'JE3§:0it ...... ..................................................... 10-16

10.3 :t~t~WIIBJl9 ...................................................................................... .10-11

1o.3 .1 1~~iU~~?tU tIBJIH~ ....... ........ ..... ............................. .. ............ 10-11

10.3.2 E!JIIBJl91~@H~~ ........... ... ..................................................... 10-28

I 0.4 :t~t~W-mtfll!9U .. .... .............. .... ....................................................... 10-31

10.4.1 :t~~B'J~fi!t}ji~ ................................... ................................ 10-31

10.4.2 fLlffl:t~~i3Ef9-mtfll!9U8'J:7I;~ .......................... ................. 10-35

10.4.3 fLlm:t~~~~-mtfll!9U?tUIIBJIH~ ............. .. ........ .................10-38

10.5 :t~t~W~EIS .................. ..................................................................... 10-41

10.5.1 J,j(j~~~l~:t~P1~$ ........................................... ................ 10-41

10.5.2 :t~t~ll!9U .............................................................................. 10-44

10.6 :t~Pi:t~~B'J:t~t~-~m:t~~ .................................................... .........10-47

~~ ......... ...... ..... .................. .... .... .... ... ......... ... .... ... .... ............ ... ........ .. .... .. 10-58

k-"" {(± i~ f51 :Et r.'-1 :::!A! ll!~I HU ~"'

11 """"' 11 1
~ ~ il\D~~ ..................... (:::;~lf'~:=t=.1~ ··············································· ·· ····· -

11 .1 ~,f?,~$6~ .............................. ......... ..... .. ....... ................. ..... .................. 11-2

11.1.1 m6tM8'J:IE~WE3§ ................................................................. 11-2

11.1.2 m6tM~198'Jf~m&WfiB'J~~:;E .............................................. ll-4

11.2 ~11*$6~ ............................. .. .. ................................................ ..... ... .. 11-10

11.3 m6tMll!9U ............... ..... ...... .................................. ............................... 11-12

 Elt~ - IX
/
11.4 :J:~lcB*MMBJ:J:~~-···· ...................... .................................................. .. 11-16

11 .5 L:~JJatM~ ~ 11~11~~u lllilf~ .................. .. .. ..... .. ................... ................ 11-20

11.5.1 ~~~1~*am11~~Ulllilf~ .. ............................................. ........ 11-20

11 .5.2 1®~*MM8%:1±.l1: ............................................................. .... .. 11-22

11.5 .3 1®~*MM!li9U ..... ...... ........... ... .... ... ................ ...... .. ... .... ..... .. 11-23

11 .6 9U ~~~······· · ····· ···· ···· ·· ········· ··· · · ·· ······ · · · ······· · ·· ·· · ·· ··· ··· · ········ · ·········· · · 11-25

11.6. l 9U~~~8J :IE~&'§~ .... .. ... ....... ... .. ..... ............. .. .... ... .... ... 11-25

11 .6.2 9U ~~~8J {§Effl W:W{fi:BJ~~:lf: ..... .. ................. .............. ...... 11-26

11 .7 {§Effl§~JBJ~ ~-typedef... ....... ..................................... ............ .... .. 11-32

~~ ... ..... .. .. .. ... .... .. ..... ..... .............. ..... ........... ..... ....... ... .. .......... .. ............... 11-36

~ 12 ~ ti~~I-' ......................................................................... 12-1

12.1 ti~BJllt~ ........... ..... ................................... .. ................................ .... 12-2

12.1. 1 :sz:3'mw=~1nti ................................. ........... .... .. ............. .. 12-2

12.1.2 -ffi~Hi~WllUiHi~ ................. .. ............. ............................. 12-3

12.1.3 ~mfm~w;iiuifm~~*i~~I! .. ... ........... .......................... 12-4

12.2 ~mfm~BJti~~I!lllil~ ................................... .. ........... ................. 12-6

12.2.1 m~~I!lllilf~BJ~!! .................. .. .. .......... .. .. ....... ..... .. .... .. .. ... 12-8

12.2.2 m~~I!lllill~8J*:f~ ................... ... .............................. ......... 12-9

12.3 ;immf!J~BJti~~I!lllill~ .... .. ..... .. ...... .. ........... .. ............................. 12-17

12.3.1 m~~I!lllilf~BJ~!! ................ .. ...................................... .. . 12-20

12.3 .2 t-i~~I!lllilf~8J*:f~ .. ................. .. .......... .... .. .... .................. 12-21

12.4 =~11Hi~8J1§Effl ........................................... .. .. ..... ..... ................ .. 12-24

 12.4.1 1~ffl ~~!til@:B~ t>]Jf~~!!=it!{u~~ .......................... ..........12-24

12.4.2 1~ffl ~~jtil@:i>]Jf~~!!=ii1.U~i~ ................. ·······.... ........ 12-27

~~ ...... .... .... ................... ... ...... .... .... .. .... ... .. ... ... .. ..... ............ .... .... ...... ..... .. 12-32

~ 13 ~ J\:ru!f~it8~~~JR ..................................... .................... .... 13-1

13 .1 1~it8~~*El1t;WJl'11= .................. ............................. ......... ................. 13-2

13.1.1 1~it8~~*El1t; ................ ............................... ......................... 13-2
13 .1.2 &53U~~i~W11: ............... ................. .. ................................... 13-3

13.2 n:S:/frgm~1!1~m~t~~1~ ............................................................ 13-10

13.3 {l*{!:f:it~~i ................... .. .......... .............. ....... ................................ ...13-12

13.3.1 11*1!:f:'it~~i8~:§'£~1HB ....................................................... 13-12
13 .3.2 11*{!:f:'it~~iW7':rui1~:rt~~~~ ........................................... 13-17
13.4 ®~9Uslf~8~1~ffl ...................... .................................................. ... 13-20
~~ ...... ......... ......... ... .. ..... ..... .... ....... .......................... .... .... ... ...... .. ........ .... 13-26

14.1 !JJ~~2 11:~Ri!!ic'i!i ................................................................................. 14-2

14.1.1 c ~g~~,JJ~~c'l:~Ri!!ic'i!i .......... ............................................. 14-2

14.1.2 !1J~~c 1 l~~Ri!!ic'i!l'.~1~ffl•WU ......... ;............................ ........... 14-4
14.2 mma$9U ... ........................ ............................................................ ..... 14-1

14.2.1 mma$9Ut1~£FR)t ................................................................. 14-9

14.2.2 tUM~u1~~mmma$9U ....................................................... 14-10

14.2.3 ili}U6$9U~W11='819U ........................................................... 14-11
 • 14.3 iliim6$9U8~1*11=
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.......... ...... ................................................... ............ 14-16

-XI

14.3.1 mm6$9Us~~rrw:JEID:J ........................................................ 14-11

14.3.2 HP~~B~i~@W:tfill\ ..................... ... ....................................... 14-21
14.3.3 a.'P~~~ffilU~ifi ........... ............................................................... 14-24
~.fili: ................... ............................ ........................................ ............. ....... 14-28

§@; 15 ~ 11I7G~l'- ..... ......................................................... ....... .... 15 -1

15.1 l~~**ftW1I'IJI;, 1I'IJI;m.§ ........................... .. .. .................................. 15-2
15.1.1 l~~**JHltHili ..................................... ................................... 15-2
15.1.2 1I'IJI;W1I'IJI;*.§ .... ............................................................ ........ 15-3
15.2 =ii1I'I*Mt ............................................................... .................. ........ 15-4
15.2.1 =ii1I'I~~n~1*+l:i1I'I ............................................................. 15-4

15.2.2 +l:i1I'I~~H~1*=l:i1I'I ............................................................. 15-5

15.3 ~'88~3i1I'I**ft ........................................................................ ........ .15-7

15.3.1 i\l:i1I'I**3t ............................................................................ 15-7
15.3.2 +nl:i1I'I**ft ...................................................................... .. 15-8
15 .4 1I'IJI;il:~ ::5- ....................................................................................... 15-10

15.4.1 1I'IJI;31!iil:~::Y- .................................................................. 15-10

15.4.2 1I'IJI;1I'If~il:~::Y- .. .................... .. .......................................... 15-14
15.5 1I'IJI;ff'i!IJ1I'I ........... ..................... .... ...... .......... ...................................... 15-17
~.fili: ........ ..................... .. .. ...................................................... .. .................. 15-21
~ 16 ~ 31~ C++;:Z~5 .. .. .... ..... ....... ............................................. 16-1

16.1 ~;\'?,~ C++ ........ ............ ...................... ... ...... .... ............................. ........ 16-2

16.2 ~Ji~8j{9LJ~ ............ ............... .. .. ... ..... ... ... .. .................... .. ......... ......... ..16-3

16.2.1 M-1~ C++ f~it~l§ ........... ........ .. .................... ............. .. ..... .. 16-4

16.2.2 ~;fj~ ANSI/ISO C++tljt~~ .. ... ........... .. .................. .... ... ........ 16-7
16.2.3 El3~1HUml\JU4 .......................................................... ...........16-8
16.2.4 ff.ltif~~ ............. ... ........ .. .. .......... ............................... ......... ..16-9
16.2.5 ~l~tlj{li]l[ ..... .... .... .... ... ................ .... .............................. ... . 16-11
16.3 lllill~tlj~~ ............. .. .. .. ............ ............. ... .......... .. ... .... .... .. .... .. .. .. ..... 16-12

16.4 &B~~.8U .............. .. .. ... .. ................................................ .. ... ........ .. .... 16-15

16.4.1 ~.8UWm6tM .. .............................................. ............ .............. 16-15

16.4.2 ~.8U8j~*®;;K; ... .. ................ .. ..... ... ..... .. .. ......... ........... ....... 16-l 7

16.4.3 ~.8U8j'.k£~W §'~~.8U~~8j~f~ ...... ... ... ... ........... .... .. ... . 16-19

16.4.4 ~rr¥naM~l14 ...................................................................... 16-20

16.4.5 7t~~~.8U8jf~iti819LJ .. .... ..... ..... ..................... ................... ... 16-22

16.4.6 lllill~'*~tlj~§:QOgIO~ ................................... ........................ 16-24

16.4.7 {W~~?ll{tJ:~LJlllillH~ ............... ......................................... .... .. . 16-26

16.4.8 lllil~'*~tlj~~ ... ................ .. ... ........ .. ... ..... .. .............. ..... ... . 16-28

16.5 0~'*~Wfb~'*~ ..... .............. .. ............... ... ................ ... .... ......... 16-30

16.5.1 ~rr111~'*~ ............ ... ... .... ........... ..................... ........... ..... 16-31

16.5.2 ~rr0~'*~ ......... .. .. ... ...... .. ...... ..... .... ........... ... ..... ........ .. .. 16-34
16.6 ~tM:lI; ... ... .. .... ..... ...... .. ........ ... .............................. .................... .... .... 16-37
 §ti - XIII

16.6.1 ~t\1§:7I;~:§f2js:&t\~ ........................ ....................................... 16-37

16.6. 2 ~t1':7I;s%eml81~tl ............................................................... 16-38

16.6 .3 ~mj[;~~jX ......... ................................. ............. .. ............. 16-40

~~ ..... .. ............... .... ...... ...... ..... ... ........ ... ... .. ..... ...... ........ ........ ............. ..... 16-43

~~ti A {§Effl Dev C++ .. ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ..... .. .. ......... ... ...... ...... .. .... ........ A-1

A.I ~~Dev C++ ....... .. ................ .... ....... ... ........... .. .... .......... .............. ... .... A-1

A.1.1 ~~Dev C++ ..... .... .... ... ........ ... .. ....... ... .. ......... .... ...... .. .... .... .. ... A-1

A.1 .2 fJJ/1x.¥Afr Dev C++ .......... ..... ... .... .... ... .. ... ..... ... .... ......... ........ .... A-4
A.2 ~liffi\;. ............................ .. ................................................................ A-6
A.3 ~~iW¥A1-T .................................................................... ....................... A-9
A.4 ~29:~I_&1j~}E .. ... .. ........ ... .... ........................ ...... .. .. ..... ..... ..... ... .... ... ... . A-10

A.5 ~l,1jg)t~~1j~ ....... ........ ............. .................................................. ....... A-12

A.6 fLlffl Debug JjJ§~~;ji~~ .. ... ... .. ......... ........ .. ..... ..... ....... ... ....... .. ............... A-13

~~~~ B 1.§Effl Visual C++ 6.0 .................................................. .... ....... B-1

B.l 1§Effl Visual C++ .... ... ..... ..... .. .... .... .... ... ... ...... ... .... ....... ...... ........ ............. 8-1

B.1.1 ~li~!ii\; ............................ ... .. .................. ......................... .. .. .. B-2

B.1 .2 ~~W¥A1T ·············································································· B-6
B.2 ~l,1jg)t _t8~ ~~~~ .... ..... ... .......... ...... ... ... .. ... ... ... ...... ... ....... .... ... ........... B-7

B.3 fLlffl Debug J}J§~~ j~ ~~ .......................... .. ... .. ....... .. ...... .............. ......... B-7
 B.4 e55U*i~i8~ 1!1'!= ....... ............................................... .. ... ......... .. ........... B-12

ll1~H~ c mmti~~I~$ ......... ............................................. ............ C-1

c .1 mm~,~~~'~ . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .... . . .... c-2

C.2 B~Fs~~f~ .......... .......... .................................................. ... .................... .. C-8

C.3 3'.$~1~~ ............. .......... .. .. ... .. .... .... ......... ..... ... .. ... .. ... ...... ......... .. .... . C-10

C.4 3'.:7G~If~f~ .... ... .. ............... .. ................ .. ........ .... .................. .. ... .... .. C-17

C.5 rui~.!ll~j~~I~ ... ..... .. ..... ...... ..... ... ............... ... .. .. ..... ... ... .. .. ......... .... ...... C-19

C.6 ~G 'l~i~gij2~W~If~~ .. ..... .............. ..... ....... .. ............. .. ..... ... .... .. .... .. C-21

C.7 :f~:rt)JfE:f~1g;gffitl~I~ .... ................................. ........................................ C-23

Ilium~ D ASCII -!ii~ ...................................................................... D-1

Ilium~ E ~~~~~~ .... ...... .. ......... ...................................... ....... E-1

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®mtt1P99l.~9f~,Pff1~~8'9l&•*ETQ~ C~o num {~~­
+ • student {~~~~A-~) 0
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&rm9±~;1JO~ ~J.~J#-~~8'91!1Jt£M 0

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fr~:IE•m ~R~·-~3M~@~~ --~- 0
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'6)tW~'B' )t~•1~~-e~iB19tl:

in te l 4x /* iHi */
AMD /* i::Elii ' ••e'SJ~-11QJ~BJD]J,~~~~~ */
2 d os 1* Mn·••e'SJ~-oo~BJ~n~•~ *1
my dogs
got o

'§~--~~~, ~D!~JUEl~91~~~1_!1l · 0Jffl~5mii~-:f C=) *~~:IE · 11EDJ.t.U..;.li::9U~fi

:Oit*~~1_!1l :

~Wtl*~~ · 1:H~it~'§~-1~~1~91~ num · ~]H~~~:\E~1~ ~1~8~1_!1l~ 2 • DJ1;.l

JJ$f~it~Rt±l~oi::~8~t~~ :

i n t num= 2 ;

11EtBOJ1;.lJ)$ '§~~~¥ijM~9·~~1_!1l 0
~Wtl*~~ • frf~it~'§~~-~I~ numl ' num2

&~~--~·~§ft~~®~E~·$~it~WDJRt±l~i::~~~~:

int numl,num2 ; /* '§'i5~1Q~fQnum1Wnum 2 */

c h ar c h; I* '§'i$~3(;~8 c h *I

n uml= 2 ; I* ~~-~- n uml e'il{!lrn~~ 2 *I

n um2= 30 ; I* ~~IQ~IQ num2 e'il{~~~~ 30 *I
c h = 'm'; / * ~~j(;~· c h e'il{!lrn~~ 'm' *I
/

tt!~Rm~iit~g~ ( ~D BASIC~) 8~ ' mi!l/f'Jj\11Ai:;•f9~fil!Jf®J\~~rn~ ' ffi]i§}JX;:f~it

~*~~..tBJl!lltt 0
El:JJ)~ BASIC /f'm~'§~•f9 , l!JJl:t'8~5tHR*•l9~fil!JBJ1Hi1'i • pfT
ljCIT§~9}1:;R~~~fil!IBJ • • ff~~~ffBJ•f9 ° C ~g~(0~~tt main() tilif900~88~i]'.;t'§~­
f9 · ~1~~~~t~1~H~ · t!P:01~ft1F9~I'~®1m'§~8J~f9 °

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19~:f~
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0

•m~M..ttlM • mi~@-•8Jm~W§8J ·~~-*t:EMR~it~·m~9~~

-~·lli~~/f'@~fil3~M..t8JE§ 0

~crr~~m·~~-~oo~·tt~8Jmec+i~t±lmJ7!'~~8J~~mlilim;R~mt:t
~~_tf®t±l:sZ~ ' il'ti®~'88JM 1lt ! Lf~p~*~~~- T printf() lilif9 ' ~J)~~¥ml!l8J1§effl
1-J)t' CITlj~ ~~~~BJ~~BJ3 °

printf() lilif91*lj;IBit11j8Jf®t±l:Oit · M~lilif9cp8J51199UEP~U ~~ c:p · ~cp51f9W5119

2Fs~!0~~ljill5m1~~~~~ ~1?U*~~, mt:t~~..tEPt±l "I have 2 cats." ~$ , ~c:p 2
0

~-- oom~H·~~it~CITMR~T:

01 /* prog2_3 , printf () lllill~fO~~ *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 in t num=2; /* ~~~I~ num • !1!~~111[~ 2 *I
07 printf("I h ave %d cats . \n ",n um); /* 0¥0~ printf ()@] f~ */
08 system (" pause ");
09 return 0;
10
-----------------------~------------------------------
/* prog2_ 3 OUTPUT---
I ha ve 2 cats .
--------------------*/

n-2 prog2_3 cp · printf() lllillY~~@JsllY · -1~~:Poit~$ "I have %d cats.\n" • ~-1~

~~19 num' @~1~511Y!!D ~~l;,U.~5ffr:53'00 ° Jlt:9~' printf() lllilf9cp8J r %d_J f-65ffr:~ffl*

~~-~~·~~-•mwm~®~+~ffi~:Poit•~~@@ffim 0

:zjs:jfofi1P~M~~gj c ;3g~~~¥/.$:~~1!f' tlP~5SU~W~m•~ 0

@~~BJ~,'~,~§Ui' 112
1~~8J )@~6PA::;HElf6J 0

2.3.1 ~~55U~

fr C gg~ cp • WIYWlllillYBJ=8ml~~~5SU~ (identifier) 0

~O prog2_3 cp • num ~llM-2
1§Effl~El~J8JWl9~5SU~ ·rm printf~U~ffi~~lllillY~rJTf~1~8Jlllill9~5SU~ ~f@x~~ 0

5SU~®=88~ ' '88J=8ml7<~§~1~~--BJ~~tlPOJ ' i&!~BJ=Bml&rm~~M~~w•

ll..t.BJ!il~ 0

2.3.2 ~m~it~

~5SU~~1§Effl~ffl*®=BWIY~lllill98J3Z~ Cffi~>z:A:1J\~~B , 19~~~*7~rJT*§:§­

ffiJM ) · rm~E~ Ckeyword) ~U~•~if~it2!s:~rfT1§Effl8J~5SU~ 0

Elfi~~BJWIY~

lllilm~:gm~~ftWC~~~~-~Wf§J

prog2_3 cp~ int, void W return ~~liM-2 c ;3g~mffl8J~mm~ · fi1P~~§~t~'81P~~M

WIY*1§Effl c ~g~rfT1~1~~~mm~~D"""F :
0
 /
~
auto break case char const
continue default defined do double
else en um extern float for
goto if int long register
return short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union unsigned
void while volatile

{!1H~-f.~B~~' )]~Dev C++ ~fijg§1,PJT~B~~mm~~~.L.~Ufl~~~*~j'.[jf\' .L.;JJ!:li~gu 0

~@~~~s~•~3~~B®~~~$~m~·~$~~~~~~~wm~~~ 0

TMB~~M~~~~e~f~~~~15+gm · ~*~~*~~0'T3~@f~ 0
~~rn.f~~e~~~~~TI:f{1Jo.L.;;_~9:
:U:B~@f~fl'l.}.f.B~;j\~~ (debug) §JZ~;j\~~ 0 ®'i%~~~~~5.1.f.B~g)t~~~~ (syntax error) W~gl&

~~~~ (semantic error) ~fl • """fiffiB~~{~1j\B_[]M~?}gU~'1MB~~fi~~~~ 0

2·4 · 1 =:n '± "i'i± =0

ooJL:illBo~

0
-~~-·~~E~~~~~-~~~Tffi~C~~~m~ ~~~Be~•""""Fiffi~
~~···~~~~~lliH~~E~:

01 I* prog2 _ 4, ~ *~8~9'9~~ *I
02 # include <s tdi o .h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04
05 int main (void )
06
07 int num; /* §'~~I~ num /*
08 num=2 ; /* ~num8~if:1i:~ 2 /*
09 printf("I have %d dogs . \ n",num);
10 printf ("You have %d dogs, too. \n , num) ;
11 system ("pause ")
12 return 0;
13
______________________.,.,,,______________________________

prog2_ 4 ~8 3 ~ @5g )t ...t8J*l§5~ , :5=~*~83-~if~:rt-~i , 1~CTIJ~~fil'*l§~~~~Jffit±:l* 0

§$1G ' 1mCTit.V@~U§f-; 6 fi , main() 8J:$~tJ.Zi::A165.t'Em.J~B ' ll!l-J{J/\:J65.t'E*65R PIT~ 0

J651X8Jt±:ll~~~~f.&~f.&U8J , ~Jlt§f-; 13 fi main() *65R8~1!!1J:tJ:AJ65.t'E11i~*6ffi , rm

prog2_ 4 cp6Pl-J{Jj65.t'E r)-1 *6.s:R 0

, tl~~8JH5.t'E~V r I* 00~8 ' V r *I *6ffi ' 1§~J]~§f-; 7 fiW§f-; 8 fiBJ~U~cp ,

Jlt:9~ _J _J

*6ffi8W-ff5.t'El':it1 ° §5:9~ , §f-; IO fi printf() IIBJl~P90' 3-1~~'.:Jl5.t'E ; ~1~ , i±§f-; 11 fieJ

$!Ziili*65R8~ ' )~~1J:53'5.t'Eft=ff.l,*6ffi 0

...t32!!8J~1~ */§~~~JllJ]~~g)t_t8]*1§~~ (syntax error) 0

~-~if~it~~I~f~i\:5B)t~*I§~~

~ 1
98ffit±:lE~8Jffi~ 1 ~llit±:lE~eJ~~'~ttR~W•••~:rtffi~¥8J~m
~CTI~~-~ 0 ~~:rt~~--~•m,;g:~B~E~,~~~...t~8J~:rtmm~E·
~CTI~E~--fil~ 0 ...t~eJ~:rt~~~-'~E2mMfieJ~~~~:

/* prog2_4 OUTPUT ~if-*1§1~8]*6~ --

I ha ve 2 dogs .
You have 2 dogs, too .

---------------------- -----------*/

2.4.2 =n =""'-<;>.tt =o
DD,~, !EB D~

~~:rt:$~8J~$~~-~·fil~Mfi~~~l'H~R~8J~*·tt~CTI~fil3~·
...tBJ *~~~ (semantic error) • 13J¥X~f~it~l&...t8J*~~~ 0
~]l_t • ~~:l'~t±:l5g·*~~~­
~tl~$E~~-_t~~ ,~~~ff.l,•m~:rtfi$tlt±:l~·-~·~~n~:rt~~~
-W-W~~~:rt·~~:rt8J~6•~~~~~tlm~ 0 R~m-@~~8JM~~~
/
01 I* prog2 _ s, 881lUl!iil~ffilf1£i'C *I
02 #inc l ude <s t dio . h >
03 #inc l ude <stdlib . h>
04
05 int main (voi d )
06
07 int num= - 2 ;
08
09 printf("I have %d dogs . \n", num ); _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
10 system (" pause ");
0

11 retur n 0 ;
12

/ * prog2_5 OUTPUT---
I have -2 dogs .
--------------------*/

$~M¢·•~~~~~~~tt~•~·@~a0m~~~oo~~~·~••~m~
~-•~·R~tt~~-k~E~·afi~rt~m~•~~•3°~@~rtffifil~E
~~ '!1.X~15'.S: ~ 7 ff¢ ' ~-8~~~~ 'M~ num B~~~{E[f®l\~-2 ' 9l.tf?.-t\~B )t~~~i8~ ' {§
~6P~ffi-B'f~rt8~~>.K · R~M~~~~~~~1tt · ¥J\fif~rt8~l1.t~9~I~~fl~~t.l~U!~8~m6
~o

n?.t~~~m3-@g~~~~*~~~-·~~B~·•~k•~m~••~~~
rt·nm~•~~g~~~·~~~~~w~~~~rt~~g·•ttB~~··~~
~~·~ffl~-~~rt~M•~rt·~~~®~~·OO~B~®~~$ 0

~~R~-@g•~~rt~®m~H~·@~3g•29~·lli~9M~@~~~rt~

~•tt·U~®A~~•wam~rt•~M• 0
~@~~~•tt~?~~~~~·~
~rt¢~kilM·U&~•E@@~-~~~-W~~B~~$ 0
~9~·~~~-fi
-------------------------,.+I'~---------------------------------
H~-@~~N®m~~ff ·ili&~~~•tt 0
~9~·~~-~~W~n~~•tt&
me · 1:EJJ:~~1~t±l~~s,13 :

ft1F~9t~-~f~n~IUilU'F.l~~-¥~e (fixed spaced) e~~i!*~jf\ I iffi_§:::f~ffltr.~i!~ I

u~~n~~~• 0 ~~~~@~g~~W[q]~~n~·~-@~m~~~~~*U
if\ I ~=1~~u~mt~1~tl-¥~ ( prop01tional spaced) 0
1m~L.Jt~lQ- ~~li.l~H~f~n~I® I o~~

-1~tt~~fH~U!t_tlQ~:Y :

/* j§e,E§~'.JE+~~~it~I§ • +rui~ Courier New *I

Ii] 2.5. l
#include <s tdi o .h>
#include <s tdlib.h > l-~ ~ '.(E ~ :E.eJR l:ii'.iin f~
int main(void) n~t® · ;!"Ua5UQ~m:J8l

printf("We all love C. \ n");

system("pause");
return 0;

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> Ii] 2.5.2
int main(void) l-~~IO~'.(E~:EPl:i~ffi~n
{ ~'® •JH~~~JU'l'!l:lt~SF!'
printf("We all love C. \n");; ~m:l81
system(''pause'J;
return O;
}

ttl~nc:t:i~l.J;fLlffl~Bm~~ Tab m I M~f~nt&~*®~F (indent) 0

[q]-1~~~~8~f~n

~1§1§Em~am~~ Tab mM~t&~~~~F~~ 0

f~nf.\f11~m~ue~~amw Tab m~l'&
~j-~LJ~gi~8~~~gi!1l1'!= 0
/
1.i~ Tf§iji.0{~'8f9Ucp • prog2_6 ft prog2_7 ~ji.01~fl£it~@5G~1§f6J • 1§-@M~flEJ:tn)jl§~
~F · §5-1~i:=lU~ 0
~-~OJ )±f&~U · prog2_6 ~1~flEitm~~*®~FWgg1T~Ifirt · flEit1Tl9
-~~~·ffi~OODJUmA-T~~3M~it~~@ :

o1 I* p rog2 _ 6 , ~*~m~f~itli,\ll *I
02 #inc lude <stdio. h >
03 #inc l ude <stdlib.h >
04
05 int main (void )
06
07 int i ;
08
09 printf (" Cats are r unn ing , ");
10 pr in tf (" dogs are c ha si ng. \n ");
11
12 system (" pause ");
13 return 0 ;
14

Tf§i~m~w~mwm·•~OJu~~~•~ftM1T·ffi~~~m•m~~-~·g
~iIB*~~l!llt£:

01 /* prog2 7, )~~~:11~~f~itli,\ll *I
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 # i nclude <stdlib . h >
04 in t main (void )
05
06 int i ;
07 pri ntf(" Cats are r unnin g , ");
08 printf (" dogs are chas ing .\n ");
09 system ("pau se ");
10 ret urn 0 ;
11

!Rii~prog2_6 ft prog2_1e~'®t:!Jma~~~~-~~·1§~m~~t~~,;L1tt · ~U~~@~±t93

~~~u 1§e1~H~ ~F :&.@ ~ e~ gg 1T ~ 'J 'ff&i ~:k • OJ um ft 1r~ ~fl£ rt±~ 1Jo 1' 0' DJ~i 111 ° flE:rt
prog2_6 R prog2_7 ¥A1T8~m6~:QDT :
 /* prog2_6, prog2_7 OUTPUT------
Cats are running, dogs are chasi n g .

----------------------------------*/

c ~1?<~~53'5»EW7:::t55m*~Ll~$~iill~Ll10J~m65R · l!JJJ:tf@rl~'f~DJM~ prog2_7 rff ~B~f~:rt~,\l&

~~fr-ff·••~lli~•~m~~m~~·&~*~~A~~®·l!l~-m~A•
1[i 1ls-l§8~f~:rt · Un~f~:rt~~~tift=fffi~ · ~1N.~~8~-14~ 0

~u~~filJ~f~:rts~~•w~*~~ . l!lJJ:tDJLJ±~1Jof~:rts~DJBi11 ° ~o§Urffiill , c ~g~~LJ

r I* _J 1-65mm.J~g I r *I 1-65mm6ffi ' M~~)!~U~8~:SZ~:t51IB* ' fr~~{~f-651Jt~rJjs~:sz
_J

~·c•~H~~®ff@~~ 0
m~·~~~~m~~~~~ilM~:rt:

/* prog2 _ 7 , examples*/
/* created by Wien Hong */

/*
Th is paragraph demons trates the capability
of comments used by C
Nove mber 06 2006
*/

~-ft~3C~~--~~E2··~~-·~•5UC~~~--~-®·~~
~~3 ° fr•~ c ~g~8%~f~cj::i · "~*~~" (debug) ~-:fi1N.~~s~•~iMf~ 0
~

~~~~~~••H~m~~m~~~m•ff~m·~~•~••m~~m~fr~
~~®tt~cmm8~~>z:) ·~~~~u~~-·~m~q::i•~~-~~~ ·~
±§N~NH~f~:i'CMR~'~~ 0
/

01 /* hw2_1.c, ~2js:~J:tffil~~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 int i=S;
07 printf("%d+%d=%d\n",i,i,i+i);
08 system ("pause " );
09 r e turn O;
10

.. 3. §Jt'.M;-i!QJf~it • cu9UEPt:±:l "You are my best friend ." 32$ 0

See you tomorrow.

Have a good night.

7. §lti"ff~/i!Ti~fflffil c ~g~ OO~~IlU~Hll1t~t:±:J stdio.h Wstdlib.h @~i!QJfii~ · ~~~'8iP~ffilrs'.§

53'.8U:l~~iIB3R • m1rt53'.8U~i5i"f hw2_ 1.c ?l!1§g 2 fi'W§g 3 fi'ffil{.U!l' · f!Q{-l;J~
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
----------------------------&;,ve--------------------------------------
tJL.B'il!!.Jfi=~'li'_tliit~ijji~~ffi1~9B'il "a:fiS" !Mi=, s=i.~m1.f~l.~=¥!!.JB'il1-JitM~ stdio.h
wstdlib.h ~iiJ.il1~t~~a:fi53i*ml3 ! ~D*¥MJ'*~'B19U 'fm~i§iH®~UW~~ I t§l5JB'il
*a*?

01 /* hw2 - 9 . c, ~~~~~B'il~itlit® */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 i=S;
07 printf("i= %d",i);
08 system("paus e ");
09 return 0;
10

o,j. 11. ~l.~ printf() lllill9fPCl:J~D-rB'illil~ :

*
**
***
****
*****

artist #japan China Times Y2k

2cats pentium3 22456 TOMBO
A1234 two jdkl - 3 2_cugii
a pencil println news# NOl
AAA AMO
 15. it.±lillll9 main() ~ ' flt1P~~1§CIT.L~'§j5:gfilj~ main ~~19? §it1~~-j~~~~flfit

li\ll · 3R:lQJt~H~@Fo~~ 0

18. §Jt:t:~.'±:ll'9LlflEit~~6~2~ • Mt~§Jt11~i::E2 :

01 I* hw2 _ l B, 61U:!t.'±:lJl:~flfit®~f":l6~ *I
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num=2
07 printf(num=%d , num);
08 system(pause);
09 return 0;
10

-i. 20. l'llii~-@~~~ c flfitli\ll · &flfit~Ki.ai::o:rt!l::tr1'~15~~~ 0

6l'Hi~~*~.ai:'B3R:t~!§J
flEit8jCIT~11 :
01 /* hw2 20. c, ~2js:flfit~**~ *I
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void) {int i=S;
05 printf ("%d+%d=%d\n", i, i, i+i);
06 system ("pause"); return 0; }
------------------------~---------------------------------
 chapter

03
c :*·~-·
rrc~~~·•ti~~m~~~~~·~~·•~~¥m~~~M~*~m~
~~m 0 ~-~~•ti&&~•~~o~-@•~~M~·~~lli~~~m~
~~W~OQM~E~·~~~•·m~-~c~~ffi~m~-~~g~~~
-~BJBK?-~ 0

Cal Bfi?,~mlYW•IY8J1'~
Cal ~~ c BB~ ?ff t~1*1;8J&~W*~~g
QI 3 M):R11I8J~~~
o ~~BK?-~i®]~~o.::zra~8JQ!~
~~-~~•~R~~~~o~••*Rs 0
00~illm~A•-~~••·~~~~
~m••~o~••*•smm~A•;~•~m~•;~fil.4~·~filA~®•~
t/f:H=~1Nf~. ~JJ:~ftlffl)~~~;~~oeJ•l~*18~s'8lQ~mig 0

c~~~m3~•m~~o~••·u~•~••~~RsffiR 0 tt~~~®•~~g
,::;z.§U • tt1P9%*~-1~~Ji~eJ'.a19U :
01 /* prog3_1 , ~l~B'SH~m *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num1=12400; /* §:~ numl ~~~~~ 1f!~{i1[~ 12400 *I
1

07 double num2=5.234; /* '§'~num2~{§~)Jt~~li~~~·1f!~~{i1[~5.234 */

08
09 printf(" %d is an integer\n",numl); /* OPO~ printf () lllil~ * I
10 printf(" %f is a double\n",num2); /* OPO~ printf () lllil~ *I
11
12 system( "pause ");
13 return O;
14

/* prog3_1 OUTPUT ---

1 2400 js an in tege r
5 .23 4000 is a doubl e
----------------------*/

0 f3L~t~~~~ m
fr prog3_1 c:p I 6~7 fi'§'~ 3UI~·· numl w1m~mn~~~-~;~ num2 I MziYl.lU~~

u;~m;~ 12400 w1m~fflj~~~1~m1~ s.234 ~~1~m%~~1~ •1~ . 9~ 10 1T~U~fum

printf() lillll~~'81P9~~mtt~~...t 0
/
mtt1F~'§~-@l~I~ Cvariable) B~ · •8if¥LC•tt8G 1 1:~Rrs~2M-i.\1t~J~~~Jlt~
l~7::1J\8~8Gt~R~Fs~*8'8 ° ;:p~~l~B~{~LSzD{DJ~:\(~' [6_]-~~~e~~l~7J<Js1c!J,El'H§

f6JB~8G 1 l:~~Fs~ 0 mt~ Cconstant) ~U/ff6J15~~1~ • '88~1.~'H~~J:E'B~ · :SZD~l~ml~ 12400,

1t1*~1~u¥m~1~m1~ 5.234 ~ 0

1-~f¥i'C prog3_1 .f.%i1?U • ~ 6 fi''§~ 3-1~~-~- numl 'MzM~~l~ml~ 12400 ~~

J:E'*8'8 • JltB~~i8i~1~•~2M 4 1~1.I'.I5a§ (bytes) 8~8G 1 l:~~Fs~*8~I~ numl ' MzM~
12400 ~i\Jlt8G 1 l:~~Fs~Ps , :SZDT~JJffTR :

int numl=l2400; ~ 3.1.1

'.§i'5~19:~19: num I • Jlt
'.§i'5!.H9:Wl9: numl • numl 4 bytes ieym~~~~'li 4 bytes
mll'.1l1l1.0 12400 ~~Gmggrs~*fi'8

1Elf6J8~ , ~ 7 fi<§~ 3-1~1t?i*~M)~m~I~~- nurn2, Mz~~J:E'fJJ{~.f.%, 5.234 ° l~Ht?i*~

M~~-~3soom~m·~~-~~~•~•soom~m~~m~~~~•
num2 , MzM~ml~ 5.234 ~i\Jlt8G 1 l:~~Fs~~ , :SZDT~JJffTR :

~ 3.1.2
double num2=5.234;
'.§'. i'5 double llil ~ ~ ~ 19:
num2 ' Jltieym~~~1Jic'li 8
'.§i'5 double llil~l~ ~l9:
num2 • !l:ft~~jj1[1.i), 5.234 num2 8 bytes bytes ~~Gmg;grs~*fi'8

prog3_ 1 ~)tBJl 3:SZD{DJ'§~~I~ , Mz~~1~*8'8 ° {~i®-llilB~~ , ~~:Y§~~~l~EfSZ{~f::l

~~e~:g#i}' :SZDJl:~DJ1-J{~f¥i'C8~M~' Mz)~0'm.l~~B~Fs~, l~:ftff.tHi~$ 0 •!•
------------------------~--------------------------------

ttC~~~·••~~-~ft~MMW~~-~~~~ 0
T~~~lli3~~~~-~
~~J.Pff1c!J9J~G'~.~ ~Fs~,&fBi;J · 1@J~Uttf~ffl8~H~'.fi®-&eJ•*~~- :

' ~~~~ fill~~ltBf.l 1:U~*EI £ZmiB~

lo n g int 1~]~~ 4 - 2 1 47483648 iLl 2 1474 83647

' ~IQ int ~~ 4 - 2147483648 iLl 2147483647

~fill short int ~H~IQ 2 -32768 iLl 32767
char ~~ 1 0 i Ll 255 (256 j[QJ~~)

)3'~i51Q float )3'!!!.iS~ 4 1 . 2e-38 iLl 3 . 4e38

!jj~fill
double it~U~ M )3' !11.iS IQ 8 2 . 2e-308 iLl 1. 8e308

tt~~~-~~~· ··~~~9Mffi ~~m~~~~ ·~®~~~~ 0 M ~~M~

m~~i~~D Turbo C ~ • int 1c!J 3 2 {!Ql{.U~*§. ' long int 9J:RmJlU~ 4 {[Q]11z~ *§. 0
fffitt Dev
C++ ~ ' int ft long int ~U~~~1c!J 3 4 {!Ql{.U~*§. 0

~•*~~m~1J,M8~ · ElD~fflMf~9f~*:S:filt8 ° 15~ Dev c++ ~ , Mt~•*~ru!81c!J ]'

4 {IQJ{u~ *§. 0
:Ef~§§•f~ num ~-f~ • Ml~~{i~ 15 ' ~ftlfflTl§i9J ~g)t :

int nurn=l 5;

15~ Dev C++t! • :RMf~tB~1c!J ]' 4 {[Q]{lz~*§. • IZS!Jlt:t~9f~ §§IJX; int~~~ long int • {~
miIB*MlfflH~~ 0
112tt;a;'8W~i~1! · int ~§~.R1c!J 3 2 @1.U~*§. · Jl:tB~~o~ ~~ m ~u
tt~~'8i;J9JMf~8~ • ~U!0~.!U~9f~§§IJX; long int • ~DTl§i9J~g)t :
/
long int num=l24000L; /* '§'~numf.0ft~f~ • illz8~1.!ll./.0124000L */

~cj:i~~~L~~~&-m•~~••mn°~kim~§~cj:i·~~~~~~~·~
Jltfi1F~~ .L;JJl:H.~1~§~c~~~~DTB~t-5(3.ill :

long num=l 2 4000L;

;g:~~*~1i1l~./j\ I i811ltE-32768 ~Ll 327672Fs~B~I1f~fLlffl~H·· (short int) m:s:m I

l.)J~1H~~[,iJ:~~Fs~ • ~:R.li'8.R1tiJ' 2 1~1l1:7a§. 0
~19Llm~~ • ~§~-1~~B~E•I~ sum
B~ I ~l.j1.J'.$:l~itcj:i1~t±l~OT8~§~ :

short int sum;

~D!lt '~~i~tlP9~2~-±l1ti~ 21~11IJI;*§.B~~[;ij~~~Fs%l:I; sum •l~i§Effl 0 EE~-1~ sum

§~~~RMI~' ,Pffl.j£'B~i811J.R§~tE-32768 ~Ll 32767 2Fs~ 0
t§l6JB~ 'J]'.$:_ti§i8~§~~g

)tcj:i . ~m~a~ int ~~l.j~~a~ 0

tE§~-,~~*~~~JB~ I fM~J@~l.j;IJOk unsigned ~1~~mm~ I 1§E~~'8f.%:R.li 'fism_J

ME 0 m~~~~T@t±lm~-~~~(ffl~ffik~~~-AE) ·~~UmfismM
EmM:S:'8°~&-m·~@fismM••E~M:S:~lll~.R~~-··§~-~~ffi
~llllli@•~@~~~ffi 0 fi5.&GMEffi~~--~~&~~ffi~~lll~Tffiffi:

~~~rt~ ~~},~ltBJ3 i:U:iTJil. ~if\~1l:~

unsigned long int ;fm3mft~~ 4 0 ~Ll 4294967295

unsigned int ;!m3m~~ 4 0 ~Ll 4294967295

unsigned short int ;tm5mm~~ 2 0 ~Ll 65535

-------------------------~----------------------------------

unsigned int num;

~1~1.me~A:1Nill~~l~CIT.l-;.ltzm8~i811!B'\¥ · 1~~~~~~11I (overflow) 0

l'l§JB~f~i'Ci8
i?LJcp · fiiP~§'~ 3~:9~1~ sum Ws • M!:M~ s ~~1.m~~H~l~CIT1~tzmi811!8~:$A:1.m • ~1tt
*
5-rl.lUM~ s 8~1.m/Jo 1 &/JD 2 • ¥ij~~m8 sum 8-159- • ffl 3 ~~~iu~~~8~ 1 l~1f~ :

01 /* prog3_2 , ~H~l~~;A~~.]fl'il~1.U* I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 short sum,s=32767;
07
08 sum=s+ l;
09 printf "s+l= %d\n ", sum ); /* 37UEQl±l sum fl'ili""m'-'
* '/ - - - - - - - - - -
10
sum=s+2 ;
Rrintf("s+2= %d\n ",sum~""'l..c..
; _ _ /* 9UEPl±lsume'il1m */ _ _ _ _ _ ___.
13
14 system("pause " );
15 return 0;
16

I * prog3_2 OUTPUT---
s+l= -32768
s+2= -32767
------------- -------*/
0
••
f~x\:jij~~~ ~
1f~.prog3 _2 cp ' ~ 6 fi'§~ 3 ~§~1~•19 sum W s ' Mz§~;\E s 8isJ{j~~H~l9PJT'.§§1f
8isJB:*::1i C32767) ~ s 8isJ1i1.Jo_t 1 · ~§~mfi sum •19G:W , itt:~ 9 fiBisJ'®t±:lDJU
0

~~rn,, sum 8isJ1i•/JX,-32768, 1'6~~:8~19DJU~lf\i8r;J8isJB1J,1i, ~li't~•*31-rui~

8isJ)M{il (overflow) ;f§~BisJ ' ~ 11 fi~ s 8%~1JO..t 2 , ~:t~ma~§~@Jmfi sum •19

0

G:W , 83~ 12 fi8isJ'®t±:lDJ'@t±:l , ~m5~-/JX,~:8~19DJ~lf\f8r;Jcp8isJ:;)(1Ni 0

..t~~mITTm•~~•H~~:g~m:*::m~,9~~••c•ft~EHcr~•~~)
-~~, fffifr~H~l9ctiB1N~~-32768 · PJT.L;A~~B~l9 s 8isJ1iB:*::8~, 1Jo_t 1 li't@•
/JX,B1J,1i-32768 , ~li't~)M{Ll:BisJ~~':t' :QO""f1§i8isJ~19U§~BJ3 :

short sum ,s =32767 ;

sum=s+l ;
·- ~3.2.1

m~l~~;f<>I~~~
OCJ)Mili
32766

2 32767 - s OC)j_lli
I - 32768 - 5t~ sum=s+ I ;L ~~ • sum OC)j_lli
0 -32767 - 5t~ sum= s+2 ;L~~ • sum OC)j_lli
-I
-2

·-·
J]~~{9Ucp ' :QD~fl~25(~ 6 fi' :t~ sum '§~PX, int' s '§~PX, sho1t' ~U)M{illi'X/G@~~':t '
~~ltSJ~•l9 sum DJ{~g8~f8[;]' D.J3i 4 {IQJ{il:l'a.§;2~9: (short s::~Jf.l~{IQJ{il:JI;m.§*18~
s•*3J.) 'EB~D.Jm,~B~)Mffi~g':t,mm•m~•*31-rui~~~-~~ 0
+
-----------------------~5....------------------------------
3 . 2 .2 ~ - :i:i:u -'-'b c h ar
:.Y7G:::::c:~

.+iGlli!~1ti~ l 1~11z:7IJ§ cbyte) • DJL~JJl=J*18~s.+:lG 0

®m.+:lG~f.~~~ijJ® · @tlP:H~m
-@.+:lG~·k-@•E~·~B~~W~®.+:lG·Hq:i~rn~~~A~~-~~
~Jt ( ~~~~il11 D) 0

ASCII~ American Standard Code for Information Interchange~*®~• ffi*ffiU~J~ij~q:im

{~f15m~1~8~-l~f\;;ij,1§ • ~1~1-\;;ijl@illD~{li~~H~B~~ij,I§ (code) m@ ASCII ijl@~lj 1

0

1~11z:7a§18~g ' I~.+ 0 ~u 127 {-\;;~/f[q]B~mmmsm ' {?U:\107':~ A e~ ASCII ij,1§~ 65 ' lj\
~a ~u~ 97 °

El3JJ-S:m1~ ASCII ijJ®1c!J ]'-@1lzi[;*§ ' m1~{1zi[;*§~ 8 @{_UjG ' PJTljm@Hli:lG*§DJlj~

m2 = 256@.+:lG ' {~I~.+ 0 ~u 255 q:i ' !QF=JB~{lz:7G ( §0 128~255) illz)~HH~1§Effi~U '
8

~ff lj itt*.XJ~~ ®{_U:lI;ill~~l\ ASCII ~I§ q:i •~~i\ {~1lz:7GB~ 1 fil {$ ASCII ij)@ extended _J (

ASCII) fil1$8~ ASCII ij,l§f_~/JDk ]' 51t=§7f~~W~f§ifl!~Jj~~~9*H5m ' ~~El "§1i~mm

0

e~~ijJ® 0

char ch; I* §'~~:l(;~f~ ch *I

ch='A'; /* ~~j(;m~ I A' 8~1i:\l*8~7(;~f~ ch *I

char ch='A ';

~~1@u±~ · .+:7Gm1~10~wmi:E~s1smf.~f§J · rm::r:~Jtslsm JJt:9~ • fi1P~illDJLjt~•t~

0

5~mfl.+iG~I~ • ~fiBrt~;fUffi ASCII ij,1§*5~'.!E.+iG~I~ 0 1?U:QD1J,~.+B a 8~ ASCII

ij,1§~ 97 · fi1P~1~DJ:~J:gJ~-- 97 5~'.!Emfl.+iG~I~ ch 1315)( • :\ZD~f§J8~i81?U :

char ch=97;
/ •
ch ar c h='7'; I* M~~K;'.9-;i~' 7 ' 5~;\\ft~:l[;~i~ ch *I
c har ch=7 ; I* M~ ASCII li,\§~ 7 ~~j[;j\\ft~j[;~~ ch *I

~O~~tt printf() lillllH~fDt8~:7G • 9UfOfgrt~l\§~!fl r%c_J • ~D~f0t8~:7GBJ ASCII

~!\§ • ~U~m r %ct_J 0 1:i~Tl§JBJf~rtcp · fM~:BllUl:J~:JGfgrt~l\§ r%c_J W~l~fgrt~l\§ r %ct _J

*9Uf0~:7G a • !fll:J~~ a B J ASCII~!\§~ 97 :

01 /* prog3_ 3 , ~:7[;~9UEP * I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib. h >
04 in t main (void )
05
06 c h ar c h=' a ' ; I* §'~~j[;~~ ch ' ~5~ii1:i.~ ' a' *I
07 printf( " c h = %c\n ", ch); /* EPttl c h~fi1[ */
08 printf (" ASCII of c h = %d\n ", c h); /* EPlli c h~ ±~ i1Iii1:i */_
09
10 system("pause ");
11 return O;
12

/* prog3_3 OUTPUT---
ch= a
ASCII of ch= 97
--------------------*/

0 ff~~~~)t ~
• ~ 61]''§1:5 3~:7G~I~ ch• MI~~1i~ 'a'•~ 7 fi';fLl!fl~:l[;fgrt~l\§
1:i~4-11Ucp r %c_J
fDt8 ch BJ1i • 12SJJ]:~f~rtBJfmt8~1J'~~>z:~BJ a ~ 8 fi'~U~l:J~l~fgrt~ll§
0
r %d_J
*9Uf0 ch BJ1i • 12SJJJU®t8~~:7G 'a' BJ ASCII~!\§ 97 ° •!•
------------------------~--------------------------------
~3Rm~~~~--~¥@~~~~~~9~·fi~lli~U~~~--~®~¥@~
~B'J ASCII E,11§ I :QDJlt-* I ~{~~~-19)¥.;t~fgJ':f ASCII ~,ll§pJTi11J!~U8'J~~ I 1.i'.S::QDl'
l§J8'Jf~it,819U :

01 /* prog3 4 , 1~ASCIIti,\§1j~~3':7L */
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char ch=90; /* ~~~ 90 5~*83'7L~~ ch *I
07 printf("ch= %c\n",ch); ~~/-
* EPl±l ch Sj{~ *I ----~~~
08
09 system ("pau se ");
10 return 0;
11

/* prog3 _ 4 OUTPUT ---

ch=Z
--------------------*/

0 f~i\;~~~~ ~
1.i'.S:/.$:f9Ucp I~ 6 fi'§~ 3~~rui~e'J •l9 ch :il:ftM~'8B~f~~ 90 ~{~B~~ii;~i~•
I I

19 ch B'Jf~B~~~ ASCII ~Ii§~ 90 B'J~~ • lli)]i.;t~ Z ~{~1::~8'J:s€3Z~B l!l!lt • ~ 0

7 fiffi printf() ~-~fwH:±:l z 0

iiw~-:t~. ~~m•w~$ml9~~~55Us'J 0
~~m19~1;J,-U~~mm'ffi~~~ ·
ff5~$ml9~U~U-U~515m'ffi~ 0
{9U:QD 'a' ~-{~~~ • ff5 "holiday" tlD~-~
$ml9 ° ~m "a" ~~~~~'ffia3-f~~~e'J~$ · 1§~$ "a" io~~ 'a' rfTf~
~e'J~~:il:ft::;fl§rg · c BB~1!~I!~~io~$8'J:Oitlli/f'-t~ 0
~1.i:S:~~~~LEs'J
/
tE{§Effl ASCII 1il®8~ • ~)±~BJ~ • l~~~jC ( ~0~7C '2') ;f0'8;f§!HJ!!BJ ASCII 1i,~~~
P!BJ • ~{?LJ*~~ • ~7C '2' BJ ASCII 1i.~~ 50 • ~~~~I~ 2 ~{~{~ • ~DT®BJi8i?LJ :

01 /* prog3_5, l~~~:JWU:ttl:H~1~~ASCIIli,\!l */
02 #inc lude <stdi o . h >
03 #i n clude <stdlib.h>
04 in t ma in (void )
05
06 c har c h=' 2 '; /* '§~~:JG~~ c h • !l:fI~~{jf.%i' 2' *I
07 printf("ch=%c \n",ch); /* EPCJ::l~:JG~~ch */
08 printf("the ASCII of ch is %d \n",ch) · /* EPCi:lchB~ASCIIli,\!l */
09
10 system(" pause ");
11 return 0;
12

/* prog3_5 OUTPUT----
ch=2
the ASC II of ch is 50
-----------------------*/

o f¥n~~~~ ~
n:S:*!?LJc:j:i • m 6 fi§>~ J'~7C~I~ ch • ~~~1i~~7em~ '2' • m 1 fifDtl::l J'~7C
~I~ ch BJ1i • §g 8 fi~U~EOtl::l J' ch BJ ASCII 1il® 1.tf*i?LJBJf~tJ::lcp • 1.Qr~U~~U~
0

m~~:h~~LJ '~jC~~-tB~~~,~~~BJ-11·l!!JltfM90Jl~M~~7C~ln~1i~~I~ 0

{~~~7C~~jBJ~!'Gi8~R~ 0- 255 ' ~m1u~1r9M~.:*:1i:S: 255 BJ!&IH~~7C:f&it1il® '%c_J

EOtl::l · ~~~~H~Fo~~o~?

1i'.S:T(§]BJf¥itc:j:i • ftir9§'~-1~~~~1~ i ~~~1i~ 298 C.:*:1i'.S:~7C~~BJ~!'Gi8~

255) • OJl;.l;m,{~iH~~H~~o,~?
---------------------------~-----------------------------------
01 /* prog3_6, ~7G!±'/~~trsJ9UfPFo~IH!*/
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i=298;
07 rintf("ASCII(%d)=%c\n",i,i); /* fP:±lASCIIU,\1,§;f.ilii~~ji:; */
08
09 system("pause");
10 return 0;
11

/* prog3_6 OUTPUT---
ASCII (298)=*
--------------------*/

o f¥n~~~)l ~
mtt1P~~/\:1.J~ 255 B~~IH~~::lGt§it~,1§ r%c_J fOl±lB~ , *5~1±l1Jl 3 JJl'Hfji-ff5m r * _J ,
~~~~~:7GR~~1@m:7Gm'~~m~4@ffi:7Gm,m~mr~_J~~m~

255 8~1~1.~B~ , i¥.tR~fif!91~llil 1 @11I:7G*§8~1~U~ , l-~...tllil8~19U-3'.-*~~ , 298 8~=

~ill~ 100101010, 1$ r%c_J fif!SZ1~llil 81~ bits ( 1 i~11I:7G*§) 1~~f.& 00101010 •
~UH~+~ilIB~ 42 ' ~ASCII~~ 42 i)i.;t~ r* _J 1-ff5m ' ~Dl'~PJTTR :

~ 298 8'iC~1u~: __ C~~-~~1~~~~~~~s' ~3.2 . 2

I
o . . . . o i :a o i o i o i o :
~j(;~~~~l~ ' :fi~ll:
I
1.fil~ilfil 255 • ~UR~IDlllll
f~i§j 8 @] bits
/

~115~ ~Jtt;~)t]1[H~mm~~l\8~'¥:7G, c ~g~~J;JJ~*~*7~'¥:7G r\J , 1.Jo_t-f~t~i!JUE!®

ili~f.%i-1~5G~8~~~?*'¥:7G , lJ1~;fDLEm8~'¥:7G~PJT~l.lU 0
mf¥:rt~~U r\J ~1~'¥:7GW

~~-~·~-~~~~-ffi~~~§B*ali~:rt 0
m~· r ~ J~~=~~·H~
'¥:7Graj~~-@~~- a m••:rt••~r~J~'~~m8~-@ ~ ~~ o

El315~& *~*7~'¥:7G r\J ;LA~ ~j~ - 1~'¥:7GB~

, ~1~'¥:7G@t8Z~~~i~~ffitlE!® , 88*~IDrn5l
3 ml*B~ )~§ ' 12S1Jlt&*~*'~ r\J ~f.%iID~H5l'¥:7G (escape character ) ' fff.i&*~*'~ r\J 1.JO
_t1~[§)8~j~ffitlE!® ' ~U~f.%iIDrn5ll¥9U (escape sequence) f~U~D r\aJ ~X~-f~1-1C~ = ~
0

:g:a~ID~H5ll¥9U 0

T~9Ut8 3w.;ma~~rn5l1¥9U~H~l3~1!\8~ ASCII E!® 0

1&rDJlJ~'¥:7G~~]1[j~~~1.@if.%i~j~

H5ll¥9U ' §.IZ~~88~ ASCII E,\\j ' ~ 1~ 15)(1:E printf() l]J~1!f§Effl :

mHl'l~9U PJfi-tlHI~~~ + lli;flI ASC I I

\a ~ j5i@i (a le r t) 7

\b ff!Ji.!8-fg (backspace ) 8

\n ~~ff ( new lin e ) 10

\r ~flI( ca rri age ret u rn ) 13

\0 ~$ *55R~JI; (null c hara cte r) 0

\t ~t;tg (tab ) 9

\\ &.$~*1'1l (backs l ash ) 92

\ I ~515.lfE (si n g le q u o t e ) 39

\" ~515.lfE (do u b l e qu o t e ) 34

--------......----------------~----------------------------------
U ~llilBJf~it.f.ili1?LJ · fi1P9M~ beep ~~@.1.ili '\a' • M;:M~~7G~~ beep rfT1~~8J+3i1:Ll:{§I9U
E01.i'.S:~M...t · mf~it¥JWr~LJ printf() ~1T:J:~~8~ • 1m~~m~LJ "Oi" -~:§§Oft\ !

01 !* prog3_7, Wrnitjji;9U~9UEP*/
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char beep=' \a' ;
07 printf(" %c", beep); /*fl-~~§~*/
OB printf("ASCII of beep= %d", beep); /* EPt±lbee ~Ascrr1m*/
09
10 system("pause");
11 return 0;
12

/* prog3_7 OUTPUT---
ASCII of beep= 7
--------------------*/

char beep=' \a'; /* '§§~:71:;~~ beep• M!:~B'.'.iE1m:t®' \a' *I

char beep=7;

~CIT.L.~m~LJ:§§ ' {~~~~~{§Effl§g-fi1Jit ; l!l.f.ili'8/f1§l/:J~i3 ( ~E~5iff;9U 1 \a_J

BJ a §01.ili~>z: alarm BJm.l~~fa) • fg8~TI:f;:/f~afi~~if~it~~{§Effl ASCII~'® • ;§=

"We are the World"

/
~$ · E815~n sl5JRZ± c ~g~g~~1~~8'ill&~ · ltSIJ.ltZ± printf() [5]Jf9cp::f§~:~J~~~'89U

EPC:83R • J.l:tB~:tLlmIDrn~)j';9U r\ _J lWDJJl~fLl~fl5J(@{IQIFo~lm

11
· ~Dl'ffiiB'il:tlfit :
01 I* prog3_B, ~~Hll~9U r \ " _J ~9UEP *I
02 #inc lude <stdio . h >
03 #inc lude <stdlib. h>
04 in t main (void)
05
06 char ch='\ 11 ' ; I* §~~~~1'9 ch • Tift~~{i1[:{®' \ 11
' *I
07 printf( 11 %cWe are the World%c\n",ch,ch); /* EPl:B~~ */
08
09 system( 11 p ause ");
10 return 0;
11

/* prog3_8 OUTPUT---
" We are the Wo rld"
----------------------*/

o f~n~~~)l m
1J~2js:f9tlcp ' ~ 6 fi<§15 3 ch~~ • Tift~~{i~IDrn~)j';9U r \ " _J • ~ 7 fil'lUl.J r%c_J
teit~l®fPCB 3 ch S'il{i 0
~1f:tlfitB'ilf®CBDJ~CB · nsl5JRI~Z±B*~oJlJEl3 printf() lilil9
1Hi8'il9UfPC:83R 3 ° •!•

z:tam~53cp*~m~1§em~tl1J,l9ru!~s'il191.m · ~o-~-t£19, ~~ , it~t~~m1~~J~~is'il

191i8~ ' ~19~t:::f'~91§effl 0
Z±l9~cp ' @~m~ 1J'19~M'ill91i:fll}~'.819 (real numbers) '

Z± C ~g~{! , @:ti~*~ru!~:til}~53'.m~l9 (floating point) 'WU~D' 2.7 ' 4.98 @U .14159

~~~53'.m~~ 15~ Dev C++cp ' 53'.m~~ru!~B'ilftM~ 4 f[Q]{I'.zj[;*-EJ. ' ~9~i'iH~l~
0

1.2 x l0-38 ~ 3.4 x l0 38 a

------------------------;;,,..1--------------------------------

float num;

float num=5.46F;

)'j~_twuc:p' fi1P~tEl9~ 5.46 B~Htzll:ilt.JO_t-j~~B- F' Jfl3!H~m 5.46 ~-j~)~~~;9m;9 °

r j§*~mf)~~~;~_J (double) ~
.IZD~)~~tEl9~;L~tz/JO_C_~Bj- F ' J'lUKi~i~ :H~~'8'@JJ)Z~

~8~J'~l9 ° Jlt8~.1Zo~:t8 double ~~~~m;n~mg float ~~Jle~~;~ · 1~-~~~llfti~_te~

Fo~lrn °

tE~®~i~~HlEitf.~ • :t8 double ~~e~m;n~mg float ~~8~~19 • tE~i~iB~TI!/1'9~~~

m~·@~®•~~it~~~~~~~~n·~•~=~~~~ 0 ~a~:f:E~~•m
;~~*6~1.Jo_t;?R:>Z:~B- F c§)Z1J,~e~ o · !flNBf.lmJJtmm~ float ~~e~m;9 · rm~!=
double 0

)~~~198~~TR1Jit ' ~ji]'-ffi'.Q'.~~/j\·~~~%it9~ ' ~DJ!fl:H~~-e~~~~m 0

~19U*
~51: DJt~~fR}J)Z 2.4532E2 ' 0.07652 DJN~TRJJ)Z 7.652E-2
2
• 245.32 ( 2.4532x10 )

~ lllill98~ .\(O~fPt±l)~~~- t§~~l®

2
( 7.652x10- ) 0
:f:Ej§Ejfj printf() ' ' D]ffl r%f_J '
~~Nmm~~~mt±l·DJmr~_Jt§~~·~~IT:il~~~:

01 I* prog3_9, )3'.l!lo~B'il9UEP *I
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #inc lude <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 float num1=123.45F; /* '§'~ numl ~B'-:!lo~ • ~5~1ili~ 123. 45F *I
07 float num2=4 .56E-3F; /* '§~num 2~)~l!lo~·~~1ili~4.56E- 3F *
08
09 printf ( "numl= %e\ n", numl); /* tJJ~~e'SJ~fil'ifPtl::l numl e'S)j][ *I
/
10 print£ ( "num2= %f\n ", num2) ; /* .l:J.)3'Ul~fl'il:rui~EPl±l num 2 ~® *I
11
12 system("paus e ");
13 return 0;
14 }

/* prog3_9 OUTPUT---
numl=l.234500e+002
num2=0.004560
---------------------*/

0 f~~~~~}G ~
)]~:$:1-?tlc:j:i
' ~ 6 fi'§~ J')3'.lll61~~1~ numl ' Tift~~{j~ 123.45F ; ~ 7 fi'§~ J')3'.lll6
l~~I~ num2 • Tift~~{i~ 4.56E-3F ( 1El~JJ~ 0.00456 ) J'j~ ~~fi~l~B~~~~ c:p • 11E
0

~u~m•~2mrom~J'-@•~~~F·fflU~ffiE~~u•mm 0

~)3'.~61~8~~ffii8~/J'~'QJ:*:8~8~{1~· ~U~1;,t_{~ffl1~m~mfi3'.~61~ Cdouble ) 0 15~ Dev C++

c:p · double ~~B~ftm'.~ 8 @{.I'.z5a§ · ~5i!Z.'8~~ 2.2 x 1o-308 ~ 1.8x10308 fLlffl printf() 0

lillll~*9UfP double ~~e~ ~l~ B~ • 9UfP~j[;{:3~ffl '%f_J tgit~J® 0

~1.f\J'
double ~~ffii8~m:*:JJ~ float 2:9~ · E~~ffi8~1~1iW~Mt3m:*:15~ float e~W~M 0

float ~~*i;:Jlll&.R~ 7~8 @H.I'.zl~B~W~M · rm double ~~~U~ii 15~ 1611~H.I'.zl~ 0

""flillB~i819tl5.TgU'§~ J'-{~)3'.lll61~~1~ numl W-{~{gW~mf)3'.lll61~~1~ num2 ' Tift~~{i

~-{~~~ 15 1~1.I'.zl~8~ )3'.~61~~1~ml~ • ffll-;,l_fi~ float W double ~~~~~ffiB~I~~

w~mr 0
~~ne~m~~o ""f :
----------------------------;;,..,«--------------------------------------
01 /* prog3 _1 0 , floatWdouble*~m:B'sltt;lQ */
02 #include <std i o. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int mai n (void)
05
06 float numl=l23 . 456789012345F; /* §'~ numl 'fa.0 float' M!5~~f.JJ{~ *I
07 double num2=123. 4567890 1 2345 ; /* '§'~ num2 'fa.0 double' M!~~f)Jjf1[ *I
08
09 printf ("numl = %16.12f\n ", numl); /* 9UEPt±lB'.~61Qnum18jjf1[ */
10 printf ( "num2= %16. 12f\n ", num2) ; /* 9UEPt±l1t:H~m:B'.~61Q num2 B'iJ{§[ *I
11
12 system( " pause ");
13 return O;
14

/ * prog3_10 OUTPUT-----
numl=l23 . 456787109375
num2=123.456789012345
-------------------------*/

0 :fIEn~~~>l ~
1.i~:t.1J"Ucp ' ~ 6 fi'§~ 3 float lli!~B~~- numl ' :il:fzB~111[~ 123.456789012345F 0
EE
1.i~ float B~*~MR~U 7~8 1~ 1~~ , ~Jl:~!filt?,'{\B~~ 3 ~~ 15 1~{ul~8~ )'.¥~~1~ mii numl ,
@~m9fi~M~cp~~-~·wm1•~R~g~s@ml9:~mM·~T•ffiffi:

float num1=123.456789012345F;
~ 3.2.3
I 2 3 4 5 6 7
float ~~R~ 7-8@11~
numl
~B'il*~M

float ~~B'il~lm~ 7- 8@ Jlt00i5:l'B'ill~~B/ill t±l float B'il *~M

l~~B'il*~M fil.~ · ~lllJJ~8G~~P9B'il9i1.@
 •~ 7 iT~U~'§~ 3 double ruige~ ~- num2 , 1§f6J~ , ft1P91BB~~ 3tm~ 15 @119~
*~M8~191.m*il'E;a~ double 8~*~MCIT3i 15- 16@]~~.9:19~· ~rm~ 10 ffB~ printf() Ifill

•crr~mlli~•~15@'9:~·~T~ffiffi :

double num2=123.456789012345;
~ 3.2.4
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15
double ~(l~~ !l.H~ ~~
num2 I1 I2131. 14151611 Is I9 I0 I1 I21314151 15- 16 i~ l~~~*~M

double ~~~ ~I~ ~~ 15- 16@

~~~~M

, ~~CITl;Jj'~rn, 9- 101T1§fffl 3 r%16.12f_J ~1~9UfPteit @1~teit1ll.1 ,

1.i'.S:~f9Ucp 0

16.12f {-\:;~ 3 l;J. 16 f~~:lGB~ff'i!l!J[*9UfP )3'.~~19 • ~cp1J,19~~,:L1rt8%'.Il9~ 12 f~ 0

~~~Mm¥@m•,••·~¥••ft~g~1~0@m:7Gm·crr~mc~~m~
1#8~~mit~ sizeof *~B® 0
T~9Ulli 3 ~B®~I%~ 3 ~0'1~1il:7G*§.B~Bg)t :

sizeof ~l~S.1ZmlHsmJ;
Pait 3.3.l
§.1Z

sizeof (~f~S.1Zm~'8mll;

ffi_tl§l8~t5nCITM · ~D~~B®¥1~919:§XMI%~ 3 ~.0'1~1il:7G*§. · sizeof 1rtlffiCIT l;J.~H~

M_t9f9:§XMl9:~~-·~~~ffi919:§XMl9:m~~~~ 0 ~~~~m~~~~n¥•

•ft~gm~~m:lGm·~•ftruig~~-~~m~~~~·~T®~~;t:
 f5it 3.3.2

01 !* prog3_11, :9UEPl±l&fUll'~rui~~~M */
02 *include <stdio.h>
03 *include <stdlib . h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 c har ch; I* §'.~~7G~I~ ch *I
07 float num; I* §'.~)3'.l!!~l~~I~ num *I
08
09 printf("sizeof(2L)=%d\n",sizeof 2L ));
10
printf (" sizeof (ch) =%d\n ", sizeof (ch)); /* ~~@+j[;~~ch/iJT16{iDG~Jl. *I
rintf (" sizeof(num) =%d n",sizeof(num)); /* ~~~~numl'ff{6{ll3i:;~Jl. */
13
14 printf (" sizeof (int) =%d\n", sizeof (int)); / * ~~@int rui~l'ffi6{ll3i:;~Jl. *I
15 printf ("sizeof (long) =%d\n", sizeof (long)); / * ~~long rui~ffiic!J{j'Ij{;~Jl. *I
16 printf (" sizeof (short )=%d\n" , sizeof (short));/ * ~~short ffii6{ll3i:;~Jl. *I
17
18 sys tem("pau se ");
19 return O;
20

/* prog3_11 OUTPUT---
sizeof(2L)=4
sizeof(ch)=l
sizeof(num)=4
sizeof(int)=4
sizeof(long)=4
sizeof(short)=2
------------------------*/
/
0
•f~n~~B>t ~
JJ~21s:WUcp , ft1P953'.8Ulj sizeof :N§~*~®;%19 ' ~19W1~'.*3f ru!UJJJT1~8~1:u~m. ,
mlj~~ sizeof :t~~~ffl)t 0
~~1~rOJU:fe21s:i!B1:9U~*Ml~W~ 3.2.1 1~9-@Jtt;

&·mummm-••~ru!Uffi~~m~~ 0 +

~®8~11~ , ft1P9DJ§~9;t~U~~l98~ru!Ui~'®1~ , i:9U~o:t~!IH9ft1~~)!3i.ll~l9 , §JZ:t~)!3i.ll~

••M~--~~,um~~~ffi~ 0
~@~~~DJ~fflru!U~••m5*m~•M
~§~ 0
~-~ru!UMM~~--ru!U~~~~~:

m~-m~~,:te~u•~~•M~••~,•~B~~•w~~EA~~~,~~
11H~M~ 1j \•HB iJ1ti~ I R~iffMl98~HB171 ° ~mi~:t~)!3ill~l9ft1~~-198~i!8i:9U :

01 /* prog 3_12 , ~*4~~B'ilfi1~*/

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 in t main(void)
05 {
06 int nl ,n 2 ;
07 float numl= 3 . 00 2 F,num2= 3 . 988F;
08
09 nl=(int) numl; /* fffi)3'!ilo~ numl f!1~~!H9 *I
10 n2=(int) num2; /* fffi)3'!1Jo~ num2 f!~~~~ *I
11
12 printf( " numl= %f , num2= %f\n ", numl , num2) ; /* fPt±l)3'!ilo~B'sl{g[ */
13 printf( " nl =% d , n2= %d\n ", nl , n2) ; /* fPt±l)3'~o~f!~!H91rtB'J{g[ */
-------------------------~--------------------------------
14
15 system( "pau se ");
16 return O;
17

/* prog3_12 OUTPUT---------
numl=3.002000, num2=3.988000
nl=3, n2=3
-----------------------------*/

0 f~it~~~~ ~
JJ~:¢:Wtlcp '~ 61]'§~ 3~1~M• nl Wn2 '~ 7 fi~U§~ 3~1~)3'~619~19 numl

W num2 , :IT!!:~~'.iE'fJJ1.m~ 3.002F W 3.988F 0

~ 9 W~ 10 fi53'.8UM~)3'lll6• numl W
num2 •i~JJX;Ml9 ' :IT!!:~~~m8Ml~~I~ nl Wn2 ° itfl®t!JcpCIT~t!J ' 59HfiUM~)3'~619'®
i~JJX;Ml98~ , )3'~619;Li~8~1J\l~~·:tm~• 0
·:·

~~w-@m4s:~••••~·llim•~m~~~~G•M 0
m~·~c~~n~fi
~$··~·~~~M•W~·~··~~RWH~C~---) ·:IT!!:~·~ffi~~
1J\I~ 0
~Jlt , ;g=~~~M-1El~#-8~ , lli~~i®~tl1J\191:ul98~ , CITM~M.,!i~JJX;)3'~619 ,
{ij~fi~if- )tma ' ~D""fffili8~iB1?tl :

01 /* prog3_13, ~~llil~ffilfti~* I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num=S;
07
08 printf("num/2=%d\n",num/2); /* ~19:1§~ */
09 printf ("(float num/2=%f\n", float num/2 ; /* ~~19:ft~)~!ol9:' §f~~)t *I
10
11 system("pause");
12 return O;
13
/
/* prog3_13 OUTPUT-- -- ----
n um /2=2
(f loat )num/2 = 2 . 5000 00
---------- - ------ - ---- -- ---- - */

0 f~~~~~~ "fJ.\
1:i'.2*1~tlcp ' ~ 8 fi~ta num/2 ' •t~•I~ num 8~{~~ 5 ' 5/2=2.5 ' ffit:i'.2 •1~ num W
mM2m~•··~~~-~~-@~~·lli~~MM2°~9fi~~~--~m
•!~1J~53'lll.~1~1tt . ¥ijW 21§~* . .~wm~~u 2.5@1~*a• 0
·:·

$ 'lt.t · m~axtc:p~1~s~ru!~~/fl5JB~ · c ~g~•El~nM~DJ~TRi8~lQ,J \ s~•*~ru!g~!

!~~DJ~7Ri8~lQA:8~-*~ru!g ( ~O short·~ int • float·~ double §JZ int~!~ double

~) · ¥ijiifi~a 0
lli~t~~~ · 1~~~~~ -1~••fo1frn~mn3'~~1Hi=~•s~ · c ~g ~ •~
MM•a~@MM~~--¥ij~~-·~·~·lli·•~@MM~~- 0
~$~ait
~-~ru!g•a·$~E~~-~~~-~~~o
-------------------------~----------------------------------

(a) int num=l34 ;

(b) int sum=768 44;

(c) double value=0 . 44632;

2. ~flU:\l. prog3_1 'j§E~~§g 9 fi'~§g 10 fi'CIT:S:Tl.lLlEDtf:J numl ~ num2 8jSfZ:Qf~ 0

§g 9 fi'~

§g 1o fi'8j'®t±:J*5~Jl!~DTPffm :

numl 8jSfZ:Q.;% 153760000

num2 8jSfZ:Q.;% 27 . 394756

(a) 134 . 45L

(b) 10km24

(c) a2048

(d) 1. 3453F

(a) 124 . 23

(b) 3.23El2F

(c) 2.436F

(d) 311980 L

(e) 1024
/

(a) -9 6 . 43 (b) 1974. 56

( c ) 0 . 01234 (d) 0 . 000432

(a) -9. Se - 4 (b) 3 . 78e+5

( c ) 5 .1 2e - 2 (d) 6 . 1732e+12

(a) \b (b) \n

( c) \ t (d) \a

8. int ' char ' float W double ~~rui~flj ~~ ' i~H~~~0'i~i.U:7a.El? '81P9~~~~~7f\Sjf9

jl[~'B ~~SZ,0'?

~) boo l flag=true;

(b) int num=40;

(c) doub l e float sum=S . 04 ;

~) l o ng va l ue=47828L;

(a) -i~ I9H&~f£.Al9 Sj~l9 °

(b) ffi~\'ii~t:Jflfljtf~l9 °

(c) F.H>J<~Llil3!5J<Bj~e~ 0

(d) =J=~ ej m~ 0

(e) f&zflj~F=.JWtmm 0

(f) ~* c ~g~~ll:~=ffffiflj ~~l9 °

(g) -j~ ~-3'- (ion) fljm~ o
----------------------------Pll'i....------------------------------------
(h) ~H\H~:¥':J,1 ~@~ o

(i) ifuJ>J<_LA.D~~I~ 0

~ ASCII ti,\§~ 7) o

01 char ch=312 ;
02 printf(" %c\ n",ch);

(a) 8i\:Fo~~-fi1-~~HPI~~?

Cb) 8i\:8~Bf.l¥Jifi§g 2 firM~~*a~ · !tt8~BJ3~HPl~i~~LJ~@J*a~?

01 /* hw3_14, l~~~{u~**~ */
02 #include <stdio.h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 unsigned short num=BOOOO;
07 printf(" %d\n",num);
08
09 system ("pause");
10 return 0;
11

(a) 8i\:8~Bf.l¥J\fitl:t~n~*a~. ~HP!~ 14464. rnF!'~ 80000 ~@I~~?

Cb) :11o~~~*•§g 1 fi~~Mf*a~ro:11:J~ 80000. ~:11010.J11~c~~nti,I§?

4 1s. aegT~~~n~·~•@~m•~~•:

01 /* hw3_15, l~~~ffl'.~Fo~· * /
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdli b .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 float numl=30000.1F;
07 float num2=0.0004F;
08 printf(" %f\n",numl+num2);
• 09
10 s y stem ("paus e ") ;
11 return 0;
12

Ca) ~fJWrJltfIEit1iil§ · flm!H~itlH~*a~?

(b) m:l~~_t • 3 0000 . l+O . 0004= 3 0000 . 1004 • ~~~B}jfJ\ffJlUIEit?i,1§1~ • ~1+~
1~1'itl@1~*a~?

(c) rzo~~~::<t-~~fMJ'*a~1'5~~ 3 0000. 1004 • fl!:!ZD@2!Xii? ~m~-@7'E~fB

@it1iil§*2!X3i2 °

(a) unsigned int

(b) d o uble

(c) un s igned sho r t in t

(a) 578

(b) 784000000

(c) 6.78f

(d) 718.26

(e) 6.42el27

18. 1~~~~B'.!M~~~ numl Wnum2 ~1~5.r55tl~ 123 .39f W 3.8e5f • ~m~-~IEit • ~@~1~

~l~f~qI~P>Z~I~ 0
------------------------------•-Nrl----------------------------------------

01 /* hw3 _ 19 , fil!~l~i~B'il**~ *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int numl=5 , num2=8 ;
07 printf( " %d\n " ,numl/num2) ;
08
09 system ( " pause " ) ;
10 return 0 ;
11

00 ~~mm1fftl'ila~M-~@~o?

Cb) ~11~~~f1Eitl1'® . ::¥tl ffl fill~~1~B'il:o:i:t. 1~?~m 1ffB'il•~*a•~o . 62sooo 0

 chapter

04
t:Ertll§Js~•N.'!Jcp · fi1P~B*~*~~~/f0\8~ printf() .Poit1tf®Ci:l[>]Jl-9 , 1§1~1@H¥1
£8~~~3·~-~~E~~~mm~UCl:lWUJ\[5]].oC~~B~•Cl:l'
f®J\[5]]1-9~~1t ' ~J))(t:E stdio.h (standard input/output ' *~~f®l\f®Ci:l) *~~*~

cp , §ffl~ill![>]Jl-9, DJUMH¥it~,1!§8~m~~1.JD~~f~ , .§~5/Y~~ !

!'.;I ~~ printf() [5]]1-98~1~m 15)t.

CJ ~~ scanf() [5]]-8~1~ffl1J)'t.
C;J 8fti\~5c§-:fi9UfP.Poit~,ll§ftf®J\.Poit~J®
~ ~~~:lI;B~f®l\Wf®Ci:l[>]Jl-9
------------------------,~--------------------------------
4.1 f®t±:llllill~ printf ()

printf() ~19~ c ~g~1~~mmsJ~l9~- ;fLlffl 0

· fM~DJt.U~~ifu}~~
printf() ~19
~~3iBJ3Z~ ' ~~ ' ~~ft~ · ~I~m81~ffl ~ 3 )ij~ printf 3.§@J~~ ffi print ( 9Uf P) W
0

format (Pon) ~1~~)'.(:~pff*§/JX; • lli~tt~ "Poit1lj9UfP" ;:?_~ 0

4.1.1 1§Effl printf() l?]Jt~

lrtl~~8~ /~ ~1~m~ printf() ~193 ° ~1fofi1P~M~1:HIB~~ printf() ~19BJ1~ffl:O

)t 0
l'l§l~ printf() ~19BJ1~fflffin :

;j;gn 4. 1.I
printf() m:il~~;j;gn

printf() ~19BJPoitcp • rffin~l$_J !0j~l;,l~~I~§~ • ~l§lml\~'.I;,®l:±:l8J~l$WI~

§~Poit·~r~§l_J ' r~§2_J~DJ~~m• ,·· ~~-•xt 0 l'l§'i~~n~

-1~1~,E§ printf() ~-~~~~@1~~ :
01 /* prog4_1, printf()@~9~f~ltl */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a=2;
07 int b=4;
08 printf("I have %d dogs and %d cats n",a,b); * O~O~Rrintf()@]~ */
09
10 system (" pause ") ;
11 return 0;
12
,/•
/* prog4_1 OUTPUT------
I have 2 dogs and 4 cats
-------------------------*/

o f~rt~~~~ ~
15'2~ 8 1TB~ printf() ~f9cp' r%d_J~Poi\;n,1§ '1~~,6ff~l\B~1~]~10~Jl~~l9 °printf()

ttll!El~ rPoi\;~$_J B~Wlf~cp '~~U~-@JPoi\;n,1§ r%d_J 8~' @:t~•I~ a 8~179'.@M

i~~U@1~Poi\;nl\§1f, Mzlj_~f98~Poi\;*~l\; ;t§rg~, ~~U~=1~Poi\;nl\§ r%ct_J 8~ ,

@ffi•mb~P9'.@M~~~=@Poi\;~1f·fg~~~-~Poi\;*~l\ 0

E8~19UCIT~D , tt printf() ~19f.~ , Poi\;~$l~F~~1~Poi\;:U,1§ , 1fz[§Jlitt~~~~;f§[gf9

El B~I~ El ' .IZDl'lilPffm :

~ 4.1.1

!...!..., (.........., ,.-..1. ...., (-.........,

·. . . . ...' '. .r)
printf ("I have i%didogs and i%d icats\n" ,i a i,i b D;
'·. ... .. '····r··!

printf() ~198~9UEO;Poi\;;t§m~s~11°1~CITlj_.\(D prog4_1 9UEDt8~$Mz~~-- , s.JZ:\?3'

~~*1l8~RfDt8~$ 0
.IZD~R~;W.EDt8~$ , ~Utt printf() ~9UEDPoi\;cp , R~i~_ta'.J;
9UED8~~$l:WCIT , .IZDl'llii8~'819U :
-------------------------.+'---------------------------------
01 /* prog4_2, EPtl:J~$ *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 pri ntf("Have a nice day! ! \n ");
07
08 system("pause ");
09 return 0;
10

I* prog4_2 OUTPUT----
Have a nice day!!
-- --- -------------- -* /

0 f~~~~~~ ~
EEJJ~ R~~9UEDtl:J-1T~$ ' PJTL;.ltE§i?; 6 fi printf() IIBlfH~R~m~sl5m~~$'§

lillIB*t!DCIT itf;;f19UCITL;.l~tl:J · printf() IIBlf~CITNff~'.8 ~8J~~*8ffllM511~8Jf~§ •

0

15~ prog4_ 1 cp8J printf() IIBJf~~~ 3 @lsll~C m1~511~Nill5dt:'i.:fm1 )• ITT.i;;f19tl8J printf()

IIBJf~~UR~-@ 0
·:·

$~~mm~~·~~~-~-~~g~~~~~~~~m~~R 0
•~*~·mm
tl:lMm••~~g·~~~@m~~Rr~~ ;mffi~~--~~g~~~m~~R
r%c~ 0
-r£HUtl:J 3 printf() IIBJf~mmsJ~~~,11§ :
/

:IB:itliil§ 8lt Bf.l ;IB:i\:li,\§ 8lt Bf.l

%c ~j[; %% fDtB853'~

%d +3ii:u!H9 %0 fflt~i\3i{i'.z~l9

%ld ft~l9 %s ~.$

%e )3':ii'il9 • :1'~ 19 e ru!it %u mt~ +3i fi'.z~l9

%f )3'~6 19 . 1J 119~i'i ru!it %x mt~ + 7\3i {i'.z ~l9

tE printf() lllilf~cplli0J t,lf§EJ=1=rn rn)lij;9LJ · tUffll~f®C!JaisJ~UR~~ 0

1'~9Ut±J@lJ1;mm

8isJ~~§)lij;9LJ · ~cp:*:ffil5.r8isJ~~§)lij;9LJ1.i~§g - ~cp8Af~UD1&Hi~®~ J :

lIU~ff;9U J}J~~ lfU~ff;9U J}J~~

\a -H::Iz:
-DEi \" EDtB~B I ~

\b mi!8 \\ EDtB&~Wm.'lt

\n iffe!fi' \/ EDtB~Nm.'lt

\r ~{i'.z \d ASCII li,\§ ( /\3i{i'.z )

\t lfj~;IB \x ASCII li,\!j ( + n3i{i'.z)
\ ' EDtB~~I~

1.i~ printf() lllill~:f~§ ffl iIBit~,l!§W~j~ §)l ij;9U

· DJ{§E:f~it~~eisim~~~~Ji )~ ~19U *~~ · ~ 0

:tt~m...tEOCJJ "2s%aisJ~~*Ei 1N*%&!" c m:r5~~15m) ~E!S . EPj[;2zttTit:r~;1m~f~

~Ul'fi · m~CJJ.IZD1'8isJ:f~it~~ :
-------------------------~----------------------------------
01 /* prog 4_ 3, f§Effl prin tf()IIBJ~ */
02 #in c lude <s tdi o . h >
03 #in c lude <stdl ib . h >
04 in t ma in (v oid)
05
06 in t n um=25 ;
...., 7 _ _ prin t f ( " \ " % d %% A~~1:.3REJ1j\/~~)g\ "\n", num);
0 .._ I * EPt±l~~ * I
08
09 sys t e m("p a u se ");
10 ret urn O;
11

I* prog4_3 OUTPUT---
" 25 % ~ ~ 1:.3REJ1J1~~M"
-- --------------------*/

o f~n~~~~ ~
1i$:<f.f?tlc+i1~r0Jl.J~~tl
· E131i$~5 1 5mtEl?Isll~c+i~~~~'.kEmiili • ~Jl:l:;Ml~9UEO~sl5mii't
!0 ~WtEPoit~$cp1Jo__tW~§5l~:7G r \ _J • :5~/f1~mWrn5l~:7G • ~~~il!Eit~~tl~U

eisi~sl5m1~ • ii't~~~i.J~Poit~$B*~*6* • ~rm~3.§~~~~~ JJ:1:;:9~ • ~o~:?UEOt!:l 0

853'{-d5JJE r%_J • ~tlPoit~ll§!0 ~W1~ffl r%%_J • ~D~1~fi' • ~tl!0~W1§EfflW~§5lff;9U r\n_J •

~Dl'lil.Pffm :

;Poitli'!l ' J'!DtffP tl:l~~{~ JIJt~ff;9U ' f!B~EPtl:l~ sl sm ~ 4.1.2

,- .·; ,.J.;,-. ; . .J. ; ,-·· · ; _;Po_it_li\l,j_W_JIJt-

~ll-
ff;
printf(" i \ "! i%dii%%! 8isJ~~*EJ1J1~~~ \"! \n! ",num); 9U~f~fflt1319U
=... ... ..: '····· ··' '·· r' =... .. ....= '···r--'
;Poitli\l,j • m* EPtl:la5.l'sm JIJt~ff;9U • m*l.ifil~fi'
JIJrnllff;9U • m*EPtl:l~slsm
/

"}]'2 printf() lllilf~c:p · l'JT~t!~;tgrt~,1Mm~1:Aa:53'5mm.J~g '%_J · ¥ij;H~-*El~~~e~~e 0

;g~~~i@'.*~1±lwH:±l8~ ' §~~~J:E'.B~ff'illlffIJ[m'. ' ~l:AtE '%...1 1~ffii1Jo..tJ[M8~f~{~ 0

19U
~D '%3d_J ~ml;,l 3 j~ff'illlf!lJ[M*:9UEP+~ili~f~ ; '%6.2f_J ~U~mEDt8)!3ll!.~f~8~'

-WJ51J'f~ll!.~~~ 61~1lif~ • 1J'f~ll!.M~t:i~.R~~~m 21lif~8~J[MJW~ 0

~*3t~i!JLl~Filll1li8~J[m'.2:9~ · fM~tB~l:At~i!JLll'JT:9UED8~f~~~~ft~~1~~ftt:i~1~ 0

~~m@•m~~•~•~•~nt:J~~·:B~~n~~~·.R~1±'%_Jm5m.::zm·
M..t-@~5m'-_JW~ 0 NTffii~~rt~m·~~N·~~~-~;tgrt.::zmm~fi~

01 /* prog4_4, EPtl:J~~~~it */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int numl=32, num2=1024;
07 float num3=12.3478f;
08
09 printf ( numl=%6d 0~ \n
11 11
, nurnl) ; /* l.~ 1
%6d.. 1 ~i'CEPtl:J numl *I
10 11
printf ( num2 =%-6d0~\n 11
,num 2 ); /* .L.~ 1
%-6d...1 ~i'CEPti:Jnum2 */
11 printf ( num3=%6. 2f ~D!\n , num3);
11 11
I* .L.~ 1
%6 . 2f ...1 ~i'CEPti:J num3 *I
12
13 system( pause 11 11
);

14 return 0;
15

/* prog4_4 OUTPUT---
numl= 32 0~
num2=1024 0~
num3= 12. 35 ~DI
---------------------*/
-----------------------~~-------------------------------
0 t~it~~B'.lt ~
1:l]1Eit!t 9 ficp8j;Poitni'®f.ilr%6d_i' l!JJltiH.j 6 {~~:7I;8jJ!M3K9UfO~l9~19 numl
8j{g[ !t IO fi8j;Poit~l®.f.ili '%-6d_i , ~#-3~1.j 6 @~:7I;8jJ!M3K9UEO num2 ,:L9~ ,
0

,5ff9UEOl±l3K8jf91.mlli~~le~1~ '%6.2f_i , ~U~Jj 6 1~~:71; 0

!t 11 fi8j;Poit~,'®.f.ili

8jJ!M ' 1j\f9~9fi~lil\~~11I8j1-Jit3K9UEO num3 ~f98j{g[ , :QO'"f~pfffR :

~ 4 .1.3
prog4_4 ffi~ffiPon ~I§
~~~Bf.I

I n.·.·I.......
~-
I 2 I= I·.·.1·. I ...0 I 2.· .· I.·.4....1·.·.·.· ·.·.·.·•I ·.·•·.·101~1·
uIm·,· .. .........
· ·.·~··. ·. . ·•·.· •: ..................
:1
:·

%-6d ' 1ri 6 Po ' ~le1t1~

%6.2f' 1ri 6 Po ' ~:t:ili\1~

15'2 prog4_4 cp' Pait~)® %-6d_i :f!8j~5Jn: 1 - _i Wf9~ 1 6_i i'-3~1ii15'2 printf() lllil98j
1

{l~IDll-:Y. (modifiers) 0
~{!:j: _t ' printf() llli'9r'.:~H~1;t:I; 3 -l!tjf~wn-:Y. ' {§E1~9UEOt±:l3K8j;Po

it~t:l~1-ff&~1Eit8j\¥f5~ 0
1"~9Ut±:l 3 printfO lillll9mmsjf1~wn-:r :

~ 4.1.3 printf() lllill9eisJ11~IDti:Y

j1~IDfi:Y J}Jf:i~ ~{9tl

- ~~i1~ %- 3d

+ M~l91.f![eisJlE~~rulml±l3R %+5 d
/
1~fiffi-:T- J}J§~ m1?~

~8 ti®~~®~·M-~~B;~~®~·Effi~~ % 6f

~~~ti~flzft~El~•1.milfrJ~8~tJtt o CW~~ r- _J
0 %07.2f
f6JB~1§EfflB~ • Jl:tJJJ§~~~~)

tt~~•-@ffl~*~~~M~~~ffi·T~~~~~~3MM•Mi·~~®~
1234. ?.'<\itt~~~1~•1~a~'Wit:±:lB~:fE~ s 1~tri!llfuJi:M. tr~1:u~a~t~...t o • ~1*~mm1.ma~
.LE~sm:

01 /* prog4 5, f§Effl printf () 1IBJ•~11~fiffi-:T-* I

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i=l234;
07 printf("i= %+08d\n",i) · /* O~O!JP.rintf )@• */
08
09 system("pause");
10 return 0;
11

/* prog4_5 OUTPUT--
i=+0001234
---------------------*/

0 f¥:it~~~~ ~
~~••••i~®c~1n4)H~4ffi•·~~10~•t:B~:fE~s@•m•
M·~§~~•m•®~.LE~smc.LE~sm•~-@•m•M) ·ffi~$•t:B~·s
@•m~~~-@•ffi~.LEsmr+~ ·mT*~3@•m~~...to·••~4@•
{li::t~•· i B~{i 1234 °
 ~BM~~~~M@~•~*M•~~~ffi~~ 0
: ~~mfftt*~~~~~=
®MW~~·~~~~=~mko·-~~~8~~-·g-~~~~~~~A~

T~~-JR@~~«>~M&~~~~ffl~M 0
~~T~~M~·~®&*•H~~
~t8i¥X~El~:l:fu8~ 3~~ :

~*'l l~f@ ,rn:rt; ~A1J'*5~

~ 4.1.4
12 345 %1 0d
·. .l. . L.· printf() ~l~~ ~~ IDfi .:Y
.:L~ffl~819tl
1 2345 %+ d

1 2345 %09d

12 3 45 %-l Od

1 2345 % d

1 23 .4 56 %7 . 2f

123 . 456 %0 10. 3f

12 3 .4 56 %+10.4t j+j1j2j 3 j.j4151 6 ioi~

•.·.·•...-.·.-.·.•.·.·.•..•.•.······-'·······.,..·.-.·,•.·.•.•.. ·.•.v.·.•.-.·.· ..·.··"·"•"·'•'-"··-·.·····-·.·.·.•••·.--!

c ~g~t8~.L-~ffl/f'f§JB!Jii1li**Yt*'®tl:l~*~ 0
~ 4.1.1 9Utl:l J~:flii1li**3t.Pff1§Effl~~
~~·•«~~ff8~ 0 ~T~~~~~M·$~~~~~3-@UM9Mi~~m~
42 • 11ts~J¥x~1~fumm11I~~li,u~~'8s!lii11I1-~m~lf\$~mk :
 •
01
02
/* prog4_6 , ~ io 3111.U~iH~/f'~irsJ311fli**ft11i~'®t±:l *I
#include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 printf ("4 2 ®i\3111.U~ %0 \n ", 4 2 ); I* f Ptl:l 4 2 Bj/\3111.U *I
07 printf ("4 2 ® ±7\3111.U~ %x \n", 42) ; I* f Ptl:l 4 2 8j+7\3111.U *I
08
09 system ("pause ") ;
10 return 0;
11

I* prog4_6 OUTPUT--
42 Bj/\3111.U~ 52
42 irsJ+/\3111.U~ 2a
---- ------- ----- -----* /

o f~n)ijl~)t m.
15~ ~f5tlcp , m6 fi~M~+~111•t~ 42 tJJ\~111fPt±:l , ~fOt±:l/\~111 Coctal) 8~t&
:rt~,11§~ '%o_J Co mn§:5€:>Z octal 8~~§) , ~lltR~ttt&it~$~~J:. ' %o_J ,
w~~+~m••~~VA~ffifPt±:l 0 ffi~~·m1fi~~~+~m••~v+
7\~111 ( hexadecimal ) B~t&it~~ 1
%x_J ( x £[Q§9?;)( hexadecimal t~B~~G x) EO
t±:l , ~llt~1®~U 2a i§1~+7\~1111~1.m 0
·:·

~D~IU~1F~i~•t~~fH;J. float 9-IZ~ double ~~f®t±:lO~? V T@B~;f~:rt~Wtl ' '§~-1~•

f~~f~ a illz~~1]1[~ 15 ' 53'55Ul;J. ' %d _J ' 1
%f_J & ' %e_J t&:rtfOt±:l ' ~~~~~~O~~ltt'

fflOtt~*~8~~ 1 I~ :

01 /* prog4 7 , ~iHU3J.l-~~'B~rmf®t±:l , ~~8~irsJ,819~ *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #incl u de <std li b .h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 int a=lS;
07
-------------------------;.;;r.,«i-.--------------------------------
08 printf( 11 a= %d\n 11 ,a); I* fPl±l a e'SJ{~ *I
09 printf( 11 .l.jS¥~o~llil~EPl±l: %f\n 11 ,a); I* t) %f *6iti11§EP:±l a e'SJ1~ *I
10 printf ( 11 tJJ~~llil~fPl±l %e \n 11 , a) ; I* .L.) %e ;t6it1i,l§EP:±l a e'SJ1~ *I
11
12 system( 11 pause 11 ) ;
13 return 0;
14

/* prog4_7 OUTPUT-----------
a=15
.L.))3'~oi~rui~.REPl±l: o. 000000
UHil~llil~EPl±:l : 1. 91os19e-297
------------------------------*/

0 t~it~~~~ t:a
~$~~·~~a$~~-•~D·ffiumsli~mr~~Po~~*~mm~~~
Fo~lm • {~~m 9~10 liM~ a J,;,!_ r%f~ :& r%e~ Po~lijj!§f®t±JB~ · ~~9UEP8~~*~~g
WPo~~~ffi·~~~~~•t±Jm~~~~ffimM~~~ 0 ~•k·~~li~Mt±l·
tt~f6JB~~i~TDJ§~·~~f6JB~m6~ ' ~JJ:t1~1~!fUB~f®t±lDJ§~•W$1JUm~::t:f6J 0

c ~B~~ 3~±~1JDKi~it~~¥Afi8~~J($ · JJ~~:t~ printf() l]Jf~~Po~lii~B~~~-§::fl~mflt~

0
~~Af~~W ~~1:EMt±lk~~~mH®~~DMt±l~·~DJ~m~n••~~~·
~M~~*~•t~JJ)Z§?i-tl~D · ~{~f®t±l 0
Tl§J~f~~~ prog4_7 ~~!iGH& • ,R~ti~I~
a~l§Jrokffi~--~~D·~Mt±l~m~·~~~Jm3:

01 /* prog4 _8 , jl~iE prog4_7 e'Sl*~~~ */

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a=15;
07
08 printf( 11 a= %d\n 11 ,a); /* EPl±:l a e'Sli~ *I
,.. 9 _ _printf ( 11 ~l3'!o~llil~EP:±l: %f\n 11 , (float) a) ;
0"'""" I* tU3'!!1li~llil~f :±I a *I
/ •
10
11
printf( " l.~JJ~i~rui~EPl±l: %e\n ", (double ) a );

12 system("pau se ");
13 return 0;
14

/* prog4_8 OUTPUT----------
a=lS
tU~lll~i~rui~EPl±l: 15 . 000000
tlJ~J~rui~Epl±J : 1. SOOOOOe+OOl
-----------------------------*/

0 {~i'C~~filt tr
JJ~*f9tlc+i , ~ 9 W~ 10 fi'i±~I~ a mf§i1Jo_t,Pff~fti~8J~6 float & double 1tt Ct!P
~~~•••) ,~~u•~mrr~~w~mmc+i~®3° +

*H1J.R1't-*l13 printf() ~l~'®t!JBJ~g)l;: 0

~'lf_t ' fr stdio.h ~ffiHicp~~ 3 printf() ~~
1;1,:9 ~ , ~~-l!tmffl8J'®t8 , '®l\~I~ , ~O scanf() , getchar() W putchar() ~ , JJ~H~T
*8J1J,H1Jf!M~~~-8Jil*l1 °
 .,,,
________________________ ________________________________

4.2 l®l\~I~ scanf()

C ~g~,ffl J'§~~'g)i~1JDW1§E!t.l~BJ1Hlb • 1± stdio.h ~H!Hicp;\E'.~J'-1~'M'!t.l8J scanf()f®
J\lillJI~ · DJ~1§E!t.l~'®J\1~1!1~]~ 0 1~T*ftfP9.Lj~{~1N~IBK~)?;Bf.l scanf() lillJl~BJ{§E!t.l ·
.LjJ3.f§E!t.lB~!0~~ 5±~eisi•r~ 0

4.2.1 m~m scanfO lllill~

scanf() ~ C ~g~~~m1§E!t.l8Jf®J\ lillllt~- • ~.ffl'8DJ.lj}~~9:1§-~::ff6Jru!~l8J•*~ 0

scanf() lillJl~B]~g)t!M printf() lillJl~*§1J;J ' $t;f6i\:~DT :

Poi\: 4.2 . l
scan f ("~n~$", &~~ 1, &~IQ 2 , ... ) ;

1.i:S: scanf() lillJl~cp • 'Poi\:~$_J !0~~.Lj~515mffil¥l • P'9~.ffls~f®J\•*~8JPort~Ji§ • ' &

.,~ 1 _J ' I &•I~ 2_J ~~U~!t.l*f31.i)(•*~eisi•1~ {§E!t.l scanf() lillJl~B~~ )±~eisi~ '
0

tl -~~-~~!Q}~~_tffihl~-~'&_J ·~.ffl~~-~~®~~¥-@•~~·=
WJ=~:t~•*~8%~s~U~1~•1~!3JT1±8%'.I±JJ:::f~ · rJT.Lj scanf() lillJ~10~~.Lj•f~8isJ1.!l±J1:.ffl

511~ 0

#J1?U*~)?;· t~~ffi~MJ=f® J\ -1~~1~ num · !tM~~I~ num 8J1~~UEDt8* · DJ.Lj!t.JT

~eisi;i;~rt~,ll§*1~~2 :

01 /* p rog4 9 , i~ffl sc anf () IIBllQ * I

02 # i nc l ude <s t di o . h>
03 #i nc lude <stdli b . h>
04 i n t ma in (vo id)
05
06 in t num;
07
/
08 printf ("~~f.®7\-i~~~: ");
09 scanf (" %d",&num); /* ffim~f.®7\~~ • M!:r~~*fj num g)'R *I
10 printf("num=%d\n" ,num); /* EPt±l num 8~~@...!.L
11
12 s y stem("pau se ");
13 r e turn 0;
14

/* prog4_9 OUTPUT---
~~f,®7\-i~~i~: 78
num=7 8
---------------------*/

0 t¥IC~~~~ fl
~~m~,~~~filBMMA-@••,~~~~~$W~m~~~r~J 1
fflU
~Tf\pff~!~W~B]f~{]l~-@JUI~ 0 {~~~~flG{P~f®l\Uf~ 78' !~T Enter B~i~ • scanf()

@•1~~;fNf/t~I~ num BJ{:Uil!J~UI~ 78 ~~U num 1! • ~DT~Pffm :

scanf ( "%d", &num) ; ~ 4 .2.1

;fLlffl scanf() @li~filU!il
IH~

~~1m)1@ • ~U:t~§g 9 iT~ • ~I~ num ~fil!BJ r &J z.tt~£!~ 3 ° ~~ scanf() !JD~J[
1§effl~l~8J1:U±.il:mmzsll~ · ~Jl:~~o~1m;s3 r &J rtt~ · ~Uf¥~¥AiTB~M~~f'j/fDJ

prog4_9 ~f®l\~--{]18]{9tl-:f scanf() @l~lliOJ~B~f®l\~:H~{~f~{]l' l-::1.15{~~~~

0

~~Ml\ 0 T~~@~~-@ft~~~m·~BMMJ\~@••·~~~~--~M
~i~EDl±l 'f¥~nl®~m~~DT:
---------=----------------~----------------------------------
01 /* prog4 _ 10, {~ffl scanf () @~' -:;_'.A'.f@l\ffij~~~ *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a, b;
07
08 printf ( "~~f@J\ffij~~~: ");
09 SCanf (" %d %d" I &a, &b); /* rnm~'®l\=1~~!11~~>E*a~~ a' b
10 Rrintf " %d+ %d= %d\n",a,b,a+b); /* 8t~~;fO!"l1fPC!:l~g */
11
12 system("pause");
13 return O;
14

/* prog4_10 OUTPUT--
~~f@l\ffij~~I~: 56 11
56+11=67
----------------------*/

0 t~it~~~)t ~
15'.S:~{9Utj::i · m6 fi'§~ J'~@~l-9~1~ a W b • J=!'Dl<:sfil/:f®l\8~~1~ 0
E81.i'.S:fi{F9ffi
~~m~•l\~@~m·~~rrmsfi~MJ'-@~ffi~$·m*~m~m~rr~
~!!D~~f®l\~{~~I~ 0
~~~19U!0~~fiiul\~@~19 · ,6fflji_fim 9 fi8~ scanfO tIBJI~
tj::i·~~~$~!0~~~@~19~~~r~~ ·~§U~BB~OO·~~~~Mfi

~~-~·~@~l'*~~~m~~MJ\o

~ scanf() lIBJl~~>J(fi{F9f®l\~{~~I~ ' {~~~~~f®l\8~1~{j~ 56 W 11 ' ~JltJJ'.S: Dos

ff~~tj::i ' Bl\ 56 W 11 @~f~l~{i ' § q::irs~!!D~~l-jl.~88~~00 ° Jlt8~ scanf() lIBJI~

1~9:1'~~1~ 56 '.M;~U~I~ a~ ; 1ElP.J8~ · scanf() tIBJl~t89:t~~I~ 11 ~~U~I~ b :fll.l •

:Sml'~Pffffi :
/
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b );

~ 4.2.2
fLl ffl scanf() llli~Wll!Q
a
8~f®l\jjjjjf~~~9: !56! :11 :. ~@~!J~
·........
11 b

tHem scanfO IIBJl~f®l\~~~]~8~ , n~Poi'C~$1!:5~uggam*~~m.Jm-1~Port

~,II§ , ~Uttf®l\~]~8~ ' BJ~'!~]~DJJ,j_,Ef.Jj~fi' (:I~ Enter m) ' ~~Po (:I~ Tab m) sx~i~

ggam1'FJ.m~~~ :5~n~Poi'C~$cj:il-j,ill5/JE r,_J 5-H~m1~f®l\Poi'C~l®8~ , tt'®l\~]~

0

8~tB!Q) ~J[Uill5/JE53'001~]~i~J'.§ 0

1§tE scanf()
l'l§Jf~i'C~,11§11~ ~:\U§l prog4_10 ' ~Poi'C~$cj:i 'M~l*%'®l\Poit~ll§B~53'~~~

j[;~~mtill5/JE ' f~i'C~M~~Dl' :

01 /* prog4_11 , f~fflili5'R~~f®l\1fi~ */
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 in t a ,b;
07

scanf("%d,%d",&a,&b) ;
10 printf(" %d+ %d=%d\n ", a ,b, a+b );
11
12 system( "pa u se ");
13 ret urn O;
14

I* prog4_11 OUTPUT--------------
~f® l\jjjjjf~ ~~ ' 8~fflili5'R~l*.l~9f~: 14 f 36
14+36=50
----------------------------------*/
------------------------~--------------------------------
0 t~it~~~~ t,
J]~§g 9 fi'cj:i · J]1P~l~ill5JRP~m.l~@MJ\Poi\:~,ll§ · ~Jl:ti'±f®J\!~]~B~ • ill10 ~Wl~ill5!Jt
3R:BP~m- ~~*4 ° :5~-B~£~3 3 • i'±f®J\§g-~~*~.:L1i¥z • -~J§H~T Enter m~
c§JZ~ Tab m, ~am) · i?.t~~~m§g=~~*~mott®J\ · rmCBm~DJHU!~aj?~E~~ 0

itSJJl:t~~~i11§-DJi'±f.~rtn.1!§1~JJD J\ ~61li\8j~f\,~, • ~m1§effi11§"~~9D10Jf®J\~*~ • 9Df~it

scanf() lllilf~p.fTj§EJijtljf®J\Poit~Jj§fD printf() lllillt7':i9>t§PJ ' T~c:j::i9Uc±:l 3 scanf() lllill~

mm~MJ\Port~·i'±~m~DJu~~m~~Port:

i®l\Poit i®l\~&i!tt t®l\Poit i®l\$~i!tt

%c ~:lG %s ~$

%d +5i1:LI~~ %0 i\5i1:LI ~ ~

%f )3' ~~1~ %x +7'5i1:LI ~ i~

%lf jg:*~M )3'~~1~ C)1~ % lf 1'~ l ~:5€::S:uN~~tiJ: l )

T~~~it~-@~mrfu~Port~3RMJ\+n~m•m~~M 0 ~~itDJU'®J\­

@l+n~1ll:8jf~{~ · f~it8j'®c±:l~U~M~Jl:tl~1ifllt~JJY:+~1ll: :

01 / * p rog 4_ 12 , t® l\+7'5i11Ii~1Il:i' ~f0t±:l'88J+5i1lz */

02 #i n c lude <s t di o . h>
03 # includ e <st dlib . h >
04 i n t main( vo id)
05 {
06 int num;
07
 /
09 scanf ( 11 %x 11 , &num ) ; I* fml\ +7\~illf~{.lll. • !l1:t~'.<E'.*8~f~ num *I
10 printf ( 11 %x ®+~{ilf.0%d\n",num,num); /* ~+7\~{lI~{.lll.N+~{ilfPl±l */
11
12 system ( 11 pause ");
13 return 0 ;
14

/* prog4_12 OUTPUT----
B~fml\ +7\~11I®~~ : 12ab
12ab ~+~{ilf.0 4779
------------------------*/

0 1£~~~~}t ~
15~:<$;.f?Ucp' ~~~f®l\-1~+7\iiffI~f~{f1[ ' ~lit~ 9 fiBJ scanf() IIBJf~cp ' !.iD~~
f§Effl r%x_J ~i'Cnl\1§ • M~~iii*BJl~{~~l\~I~ num cp ~ 10 fi~U~1;1_ printf() lIBJ
0

I~ · 53'55U~Llffl r%x_J W r%d_J ~i'C:0,'®9UED num 8J+7\iiffI1.f1!W+ii1.I'I8J@_ •!• 0

4.2.2 f®J\~7C

:B~~f®l\~7[; •scanf() BJ~i'C~$~!.iD~~f§Efflr%c_J~i'Cnl\1§ 0 l'l§JBJf¥i'C~~Uffl scanf()

tIBJl~~f!sz-1~~7[; · 1!::!ti: f®l\~7I;B~ • ft1rrnu~ti:t®l\BJ~7I;::Lfill%f®l\-1~ggam ·
ffiNfi~ scanf() tIBJl9~EfSZBJ 1 ~% :

01 /* prog4_13 , fml\'3'.71:; */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char ch ;
07
08 printf( 11 Input a character: ");
scanf (" %c 11 , &ch); /* E8 S~fml\'3'.7I;!l1i~'.<E'.*8~~ch */
printf( 11 ch= %c , ASCII code is %d\n",ch,ch);
11 system( 11 p ause ");
12 r eturn 0;
13
---------------------------..,~------------------------------------
/* prog4_13 OUTPUT----
Input a character:~----~--:-- )l[,ffrr]\-j~~Biltfijffrr]\ R
ch= , ASCII code is 32
------------------------*/

0 f~~~~~~ ~
fi__C_l§iBJf~i\:cp' ggt:J*}t~ ASCII {]1[~ 32' ffi]~~ R BJ ASCII {]1[~ 82' 8315~ r %c_J

*Bitn,l§Rf:J~mWsz-j~~~ ' :5~ r%c_J lrtJl§i)~~gg*B ' ~U scanf() lilllf9:~mW1Z§g­

@MA~~~ ·~~$~ffl~•~~,~-~~B~~~m®'~~~@•~0 ~

ffilrt!WU~~o , scanf() ~BJ r%c_J *Bitn,l§~H~W)Z§g-J~'®ABJ~~ 0

~D!~U~1P9~~Ef.Q§g

-j~::f~~B~~~B~ ' ~U~tt' ~U r%c_J *Bitfi,l§~irtl1JO__C_-j~~B 'tltB~ scanf() lillJ

l~R~t~W)Z§g-j~~F~BBJ~~ , ~Dl'lffiBJf~itn,1§,5ffm :

01 /* prog4 _ 14, ~@§g-j~/f~g;ga~~:lC */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char ch ;
07 I ~~ffrrJ\-1~g;g.m
B_~printf q" Input a characte_r_:_"_)~;----~-~------
~O_
09 scanf ( "Ll %c ", &ch); L* ffiitlm~l\'±JL;TI:ft}l§'.(Em8~~ ch *I _ ____.
10 printf("ch=%c, ASCII code is %d\n ",ch,ch);
11
12 system("pause");
13 return 0;
14

/* prog4_14 OUTPUT---
Input a character:~---~--:-- )l[,ffrr]\-@g;gamfijfWiJ\ R
ch=R, ASCII code is 82
--------------------- */
 /
0
•
f~it~~~}l ~
$*m$•m9ff~m~m~~r~J2~~k~m 0 $~~~-~~·~~u~

4.2.3 l®l\~$

~$(~~)~~=@Uk~~~ffim~ 0 ~~~$~••2~·ft~~~~~~~
~•9U (character anay) JtJ*g$(~$ 0
r•9UJ ~-11~~9*8~·*~~-' '8~!tl*
RG:-~~ffi~-~~-~9B 0
~$~$~~~~~~~ffim~~·~·~~~c
~g~1!~l.;.l~~·9U*18iG:~$ 0

:fgJ:t 4.2.2

$k~~~ffi$·r~$~MJ~~~mRG:~~~B 0 @~C~~~~$~~ur~J

®~~~·~~-~~RG:~~~--~~$~M~Jo

char str[lO];
------------------------w'l"##DI---------------------------------
char str[lO];
~ 4. 2.3
§~~ 7G~9U • !l::f!!!C.ii
sir II I I I I I I I I I:
c ........•.·.·.·.•.••.·.·m•.·.·.·.•.·,•.•.••.• ·•.••·.·.•• .'.·.·.·.,·.·.•..·.•.•.•..•.·.·.·.••.·.·.•.,.}
·~rg~ 10 @~ :lG B'il ~c.
~~ rs~

~3-9U8j~:;ttm~2i~ , t~rF*5'tDJl:J~~g~w~~~$8jftiiJ\3 ° scanf() lllill~~l:J

'%s_J f&itiiJ®*•i:r.Q~$ , 1~U~D~~ftrnt~gjJ:l.Q-11fil~$ , Mz:t~?JT•J:fsz8j~$~~U str

~7I;-9U1-'I1, DJ!fl~DT8j~g )t*r~ ~ :
sca n f (" %s ", str );

- ~DJ~ · ~k~Bj~~~·~2~Mz1'~~Mk'&_Jffi~·~~~~~~-~~

M·~C~~~·-~~-@ ~ •~Bjffihl2~ 0

scanf() llli!IH:Hill'5Z~$8{¥ '@:f~~U§i%-jlfil~~~88j~7I;i~ ' ¥ij-{lfil~j[;-{lfil~j[;gj ii

*'R~T-@~8~~ 0 lli~~~·~ffl'~_Jf&itMJ\~$~·~@~$~1'­
~~8~7I; 0
llt9~' EBJJ~ scanf() lllill~Mz1'~H~~f® J\ 8j~$~M~i31J\J)~,6fj'§']58j~

e~M·mu~~e®m§'158j~$~M~·DJ••~~1'DJMM8jm~·~~e~
fflk~~~~• 0 T~Bj~m~~3~@E~it~MJ\~$ :

01 /* prog 4_ 1 5 , f®l\+$ */
02 #inc lude <stdio . h >
03 #inc l ude <stdlib . h>
04 i nt ma in (void )
05
06 c h ar name [lO];
07
08 printf (" Wh at ' s you r name : ") ;
09 scan t ( " %s ", n a me ) ; /* '®l\+$ ' MIE13+JT;ll!9U n ame ffimU5i *I
10 pri ntf ("Hi, %s , How are yo u?\n", n ame ); /* EPCl:l+ Efl ~~ '.§ *I
11 system(" pause ");
12 ret urn 0 ;
13
 / •
/* prog4_15 OUTPUT----
What's your name : Al.ice
Hi, Al i c e, Ho w are you?
------------------------* /

0 f~it~~~~ t:ii
~~m6ff~~3-@~~~~·~m*~m10@~~ 0 ~~~~ff~m9ff~·

{f9~{1~{§Effl~f®l\-{~~$ 0
1.i~~f~Ucf:i ' ftfP~f®l\~$ "Alice" ' f~l' Enter~~
9 1
~@~$~9Rl\~~~~M~tj:i,~~~~~~~~8~T~ffiffi:

Wha t's y o ur name : Alice

~ 4.2.4

L .. m, l ~J1 J~J:.~ :Jfa:i:i:j I; ~¥$

¥JI;~9U
"Alice" ~l\
name cp

{ii~-}~8~~, c 5B~~~$10~~tJJjrn~ff;9U r\o_J f~*a~, fflU~.8U~$~UliU5

5R 0
~lit1.i~~WUcf:i ' ~~?.tftfP~Rf®l\ "Alice" ~$ '{§~*~~i~l@~9El!JJ7.f~$
8~:;K!iiffi1JOJ\ r\o _J 0

m 10 68~ printf() @~lli~f§Effi r%s_J ~~~J®*9UEP~$ 0

R§gz.± printf() @I)(~

~k~~~~~~-,~-~~mW~$~~~~,~~w~rw_J~~ 0 +

~if-3
scanf() @1)(~9~' 1~lli~L.~{§Effl gets() @l)(*f®l\~$ -~~~~*' ftfP~lQm;fu 0

mgets() @l)(f®l\-{~~$, ~~ '81'{E!:ft51f~$f_~~~ 8~~, ffiJ§5g)t;:t~ scanfO ~

*i~Wi)m 0
!m1.i~ gets() @I)( , z.±m 9 ~cf:i~lQ~5¥ffi!8~1Hti 0
scanf() ~l~tHNflU®l\i~U~~~~8~1'f6JffiH~i1'f6J8~3.if!=7.Ji'C ' Hcf:it8@1¥:£-lftFo~

~ ' :ifH1JM~53'J3UM~ scanf() ~'~~If8~7.Ji'C ' tt&~~UFo~~8~~~8~~1* 0

5fLlffl scanf() ~l~•flQM{~B~ • scanf() @:t~~Um-{~~~~8~~.7C1~ • ~-1\I~{~ 0

~i

@~~~•m•~-~~~g~-~~~ 0
~m•A~M®2mm~H8~.7C·~
scanf() ~M@:H~B~P>Z~ ~ -{~f®l\,5ff ~~i@8%~]~ • ft{P~tJ Tf§J8~f~i'C~l(1§*{li~~~Bf.l
scanf() ~lnif!Q~;pt8~7.Ji'C :

01 /* prog4_1 6 , ftlffl scanf() @IQ~J:!Qfj(j_m */

02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #inc lude <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num;
07
08
09
printf ( 11 8JU,®7\-f[QJ~fQ:
11
scanf ( %d",&num);
____
11
"-....;....;.._
);

/* ~l\~IQM!~~~*8~1Qnum3@ */
10 printf ( "num= %d\n 11 , num.,_, ; --~ /_* ffJl±l num ®~ * /_
) ..._
11
12 system( "pause ");
13 return 0;
14

/* prog4_16 OUTPUT---------
\ ____________ _
81U.®J\-f[QJ~IQ: ~--iis_o_d.~ii.;;;:- %'®7\:=@~8 • jij'®J\ 1250dollars
num=l250
-----------------------------*/
/
0 f~~~~~}l ~
1.i~2fs:1~tlcp ' fi1P9f®J\ II 1250dollars" @{~~$ ' ?.-t1tz13Z:l' Enter m~ scanf() l?]Jf9
*~i fl5l'8 ° ).±1&1.i~f§trtlJcp ' fi1P9DJ.L.~~~I~ scanf() ~m&i J'~l9 1250 .:L§DB'SJ~B::f~i
fly ' §1tzl§iBJ "dollars" ~$t!~,)~~:f&l~iJ\ ' :SZDl'lil.Pffm :

~ 4 .3. I
~~fftlj}\-f~~J~ : 1250doll.ars
scanf() lilil~&llllll~ll1i:
scanf ( " %d ", &num) .R81l!Ql'.U~l~OOIB e'i]8}l8f.I

1l£§1H~tl0J~D ' scanf() 1?]]19•flsz-1~19{g[8~ ' a111&i&!l9{~§Dl§iBJ~8 ' §f9{~1tzl§i~l=l9

~B'SJ~$lli::fa~•@ 0 ?.-t~*~•@B'SJ~$M::fa~~~~·'8~?.-tMtt8J\aOO
~ (buffer) ~ ' ,R~f~i'C~li\§1tzl§i~~~'8BJ scanf() l?]Jf9 ' @®~tt•J\mfll~~BJ
0
M~-~~·®·~~Hm~~-®~~B'SJE~ tt~~~rtm·@~~~M~ffl~
~•J\ttM8~~-~~·~~roJ\~~B'SJ~~·~DJ~~B'SJM~@®E~~~ 0

l'l§iB'SJ~rt~aR~§D-@~M·~cpro J\J' -®~W·DJm*•®• J\• OO~~a

~BJ~*~ , m.L.~I~~ scanf() l?]Jf98Jiif!='~~ :

01 /* prog4_17, 8i!W!fmJ\~fiJ~P'99~~ ~~*4 *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void )
05 {
06 int num;
07 char str [lO ) ;
 08
09 printf ( "8~f®l\-@l!H9: : ");
10 scanf("%d",&num);
11 printf("num=%d\n",num);
12
13 printf("~f®l\-@~$: ");
14 sca nf (" %s ", str); /* '®l\~$ */
15 P.rin tf (" str=%s_\ n", str) .i I* EPl±l~~~~g *I
16
17 system ("pause");
18 ret u rn 0;
19

/* prog4_17 OUTPUT---------
8~f®l\-@l~~: ~::!~~p~~}-}-_~-~~--:-- ~f®l\::0:@@8•j'ijf®J\ 1250dollars
num= l250
8~'®7\-@]~$: str=dollars
------------------------------*/

0 f~IC~~~'.li ~
~'819U~~~t3~@1 scanf() lllill~, 73-l.lUJtl3K~J0!5l~~W~$ 0
ttf~it¥Afi8~, fM~
-~f®l\ II 1250dollars" @@~$ ' ~1td~T Enter m~ scanf() lllill~*~115Z'8 °
).±~J'j~f®tf:lcp 'CDl.~)j~m~ 10 fiB~ scanf() CD~i£!5l!fU 1250 @{~~{~' {~ 14 fi scanf()

~/f'&fMU®l\ , 1~-~J~HITT115Z~~tt~fti~r7'J8~~$ "dollars" , 12Slllt§g 15 15'8~

printf() tllilf~~EOtf:l~j(;!l*9U str B~i7'J'.§~"dollars" ' li'..t~@{~ffi'i:l2SI :

~ 4.3.2
8~'®7\-1~~~9:: 1250dollars
scanf() @~~@~ii
W~$£l'iJIDiBJ3
scanf ( " %d ", &nurn ) ~~@~U@@ffili71

: .: ......1t.........1r~_-:_::Jt: ..~Ji: ~.~-Ji: ~][ ?:.J.

. . _ r_~_: .1 r . ?...J[:_~:_J[::~:.Jr-~:_J[_~:.:1[ _~_J
scanf ("%s 11 , st r) ~f>'.Emll~~
~Elll~U@@ffil53-
/

~®8~{1~ • tlP1~1mB1J ,11)jiji(Bftlffl scanf() IIBJl~f®]\f~{@: • scanf() IIBJl~s~?.'t\CIT.L.jl,:U:lii

8j~jU!Q~tlf~~' {§1£~® 1~)5?,T '1~ml8j scanf() IIBJf~CIT§~J@~~;tm)tJl~ftl8j~II1Q~*~'

:9DT1§8ji8Wtl :

01 /* prog4 is, ~@)W£1imHl~~:l[. */

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (vo id)
05
06 int num ;
07 char ch ;
08
09 printf ("~~'®7\-flQJ!i[~: ");
10 scanf (" %d" &num); /*
11 printf ("~~'®7\-flQJ~:l[,: ");
12 sca n f (" %c " &ch ); / * E13ijtll:'l;J\~-,nft c:.*B~~ch * /
13 printf ("num=%d, ASCII of ch=%d\n", num, ch); /* EPt±J num!M ch~ ASCII jj,11§ *I
14
15 system( " pause ");
16 re turn 0 ;
17

/ * prog4_18 OUTPUT---------------
~H1J'lil\ -flQJ!i[i~: 22
~~f®l\-flQJ~:l[,: num= 22 , ASCII of ch=lO
- - -------------------- -------------* /
------------------------~--------------------------------
0 fiEit~~~~ ~
JJ~:t.19LJcp 'm 10 fitH~f1~ft1P9'®J\-1~~19 ° ~~OJU3~m' tH®J\-1~~19'
_U:rmrF Enter ~ltL1~ ' m12 fiB'SJ scanf() @Jf91JJ-'J'Mz)~~~1~ft1P9l®J\~7(; ' 1~][
:1~¥MJ'm 13 fiB'SJ printf() @Jf93 • ~B~Htf printf() @Jf98'Sll®l:±:lcp · DJ1~3~m 12 fiB'SJ

scanf() @!f911J-'J'~~£!SZ~LJ ASCII ul®~ 10 B'SJ~:l(; • ~~1t~~l2S]O@?

~1~ili~~3il:B'Sl~l2SltEJJ~l®J\~f9.:21~PJT1~~B'Sl Enter ~Yi 0

tE Dos§] Windows B'Sl®i~ff
ffl~ Enter ~ttB~ • '81$~~~i~ carriage return W line feed ~~1~!b1'F • ~,l(t\~~ill{l'.I_§
j~fi 0
12SJJ]t-1~ Enter ~Y11-1C1HAfi~@ti7~ · -1~~~i!l{u (ASCII ul®~ 13) • lliil't
~M~)li}~f~~~-9U~ft31 ' §5-1~~LJ~j~fi (ASCII u.~~ 10) ' iJN.lPM~)li}~m][

1:t~f~-fi 0

mscanf() :l~U~~LJ '~ill{l'.I_J ~7CB~

· 1~~Uki~]~B*~l®J\5G!I! · il't:t~l®J\8'SJ~f9 22
~J\ num ~f91f • 1§~ · lltB~B'SJ ':l~fi _J ~7C~~tE~fti~~ · 'S;j'lf"it¥Afi~um
12 fiB~ ' EED~~fti~~~~~ 'j~fi _J ~7[; ' 12SJJ]t scanf() @Jf9~:::f&fi1P9'®J\ '
1~%~£!S21lt:l~fi~7[; • pff l~m 13 fifPl:±:l ch B'SJ ASCII :U,~~ 10 • ))',,t~~j~~l2Sl ~~ 0

~ scanf() lllilf9/5iEif Enter ma'SJ~R;Bfj :

!lill 4 .3.3
scanf() @J I~ ~ I!
Enter iltBJ~}lBfl

scanf() filUU CR ' i:lU~ffi LF 5f::)8l~ 10 fiB] scanf() lillll~

~.7'3'EW · Jl:tll~H~~m'fl 8il~U · ~Jl:t~~tt!!i:S:l@::t! · ~
I~ 22 ~7\~I~ num t! 1~.J8l J 2 fiBJ scanf() lillll~fifi8illlll
/ •
~~~ );)( prog4_18 8'SJ~~B~ · ~m3~8J75$~~ scanf() tIBJ IH:Hi lllZ~:lG8~ · ~lJ~Ul~H~fi
~:lG::f:Bif!Q 0
ltsli~fi~:lGJE1.i~ '::fq]"9Uf0~:7G.J
' ffiH± scanf() 8'SJ;fflit~$ff ' .R~fr
'%c.J ,;L§D~~-{[QJ~B · 1~qJ~~i&i '::fqJ9LJED~:lG.J · ~J~Bil'fQ-11QJ~9UED~:lG 0

~l§J8'Jf~it~1®1~~;r;um@11m~rs~mzs'SJ · 1mqJ1Ja~~U@1~f~it~liM5~ prog4_18 ~ifi1EI

fg ' .R~fr~ 12 fi scanf() IIBJf~BJ;ffiit~.$1! ' ' %c.J ,;L§D ~ 3 -@~B :

01 /* prog4 _ 1 9 , fl~ lE prog4 _ 1 8 tlj*l§8:R *I

02 # in c l ude <stdio . h >
03 # in c l ude <std li b . h>
04 i n t main (vo i d )
05
06 i nt n u m;
07 char ch ;
08
09 printf ("8~"®.l\-1~ ~ 19: ");
10 scanf ( 11 %d 11 , &nu m) ; I* Ei:l m ~t®l\~19 ' Mz:Jt@'.AE' *8~19 num * I
11 pr in tf ("8~"® .l\-1~ ~:7(; : 11 ) ;
12 sca nf (" %c 11 , &c h); /* Ei:l m~t® l\~:7(; • Mz:j:til'.Af' *8~19 c h *I
13 printf(" num=%d , ASCII o f c h=%d\ n 11 ,num, c h); /* EPl±:l num ~ ch ~ ASCII ~\§*/
14
15 syst em(" paus e");
16 r eturn O;
17

/* prog4_19 OUTPUT- - --
8~ "®.l\ -1~ ~19: 22
8~ f® l\-1~~:7(;: k
n um=2 2 , ASCII of ch=l07
------------------------*/

o 1~rt~~~~ m
ltsl~12 fi scanf() IIBJ~BJ;ffiit~.$1! ' ;ffiit~I® '%c.J ,;L §D ~ 3-{~~B ' ltsl!lt~~~i&l
'i~fi .J @{~::f~9UED~:7G • Jl:t8~~fm~1!8*~ 5~~1~];iqJ{;j::l;~ijQ • 1.i~ ~ 12 fi scanf()

!IBJl~1~~~~H~1§Em~t®l\-{~~:7G 0 1.i~ ~1~Ucp · fH~t®l\'J '~~-m k • ltsl!l:t~ 13 fi8'SJ

printf() IIBJf~qJJl~fUBJfDtl:J k BJ ASCII ni'iUli 107 °
-------------------------~-----=-----------------------------

~~®&@m~~~·H~fr•A•m~~~~~~n•~~T-@~mm~••@
s~e~~~~~ 0
c ~g ~1'1.lt13* 3' -1~)~~1.fSfll~~~*~e~~~ mush() , §ffl '8~~~J~~1f
~T~~~~- 0
ffl~O~~~~T:

fg~ 4.3.I
fflush (stdin);

Jj'S"_ fflush() ~1~8~.Po:rtcp 'stdin ~standard input~*®~' 1~~~~fnul\~~{i( J:WmWi) 0

~lit fflush(stdin) ~ffl*)~g;g~*8i@3t ' ITTi9.i~frSfll~~8~1iU~ 0

T®8~'819U-~11U~3' prog4_18 ~~~~~, ;i:tcp;fLlffl mush() ~l~*)~ggafll~~e~~

~ , m1~~~~~~~e~~~~ :
01 /* prog4_20, fl~iEprog4 18 e'il~~~~ (=) */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int num;
07 char ch;
08
09 printf( "~~t® l\-f~!H9: : ");
10 scanf ( " %d ", &num);
11 fflush (stdin );
12
13 printf("~~t®l\ -f~~j[;:
");
14 scanf ( " %c ", &ch);
15 printf("num=%d, ASCII of ch=%d\n ", num,ch);
16
17 system("pause ");
18 return 0;
19
 /
/* prog4_20 OUTPUT----
~lUWil\-i~~~~: 2332

num=2332 , ASCII of ch=l07

------------------------*/

0 f¥i\,~~il~
J)~:$19tl$ •~ 11 fi';fLlffl fflush() lillJf~)~~~1iJ~P'98~'!~]~ •~Jlt~ 14 fi~ scanf() lillJ
1~=1'eBiij.Q~U9~~tE~1iJ~P'98~i~1T~7rJili§ · ~Jlt:$19tlDJl~.tiHi~¥MJ' 0
·:·

W printf() lillll~*IUJ\W9UEP~-~:7G9~ · c
~if-30Jt.U§Effl scanf() Bg~~!~1~-:J-fil;

IUJ\Wf®t±l~:lG~lillJI~ • t/D getchar() ' putchar()' getche() W getch() ~ • '81P~&~~~~

~~~~W~m~~·~:$Mc:fJ~~·--~~ 0

4.4.1 1~ffl getchar() Wputchar() l?]JI~

getchar() lilllf~D]l;.Ul1§Effl~1JEm~...tf®l\ -@l~:lG' TI:fI_§~f@.U~T Enter m1~ ' ~{~~

:7G:te1m~l~i~W9: 0
getchar() ~1~lillJl~TI:fI=1'ltrni3 • '8~ get ( iaU.Q) W character ( ~:51;)
B~ *§:E! • ~lillll~8~.Po~t/DT :

;Poi\, 4.4. 1
getchar ( ) jjj'gl~OCJ;Poi\'.,

t/D~~M~~:lG~l~8~17'9g9uEPtE~~...t · DJU1§Effl7'6~~*15®~ printf() lilll~ · ~~~

fLlffl putchar() lillll~ 0
putchar ~ put CfilZ.~ ) W character C~:lG) e~*.§'& · ~fffi=1'lD~
;ttl'88~J.1Jffl ~M~~:lGf®t±l~U~~...t 0
putchar() lilllf~B~.Po~t/Dl' :
-------------------------~--------------------------------

;ffiit 4.4 .2
putchar ( ) @J~B'il;ffiit

01 /* prog4_21, j~Jfj getchar()Wputchar()@I~ */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #inc l ude <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char ch;
07 printf("§~f@l\-{~~j[;: ");

09 print£ ( "1mMl\8~~7C~: "J;

10 putchar(ch); /* W-t~7C ch f@Ci:l~tl•MJ: *I
11 put char ( '\n' ) ; _ _ __ /*W-fMff~7CchMC8~•MJ:*/
12
13 system("pause");
14 return O;
15

/* prog4_21 OUTPUT---
§~Ml\ -1~~7C: h
1mf®l\~~7C~: h
-----------------------*/

0 f~it~~~~ ~
mMfi~msfi~·~~@~~~~~·~m~m~MA-@~~ 0 ffl*M~·fi
1F~$®l\~~ h I t~T Enter ~;21~ getchar() ~f!Z1~@:te:;~~ h ~~mil~l!Z ch 8-159- 0
m
10 fi:te:; ch 8~1.~m~~u~~/t_t_ I m11 fiflU~$®1:±H~fi~~ I ~)1j}*~f~~UT-fi 0
 ~~~{~UOJ.L-;J.~tf::l ' ~*J';ftlffl printf() W scanf() 3K1~~.7GBJ9UEPWf®l\~9~ ' {§E,Efj
getchar() W putchar() lllil~tB~{~/G~~BJ~ii ' ~~'81P~B]~g )!;;!Q~~Jj)~ ' {§EffliIB
3K-tBWa~e · +

4.4.2 1~.ffi getche() W getch() ~~

S/Df5J~-N_ppfffl*EBJ getchar() lllil~-~ ' getche() W getch()~B~ffl3Kf®l\~.7GB'illllil

~ •,5JT/Gf5JBJ~ •getchar() lllil~~~:f~l' Enter ~~**~5R~.7Gf®l\BJ!b1'F' ITTi getche() W

getch() lllil~~U~r±mWt..t:t~l'-1~~.7G • Jlt~.7G,~..t~1E2:t~W~ • 1'!0~~U1§tiffl~:t~l'
Enter~~ o

getche() W getch() lllil~BJJ}J§~~/G~ • ~5SU.Rr±PJTml\eJ~~1:§~@l!\1±~$..t 0

getche() lllil~=8WH~B'il~~ e ~1-'<;~ echo ( @JI\ ) ~~ • tBft'X~~~mWt:t~l'-{~~jG •

~@~7G~1!52 getche() lllill~rn~ • Mlll:~tl@l!\~U~$..t • ITTi getch() ~U~.R:t~~~.7G •
ML/G@l!\1±~$..t 0

§59~ • getche() W getch() lllill~BJJ:E~~J))(i[tf conio.h ( conio ~ console input/output

B'il*m~ •console ~~~~ij~BJ:t~:t~i:r • 1±Ji:~~i~DJ1;,l:f~'8~{~f.&~ Dev C++ f~itUi~¥A

ff~PJTmtl::leJ~§~~·tB~~m~@~~*•~~xteJm~)~@•~•~·~~
{§Effl~~!0~~$'GjXJ\~ {~-~*~ 0
getche() W getch() lllil~BJ.feitS/Dl' :

~i'(; 4.4.3
~j[;~f~=getche ( l ; I* ~@-1~~7[; • M!:~i'.imZ±~M_t *I
getcheO W getch()
~j[;~~=getch ( l ; I* ~@ -1~~7[; • ill::f~mZ± ~M_t *I @~~~i'(;
--------------------------J;;,...4-----------------------------------
01 /* prog4_22, f§Efflg etche ()Wgetch()IIBJJQ */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <conio. h >
04 #include <stdlib.h>
05 int main (void )
06
07 char ch;
08 printf("~·l\-flQJ~jG :");
09 ch=getche ( ;
---
/* fLlffl getche )~
~~~~~~.7G
~*~/----~~
10 printf( " 1m•l\~~.7G~: %c\ n",ch);
11
12 printf ( "~~-l\-flQJ~jG: ") ;
13 ch=getch () ;
'-------
I* fLlffl get ch () •l\-flQJ~jG *I
14 printf( " 1m•l\eisl~.7G~: %c\n ", c h);
15
16 system( "pause ");
17 return 0;
18

/* prog4_22 OUTPUT-----------
~~•l\-f1QJ~.7G = 8 1m•l\eisJ~.7G~ = s
~•l\-®~.7G= m•l\~~.7G~= h
--------------------------------*/

o f~rt~~~~ m
~wuw prog4_21 ;tE1f6J · ~~~EBm~•J\~j[; · f.:/\1~i:EmML.EDt±l?JTfool\e~~5T; EB 0

))~~ 9 fi~J,;J_ getche() IIBll~*•@~j[; • l!JJJt•~DJ1;,!_~{HJi~tl • i:Efool\~7G1~1'\Wi

•:t~l' Enter m' getche() ift@mu~~j[;' _§@~:t~U~~~j[;~~UmML. 0

~ 13 fi~J,;J_ getch() IIBll~*•@~j[; ' W getche() 1'f6JB~~ ' EB getch() pfft~U~B~

~5T;~::f@Effii:EmML.·&R•~~~~~~7GMt±llIBIE·WDJEffit±lffi•mz~
~7[; · :9Df~it~'®B~~ 14 fipJTffi 0
•!•

{§Effl getche() W getch() IIBll~fool\~7[;8~ , ::fffl~l' Enter it1~DJ}~U~~5T; , f6J8~t8DJ

mm•*~~•mz~~5T;~~•Effii:EmML.·~mm*~•~~~ 0
/

4.1 fOOl±l@ll! printf()

I love C language best.

"I love C language best."

3. 8iti!§8itfLlffl-@] printf() IIBJl9~~$'1¥.;ll! "Hello, C" W "Hello, World" 53'.8Ll9UEPtE1'

"100/4=25"

.i. 6. 8itm1~-~it , ~)3'J!!lill!~ll! num=28.47f .L.j_ l'~~~itEPt±:l ( 1J11l!~M1Jl§i~ 4 fu , 1J1

ll!!!lM~~ 2 1lI · /f')ffl~~11I~M~t~l\ o) :

7. 8itm1~-~it • ~)3'l!!lil9~1l! num=l2.34f.L.j_l'~~~itEPt±l (1J11l!!!lMi1Jl§i~ 4 {lI' 1j1

19!!lM~~ 21n , /f')fflmiJ11I~M~ml\ 0 , !l1EPt±:JJ't~l9~lE~3m)

1 ,~... l. .~. .. ~ l. .:. . .l. ..~. . .l..,~·.·.·l·..~,. .l. .=. . .1.~~''•'•l...:u.·l. .:. .J.,.;. . ·~1
.1... ....

There is an old saying, "Love me, love my dog."

_________________________a;,w;__________________________________

4.2 Ml\@Jll! scant'()

• 9. l'iiil8'9ffnti,\ll~~6~~t~mU8il\-ilQJ~IQ · !l16~1E*8~1Q num 13119. 0

Jl:~ffnD~¥J\fi

~~~~~*~6~ · 8iti~tl::l~~6~.:L?fTtt · !l18it~i1~1E.:L · i~?®ffn0Jl-~1Eli~8'9¥M.T 0

01 i~ffl scanf () @11!8'9*~6~ *I

I* hw4 _ 9 ,
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 int num ;
07 scanf(" %d " ,num);
OB printf("num= %d\n",num);
09
10 system("paus e ");
11 return 0;
12

10. 8il:M~-f~n • ;iiDffl scanf() @JfQfJJ"til\~ilQJ~ll! • ?.M~l-~ printf() @JfQ9UEPt:±:l~~jlQJ~

1Qfl'9*ij[ 0

.. 11 . 8il:M~-ffn·~m••A•~8'9•~c~ll!~Y)R~~(~ll!~Y) •Ml\%••
~~~::tPJTM.1\8'9P~J'.§EPt:±:ltt~~cp 0
/

...i,. 16. ~~fLlfflT[§JffilflE~ ' X~~.$ "No more goodbye" '®l\ :

01 /* hw4_16 , f®l\~$B'il~~~~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <std lib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 char str [ 25 ];
07
08 printf("Input a string: ");
09 scanf (" %s ", str);
10 printf( "The string is %s\n ", str) ;
11
12 system( " pause ");
13 return 0;
14

wm•afiB'il~~ · m~m3ttM?~ttM•~amB'ilMfi~~?

(b) ~ml~flf~nilll , CITJ..~X~2f>.{~tlcp , El3 mMrfT'®l\B'il "No more goodbye" ~if.~PfT

~B'il ~~~a~OOm lli ·~~ffilli*•

01 /* hw4_17 , f®l\~$B'il~~~~ */
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 char chl,ch2 ;
07
08 printf ( " B~f®l\~ -{[QJ~JT;: ");
09 scanf( " %c ", &chl) ;
10 printf ( " Bl1Jf®l\~={[QJ~ JT;: ") ;
11 scanf( " %c ", &ch2);
12 printf( " chl=%c , ch2=%c\n",chl,ch2);
13
14 system( " pause ");
15 return 0 ;
16
---------=---------------~. . . -------------------------------
(a) §lt8~Bf.l~H~~=@l~7G~$Jl~fLlMJ\?

~§lt·~~11ff8'9~~~$·~~*mc:pB'sJ~=@~:JG~~m~~•l\·

(c) §lt1~M:~~jj,\!j • fLlffl fflush() lilllf93R)j1ijgg~flJ~~B'9~~ ' 1§Ef®4-19tl¢8'9~=

1~~7G~J..;.JJ~fLl8'9Ml\ 0

18. §lt8~Bf.l getchar() ' getche() W getch() IIBll9~@ffl1.i~O]~l!tffl)5[, 0

.. 19. §ltfl~25l: prog4_20 8'9~ 14 ff • J..~ getchar() @f93RE!Qf-i;; 0

20. §ltflUiJI: prog4_22 • 1§Ef®~7GB'9MC!:l~fLlffl putchar() @IQ • ffij/f'~ffl printf() @IQ 0

 c h apter

05
maT,.
Ml{i&
f~rt~E881f3~&W (statement) *§IJX;BJ ' ffD*~WeJ¥:zls:~{il~3iffelrt~3iffel 3 °
:z!s:~M~fl*B c 8g~3fffel38Jffl 5t ' 3iffelrt~3iffel3.:LF~8J~{~, 1;.l&~ffelrt:t~,
&fl~f91.~U~~~8Jf~J~~~ 0
~:¥G:z!s:~, 1@1M~~~1c8g~~W8J311'F~~5m

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GJ ~~&t1mmeJ3iffel3
~ ~'S~3iffel38J11 $lGJl!Wff;

QI ~~~D{~iifr3iffelrt.:L~*~~~8JMJ~
-----------------------~~-------------------------------

31•n~rn31•:7[; Coperand) W31•-5- Coperator) l'ff*.El1* ; 31•:l[;DJt1J~:mm, ~I~

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1).31•n

·~ ~

-... - - - - - - -. li~i'C .- - - - - "

~.)(~ ------ I;] 5.1.l

Ji~ i'C Ji[ El3 li ~ 7I;

Wli~ -:T-ffi*ElnlZ

c gg~:t~1~J'g1f~BJ31•-5- • ~fil'31·-5-~it-J'DJ1).~l!-ffi§l'.BJl~~31·9~ •~DJ1).J~g~

~w•e~31• 0 m•3l•-5-m@m~B~·OJft~~~,••,~~,•e,B•
WB)~, 11*14:Will5JJE31•-5-~ 0

~~:§-~/f P-11.~]~lli!~~BJ~l~B~1.m • D]f~ffi 'g~~_J 31•-5- (assignment operator) • SID

l'~l'fTlf\:

8~~ii~~ ~~ iBi9~ ~~BF.!

= 8~~ a=5 8~~ a e~.Jigi~J'j~ 5

/ •
~5.1.2

age=age+l;

=B~J~J:I~'iW&ifilc:j::ifB~W.: c=) s~ '~1.i~_J , ~1±19~J:~fi/f@e~ 0

:~m.~J~'8~~
~ '~~~_J B~, $9:3!.tt8~~,'ltl,~tfN'.§~WH~3 , lli~t~:t~ age+l 3-i~;L_1:ft8~{~'Hl~~~~*fi
~19 age 8=1.59. 0
~1P~3K~~l'[§JB~i'Gi9U :

01 /* prog5_1, ~~;EJ.i~:Y. '=_J */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int age=l4;
07
08 printf("age=%d\n",age);
09 age=age+ 1; I* ~a e 1JD l 1rt. • fij~~@*8 a e 13-tb. *I
10 printf ("~~age 1JD 1 21~, age=%d\n", age);
11
12 system ("pause");
13 return 0;
14

/* progS_l OUTPUT-----
age=l4
~age 1JD 1 21~, age=l5
-----------------------*/
----------------------~~--------------------------------
0 f~L\;~~il~ ~
~~n~m 6 ficp · ft1r~B*~i~~I~ age 8'9{~~~~ 14 • l'JTtJJ.MJ'm 915'8'\¥ • ~i~i~·
$*G~I,~5Jft{£;'(l§lB'J0053' age+ I (~*Ml~~ 15) ' ,Eij~~:;E*g~51R§!Jl§j8'J~I~ age ' ¥A

sum=numl+num2 ; I* ~ numl 1JD_t num2 ;L1& • fij8~:<E*8~f~ sum f:ffj)l_ *I

~Dllt-* • numl W num2 8'91-~*~l.&!ii~Atdl.J~~~ • rm sum ~U·~~ r~~'.AE_J 8'J!b1~

rm~c9:P'9g 0

5 . 1. 2 - 7G~ffel-3'.-

~~~m?:T~••~rm~·iia3~§1J~W•~••~ 0 &~~-aiia3~~~·
ff!J~-~-·3 ( unaiy operator) ''8R\W5~-1~ii·~ 0
~0Tl§l8'9$9:~ • :t?J~ffi-~
iia3W~-1~iia~rfT*§~8'J 0

+3; I* ~mlE 3 *I
-a; /* ~ff\f;l. a *I
! a; I* a ~ NOT Ji~ ' :5' a ~ 0 ' l"!U ! a ~ 1 ' :5' a /f~ 0 ' l"!U ! a :f.i!i 0 *I

-~l.i~-3- ~~ ~Bi9U 8>l8fa.l

I

+ 1E5m a=+S ~ a=S ' t§SJJ:S:8~:<E a ~JJ:S:lE 5

- f;l.5JR a=-3 ~~:rt a ~J)~-3

! NOT• 1§ a=!b J:e:l b ~j.lll_ijQ NOT ' fij8~*8 a g)))l_

/
--r(gjBJf~~'§§3~1~~19rui~aJ~l9 a Wb • 1m~1;,1_~~U~1~~19*~~ '!_J 3.iW2
1~ · PJT~~8J3.iW*6~ :
01 /* prog5 _2 , '!_J §l~B'slffl)t */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int a=O;
07 int b=6 ;
08 printf("a=%d, !a=%d\n",a, !a); /* fOt±:la,&!aB'slf.@ */
09 printf ("b=%d, !b=%d\n" ,b, !b); / _ _~--
I* fOt±:l b .& ! b 8'9,--"f.@=-*..._.
10
11 system ("pau se ");
12 return 0;
13

/* prog5_2 OUTPUT--
a=O, !a=l
b=6, !b=O
---------------------*/

0 f~it~~~)t ~
15~ prog5_2 q::i • m 6 fi~l9 a 8%'[~ o · m 7 fi~~JE' b 8%:'[~ 6 ° ~~a BJ{~~ o ·
PIT .L~ !a ffiH.m~ 1 : ffiJ b 8~1.m::f~ o , ~ltt !b 8~1.fil~ o
0
·:·

tt C ~g~:f'' 1W0 ~53-55UFF.l31H~~-l&3.iW:f'BJ true(~) W false ( 1~~) '~Jlt '!_J

3.iW~~~~~BW3.iW~~'~JE'_J3.iW•fflm~@~~~~-~-m 0
 ....
------------------------- ~---------------------------------

-ffi~B~~~-~U~m~1§Effl~Llal9:i!a-3- (mathematical operator) • i::~9Ut±l'81F~B~

~~·~®-·-3-~*~~8~-1~¥:

~IQli~-:1- """'=
,U].~ iBi~~ 8~ 8.13

+ 1JO$ 2+4 6t~ 2+4

- )~)t 3- 6 6t~ 3- 6
* *it 7*9 6t~ 7*9
I i!*)t 6. 4/3 6t~ 6. 4/3
% !UlH*IQ 21 %9 6t~ 21 i!*l-'j 9 ~§*IQ

3+8 ; /*6t~3+8*/
a =b+ 1 o I* ~ b ~{~./JO 1 o ,;;z 1~ • F}8~'.IE*8~JQ a gffl. *I
sum=a+b+c /* ~a , b W c ~itHl31J021~' F} 8~'.IE*8~JQ sum 13-ffl. *I

age=age -1 ; /* 6t~ age -1 21~' F}~JU6~8~'.IE*8age13-ffl. *I

a=b- c; /* 6t~ b - c ,;;z1~' F}8~'.IE*8a13-ffl. *I
100-8; /* 6t~ 100-8 ~j~ *I

b=b*5; /* 6t~ b*S ,;;z1~ • F}~~*6~8~'.IE*8b13-ffl. *I

a=a*a; I* 6t~ a* a ,;;z 1~ ' F}~~'.IE*8 a 13-ffl. *I
10* 2 ; /* 6t~ 10*2 B'sli~ *I
/ •
a=b/3; /* ~tw b/3 ~1tt · ~M~;~iJa~8~'.if'%8 a fi)'j~ *I
c=c/d ; /* ~tw c/d ~1tt • ~ 8~'.if'%8 c S:m *I
14/7 ; I* ~tw 14 /7 fl'ijj_m *I

1§Effl~if-)tila-:s:-s~~1~53U )±~-~~ · ~tt~~*~ru!~le~Fo~lm Z± c 0

~31ac::p · Ml~~if-U
--~~--~-- ~-~~~--W~~~-~~~U•ru!•·H~~ffl~~ru!
0

~l~!1~8~:t9:J5§PDJ3.IJJ)Z ~m15:2~1~§G171 ' ~~~~ 3.4 a'rJB~~~BJ3 °

0

~•ila-:s:-r%~ffl*~M~~il•~~u•~~il•~·mm~mm~~~~• 0
T
~~*~~~1§EfflN*l~ila-:s:-e~i819U :
age=age%3 ; /* ~tw age/3 e'il~~ • ?.{\1rt~~~twfl'il%a~8~'.if'%8 age S:m* I
a=b%c ; I* ~tw b/ d!'ilfi*IQ · ?.{\1&~~twfl'il%a~8~'.if'%8 a S:m* I
100%8 ; !* ~tw 100 /8 fl'ilfi*IQ *I

m~-w~~·~•ila-:s:-r%~H®m~~•il•~m~••~ffl~·~•mM•~
1~ )3'~~1~~§~if-~1tz~N*I~ , l'lU!0~~1§Effl frnoct() lillJI~ 0
~M'.2 fmod() 8~1§Effl , ~~~~~
9~BC 0 T~~~m~~•ila-:S:-r%~~•R:

01 /* prog5_3 , ~~J.1¥l-3'.-fl'il**~ */
02 #incl ude <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 printf("12 %% 4= %d\n",12 %4); /* *t±l 1 2/4 fl'il~~ * /
07 printf ("1 2%%5=%d \n", 12 %5); / * *t±l 12/5 fl'il~~ *I
08 printf ("1 2%%16=%d \n", 12 %16); _.,_
/*~>.l<:=t±l""-=
12:;..:..l..::.. 6 """
1 .;:,.. fl'il""'
~= ' ""--*.:._
! _~--
09
10 system( "pau se ");
11 return O;
12
______________________...,______________________________
/* prog5_3 OUTPUT--
12 %4=0
12 %5=2
12 %16=12
-- ---------- --------*/

0 t~it~~~)l ~
1.i~2Js:Wtlcp , ~ 6 fi~t~ 12/4 B'il11*19 , 12S1 121'6DJ115l 4 ~~#- , 12S11JU*l9~ o ~ 1 fi 0

~t~ 12/s 8~11*19 , 1®~011*19~ 2 ° ~1~ , ~ 8 fi~t~ 12116 8~11*19 , 8315~ 12 tL 16

it (~tl!Wiii5;Wl:l ~it 5.1.1

Mliltt ::t R ; if~~iiliB'SJ~i\:

~-~~cpB'iJ~••~~rr,~•afim~B'il~W,~~~-•~~~rr~,~-~
B'il~W~•~~•wafi,~~~B'il~rt~m :

i f (i>O)
pr in t f ( 11 i Bjf~:AJJ:S: 0 11 ) ; I* :5' i Bjf~:AJ)~ 0 • ~U¥.MT Jltfi *I

1.i~ ...t.~8Jt.)(Wcp , ~ i 8Jii:ll:t:1.i~ o , !f~9EOl±l32$ 11

i 8Jii:ll:t:1.i~ 0 11 , 1~~~6~>l , ~ i 8Jii:ll
~o~~~~0~ 1 ~8'il·~~-~~rr,~~~SEMM...t.~~~@32$ 0
/

~mi~ii~ ::y- ~~ '8i~U ~ltBF.J

> j(Jj~ a>b *Ll55U a ~i§:*:JJ~ b

< 1J 1 J)~ a<b *Ll55tl a ~i§1J1J)~ b
>= ;*:J)~~J)~ a> =b *Ll55tl a ~1§;*:"$.~J)~ b
<= 1J1J)~~ J)~ a< =b *Ll55tl a ~i§1J 1J)~~J)~ b
-- ~J)~ a==b *Ll55tl a ~i§~J)~ b
!= /f~J)~ a ! =b *Ll55tl a ~i§/f~ J)~ b

c~~~~~•@•eJ~~ (= )*~~~~~-~r~$J ;~~~~-~r1'~

1f~ J v r !=J {~~ ' ~lli~~~tE~:i.t!m...t~~EfSlf~l~•...teJ/f~J]~ftr~ r J ~~[!]Jtf ' *

pffl;J.~._t:t~J'~f~ ri= J ~JJ)Z1'~JJ~ ' :B~M~ ri= J cp9J r!J ~f~~l r=J tJ.ifil! • ~1'~

~r*J~®~?W•~RM~8~£~~~-~-~·~tt~~~~*~~m 0

1~mfflm1~~-~~*Ll1ID1-1~~•tee"-JJJ)Zrrw~s~ · :B~*LllIDite)J)Zrr · ~U~[Q]~ i • :51'

JJ)Z:l1 · ~U~[Q]~ o 0
l;,l Tl§l9J~~te~19U · ;fLlffl ift&iill*Lllli:f5~cp9"-J11.~M4~~JJ)Z:rr · :5~
JJ)Z:l1~U¥A1T iff~l§le"-lt&iltt · &;L~U1'¥A1T :
01 /* p rog 5_ 4, ~i~ii~::Y-Bj **~ */
02 #in c lude <s tdi o . h>
03 #in c l ude <s tdlib .h>
04 i n t main (vo id)
05
06 i f ( 5>2 l / * *Lllli 5>2 ~i§f.&.lL *I
07 P.rintf ( "5 >2 f.&ll\n _" }~
;_
08

11
12 i f (3== 8 ) /* *Ll lli3 ~i§~JJ~8 * /
13 prin tf ( " 3==8 f.&\\n") ;
14 sys t e m(" pau se ");
15 ret u r n 0;
16
----------------------;;,..,4-------------------------------
/* prog5_4 OUTPUT--
5>2 /JQrr
Jltfi-~§~¥Mi
--------------------*/

o f~n~~~~ m.
1.i'2 progs _4 c:p · M 6 1T~~ s>2 s~11i1!+mz:rr · f'fT l.;JJA1TM 1 1T8~tailtt M 9 fi if $)l
0

iltt8~511~~ 1 · tic ~g~:f! · R~~~~~8j~~1~~ true • f'JTN*Lltwi7J<.lli!J)Z:D: · ~

JIUA1TM 10 1T8~$)liltt 1.i'2M 12 fi'cp · 3 :il:ft7!'~1.i'2 8 • if 8j*Ll!Wl*16~/f'JJ)Z:D: · ~JltM
0

131T8~tai!tt/f'~:fRZ¥A1T 0

35:9~• 1.i'2M 9 fi'cp · §lit?.M± if$)l3fil:f!8~sll~~N 1 *~TR true • {E!$'l'_t · Jlt~:il:ft

/f'-'.(f'~i~_t 1 · R~~~~~8~1~1i C~f~W)3'~~~~CD) • if~iltt~ff~~ true• WU

~o · ~-~CD~~M~M 9 fi'~~~~
if(0.3)

m!f!ft1P~t~& · :5~*Lltwi~mz:rr · ~U~@Jff! 1 • :5/f'JJ)Z:D: • ~U~@Jff! o · ~Jlt~i~/f'l!I

~~~ • :5ft1P~!~U~~Dl'8jtailtt :
printf("%d",5>2); /* EPt:±:l 5>2 B'iJ[Q]ff!H~ *I

printf ( " %d ", 5==2 ) ; /* EDt:±:l 5==2 B'iJ[Q]ff!@ *I

 /
5.1.5 ~±~!Hn~~)~~~ -j'.-

M~WM•m•~~ c~~~~~~-·~·~~B~~~w~~~~~tt·llim~
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l~5J.i8Jt~~l:±:lPo/.iil3'8J~~ :
 01 /* prog5_5, ~±f'l;H!~-3'.- r ++ _J *I
02 #include <s tdio.h >
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int a=3, b =3;
07
08 printf ( "a= % , a--')_...;~--
_d_"._
09 printf(", a++e!J [QJ{.§[~ %d ",a++); L..!.. ITT-~a++•.Tit!.fPl±l!'tft@{.§[ */
10 printf (", a=%d\n", a) ;
11
12 printf("b=%d",b);
13 12rintf(", ++be!){W[QJ{.§[~%d",++b); * ITT ++b '.Tit!.fPl±l!'tfW@{.§i */_
14 printf(", b=%d\n",b);
15
16 system("pause");
17 return 0;
18

/* prog5_5 OUTPUT-------
a=3, a++e!JJW[QJ{.§[~ 3, a=4
b=3, ++b B'iJ{W[QJ{.§[~ 4 , b=4
-------------------------*/

0 t~:it~~~)t ~
15~ prog5_ 5 cp ' §g 9 fi~13t~ a++ ' ~Ji:t~$l6¥Afi7'G§g 9 fi21~ • a 8~{~::'.t~1JO 1 '
PfT l~§g 9 fiB~ a++ [Q]fl! 3 • ffij~ 10 fiB~ a {j~f.i)Z 4 °

113&8j • 15~~ 13 fi~13t~++b • ~Ji:t:f:UMJ'~ 13 fi8jtSil.!!2~ • b 8~1i§P$l61JO 1 ·

~JJ)Z 4 , PfTl~~ 13 fi8~ ++b [Q]Jl! 4 ° 8315~ b 8~1iB~IJ)Z 4 · ~Ji:t§g 14fi8jb1illi
-~~40

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++ 1§[6]
_J 0
~±~31~~ r ++ _J ffl*H~~

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M~~l91JD 1 ~)J9X 1 • :5~~t~~ftlJD)J9X~t= 1 8jl9B~ · i@~1®ffl@:*8j1J)t ( :IZD a=a+2) 0

 /
5.1.6 3&1,i~~ .:y

l.~UI!li~ -3=- ~-
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true; 1§Effl~f&iiW3 r11_J 8~ • iiW3~1ift~1~iiW7CR~-1~~ true· iiWB'SJ*Ml~ll'X
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( 2) a>O I I b>O

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0

~ 5.1.7 (a) AND Bj~{.@~ ~ 5.1.7 (b) OR Bj~{.@~

AND T F OR T F

T T F T T T 1

F F F F T F
'

15-2.~ 1.!1l.~f.~ • T {-\;;~~ (true) • F {-\;;~{~~ ( false) 0

Z± AND B~'~ )5?, l' • ~~l!m~~ T •

~--~~:;f@~T;7:EORB'Slffl~l'·R~~cp-@~T·~·-~-~-~T 0
--------------------------;;;."-----------------------------------
~•-@•m~~-u~•~~@mmi±~~~~ 0
~~~~~~~~~-a~®~
1§1£ 0- 100 2Fs~ · ~D~::fi±Jtt'8~ElP~m~*~f®l\~~~~ ; E~ a 8J1l[i£ 50- 59 2Fs~ •
~u~~1m~:

01 !* progs 6 , iTIUlihi~-:J- ~ l!-ffl *I

02 #inc lude <s t dio . h>
03 #inc lud e <s t dl i b . h>
04 i n t main (void )
05
06 int score ;
07 prin t f ("~~*®l\mz~i : ");
08 scan f (" %d", &sco r e );
09
10 i f ( (score< O) I I ( score> lOO)) / * :Bmz*IM:H±:l O i Ll 100 2F.!.l * I
11 Rri n tf ("mz*i'® l\rs~! ! \ n");
12
13 i f (( score<60 ) && (score> 4 9 )) /* :Bmz*ifl'~ 50 iLl 59 2F.!.l */
14 P.r intf ( "\Wj~fjij ~ ! _! \...n_
" ,,...
),~ · ----
15
16 sys tem("pause ") ;
17 re tu rn 0 ;
18

/* prog5_ 6 OUTPUT--
~~'®Amz*i : 54
iW5~1ili~ ! !
--------------------- */

0 f~Lt~~8~ ~
~f.\£~¥M:T~LJ§g IO fiB~ ' if ~1Nfl!te5~~BJ score jl[ji'i~~Ll~ 0
~D~ score<O §.\Z~

score> lOO 8~ · j1JH:f:~Ll ~ ~rr • ElP~¥Afi~ 11 fi8]$)(~: EPt±l~$ "~*~'®l\ ~~

~~! ! " 0
El3JJ~~'±~M~fl$ 0- 100 73' 2Fs~ • i!JJtt~ score BJ1E[::fi£@@'8~8~ ' i¥.X
/ • :p~~ 11 fi~~fi¥.M'J, Jll~~:t~~¥Afi~ 13 fiB~~Lll'it&illt 13 fi8~ if~fij~.fN
0

1~1155.!Rcp score B~{~{~~~Ulfi ' ~ score<60 _§ score>49 B'ff ' {1.*{!:J:~tllfi)J)Z:U ' ~if\g~JJ)Z

*~DJ.L.;.!_3.i1'f1fij~, J1:~8'fftlP~¥Afi~ 14 fi~t&illt · EPI±\~$ "~~1fij~!!" 0

·:·

ie53mii~ ::y- """'=

,W.'W;

I () t~~j[53JJEcpJ.i~ite!lil7'GJl~ff;
'

3 + 5*4*6 - 7

1&1~~~Uii~8~11%Jl~ff; ( * ' I 8~11%Jl~ff;;:*::]'j~ + ' - ) *5t~ , ~{~:it-3'.-8~3=~~

116°1.~~~m!Ufl%5t~ 3+5*4 & 6-1 ~1~¥ijM~~l~1§*B'ff , ~t!0~m~ 3+5*4 & 6-1

:BJ3U1Jo..t:te55.!R , ffiJJJ)Z~ T 1§i8~it-3'.- :

( 3 + 5*4 ) * (6- 7 ) /* 1Jo_tie53me!Jii~it */

*~®155.!Rii~-3'.- 'C )_J 8~iiff1~, 5t~m6~~-23 , ~J1:~1155.!Rii~-3'.- '( )_J DJ.L.;.l_'.t~iEJ115

5.!R~ii~it8~11%~I!Jl~ff; 0
-----------------------VII'-------------------------------

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2 - iI'I~~~Uliii~ -:T- ffiE~li:
2 ++ ' -- ~m$ilHi~ii~ -:T- ffi:tJ~E:
3 *"I ' % ~193.i~-:T- ffili:~E
4 +' - ~193-i~-:T- ffili:~E
5 << '>> iI'I~E:f~ , Ef~ii~-:T- ffili:~E
6 > ' >= ' < ' <= lmi*ii~ -:r- ffili:~E
7 ==' != ~~H*ii~ -:T- ffili:~E
8 & (fu~J.i~B~ AND) iI'I~i~Uliii~ -:T- ffili:~E
9 A
(fli:~J.i~~ XOR ) iI'I~~fijJ.i~ -:r- ffili:~E
10 I (jli:~J.i~~ OR) 1n~~f&li~ -:r- ffili:~E
11 && ~fijj_i~ -:r- ffili:~E
12 11 3.~Uiii~ -:T- ffili:~E
13 ?: j1~14ii~ -:r- ffi;t:J~E:
:
14 = ~~~ii~-:T- ffi;t:J~E:

~ 5.2.1 BJ~i~-lfilll~®a-:r-eJ*a-&1'1 (associativity) 0

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.:Y.W®a7GBJ1Eltt111I]![RJUm1~ 0
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*al51'1~t ~ ~m~~ 3 , '8 5~~1DJ~%~I! 19tlsm®a:rt
0

a=b+d/5*4;
 /
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s ¥ij*~ 41~!fLl~ m6~1.m_t b1~ · X~~{~{mB~£*1?J a H-"/R 0

s.3 ~~Lt

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sum+2 /* ii~Jtffi ~l9 sum ' ~19ii~.:Y.Wml9 2 ~_§PX; *I
a+b - c/ (ct*3 - 9l /* 83 ~19 , ml9Wii~.:Y..PJT*§/JX;8~ii~Jt *I

i.t~9~, c BB~~mHtl;3-®~ )t1§m~JDms~5n, x~•1~••-:r5fDB~£••-:rma~ · ~

~~~-·3·~~~~3~®W~~~-·3:

ii~.:Y. iBf9tl!tl )t ~Bf.I ==

,<&,~

+= a +=b a+b ~f~GJJ9:3'.tl a cp a=a+b

-= a -=b a - b ~{~GJJ9:3'.tl a cp a=a - b

*= a*=b a *b ~{~f3:1.i~3'.tl a cp a=a* b

I= a/=b a / b B~{~f3:1.i~ttl a cp a=a/ b

%= a% =b a%b ~{~GJJ9:3'.tl a cp a=a% b
 a+ + /* f§~J'j:S: a=a+ l *I
a - =5 /* f§~J'j:S:a=a - 5 */
b%=c /* ffi~J'j:S: b=b %c *I
a/=b-- /* ffi~J'j:S:5t ~ a=a/b ;Lf~ • j3~rnt~ b -- *I

01 /* prog5_7, @~l.i~i'C */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int a=3 , b=5;
07 printf ("5t~§U: a=%d , b= %d\n ", a , b );
08 a+=b; / * 5t~ a +=b, IW a=a+b *I
09 printf ( "5 ~f~: a=%d, b= %d n", a, b) ·
10
11 system("pause");
12 return 0 ;
13

/* prog5_7 OUTPUT--
5t~§U: a=3 , b=5
5t~~~: a=8, b=5
---------------------*/

0 f~~~~~~ 'eJl
cp , ~ 6 fi'£55U~~~~~ a' b ~1if.m 3 ,& 5 ° ~ 7 iTZ:E~~;Lfili%EPt:!J
15-2 prog5_7
~I~ a' b 8'91i ' a f.m 3 ' b f.m 5 ° ~ 8 fi'~t~ a+=b ' ~11§J~3ltttM~UEl~JJ'2 a=a+b '

M~ a+b ~1iS:~~U a cp ~t~ 3+5 8'9 *15 ~1tt~~~ *18 a 13~ ~1tt ' ;f¥~~ 9 iT ' f P
0 0

t:lJ~~;L1tt~I~ a, b 8'91i .Pff .L.J a ~1i~n\Z s , rm b 1l.Jf.mml:%8'91i s

0 0
·:·
 / •
5.4 ii~~B~~tml~i~
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il't~~:H:~~ffif8i;J!Q1J,8isJru!Dlli~JJ)i;~ffii8~!Q:*:8isJru!D 0
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~i9tl*~~ ' ~O~ int ru!D8isJ~I~ i ;fO float ru!~JBisi~I~ ft§1J08~ ' !!!~ float 8isJ~ffii8@Jt~
( ~i~DJ~~~ 3.2.1) , l!JJ]t~I~ i ~$'61RZll1~JJ)i; float ru!~J, jijW~I~ fi~
int *1~:*:
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0

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~tl;J,11Xff;~ double ' float ' long ' int ' short ' ~1tt::t~ char 0
prog5_8 ~ru!Dll1~8isJi8
ffl 1 fil@@f8fflcti 1 •~DJUU•~c~~~§~ru!Df!M~~@~fi~:

01 /* prog5_ 8 , j)~~B'sl~~'51~ */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char ch= ' a ';
07 short s= - 2;
08 int i=3;
09 float f=5 . 3f ;
10 double d=6.28;
11 printf (" (ch/s) - (d/f) - (s+i) = %f\n ", (ch/s)- (d/f)- (s+i)) ;
12 printf("size= %d\n" , sizeof (( ch/s )-(d/f)-( s+i )));
13
14 systern( " pause " );
15 return 0 ;
16
 /* prog5_ 8 OUTPUT-----------
(c h /s ) - (d/ f) - (s+i ) =- 50 .1 84906
s i ze =8
------------------------------*/

0 ffn~~B)l ~
15~ prog5_8 cp' ~~3.i.it(ch / s)-(d / f) - (s+i) ~ ):!P~LJ:::fp]'l@f~~g;:LFs~B~ii·'

~~-~~-~~1@!~-M~g-a'l@f~~ U · ~m~m~• 0
~$W-@9m~

-~~@•M · ~ U8~T-~M~ :

~ 5.4 .1

double

(c h / s ) - (ct I f ) - (s + i )
! ! ! ! ! ! ~ 5.4.2

y
97 -2 6.28 5.3 -2 3

y 48
y
- 1.184906 1

_., O~ L 00~000
_.,,~
- 50 .1 84906
/

l. ~~~t±:lT9UanOCJ'®t±:l*a51il · ~m~5e~iri~:rtti\\l *~~~t:z :

(a) 01 /* hw5 la, l.i~niri**~
- (-) */
02 int a=8;
03 printf("a=%d\n",++a);
04 printf("a=%d\n",a--);

(b) 01 /* hw5 lb, l.i~niri**~ (=) */

-
02 in t a=l0,b=20;
03 a=a %5;
04 b=b/6;
05 printf("a=%d\n",a);
06 printf("b=%d\n",b);

(c) 01 /* hw5 le, l.i~niri**~ (=) */

-
02 int a=20,b=5;
03 a=20,b=5;
04 a=a%b;
05 b=b*3;
06 printf("a=%d\n",a);
07 printf("b=%d\n",b);

(a) ' a ' <28

(b) 4+3==8-1

(c) 8>2

(d) I a I! =97
------------------------~------------------------------~
o,j.. 3. T9UB'sl~~n¢ , ~:H~l:±:JO]~ill!~~~~ • O]~\t!d~~~.:y?
(a) ( 6+num) -12+a

(b) num= (1 2+an s ) - 24

(c) k++

(a) 6% 4

(b) 12%6

(c) 12 %12

(d) 35%50

(e) 50%35

_. 6. T9UB'sle!iflU~~~B)~~JJOJ:!55m ~~tE@~B'sl11'.I]![~'8if~~BJJOJ:!55m , 1~~~~\t!d~~n

0

~~~81 , 8i?<~1".f-g-@:$~*1l*~~JJD)0XB'sJ~flU :
~) 12/3+4*10+12*2

(b) 12+5* 12 - 5 * 6/ 4

(c) 5- 2*7+56-12*12 - 6*3/ 4+1

(a) 6+4<9+12
(b) 16+ 7*6 +9
(c) (13-6) /7+8
(d) 7>0 && 6<6 && 12< 1 3
(e) 8>0 11 12<7
(f) 8<=8
(g) 7+7 >15
(h) 1 9+34 - 6>4
/
(i) 12+7>0 I I 13-5>6
U) 3>=5

..i. s. ~~t ~T9U &rt · Mzm~~rt~~*~~1m~t~fB*a~ :

(a) 12- 4%6/4

(b) 7*5 %12*6/4
(c) (13 %6 ) /7*8

.,j. 9. 5~T9Ufil.i~rt cp •a fBf)J{_m~~ 5 • b BJ:f)J{_m~~ 3 • num fBf)J{_m~~ 0 • ~~t±:ff9U

fincp ' ~£3.i~l.&!1~fB num ' a~ b ;:Z_{_m :

(a) num=(a++)+b
(b) num= (++a) +b
(tj num=(a++)+(b++)
(d) num= (++a )+ (++b)
(e) a+=a+ (b++ )

10. 5~T9Ufil.i~rtcp • a fBf)J{_m~~ 12 • b fBf}J{_m~~ 6 • ~~tl:JT9Ufii\:cp • ~£3.i~l.&!

1~fB a~ b ;:Z_{_m :

(a) a/=b
(b) a*=b++
(c) a*= ++b
(d) a*=b --
(e) a %=b

.. 11. ~j~~-f1Ei\: ' D.Jffiijl~~l\tl/ig;)jffi~ ' f1E:D:fBf®tl:J~¥mlffi~ ' ~Mt~0n9DT :

¥ g; )jffi ~=(9/5) * jfig;)jffi~+ 32

13 . ~m~-~n · D.Jffiijl~~l\~ O~ • ~nffil~tl:J~ 0~ · ~ftt~0i\:SIDT :

1~0~= 1.6 0~
 char a=' A';
short b=l2;
float c=l2.4f;
int d=lS;
double e=l3.62 ;

~T~~~-~~·~ffi~~5A.IW~5A2~·$·MlliB~~-~--~~WB

*4~~-~~:

(a) a+(b+c)+(d*e)
(b) a+ (b*c) +d-e
(c) (b+c) +a * (d*e)

char a= ' A';

short b=38;
float c=l0 .4 f;
int d=l2;
double e=S . 4;

(a) a* (b*c) + (d/e)

(b) a - (b*+c) +d-e
~) d+(b+c)+a*(d*a)
(d) 5 - (a+b) /4
 c h apte r

06
··~--
~~~•E•~·B~R~~~~~~WJ~?~~E$mmtt~•~w 0 m
m1·~uamBHC5 3 if ' if-else EZ switch m~W ' m~W~;1Jo_t Jmm11s~*6*J!~.;L_iift I

~-~+~~Dfi·a•~~~m•·~~~afi&•~~~~D~fi~~ 0

~-~~••m~~~~~~m•tt~•~w·•~~~--~·~·~~~
D{~ 0

rrJ ~~ if t&W8~MR

~ ~~11.*{!:fii~-3'.-B~i!!ffl

~ ~~~~mm - switch m~W

1J;i1 &f?,~~HW{1.*{!:f ~~~l8~ goto t&W
----------------------~-------------------------------

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l§i8~*)Zi!:tt 0
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if ( ~Lllli~~14)
{ -Pon 6.u
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~iill 2 ;

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0

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ift&i!:tt8%'fU~~~DT~.Pffm :

~ 6.1.1

~19U*3~' Tl§iB~iB19UDJffim~~ml\-{~~f~ ' ?.:ltirt~um if *)Zi!:tt*~Ll5SUJltf~~~A15'.S:

0 ' ;g:~ ' ~UEPl:±:l "Jm,~}tl\8~~1~7::15'.S: O" ~$ ' ~~~uifi11*{4~~mzrr ' ~EDl±l " 1~

it~*"~$·Tl§i:#.li~it~~~~fi~it~:
• ~ 6.1.2

01 /* prog6_1, ~:li11*a~it~&~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num;
07 printf("~~i@l\-fiQJ~f9:");
08 scanf("%d",&num);
09
10 if (num>O) /* if~~• ffl*~Lllltl num ~-67':$: O *I
11 Rrintf ( "i~itl\BSJ~l9:t:J1S: 0 \n") ;
12
13 rintf (" 1Ei'C*5 \n") ;
14
15 system("pause");
16 return 0;
17

/* prog6_1 OUTPUT--
~~fii'trl\-ilQJ~t9: 58
f~itl\8Sl~t97':JJ~ 0
f!Eit*a*
---------------------*/
------------------------.,,~--------------------------------
0 f~itl§~~)G ti
f~i'C§@; 1o fi' ~ if t&31!!8J#tl!Wi{1*{t:f:IJ)ZJ1 ( num>O) B~' t!P¥MS:t&3ltt:±ll'! ( §@; fi)
11 0

El31.i~t&3ltt:±G~.R~-1~t&31tt, ~lltT!lD~fflj:J5~§@1*~3ltt:±~ 0
~1~1m~ ift&

31!!:±~~~¥Afi , m13 fi~~EPlli "f~:rtma5R" ~$ 0

:Qo~1m~~lil 6.1.2, DJ~

1.JD3M~tl ift&31!!¥Afi8%'iH~ 0
•!•

1.i~~1H~Ucp , :Qo~f®l\~MI~ num )~~)pffiJE if *~3ltt~8J#Llili:rt Cnum>O) , ~U-~J~~m.l

if*~3ltt:±G, ltimitl:T¥Afi ~~~1'±~Llili11*1t:f:TP>Z31B~~{~;!§t'88J!b1'1=, DJ1.~:QDf5JT
0

ll~iiBJf~:rt-~ ' ftlffl if *~31ttm1i#Ll!Wi num ~{i ' ~*1~Tf5JBJ~'~ Ti§J~ prog6_2 0

~)Jitf~lil~H~i'C~I!§ :

Ii) 6.1.3
ml\ num

01 /* prog6_ 2, 1§Effiii0j[Q]if~Jfil3R;J!Lll!ffil~~ */
02 #include <stdi o .h >
03 #include <stdlib.h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num;
07
/
08 printf ( "~~t®l\-@1~19: ") ;
09 sca nf (" %d", &num) ;
10
i f (num>O ) /* i f ~3fil • .l'fB~J!tl55tl num ~~AD~ 0 *I
printf ( "1.T-ml\~~197'~ O\n" ~
l ~
,· - - - - -
13
14 if (num<=O )

16

18
19 system ("pause ");
20 return 0 ;
21

/* prog6_2 OUTPUT ---

~~t®l\ - 1~ ~19 : -43
fmml\ ~~19'J 'n~~~n~ o
----------------------*/

0 f~i\:~~~}t ~
JJ~~19uc:p · :tt1P9§71JoJ' 14- 15 fie~ ife~~uifim)(32!1 · m*~u55Uf®l\e~~~~~'J'n~~
~ti~ 0 ° rn.i± ' :RDI!IU®J\ e~~f~AD~ 0 ' ~U¥Afi~ 12 fie~~32!1 ' :RD~l®J\~~fM\
J)~ ~~J)~ 0' ~U¥Afi'~ 15 fi~m)(32!1 ° ~~DJ~l±l '~f819UB*~DJi;JjHie~~u53Ul®J\

9ltt~1mDJt)J~m !#\!11tJ prog6_2e~7Jit*~Ll5SUf®l\e~1~·1S!'8::f~-1~I1,i&,s.13e~7Jit 0 ~­

J: · 1± prog6_2 c:p · ~ 11- 12 fie~m-1~ ifJ1iitt:::f~n:s~ · 14- 1s fie~~=1~ if-;E~
n · .Pff i)/f~~~~~Llili • {§~ prog6_2 ~~~LliliJ' · l!IJl:~_t~~ )t::tfg/f'J®B.13 • l ' -
R.'Pfl'*i3~ if-else t&32!1M~DJ~*)~~1~ro~~°C ~g~j~{J:~J'::fR-~e~~ti111:Uaf~~1mE1El3

iim · 1;f~lft~ti1'i*amc:f:ia~u~®'§-e~t&32!1 · ::t ~I®sm~~maR !

------------------------..,,~--------------------------------
6.2 §S9~8~m:ti-if-else if&iztt
mm11mamcpM'i 3 if t&W;L:9~ , 1m~~;l"J;'8sjmH1~01Z ! ~ml¥..t~ if-else ~w fr if t&W 0

c::p~~~••#~n,w~a0~w±•~~~w,m~~m$~••#1'~n~·
t81~~1lli;l"J;'88jib1'F ' 1~ffl if-else t&Wl¥..t~l.~H'rJ'&~iH~.i/!Ll•8j8~%~ 0

6.2.1 1§Effl if-else t&iill

mf~itcp~5-J'Jl:sz8j*Ll•*~W8~ , Jl'..t~l.~ffl if-else *~W~I' m*Ll•11.~H:f~n , l:W¥Afi
0

if*~W±R, ~Ll•11*1if1'~ns~, ~U¥Jifi else 1~~8j*~W±R if-else *~Wmit~Dl': 0

if C¥tl llffi11~Wtl
{ ;Poi'C 6 .2. 1

else

~~fr if *~W9li, else *~W±Rcp8j*~WR~ 1 {[Q] • ~l.;J_M~le ':5.AJ55JR~~;f- 0

if-else
*~W8%'ftf~~~Dl'.PfT7f\ :

~6.2.1
/
prog6_311~~9:El prog6_2 • ~cpft1m~iifi@Hil:I18j if~lztt~:Sl:~IJXi if-else $)llztt ' 8i~cDl~

?tf cp tt:;fQif-else $)llzttpJT~ms%~fLl~~~~ 0

21s:''B19tl8%'iH~~~f~it~l®~D~ :

~ 6.2 .2
wl\ num

01 /* prog6_ 3 , ~:1111*5~ if - else JSI:~ *I

02 # include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04
05 int main (void)
06
07 int num ;
08 printf( "~~ f®]\ -@]~f~: ");
09 scanf (" %d " ,&num);
10
11 if(num>O) /* J#Ll3Unum~~:*:J)~O */
12 pr in tf ( "1.~H}t.7\~~f~:*:J)~ 0\n");
13 e l se /* ~O~ num /!'~:*:))~ O ' ~U¥M'Y""FIT:ll~JSl:l.!tt *I
14 printf ( "1&\m .7\ BJ ~~1j \J)~91/,~J)~ O\n") ;
15
16 printf ("fll1.n*55R\n");
17
18 system( "pause ");
19 r eturn 0 ;
20
------------------------~---------------------------------
/* prog6_3 OUTPUT---

~IUWil\-f~~l~: -106
1&;ml\tril~t~1J1f5~~~15~ o
f¥it*~5R
---------------------*/

0 f~it~~ij~ ~
f!Eit§g 11~14 fi~ if-else $)(31.J1° mnum>O 8~, ¥Afi§g 121]'8~ if$5(3J.tt:±R, EDl±l~
$ "1mmlJ\8~~1~7;Ji~ O" , 1§~U¥MJ'§g 14 1T else $)(3J.tt:±R , EOl:±:l~$ "JmmJ\e~
~f~1J1J]~§,IZ~J]~ O" o •!•

fLlffl if-else t&3l.tt, Z:UAfi~M__t, ~tt~fi1§Elt3 if$)(31.J1 1tR@, l!l~tE~~8~ 1 l~)5?il' CSID
prog6_2 & prog6 _3) ' if-else .R ~~*LllIDI- -;):!_ ' rm if t&3l.tt~U!lD~W~)~IJ~*LllIDf11*14~/1;!_ 0

~~-{~~Ji~B~{?U-Y*il~Bfl if-else ~il!Ft.l 0

l'l§JB~i8J?UDJ~®J\-1~~1~ num ' ~1tt*Ll
IIDfoom~~-9,IZ~~•,•m~~-~~~ffil±l,~m~~~~W~it~~l':

[;J 6.2.3
fifil\ num
prog6_4 8%1Ef¥i;J

EOt±l num ~~glfSi 2 fl!~ •

!TIN num ~~!/IQ

EOt±l num qJtJJ/Si 2 fl!~ •

ffil~ num ~if'l!/JQ
/ •
01
02
/* prog6 _ 4 , if-else~&W1 8'Sl~~ */
#inc lude <stdio . h>
03 #inc lude <stdlib . h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num;
07 pr i ntf ( "~~ f®}\ -@~19 : " ); I* '®J\~19 num *I
08 scan f( " %d", &num);
09
10 if (num%2 !=0) /* :QD~ num /f~~f&i 2 ~fl* *I
11 {
12 printf( " % d/1'~~1$2~fl* , ,num); 11

13 printf ( ffil.~ % d ~~i9\n , num );

11 11
/ * EPl:Bnum.:%~19 */
14
15 else
16
17 printf ( 11 %d CTI"l.~1$ 2 ~fl*, 11 , num) ;
18 printf ( 11 .Pffl.~ % d ~1mti\n 11 , num) ; I * EPl:B num .:%1mi9 *I
19
20
21 system( 11 paus e " ) ;
22 re turn 0 ;
23

/* prog6_4 OUTPUT-------
~~'®J\-1~~19 : 34
34 CTI"L.~f&i 2 ~fl* , .Pffl.~ 34 ~1mti
--------------------------*/

o f~:ct~~~~ ~
f¥it~ 10~ 19 fi.ffli if-else$~~ 0
fr~ 10 ficp ' if 8j:#LJ~{1-*14.ffli num%2 ~131'

~~O·~m~U2~n•1'.ffli0~~1'~~2M~·ffiU~~-;~m~U2

~ --~~~O·~~~ ~ U~2M~·~ ~~~- o

)]~ ~ ' ~ num ~j]U,j 2 EfQ~*l~ 8j *16~1'.ffli 0 ~8~{1~ ' t!D¥.M':f 11 ~ 14 fi~$~~ ' fP
l::l:l num ~~I~ ; i3~U¥.M':ff~it~ 16~ 19 fi ' fDl::l:l num ~1~1~ 0
-------------------------~~----------------------------------

~ if~3filcp X.ffia 3 ~'8 if$~3fil8~ • ~11*~3fil#ll1.8~il* if *~iill (nested if) 0

~il* if tSI:
3fil8~~g)t:fe'ri'C~DT :

if ( i/!Lllili~-*i* 1 )
~it 6.2 .2
{
if (i/!Lllili~5Mtt- 2i
{
:EiJ!Lll!IJi~{!f I P9,il •
~UfMi~l~filllB

~ 6.2 .4
/ •
ft1F9~-1~F~~8!l19Ll-3'.-*g~Bf.l~H* if *)Zill!8!Jj§e,Ef.J ~IT:ll8!li819LlOJ~Ll55U~~e!l~m~~
0

&;Po ~D!31VNi:S: 50 5-J' JWfDtl:J "!0~~m11~" ':5:1'11.J:S: 50 ~u 59 5-J::Lrs~' ~UfDtl:J "~~~1JD

0

tffi~" :fi~A.1.J'.$:~1.J:S: 60 5-J • ~UfDtl:J ":zjs:f~&;Po" ~IT:ll~:zjs:i8J9Ll8%1EflE~l~i\'.;:U,1!§ :

0 0

~l\ score ~ 6.2.5

01 /* prog6_5 , ~}ti;: if $9:~tril**~ *I

02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 in t main (void )
05
06 int score ;
07 pr intf("~~ltrl\IJ)i;~:");
08 scanf (" %d", &score );
09
10 if (score<6 0) /* 90~ score<6 0 */
11
12 if(score>=SO) /* 9D~ score>=50 */
13 printf("~~JJO:ffH~\n");
14 else
15 printf("LlD ~.l'lJ~j~\ n");
16
17 e ls e
18 P.r intf(" ~f~.&;Po\n");
19
20 system ("pause ");
-------------------------....,,~---------------------------------
21 retu rn O;
22

/* prog6_5 OUTPUT--
~IU.®l\PX-*i : s2
~~~1JDtffi~
-------- ---- -------- -* /

0 f~~~~~~ ~
~~i'C§f; 1o~ 18 fi.ffli~ll* if it.~iill §f; 1O1T8!l if $~iill~u !Wi11*{!+ score<60 IJX,li8~ '
0
::t~

¥J\1T§f; 12~ 15 fiB!l if-else if&iill; :5~u!Wi11*14 score<60 /f'IJX,li • t!P~llm ifif&iill • ¥J\1T
17~ 18 1T8!l else if&iill 0

'S§f; 10 fi8j if if&iill~u!Wi11*14 score<60 IJX,li8~' ~u 12 fi8j if $~iill::t~lm~€l)~~ ~~~u

1Wf11*14 score>=SO ~~JJX,rz: • :Qo~JJX,rz: • ~UfPlli "~~~ 1JO:fiM~" • ~~UfPlli "10 ~.W~
fl~" 0

6.2.3 1§Effl if-else-if it,)(iZ!:l;

:QO~Z:E else it.~iill ::U;cp~:t~~§S - 1~ if it.~iill llirn. ' .ffli 3 lm1~~~i'C~l®8j~)t ' DJM~ else
.& ~-1~ ifit.~iill-E!~Z:E - iIB • ~Poi'C:QO~ :

if ( 1#tl1Wif1
*f!f: 1 )
{ ;PoA 6.2.3
*)(3fil±!m 1; if-else-if *!Hztt~;PoA

else if(]#tl1Wif1*f!f: 2)
{
/

~ 6.2.6

if-else-if t,l(~ ~~2js:. )f,tf¥

f~ff * • ft1P~~-{l§lfm~8Jf9~ .:Y.*~~BJ3 if-else-if *!Z3lli8J{§Effl 0

1'[§)8Jl£Itcu.tl~f~f®J\

BJ~*~*Ll !Wi~~H& : 80 5.TUJ:~ A • 70-79 5.T~ B • 60-69 5.T~ C • 59 5.rl;.ll'iftf.f$z~]'

Cfailed) · )Jftf¥lilWl~Itn,1!§5.r3lli~D l' :

f@i}\/iX,~ score

liJ 6.2. 7
prog6_6 ~ )f,tf¥~

fPl±l~~.l! B

fP l±l~~.l! c fPl±l Failed

____________________________.,,~;______________________________________

01 /* prog6_ 6 , if - else-if *)(llttB'SJJ!!ffi *I

02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 in t main (void)
05
06 int score;
07 printf ("Your score: ");
08 scanf (" %d", &score) ;
09
---if
10 (score>=80)
11 printf( " %d is A\n ", score ); /* EPc±:lA */
12 else if (score>=70)
13 printf (" %d is B\n",score); /* EPc±:lB */
14 else if ( score>=60 )
15 printf (" %d is C\n ", score); /* EPc±:lc */
16 else
17 -------~
p_rintf ("Failed ! !\n '.:, ).; L* EPc±:l~J~ "Failed! !" */
18
19 system ("pause");
20 return 0 ;
21

/* prog6_6 OUTPUT---
Your score :58
Failed!!
---------------------*/

0 t~it~~~~ ·~
:f~it~ 10~17 fi~ if-else-if$)(3fil 0 1-~fi®A~*~ (~1~=8#JJ~ score) 58 5.r~WU' ~

10 fiB~ if ~UllfJi{15M!f:~ score>=80 ' ~Ullfii{1*{!f:B~m6~/f'~:U ' ~JlUMJ'~ 12 fiB~ else

iO~iili · Jlt8~~Llllfii{1*{!f: score>=708~m5~{JJ/f'~:U·15~~¥.M'T~ 14 fiB~ else if1f.)Zifil,
~Llllfii{1*14 score>=60 8~m5~/f'~:U , ?JT1~¥Afi~ 16 fiB~ else 1f.)Zifil · :$1~f0t:±:l
"Failed!!" ~$0
/ •
prog6_ 6 c:p m~u 3 ~1f ~ 8~ if W else,{~~ else :&~W~'8~~!M0]~-1~ if j!lji3~10~? ~ - __t,
~if-~F~1~ iU)(ifilffl 37:J55JJEM~JSJT~t.)(ifil±:~ffi~IIB*, ~~tl, else ~na~'8~:t~Hrr8~
__t-f~ ifj!ljc!JX;- ~1° ""flil1.%i prog6_6 8~~itf!i~~, 1mDJ1jJ@ else ;f0'8JSJT~~ ift,)(ifilj!ljc

~1B~'~ff~ , ttf~it*fEl:tm~ , OJ1;,1,M~rg-~ :;~ 8~ if W else t.)(ifil~FtE[g-fi , ~DJl:t-*lli

lQ1'~:t~IL '81P~8~Jl~ff; :

10 if (score>=8 0)
~ 6 .2.8
11 [ pr in tf (" %d i s A\ n", score );
12 else [if (sco r e>= 70)
13 pr i ntf (" %d i s B\ n ", score );
14 else if ( score>=6 0)
15 [ p r intf(" %d is C\n", s c ore );
16 else
17 p ri n t f("F ailed! ! \ n");

ffi..tlills~f~tcc:p~~~I.fl , f~tcs~*fEi~Ftt@fi~ll**amc:p1~~~Fm~~e~~E9 , '80J1;,1,

•~n~g~~~M~tcc:p1'rg~~~,:tt••..tlli~~lQ~~·®~*~:ttmR~

it..tllit~lQ1'~:t~)£e · ~rttsizm:ttmRf~tcs~Jitt~ NJJX;*fEl~Fe~~3'~1~ 0

if w else 8~11ic~1~F}i?;B~~~' ~0*1lic~~]' OJ§~~1~~U5Gif:1'fg8~m6* J._;,( prog6_7 &

I
0

prog6_ 81.%i{9U 'f~itmRs~ ~gj\:~;j;§ fg '1§~1.i~ if t.)(ifilcp1JO..t:t:::t55JJE53'~~ else t.)(ifil1~ I

~Afi8~m6*li'X~1'fg 0
prog6_ 7 & prog6_ 8 ~~f®J\-@~19 · 1.i~ f~itcp~Ll!Wi~f98~7':
1J\ , ,Eij1fHf!1'fgs~}!Ll!Wima*EPt±:l1'fgs~~t~*a* :

01 / * p rog 6_7, i f - e lse1!i2!1Fo~~(-) */

02 # i nc lude <stdio . h>
03 #i nc l u de <s tdli b .h >
04 int ma in (void)
05
-------------------------;.;;;'-----------------..----------------
06 int num;
07 print£ ( "~~'®J\.-{IH~IQ: "l ;
08 scanf (" %d ", &num) ;
~ 13 fi~ else W~ 11 fi~ if llG~1
09
10 i~ -~n_u_m_>_=:_~)____________________________ t_ _________ ,
11 i f (num<=lO )
12 printf ( "ti~fl'J'j~ 0 ¥tl 10 2F.fil\n") ;
13 else
14 printf ("fQ~.AJJ~ 10\n"); I

15 '---------- - -------------------------------------~

16 system("pause");
17 return O;
18

/* prog6_7 OUTPUT---
~~'®J\.-{IQJ~ti: 7
IQ~fl'JJ~ o ¥tl i o 2Fs~
---------------------*/

0 f~~~~~~ ~
1f2 10- 14 fi8'9 if-else $)(~cp ' else ~W~'8~lli8'9__t-@] if tr,)(~i!!i2~1 • pfTJ,;J_§g 13

fi8'9 else ~W§g 11 fi8'9 ifi!!i2~1 • ~Jl:tm§g 11 fi8'9 iftr.)(~~U!mi!JX.118~ • ~U~~Afi§g

1'[§)8'J~819UW prog6_7 ~~m~~1tJ · 1EJ.l-;J_/;J55m§~J'm-1~ if tr.)(~a'J*lt! · ~Jl:tf~it

Mfi~~~lli~W~ffl~~ 0 *~ffl~~it~~l':

01 /* prog6_8, if-else ~UFo~Jm (=) */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main(vo id )
05
06 int num;
07 printf ("~~'1luJ\.-ilQJ~ti: ");
08 scanf ( " %d ", &num) ;
09
/
10 if (num>=O)
11
12 if(num<=lO)
13 printf ( "~+if1J:$: 0 ~tl 10 ~Fs~\n ") ;
14
15 else / * ~D~~ 10 fi'~ if *)i~i!Pl'~11 *I
16 printf ( " ~+'J'n:S: O\n" l ;
17
18 s y s tem("pau s e");
19 r e t ur n 0;
20

/* prog6_8 OUTPUT---
8~'®1\-{IQJ ~I~: -26

------- ---------- ----* /

0 f~Lt~~~)t ~
1i~.:$:W~tj::i, ffi1i~~ io~ I41T8'J ift,)(i1!1tj::i, ~7:J55m'ffilil!IB*, ~Jlt 11 ~ 14 tr~~ti~
§g IO 1T if$)(i1!18'J:±~, )Ofil)~ 15 fi'B'J else ~ftfg-~tj::i, ~tt'8~lli:8'J if$)(i1!1~cU

(§g iotrs'Jif) , ~Jlt~~ iotrs'JJ!ulfi~rrs~, 1w~¥M5'~ 11 ~ 14fi8'Jt.)(i1!1; ~o

rn~~@~m~u~~··~~nm~~~g~BWrg·@~rn$~We~~u~~
rgfff.i~~rg~¥:MJ')JfH~ 0
Jlt9~ , 1~~1m!J!§,El'lf~n:OJ®8'J~~F , :t;~~tt else ft if ~ci1
8~~1!!)±~ 0
*®~F:il::fz~-WH~~ W~LJ~n¥MJ'8%1E~ , @1Hi8'J*le~F~~m~J3JJ1i~Uf~nm6
tM8'Jl!H~ 0
5~~*®~F , §JZ~~~~8'J$!e~FR~J£E~f~n8'J~8-fff.i8 °
 ?:
®fJi11~W:J:~IJ)ZrrW~ · *))l('.fE*6!f!
~ ?§1\: 1k~ii~i'C

Pait 6.3.I

...tfED~Pon@§P~{l*{tf:IJX;.llBMMJ'iiffeln 1 ' ~J=ltl¥MJ'iiffeln 2 ° )11&3.iffeln 1 Wiiffel

n 2 R~-{~~t!SZ¥A1T 0
.IZ0!31U~1F~:ffi~tfSiiffeln 1 §.\t 2 B~iiffelmeL~B~mfi~{~~f~gfil(

B~ • DJffll'fEDB~B!'i)t*~TR :

Pait 6.3 .2

if ({1-*1!:f:*Llilll Pait 6.3.3

~1~'8fll.l = ii~i'C 1;
else
/
1 0
mT* fi~~~BRm•~~-~-~~rt T~~~M~Ml\~@~-,~-~
ffli1*1if~·~~u1Wi~.A~:

01 /* prog6_9, i1*i¢ii~-Y~**~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int ma i n (void)
05
06 int numl ,num2 ,larger;
07 printf ( "~~~l\~i~~IQ: ");
08 scanf(" %d %d ", &numl ,&num2 );
09
10 numl>num2 ? (la rger=numl ) : (l arger=num2 ); /* i1*i¢3.i~-Y *I
11 printf (" %d JQi~tQA \n ", larger) ;
12
13 system( "pause ");
14 r e turn 0 ;
15

/* prog6_9 OUTPUT---
~~~l\~i~~IQ: 33 76
76 fQi~tQA
---------------------*/

o 1~rcl§4~~ m
~~rtEl3§!% 81T~il\~@~•, Mz5-155Usmi:E numl W num2 ~~{~~f~cp §!% 10 fi 0

numl W num2 =l~8~.A1J\'

fUffl{i*{if~•-3'.-*~Ll~ .SID~ numl A' {~J~-1~ larger
~~~ numl ' 1§~U1~ffi larger~~~ num2 °

).±~ 1.i~Ljs:.Wtlcp , fltiP9!0~JH~§t% 101T1lllB~~i~~·rt large1=num1 W larger=num2 ffl

1551Ri51EB* · ~~tl~~~•~115t;Jl~~e~ro~lm~~~~8i~~~*~~~ 0

~9~·~~rt~§t%10ficp·El3~-~~-~~~~-~-rt~~tt~~-· ··
®~~~~~·~tt§t%101T~~Uffi£~~~~T~~~:
----------------------,~-------------------------------
10 larger=numl >num2 ? numl : num2 · /* ~if!f:~~-3'.:~'fl@H~B!J'.M;)t *I

~~~~~m~~·~~m•tt~~T~*m•~M~~·~~~i~m•~•=~
*MR~it~~~~~~-~·B~~~m-@~~M~-~$~i~~e~~·~~
~ .tJJJ~Meisi1r;gf!Eit~l® 0

switch tS~~l.;,l~~~m-eisi 1 1~)SlFJi1t; I 1~f1EitFJi )m~~ 0 ~~1J~~~fl'*l3~D1DJ1~m switch

*9:~' l.;,l.&BBJ~:-Y1;kf¥-break tS~; llt9~ • fi1F~lli~~1&ffitt switch *9:~crT1~ffl break

tS~B~~~~':EBJFo~~ 0

6.4.1 3' *~ti- switch~ break t&~

mtt~~t:t~~~m••~cp·tt~MMfi~cr-@rag•~~~~~~~·~J~
l.;,l{~ffl if-else T~ifu~u~;L9~ • lli~l.;,l{~ffl§5-;fi~1J1~~:-YfflBJ~~mHf~-switch *9:
~ 1~ffl~itl\ if-else-if *9:~~m~~':EBJH7\)Sl • ll'X~~~~~ if~ else g!jG~HM~ITT.Ji§JJX;~
0

~.&¥Jiff _taisi~~rn~ · ITT.J1~m switch *9:~B~~U~l.;,lW¥~~fi~~~~ · ~Jl:~tE~m-eisJ 1 l~)Sl

~ I switch tS~~1NT~~eisimm 0
/

switch (~~n)
{
.j:gA 6.4.t
case ~ti{~ 1 :
::5ll~Aftol{~~1i~illl~H~ I ' switch ~.l(i/ttftol.j:gA
} ~U¥Jlfi~.l(iltt I
break;
case ~tif~ 2 :
::5ll~Aftol{fil~1i~illli{fil 2 •
} ~U¥J\fi*ii:iltt 2
break;

case ~fi1f![ n :
*!Ziz!tt!m n ;
:fill~Aftol{fil~1i~illli{ili n •
} ~U¥J\fi*ll:iltt n
break;
default: ::5ll~Aftol{fil1'~1i~illliifil 1- 11 •
*!Ziill±!m; } ~U¥J\fiiltffiHB

1.i~ switch t&M11l~' ii~it~Bt~t:±:l-{!QJ{~ • Jl:t1.!1l:~§b''.~:3iHi{~ l ~n f_~l§i8j{f{~-{[Q] ( §.\t

~~~1'tE~}i{.!1i:P9llig~1'~ ) ' Jl:t8~ switch 1~~1R!l§ii~itPfTBt~t:±:l*Bj~}i{.!1i:*¥A

fi~§~1~8j~~±R 0
~~~8U).±~8j~ ' 1.i~ switch ~~1~8j~}i{.!1i:.R§~~~j[;§.tt~!&

l~ml~ 0
Hrf*~1P~*g¥*8J~~ switch t&~¥A1J'8%ttf~ :

2. t~!J§ii~it 8~1.!1l: ' fn-@:~~1-B=-&¥Afi case 1~l§i8j~}i{.!1i: ~D~IUf!; {[Q] case 8j~}i{.!1i:
0

r-t-&ii~it8jff.6~ · il'.t~¥J\fig~ case l'JT§2;8j$)i~ · -~j~U¥Afi~U break t&~~1~

:;t~~~l!&11QJ switch $)i~ 0

3. :6°~PfT~ case 8j~}i{~~1'®-&' ~U¥Afi default ~1~pJT§aB~t&~' ¥AfiiEIH.W

~im.J switch $)i~ 0
~D~)~~~~ default Gjt&~ • ~U - ~j~~~~ switch t&~ 0

1.!1l:1~-!~8j~ • ~0~£ 3 tE case $)i~ff.6i%~1.JO...t break• ~U~ - ][¥,t\fi~U switch t&~Bj

i%ilfffi • ::t~~lm.l switch t&~ • ~DJJ:t~§~~i§~¥Afim6~8j*~~~ 0

-------------------------------~-----------------------------------------

~ 6.4.1

l'l§JB~f~it~;fLlffl switch $)(3ltt1~ff~111~3K~fi'fm~8~f2!l~Uii~ • 3.i~jG1~~9UEOt±l

3.i~1~8~m~~ :

~ 6.4 .2
prog6_ 10 ~jJiEf~~
/
01 I * pro g6 1 o, s witch ~ifilfl%effli'B1:9~ *I
02 # in clude <stdi o .h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a , b ;
07 char ope r ;
08 prin t f (" ~~t®l\J.i1~ti:t<1:9~SID: 3 +2) :
"); I* t®l\l.i~it * I
09 scanf( " %d %c %d ", &a , &oper , ·&b) ;
10
11
---switch(oper)
12 {
13 case' + ':
14 printf (" %d+ %d= %d\n ", a , b , a+b ); /* fPt±:l a+b * I
15 break;
16 case'-' :
17 printf (" %d - %d= %d\n ", a , b , a - b ); /* fPt±:l a-b * I
18 break;
19 case ' * ' :
20 printf (" %d* %d= %d\n ", a ,b, a*b ); /* fPt±:l a*b *I
21 break;
22 case ' / ':
23 printf (" %d/ %d= %. 3f\n ", a , b , ( float ) a/b ); /* fPt±:la %b */
24 break;
25 default :
26
27
28 system( "pause ");
29 return 0 ;
30

/ * prog6_10 OUTPUT--------
~~t®l\l.i~it <1:9~SID: 3+2 l : 100/7
100 /7= 14 . 2 86
---------- -------------------*/
-----------------------.~--------------------------------
0 f~:rt~~~~ ~
:t¥rt§B s fi~~ 9 fi · ffiml1iil® l\ -i~ii•rt · ~o 3+2 • s*7 ~ 0
l®l\B'J§B-1~1~1.m

~mH9ma~·§B=@•m~mH9Mb~·~~@•m~~B'Jii•~~mH•
f~ oper1! 0

§g 11 fi~27 fi~ switch t-9.3.ill 0 ~ * W r I 8~ • switch

oper ~~:7[; r + _J ' r - _J ' r _J _J

"Wii?<!~~®~:lG¥Afi1§~1ff!B~ case • fDtl:lii•ma~irt~OO switch ~~3.ili :5~,Pfff®l\ 0

B~ii·~~/f'H~®'8111B~ • fW¥Afi default pff'ffiaB~~iill • ~irt~~~l switch iii~ 0

-t~e~~ · ~~DJl-i)1~~U4:i9U~e~mH~im~~:lG · ~JJ:t10~.wm~sl~M~~:7G'ffilll

>IB*. ~o 13 , 16 , 19 w22 fi.Pffif\ 0

switch ill:ft~!f l-i/ff6JB~~mii*~f!1§f6JB~t&3.ill ~i9U*~~ • 1.i'.S:m!iJil®l\~*& A' BR

0

c C_:*:1J'~~~DJ1-i) irt · 1N!ll.Pffl®l\8~~:7GEDtl:l/ff5JB'J~$ · l'l§J~4:i9UB'J8~)AE:f¥~W

:f¥rt~J® :

Iii 6.4.3
prog6_ 11 ~ inH~lil
/
01 /* prog6 11, switch *&~-.l~/f'iq]~~ti1~*~I~t§iq]~ *&~ *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char grade;
07 printf("Input grade: " );
08 scanf( " %c ",&grade );
09
10 switch (g rade )
11 (
12 case 'a' : /* f®l\ a~ A ~EPl±l Excellent ! *I
13 case 'A':
14 printf (" Excellent ! \n ");
15 break;
16 case 'b': /* f®l\b~B ~EPl±:l Good ! */
17 case 'B':
18 printf (" Good ! \n ");
19 break;
20 case 'c' : /* f®l\c~C~EPl±:lBe study hard!*/
21 case 'C':
22 printf (" Be study hard!\n");
23 break;
24 default: I * '®l\~1i:!3~:7(;~EPl±:l Failed! *I
25 printf (" Failed ! \n ");
26
27 system( " pause ") ;
28 return 0;
29

I* prog6_11 OUTPUT-- -
Inpu t grade :B
Good !
---- - ----------------*/

o fIEn~~~}t fi
J]~:$:1JLJcp , m7~8 1TOJrnm~'®J\-~~sl:trB~:\E'.mfi~I~ grade 0
10~26 fi~ switch its
3ltt:±~ 0
~ grade~ 'a' 8~ ' l!l~m 121]' 1
case 'a' _J ;:Lf~~}~ 1
case 'A' _J ' PfT .L;t~
---------------------------""'~-----------------------------------
~ml¥AfiHrl' n9'9$~32!1 '][~U~~u 15 fi9'9 break $~3211~.Lt' ~Jltm grade~ 'a' §)Z I A'
8~ · ~~$,t\fi 14- 15 fi9'9$~32!1° f§J1~9'9 • mgrade~ 'b' §.lZ 'B' 8~ • t8~¥Afi 18- 19

*'*~ J'~@~f§J9'9~8{~tl • ~~~:W:i® switch $~32!1t~~il*9'9 if-else-if F~~~ ]'O@? Z:Ht

itz~~~H£it8~ • 1&\~ l.)-.1m~~f§J 8'9~~{~,Ef.l switch t&3fil§JZ~ if-else-if $~3fil 0

6.4.2 ::f;IJO break $~~8~ switch~&~

~1.JD break $~3fil9'9 switcht&3211 • ~¥MJ'9'9*a~~~~':EHM~9'9 1~)~0@? ?± 6.4.1 Hocp •

ft{P~~*~:t~~U® · :5~ 5~~1i~ case t&3fil*aW§~1Jo...t break t&3211 • ~U~-][$,t\fi~U~~U
break t&3fil§JZ~ switch $~32!19'JW§i))ffi • ::t~~jfm_J switch t&3fil 0

£ J' 1.JO...t break t&3fil~§~~i§~f£it¥Afi9'9~~~~ 0

~i§il.)-. prog6_ l l B'Jf£it*~~B.13~1.JD

break t&3fil B~~§~i§~e'9~~~~ :

01 /* prog6 _12, E;]'J.]O_t break~ switch *513!1! *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #in c lude <s tdlib . h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 char grade ;
07 printf( " Input grade :");
08 scanf (" %c ", &grade) ;
09
10 switch (grade )
11 (
12 case 'a' : /* fifii)\ a §Ji; A ~EPl±l Excellent! *I
13 case 'A':
14 printf("Excellent!\n");
15 case 'b': /* fifij)\b§.li;B~fPl±lGood! */
16 case 'B':
17 printf("Good!\n ");
18 case 'c' : /* fifiil\ c §Ji; C ~EPl±l Be study hard! *I
/ •
19
20
case 'C':
printf("Be study hard!\n");
21 default: /* f®l\~1t!r~7(;~fPc±:l Failed! * I
22 printf("Failed!\n");
23
24 system("p ause ");
25 return O;
26

/* prog6_12 OUTPUT --
Input grade:b
Good!
Be study hard!
Failed!
------------------ -- ---*/

0 f~it)ij~~}l fj,
1.i~ :$:1JLJcp
' fijp~'®l\ 3 ~HJ b ' ~lit switch $!Ziill1~8~§(5 15 fi{-l§-~1~11.*ft- ' ~fffi~
¥M:ffif5171T • EDtB "Good!" ~$ 0 1§~~~)~~ break $!Ziill*~~~' .P./Tl;,l~}~~
¥Afifif5 18fr;L1tt8~tr-!Ziill,1[~LJ switch m65R~it ~Jlt1.i~~1JLJcp ·"Be study hard!" W
0

1.tf_t[§i8~1JU-:Y-OJ!k0)~~1JO_t break tr-!Ziill •f~it8~¥M:f OJ§~~tBIJ?.~~~~' .P./Tl;,ltij§Effl switch

~iill~~~·~~~~-~~-~3~~~3.ill!
6.5 1~m goto *)(W!

~ffi~;fl!l: ;IBit 6.5. l

*)(iltt; goto *~ lfilB'iJ;fgit
goto ~ffi~;fl!j;

$k~~~n~· rgm~~~~-~~tt~~~W~~~·H~~~~~~~~·

lli~Uffircm~~~~Mtt~~~w~m~ 0

('gj1~n¥A1T~U goto *SHili8~ · ~;lmj1~f+~t~U goto 1tt~,5M~~~*~•~~B'JPfTttfu~IUI

¥A1T 0
~19U*~)t I m~t~ 1+2+··+10 B'Jmcs~ I ttlitDJUfLlffl goto *&3l!t~JJX; I l'~~fLl

ffl goto ffi)(W~t~ffi 1 JJo~U 10 • TI:trM~m6~fITTt:l::lB%'it1~~W~n~J® :

i =O, sum=O ;
~ 6.5.1

prog6_13 B'iJ)nc~~
start ~ffi

i++ ;
surn+=i;
EOtl:l i

fOtl:l+lii'i

true
/
01 /* prog6_13 , i§Effl goto~~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i=O,sum=O;
07 start:
08 i++;
09 sum+=i;
10 printf( " %d ", i);
11 if (i<lO)
12 {
13 printf ( " + "); /* EPt!:l+ • ~@iLl start ~ffiP9Bj~~ *I
-~~...........
14 goto start;
15
16 printf ( "= %d\ n", sum) ; /* EPt!:l sum Bj{~. *I
17 system( " pause ");
18 return 0;
19

/* prog6_13 OUTPUT----
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10=55
---------- ---- --- --- --- -* /

0 ff~~~~~ "et
~7 fi/.B start *~ffi • ~~1.i:S:~~J:tcp)~~{§Effl~Ll goto tr&3fil ' l"lLlJlt start *~ffi1~)~~1'F
ffl 0
8ffi ~~-~U§fi~m · RR~~~~c~~-~~ ·~ ~~f.B8ffi~• 0

~ 11 fi9J iU)(3zttffl*~Ll53Ll~1Jo~;;~f~ i ~~1J\J'.j$ 10 ° ~D~ i<lO · l"lLlfPti:l r + _J 5m •

M@l~Ll~ 7 fi9] start 8ffi~•*-i1::1:1'¥Afi • ~DJ!tif~H~ • 1l~Ll i=lO 8~ • iftr&3fil9J~Ll
------------------------~--------------------------------
goto tr.!Ziitt§liE7.~CITl~i¥1£~~ Cloops ) ~'.ljg~ , 1S!60g~ti&~f~i'CB"-lmMM1~ 0
l~matM1~

~i'C~~~~M*~,~~~iitt~-@@~~~i'CMR~lli~·ffiUB•~~~ffl·
e~UM~*Z:E~*~~,&~~f~i'C_t@~i§IJX;[!]ji 0
Jlt:9~ I J;:f5W:i3'B"-l goto t-!Z3ltt ~err l~ 192ffl ~
'88"-ltr.!ZiittftM · ,6JT1~~~~~71'192ffl goto tr.!Ziittll't71'~192ffl'8 ° T-~M~@flmB~U~llJB"-1192
ffl·~~~-~e~~ ~-,~~~*~~~*@~~~o

,. 1. 8itm~ -un · DJEl3m~8il\-1~+:7(; 0

:6'JJ:L+:l(;:fi!I~+ c1w1~+ o- 9) , ~UEPi'±:l "JJ:L
+:l(;:fi!I~+" +$ ; :6'JJ:L+:l(;:li!9:!Jt.A.1J1~+BJ ( IW a- z, A- Z) • ~UEPl±l "Jlt+:l(;:fi!~

2. 8itf1~~!il: prog6_2 ~un~lll · ff~®'8lliDJl-;J.i/!Ll55Ul9+:li!~J)~ o ~~;.sr, llill't:li!81t · DJi.l!tl55U

0

f®J\9j~l9~.A.~ 0 I ~J'j~ 0 I ~/j \J'j~ 0 9j~)5f, 0

6.2 359~9j~~-if-else ~~

.,j,. 5. 8itt~~-f1En ' DJEl3ml'li'®l\-{~~19 ( 1~~~{~)._9jftH~) ' ~1~i/!tl l!VIMHl~:li!/f:li!@

m 0
:6'Gm.A.J)~ 90 0ff , ~UEPl±l "Gm@m" · i§~UEPl±l "/f§@m" 0

6. 8it1~~-f1En · DJEl3m~f®l\~f~~l9 · 53'55UKt~~f~A~~F=J~Gm · ~1~il!tl!Wi'8ej

Gm:li!/f~@m 0
:6'Gm.A.J)~ 90 0Fr, .§~F=J1i:.tJ)~ iso 053'. ~UEPl±l "Gm@m". 1§

~UEPl±l "/f§@m" 0

,. 1. 8itm~ -un · El3uxtc:p§~:;tt8~~=1~~19~m111[ • il!u twi~=1~~19:fi!i§~~~'* =Ff3

%~=f~Jlft CU: =tEJ%~Jlft;L;fD!iD~~.A.J)~~=JI) 0
/
•
8. }~*i~~ 7 • ~={IQJJl~§~~~~f&=J'f3JH~ · fij~Ll!Wi8~FJ'f3ffj~£'ilfEl '~J'f3§.\l,~]![J'f3=

J'f3:1fj · ~~Ll53U :O$.:sml' :

l!ll'f3 =J'f3ffj : ~cj:i~ii0{1QJJl~SfZ:OfD~~~=Jl~SfZ:O
£'iiJ'f3=fEJ:lfj : ~cj:i~ji0{1QJJl~SfZ:OfD1J\~~=Jl~SfZ:O
ml'f3 = J'f3~:a~•~siz:o~*~~=•~siz:o

9. 8Jtm1'.M;-f31it •ml\ 10 {[QJ~'.:f.~f&m • f&«iif: 0- 59 :53-~ C • 60-75 :53-~ B • 76- 100

:B~ A ' ~1rtM~HW~Ll A ' B ' c ~Af~EDl±l 0

10. 8itm1M:-f¥it ' '®l\ x ' y @~{.@ ' ~Ll!Wi8~l!!.6{li:~t.IB-{IQJ~~N§.\l,~if:@~!MJ_t 0

~{9Ll3R

8~ · :5'®l\~@~1.®~ (3 .0,-2.5) • '®tl:l§O~~~~~N ; :5f®l\~@~1.®~ (4.5,0.0) •

~Ll'®tl:l§O~ x ~ 0

60 {IQJ1N~2.r7'J · m1J\~ 75 7I;

61 - 75 {[QJ1j \ ~ ' .L.~ 1.25 {g~t•

76 {[QJ1j\~.L.~1rt.L.~ 1.75 {g~t•

{9Ll~D' M~If!=B~f~~ 80 Jj\~' ~Ll¥.ir~~ 60*75+15*75*1.25+5*75*1.75=6562 .5 j{; 0

8it
me-u:rt·~u:rtq:im~¥Im'.:E~F.l~I~~•c~-ga> ·~•~••~~¥.if
~o

12. 8it;f'Llffi if-el se- if$~lltt8nt-uit · flEit~f®l\~~'.:Ef&«i · '®tl:l~f&«ie'SJ~«.& 0

~'.:Ef&

*a1:C<l'9U~:B~:Oit:B«.& :

80- 100 : A«.&

60- 79 : B *~

0- 59: c «.&
13 . 8itm1M:.-flEit · DJ'®l\,E~HB · ~1rt~Ll!Wi~?fi~~~ii1J (3-5 F.l~~~ · 6- 8 F.l~~~ ·
9- 11 F.l~f*~ ' 12- 2 F.l~~~)
------------------------~----,,_ __________________________
14. 8itt~~-f1ED: · DJffim~8il\-11QJ 411QJ1-u•eisi~i~ · 1~~~;.¥eisJi:F1B · m~ttJ!tl55Ll~11Qli:F

ffi~~~OOi:FCm~i:F-OO·m§~~M·m~§i:F-M·m~~i:F~OO·M~~j[;

1900 ~~ 4 eisi1g1~ · 1§.DJtm 100 ~!!* · /lfil-;.l~~OO~ · 15Jll~ · 2000 i:F~Mi:F · ~DJ1.fi'l
400 ~1~ . ffD 2004 mm-tB~Mi:F . ~DJ1-;.l1.fi'l 4 ~~*) 0

15. 1~~8~:tt~fcl'ifc§¢i~IM~ · '®l\rfi&f1~e'Sltfi:ml&'M'llfibd8fc§~e'si:IiIWJ · '®t±l~Ll ~•t~IQJ~

~eisJ~~•WBM•·~-~Mfc§~fl'sltfi:Wl~$&Mtfi:•·~ffie!:l"tfi:WJ~~·~$ 0

~19~3R81t · fi1P9~ 3 33 )[; C/lfi&11~eisJtfi:~\'D eisJ*~ · mBH8fc§~eisJB~ 1000 )[; C11'

~~*8fc§~eisJtfi:~j:j) · fc§~&t~IQJ-~ 500 )[; · ~~ 100 )[; · -@ 50 )[;~M · -@110
)[;~fM · -flQJ 5 :7[;~fMR=11QJ 1 )[;~fM C1~~8~M1~.Rfi 1000, 500, 100, 50, 10 ' 5
filj[;) 0

• 16. B~-)[;=:;J;'.J:JflELI: ax 2 +bx+ c = Oeisim~

-b±~b 2 -4ac
x =-----
2a
8il:M~-~Ll:·ffi~il:¢~~n~~a'b'c =@ ~~•eisimm·~~a~n
2
ax +bx+ c = oeisJf*I~ · ?.t\~ttftlffl J!Ll55Lln b 2 - 4ac eisJ1~3R~t~af1ED:eisJtN °

~b 2 -4ac>O
2
4
( &U 'DflELl:fi=flQJ'M',W • x= -b± J b - ac o
2a
~ b2 - 4ac = 0 • Dflfi\:fiii.r.l@f§~'M'.W ' x= _}!_ 0

2a
mb2 -4ac < o • ~Ll)~fi'M'.W • EPC!:l ")~fi'M'.W" ~$ 0

( oomw.:~~ffl sqrt() lilll~ ' ).±~sqrt() eisJ~l-~fl~~ double ' ~[Q]i~tB~ double 0
{~ffl

sqrt() IIBll~~i!D~Ji:a15l\ math.h ~mlm )

 /

01 /* hw6_ 19, {~{!:j::Ji~-:Y-flj**~ */

02 #include <std io. h >
03 #include <stdlib.h >
04 int main (void )
05
06 int a=4,b=6,larger;
07
08 a>b ? larger=a : larger=b; /* {l.~{!:j::Ji~-:Y- *I
09 printf(" % dl!91ili~:k\n",larger);
10
11 system("pause");
12 return 0;
13

w. ~rn•n•Amm1~·~m~~m•Amm~~1~2~·~•ml±ltt~~·~Wl±l

""®l\~~~~" • ~~UfLlffl switch EPl±ltEl!1fl!flj~~1J :

I: ~72

2: ~72

.i,I. 21. ~ffi8MMl\-{IQJ~~ • m1~1JD.L.~'#Llm"®Aflj~~m1J1~flj a l@m1J1~~ b 0

;g:m1J1~

fJj a • ~UEPl±l "fmMl\ a" • :Em1J1~flj b · ~UEPl±l "fmt®l\ b" · :EMl\~~~1'm a~

22. ~{1~~9:~~ 21 • i~1~t@J\flj1'M!im a~ A• ~BEPl±l "f.T-fii~l\f)jm A"• ITT.i1'Mlim b ~ B •

~BEPl±l "1.T-MJ\f)jm B" ' ~~UEPl±J "1mMAflj1'm A~ B" 0

n. ~ffi8MMA-@1~2~fljgm.~ft~M-~~MB 0 :EMl\flj~1~·~EPl±l"

~72~...tl1I" ' :EMAfljm 6-7 ' ~UEPl±l "~721*,l'f!, " ' :EMJ\flj1'm 1-7 ' ~UEPl±l ...
------------------------~11..-------------------------------

6.5 «em goto ~~

24. ~fLlffl goto $)[31!tt~'.M;-flfit , CITU~t~ 1- 100 .::ZFs~ ' pfif§~IQtril~fD 0

... 25 . ~fLlffl goto $)[~1~'.M;-flfit ' :t:~tl::l 1900- 2000 .::ZFs~ ' pfi:ij"tfil)™11f 0 lijl)'j'.$:j™11ftfil~Ll3LJ '

26 . ~i1i2!X~~ 20 • 1§ef~~!®7\tfil1Qfi1Fl':li!:Z± 1- 4 .::ZFs~ , ~LJ~~>.K~Wf!®l\ OlULlffl goto

$)[~*3B~) 0
 chapter

07
ii lll

~U El fill:;%ll:: • fi1P~,5.fH~RB'ilf~it · ~~~PJi~8~11§Jj';11tr&iill :SZD~!Jl~HH~~11

0

B'JI~~· r~~~~~-@W~~B'ilmm·£~~mfiffi~B'J~it~m·~
~1;.!.Mlf~itm6tM1~ 0
J'j~ ~~~ J fi1P~5'G*~K?,~mam1~B~f~it J ~*~~:SZD1DJ~U
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0 ~~:SZD1DJ~~i!Jit~~
--------==--------------~--------------------------------

1. jl§Jj';11JMM (sequence structure)

2. ~:ti11:*61M (selection structure)

3. :~1Hi11:m61M (iteration structure)

~=·~~~*6··~-@~R~·~~~~WH~-@~A~·lliH~-@~0°
•-A , ~D~ma-~U~~~~-,~••·lli~~u•0~m~~~ 0
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~m~afi~-fi~W 0
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~ 7.1.1

~?.tfl§Jj'; 1l1:mam~flE~PJi•~t1 · 1§~aflE~~aP:tB)~ 3 ~~m~~ti~%3§ . ~~?tr~

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 ~ Ill 7-3

/
1.1.2 ~t~HimalM

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~~~ffi~~W
B~ if-else wswitch ~tSW I {~~5$;~8~mm1.i:U5m I mm11*1am)fitf¥~cm~~tmT :

lil7.l.2

~-~-~U~-~~-~~~··*~~-fi~~W~@·m~~-~~®~a~
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~-~~~~~ 0
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~7 . 1.3
 C ~g~,Ei!T1~1;t1;8~~ti11ma~MDJ!fl@lllt&3ztt3K:ffi}J)Z 0 @11J~t~ for, while:& do while=~•
1~[§l8~ 1N~1JM~53'55U~1~~-~@lllm9:3ztt8~m)t:&~::f:fg;:L_JsiE 0

@1111EJm@'6-mrr~ti11~~t~ 0
~wu3K~>i . tzo~1~~t~ 1+2+3+4+s s~1.ms~ . 1mDJ1~
JJ~1'£~cp~l:±:l:QOTB~m9:3ztt :
sum=l+2+3+4+5; /* 5t~ 1+2+3+4+5 eisJ{!ll *I

~~-@:;;r:m~~~·@~~~~M~IOOO~~~·~@~ffi~fi::f:RR!~~~m

n@lll~M~ 0 ~@g~~M~·~k~DJUMQi~ttM~~~@lll~@m 0

7.2 1§Effl for@~

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} ,- -,
:_ r:
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@111¥Afi8%'ft1'£ :

2.m•~~-~~~g·~*~~~••aff@lll·m•~~~m~ac~e) ·
••aff@~:±e;•~~~®~®Cfu~) ·~ml±l@lllafi;:L_m~~5ztt 0
 ~ Ill 7-5

/
3.Mff~~lll~•~~~w•·~lll~~•m•m•••~~~~·~~~lll~~
Wm~® ·~@~~-2~~~~~~••Mff~lll 0

~ 7.2.1

false

~~lll~~~~~~~=@OO~·~~~r~~~llJW®J' r~~-~J&r~~

~-~J ·~-@OO~U~~~~&~ o r~~~llJW®J~U~~~lll~~ --~

~~m·~R~m- ~~~~~lll ~~~~m·~3~u~~~lll~~ •m ~~~m
9~ I fi1P9lli~.L~~~~~1t8Wl~8~HJJ{~ I ~0~@8ji81~~ :
--------------------=----~--------------------------------
_tl§J8~ff&§lttcp ' for ~~ff&32tt1~8~ i ~~~:tggffi~•f~ 0
Jlt9~ • §ir~ sum=O 1'-!E~Z± for
~~cp~fE'·fil~~m~GmR~~·c~•~~~-~DJUffl~~ 0

r~~-~~~mMfi~~~ - ~·~-~~~~••Mff~~~~-:~r~!Em
•; ~~~m~~~~~~~ -~~m~0m•·m0Ju~mff®~~-~~fi~!E
•t~8~1]1 °

l~~ prog7_1 ~for ~~8~l81~~ · '8DJ~tarn i ~JJo~ io s~iiama~ · tt1P9%*~~­

~fil 1~ro~1o~~~~·~m•~~~Rlli~ro~~~:

~ 7.2.3
prog7_ 1 e'iJ)JiH~~

i++

sum+= i

Tl§J~~~~~m•~~~mm•~~~·mDJu~~n•·lli~~g~~~3M~
~B~~g o

01 /* prog7 1, for~lllB'il1~m */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (vo id)
05
06 int i, sum= O;
07 for(i=l;i <= lO;i++) /* ilt~ 1+2+ ... +10 ~*15~ */
08 sum+=i ;
 ~ Ill 7-7

/
09 p ri nt£ ( " 1 + 2+3+ ... + 10=%d \n ", sum) ; /* EPC!:J sum B'SJ{~ *I
10
11 system(" pause ");
12 r et u r n 0;
13

I* prog7_1 OUTPUT - -
1+2+3+ ... +1 0=5 5
---------------------*/

0 f~:it~4~~ ~
JJ~~{Jtlcp ' ~ 6 1]''§~ ::53@11JBJ~ffiLl ~f~ i' sum ' MzM~ sum ~~'.(Ef)J{l1[
W~1JO~f~

1.?!J o ; El:IJJ~ ~~t~ 1+2+.. .+10 · rJTl-~Z:E~-R3il\@lll8J8~11~ · M~ i BJ{.§!~~1.?!J 1 · H~

~~Ll!Wi i ~~;j \J)~ ~J)~ 10 • ~D* i 1j\]'j~ ~1.i~ 10 • ~U~t~ sum+i 8]{.§!1rt¥ijj:~'.(£$ii sum

:g~ · i BJ{.§!¥ij1JO 1 · ?.~ 1rt @Ei~U@lll/Ee~g~ · *imff#Ll!Wi i BJ{.§!~131I'JZ:ErJT'.(£8Ji!Blll~ ·

•~i*~1ow~m~@lll·~ffi~~8J~~B~~~ 0

1'~9U~ J'~f?Ucp · i 1.§!W sum {.§lllJi~@lll¥A1TBJ /~f~fffi~{[j8] 1 ~% • 1tlCDJl-~tHW~

)Jitf~~Wl'~ 1
· 1-~ ]'~~ for@lll~1'F8J ~H~ :

i B'SJ{~ sum B'Sl{~ ~t~ sum+=i ;L1~ • sum B'Sli~

1 0 1
2 1 3
3 3 6
4 6 10
5 10 15
6 15 21
7 21 28
8 28 36
9 36 45
10 45 55 ¥MJ''J'G for ®~.:L1~ ·
sum B'il1i1l.
----------------------------~--------------------------------------
§S:9~ , 1@rDJ1j_):±~~U1.f2Js:19Ucp , for ~!ll8~±G.R~-fi Cf.lP§§ 8 fi) , l!lllt§~~lll
±•~~~~~~~~o +

fi1F9j:ij~-1~19U3-*~MJ;; for ~llJ8~1.~Jtl 0 1~~~~l~Blrx3- ioooo -;)(, fLlffllLf9IUZ1.§l , ~t~

11~u~~19~ 3 8~-;:X.f9Rm¥ 0
2Js:i'B19U8%'iEflElil~m~~:szo~ :

i=l
count=O

~ 7.2.4

01 /* prog7 _ 2, 1.\Effl for ~lll~Hil~¥ *I

02 #include < stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i,count=O ;
07
08 for (i=l;i <=lOOOO;i++)
09 if ((rand() %6 +1)==3)
10 count++ ; /* ~lfsEY.~cS~~ 3 :llcS~' count+l *I
11 printf ("JI 10000 ~lrx'.7-~' Cf::j}5?, 3 ~cSBJ/)'.IQ~%d ~\n", count) ;
12 printf ( "~¥~ % . 3f\n", (float) count/10000);
13
14 system( "pa use");
/
15 ret urn 0;
16 )

/* prog7 _2 OUTPUT------------- -- ---

1110000 »:'.lfsl'..:Y~, l±ff~ 3 l!ili B'il /XI~~ 1 656 :;);'.
ti$~ 0.166
-------------------------------------*/

0 f~it~~~~ -m
~1~U~5fultli!Ll~*~Aml'.-:T- , 1!1Jlt!0 ~~1~ffl~UiLl~lilif~ rand() 0
rand() ~lilif~ffi'i:ru!
Cprototype) ~1.i91'£ stdlib.h ~H~m;i:p , 1~Jtl'82lrtE!~~21~H~'8ai5~% 0
~~mlilif~

~ffi'i:ru!·r±mAC~~g~9~~-~~~o

~rt•~•~~~m~r±~•m•~~ml'.-:r-~~~3·~~rtm9fi~l!l@a•~
U 6 ffd~ij@~I~ , .PJT1®~UBJH~f~{Fi91'£ o-s 2rs~ , .PJTt.U~~~1Jo..t 1 , .PJTl~~BJml'.

-:T-::t91'£ 1 ~6 ~i52rs~ ml'.-:1-l~BH 3 , ~*Jitt~i!!u•.PJTl~B~BJ~i5·~/G~ft1P~~~~

0

ll!.61~ 3 , -SZD~~ 3 , Jitt~~tl~~I~ count 1JO..t 1 , ~~l~B 10000 /~ml'.-:1- Cm 8 fi8J for

@Ill) '~*m~%3 1
•m~~~~ffi~W~ 0

•1rt, 1.m~1;.U.1~~U1.i~~wucti, for ®!ll~:±i!'®itJ~fi, ~-~~-1~ if$9ill!C 9- 10

fi) 1 !!l~@~®lll:±il~*m•~u~~ 0 o
----------------------~1...----------------------------

7 .3 1~m while ®~
~®l!l~IH~JAfi8J~f~1N.li'i'.(EB~ · 91§Effl for ~Ill 0
{§~UJJ~ ~lftro~~ · ;tm)t~5b~D~
®l!l~MAfi ~~J)~:;t~~ B~ '~tDJU~JJij§E,E§ while ~Ill~~ do while ®l!!l 0

while ~l!lt~{:J:l; 3 ~~{tl for ®l!JBJJ}J§~ • {§ for ~l!J10j~~~®l!l¥MJ'8Jmf~ • while ®

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0
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{

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0

•~am~-@m~~•••~~-•~·~~--~~m~ac~e) ·®lll~•a
fi- ~ · ~-~)~~8it*Ll!Wl11.~H+ , ¥Afi~l!l:±B · i1Ei~U*LllWT1t*1if~1~~1~~ Cfalse) B~ • :;t
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0

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*1¥MJ'®l!l:±B ; ~D~{1*1if*LllWT1~~ false · ~U~~ttl®l!l¥MJ'1~*1 8Jffi~3ill 0

3 .afi~®l!l:±B~~~3illm·•~~'.(E C ~~~~0 ) ®i!!l~~••~m·~$

while ®lll::f•±~b~2'.X®l!lt~iM 9f~ BJ~'§ ' ,6./TUi:E while @l!!Jcp ' ~~'.(E@l!j}gg
~ -- ~I~~~fi~§~*®·~@~~E2m~~-~~••Gfi®l!!l 0
 ~ Ill 7-11

~ 7.3. 1

false

~'!11m~~~m · for i!IDlll~ while i!IDlll8%'itf~~~-'JZ~-~8~ 0

'81P~/f'f6.J8~ifu1-J · i?.X~
1§Effl for i!IDlllB~!0~~~~om~lll¥JWr8~:tA'.I~ · .PJTL~tt~ti1§Effl for%!; while i!IDlllB~ · ~
*~~;m:tE$~~mmi!IDlll~fi~~• 0

r;-[§]8~1~tl-3'-~tum while i!IDlll~t~1tf 1 ~0'~~1JO~tl~0'B~ • ~1JOB~1i::t~IEB® 100 °

l!l~:$:1~Ucp · ~1JDB~/Xl~~51<::~D · l!JJt~CITfLlffl while i!IDlll*r~~ 0

01 !* prog7_3 , whi leil.2!11!8'iH~m */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i=l,sum=O; I* 6~'.iEi!2J~f)J{~ *I
07 while ( sum<=lOO ) m
/* while ii.2!~ • sum 1Jl)'5~ 100 ~U i.'!Ul ~1JO *I
08
09 sum+=i ;
10 print£ ( "f>f 1 ~1JO~U %2 d= %2 d\n", i, sum ) ;
11 i++;
12
------------------------~--------------------------------
printf ( "llD~.l'l:~1JOiU % d n", i-1 )...,_;_ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16

/* prog7_3 OUTPUT---
itf_ 1 ~1JDiU 1= 1
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 2= 3
1t£ 1 ~1JDiU 3= 6
1t£ 1 ~1JDiU 4=1 o
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 5=15
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 6=21
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 7=2 s
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 8=3 6
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 9= 45
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 10=5 5
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 11=6 6
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 12=7 s
1t£ 1 ~1JOiU 13= 91
1t£ 1~1JDiU14=105
1lD~Jl:~1JDiU 14
---------------- -- --*/

0 u~~~B~ ~
, ;g 6 fi~®lllig;gffiu~I~ i 8~1m:~~'.IE'ffei 1 , ~1-lo*W.;}D~I~ sum ~~ffei o ;g 7
1.i~:<f{9UcJ::i 0

fiiil\ while ®ll!8~~Ul~f/i11if+ ' §ifg 1 ~iil\®lll8~ ' El31.i~ sum 8~{~.1.%, 0 ' ,6JTL~~U~
{1if+ffei~ ' lZSJJlUAfi 9~ 11 fiB~®lll±lm §ifg 9 fii~ sum 8%:1iJJO i 21itt~i~'.IE'm% sum
0

13157' §g 101TEDl±l~1J01m2itt' ;g 11 fi~i~ i ~1m:1Jo 1 '?,'titt@J~U®llJ!IBgB!lIB;'

•ml~U~1lD*W-8~1m: sum ~1§{J}f:EpfT~E'.IE8~'8~~ ' ~DJlt11§~ ' ][~U sum AD~ 100

IW~~Jtl±l®lll , ~ffiJlt8~~1J08~1m:t::JB~ 100 3 °

)1f&i±jfjtl:±:l while ®lll2Jrtl , §g 11 fi~~¥Afi 1 -;)( , lZSJJlt i 8~{m:~~ 1 , rJTL~t±§g

13fifDl±li1m:8~ ' 10~.&trn~ 1 ::t§~j~~UiEliiB~m~~ 0

•!•
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~ Ill 7-13

while ~~fi@ll}~~D]J,~{§Effl 0 T~9Ul±l 3 for ft while @11),;L~g)!;:B~t~lQ :

for ~[!!I while ~Ill

for ( ~~)E1JJ1i1i; 'tl lfi ~{tjj; ~:fE~~ )

{
~&ii!! 1;
*5tii!!2; ~&ii!! 1;
*5tii!! 2;
*5tii!! n;
~&ii!! n ;

~ii~·

r~rs@!ll_i (endless loops) Jl't~Z:E@lll¥Afi' 8~i&Jf¥cp · a1'~LlDJ1~~l00@1118~1:±:lD ·

.Pff 1~ '8R:!l:Y1'1'iit!1~IH~JMJ'@llJcp~t&~ · ff01'~~~~~U¥n ° Z:E while @11Jcp£~~~
rs@111~~~·~r@111~~ --_JWr~11-~_1~1'3~~ 0 fi~~*~~ttM
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o1 I* prog7 _ 4 , AA~~l!!l~~~Bf.l *I
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 # in cl ude <stdl i b.h>
04 int main (void )
05
06 in t i= l;
07
08 while (i > 0 ) /* ~ i >O ~¥Aff while ~lf1l~::t!m *I
09 printf (" i= %d\n",i++);
10
11 system("pause") ;
12 r et urn 0;
13
______________________ ..,~
- ----------------------------~

/* prog7_4 OUTPUT---
i=l
i=2
i=3

--------------------*/

0 f~~~~~~ ~
ft{P~friiJ\ while ~llJ§IJ~~~ 3 i 9j{§I1.%, I ~ I /~iiJ\®lll8~ • 8315~ i 9%1!1.m I •
0

,6ff l~ while J!tl!Wi{t~{!:j:9j{j1.%,~ (true) ' fljj§PiiJ\®lll:±~ fr while ®llJcp i 9j{j

0

~tt~•2~~' 1§.7J<.~/f@lj\]'j~ 0' ~Jltmwhile ~lll~/~J!tl!Wi i ~~j\:J'j~ 0 8~' .7J<.~

1-&-&iiJ\®llJ9]{1*{if ( i>O) ' i¥t~~/f!Wi9J)~tl~ '¥MJ'· .. ' fi1P~fr~m_t~~UeJ
~~·~~/f~~~fP~i~@·~~fi~®llJ o

•1~.L.t:<$:19tl~¥Afi
• fr Dev C++ 9JiiU~T • 1&;.R•i~T Ctr!+ Cm• ElPCIT59iffitlcpJWi 0

;g=~j@.;{~ffl9JKi~il~itfi )t{~ffl Ctr!+ C mc:pJWil~it • ~~ ~~~~~i~il~it,5ffllfu~i*

~~$0 ~

~~·~~~tt~•~mfi~~lll~Wtt*~M~it·~~-~it~W.7J<.M.t..tm~a
fi 0
~~~=~~~it~~-@fi~~lll·lli~~m~~~~=m·~=~~~~•
~~~•@•~·~~T-@~~*~ffl 0

T~~~it~~fi~®lll~-••m 0
m~xtafi~·.R•~frmM_tM--rff•m·
~u~~meJ ASCII ~.l§{~@t$9UEP~* ' 1E!~~D~i~T Ctrl+q ' ~u~~~l~it9J¥Afi :
01 !* prog7 _s, ~~~ll!e~JJ!ltl *I
02 #incl ude <stdio . h >
03 #incl ude <std lib.h>
04 i nt main(void)
05 {
06 char ch ;
/ •
07
08
while(ch!=l7)
{
® Ill 7-15

09 ch=getch o; !* 1.tHIMJ:flH~~)(; *I
10 printf( "ASCII of ch=%d\n ", ch); /* EPl±l@1~~j[;ffi]ASCIIli,\lj */
11
12 printf( "fmB~]' Ctrl+q ... \n");
13
14 system("pause") ;
15 return 0 ;
16

/* prog7_5 OUTPUT---
ASCII of ch=ll 7
ASCII of ch=l04
ASCII of c h=l3
ASCII of ch=l 7
fmB~J' ctrl+q ...
--------------------*/

0 f~itjij~~)t ~
1.i~~W~cp, fi;iP9~~~Btf.&R~19:T ctrI+q m, ~U9ma5Rf~rt8~¥A1T, ~~H~rt•-

11Eotl:lm~...trffJ9:TJ9:~~8~ ASCII ~I\!§ 0

~~ Ctrl+q B~ ASCII ii'®~ 17 ' ~J.lt)'j~f~it

B~§g 7 1T~~~R~19:ms~ ASCII iif®/f ~ 17 ' 1~9¥A1T 8-11 :/TB~®ll!~e 0

J'j~ while ®llJcp ' ~ 9 fi';fLlffl getch() Il'lli~m~__t,5,FfJ9:TB~J9:m 0 l@~[,i~OJ®? getch()

~1'•@m19'.T~~~~m•...t,§•A~R~-19'.TJ9'.m·~~mM~~~~w
9.f&H~W)( I ~1'\Wi~~M~j:ijJ9:T Enter m*f®A 0
~ 9 fi'ijjlf~J9:T8~19:~~,;L1~ I §g
101T~tlPfDtl:l~~J9:~~e~ ASCII ij,1\1§ I ?,:M~@~U while ®lllB~jl!tl!Wlit I fijffl'.jl!Ll55Ul5lltt?JT
19:Te~19:m~131'~ ctr1+q • ~otlt- 1111§~ . 11~u19:T ctr1+q ~it 0
·:·
-----------------------~------------------------------
7.4 1~ffl do while ~Ill
do while ®llllli~ffl:fj~@lll¥Afi'BisJ/).'.l~*!kOB~ 0
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~15~ while

PJBisJifu:O ' if.X~~J\ while 3@11]~ ' while $~3ltt~$1G)~U~~U1Wi{1*f:j:8isJ~{~~ • j:ij)}(;E~i§

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0

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do

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~~~~)Fa]~;

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~-tl:'.~J\ do while

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~.~J~¥Afi'®lll±• · 3@11l±•¥A1T7tm · ::tim~g;~u~~u1Wif1*1!:1:8isJ1i 0
:szo~~ true • ~u
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B~::t~ID~~ do while 3@11] o

2.sma1T3@11J±•·3@11J±•M1T7tm·::tim~m•~IWi&#~~g,•~~1§

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•mi¥A1T3@11l±• ; :9D!5!H*1*~tl!Wi
®~fu~·~ffi~3@11l·~M1Tm•~~3ltt 0
 ® Ill 7-17

/
3. ¥Afi5G®lll:±Ri79B'il$~~i1Htz
• :~HJT~~~ Ci~1JD§.JZ )~j,') ®ill}ggffiu ~f~ B~{~ · El315~
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while ®ll!cp~~~®ill}~ffiu~l~B~I 1'F~El3 El c*fli~ •,Eij@l~tl:Wm 2 ~WT~tl!Wi~~

•*i¥Afi®lll 0

~ 7.4.1

true

prog7_6 ~;ftllfl do while ®lll~~~t-f~f:i~~1JO 1 ~ n B~:f.~i'C • ;a;cp~f~ n ~El3f§E!fl~M

A·~nB'il~~~~l·~·~*~m~~WTMA 0 ~i'CB'il~~~~~ffiffi:
------------------------~~------------------------------
~ 7.4.2

01 /* prog7 6, do while§@i119~1l!ffl */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int n,i = l,sum= O; /* ~~}'E'§@llJ:f.7-H~ */
07 do
08
09 printf ( "~~~.l\ n 1~ (n >O ) : ") ;
10 scanf (" %d",&n);
11
12 while (n<=O); */
13
14
-------
do
15 sum+=i++ ; /* ~t~ sum=sum+i 21~ ' i ~1~~1JO 1 *I
16 whi l e (i <= n); /* ~ i <=n ~¥.MJ'~1JO~ib1'E *I
17 printf("1+2+ . .. +%d=%d\n ",n, sum);
18
19 system ("pause");
20 return 0;
21
 i(ID Ill 7-19

/
/* prog7 _ 6 OUTPUT---
8~'®1\ n {l[ (n >O ): -6
8~'®l\n1lll. (n >O): 10
1+2 + ... +1 0= 55
-----------------------*/

0 t~~~4~)l ~
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§g-{~ do while

~llltt 7- 12 fi, Mz5fLlffi§g 12 fi*;#Ll!WTfitraJ\ej n {1§., :5°'J'JJ~ ~JJ~ o , ~U-WHI~~~

>.Kf®J\ , 11[~U n 7\.JJ~ o ~Lt 0

§g={~ do while ~!lltt 14-16 fi ' Jlt~!ll~ffi*~t~ I ~/JO~ n 9j*5~ 0

do while
~lllm~ill!ej;#Ll!WTi1*i4:~ i 9j{J§.1J'JJ~~JJ~ n B~ , iitUM'I~lll±~ C§g 15 1T) 0
$1~§g

17 fifDtt\f¥it¥Afi9j*5~ 0

~~o_:ru~•~'ttf¥it~fi~,~~•A~•,~•~~••k1'1WT~~>.Kma
J\J\.1i~ o 9j1E~I~ , 11[~Uf®J\11'611*14:9j{J§.i~ , ::t@OO~B~t~ 1+2+... +n° ·:·

~l;l_f~~k9jP~* Cfactorial) ~WU · i~~~~~~~~~t-f¥it , rnm~f®J\ n , >J<: n 9j~* 0

JJ~l~~k , n 9j~*AE'.~~
lx2 x 3 x ··· x n; n~l
n!=
{ l; /1 = 0

E81i~P~*~~l~9j3.f*, ~Jl:~;t§~@E!U~lll*m~ 0 Jl:~9~, n P~*ej n {1§.1'f:1~1J'JJ~ o,

JJ~ ~fi{F~o.:f l;.(m~-{~ do while ~lll*f®J\ n {1§. ' ffil;.(@)Jjt~1'1Elir19Jf@]\ ' ~t~ n

P~*9j )JiEf1ElilWf1Eitlil\l§.lzDTPfTTR :
------------------------;;.,fl~---------------=---------------

i~l
fac=l; lil 7.4 .3

01 /* prog7 7, fUffl do while ~111>.K n ! *I

02 #inc lude <std i o .h >
03 #include <std li b.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int n,i=l,fact=l;
07 do
08
09 printf ( "~ffii}\ n {lli. (n >O ) : ") ;
10 scanf (" %d",&n);
11
12 while (n <=O ); I* mn<=O ~~1!,~J\ n 8'sH!ll. *I
13
14 do
15 fact*=i++ ;
16 whi l e (i <= n);
17 printf(" %d!=%d\n",n,fact);
18
19 system ("paus e ");
20 return 0;
21
 ® lf!l 7-21

/
/* prog7 _ 7 OUTPUT---
~~'®A n jj§_ (n > O) : -3
~~'®An jj§_ (n >O): 6
6! = 720
-----------------------*/

0 f¥it~~B>l ~
W§!J1JU1El16J , f~rt~ 7fi~ 12fi , fUffl do while ®lf!l~Ul!fli.Pfff®J\~{l1[ n 1N):S: o B~ ,
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~--~•~mfi-~ 0 fr~ffl~~™~~§!J,•%~J\MJ\~R~•~,m~MJ\
- /~~ii,1\1§ , ~D-~MJ\~~B:R , §D•M~i~ff)\-tD&J\ , ~f~it~).ntf~~t~fUffl do while ®
lf!lffi~M~~~ 0 frBm~~~,~--~~ro~m,~::f&tt~®lf!l~~~m1

7.5 ~~~
::f~~ for ®lf!l ' whi le ®lf!l , ~~do while ®lf!l , C Bg~jll~:fc81f~®lf!JB~Gfr 0
~U~

ttM~~®lf!l~?M~~~,~~®lf!l~•~~~ff@~~w,~~~~k~re*~
®lf!l1t.J-'31~5~~i~~~Uff1~~, 1§.~a'~k'8~~~n~~u cPu e~~l~B~rs~m ! 1;,1_ for
®lf!l~~,~~®lf!l~~W~rt~Tffiffi:

for ( ~~~fJJ1J§.; !#Llll M*itl=; ~~~!~ ;~~ l

{ }
~it 7.5.l
------------------------~--------------------------------
for ~lll±~.L.~ll: , tJ:A:tcssm:tcs>re · ±~17'l::f1JDJ\1f1DJ8~~~iill · Qll,~][:t~Z:E~lllif&iill1~
[§]JJo_t5-rsm · l¥..t~7f%X;~@lll ~@lll®m1§Emz:t~~u•~1~gB£8~¥MJ'*M~ · ffiJ
0

~~-~~¥Afiij~1JO.L.~fil~ 0

™:A~m~W-~*~·ffi$™C~~~::fM~·$@lll~iillm[§]][ffl~_t:53'sm~M
~~~ffi~·::f~::f-~W~-fi~@ll!R~3~~lll·&iffi~~3~M_t~E~ 0

fi1P9.L.~ -1~~J!~8~19U-j'.-*g~Bf.l :
o1 1 * prog7 _ s , gg~11Je~5il\ffl *I
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdl ib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i ;
07 for (i =l ;i <=lOOOO ;i++); /* gg~~ * I
08 pr intf("i= %d\n",i);
09
10 system("pau se ");
11 return 0;
12

I* prog7 _ 8 OUTPUT - -
i= l OOOl
------------------- --* /

o u~f§~~>t ~
prog7_8 ®:2Js:~~9UED 10000 ~~I~ i 8%~. · {st~ffiJJ~*l§~~ for @lllif&iill1~[§]1JO_t:53'
51R · ffiJEDt±J3@lll¥AfijG!IH~~I~ i 8~{.@ 0
Z:Ef~i'C¥MJ'B~HBDJ.L.~~-~U~3~-1J\

m~~~m·~Wt±Jafi~~·~M::f~~~~~~~-~3.j~au·iffi~~lll•

!re*•m~~ff@~•t±J·•~_tW~~Z:E®*~ 0
+
 ~ Ill 7-23

/
El:JJJ~ for ~11!8J¥Afi~l~~~~N8J • ~Jl:l::~~~llJ8J¥MJ'~l~tB~DJl;,i,1JOtJJ~iM , {§.~
tE while R do while i@llJcp ' ~0~~1§Effl~~lll ' @~3.§f&ffl!;~~lll 'tE1§effl__t~~1JD

for ~ill' while i@llJW do while i@llJ~ -fl~llJ~U~O]~-fl!Q~j- ? ~11~1Fo~~)~~ -'..lEBJ

~-·~~~~rt8Jm*~'..lE·~~~A~ill~~~~~~~-·#·W#f&IT~~
fii@ll!.±e · ~m~ do while i@ill~111td~IJ~8Ji@llJJ¥.;t~®-Ei' 0
~D~1NBF.Hii9iD~~~¥A

fi~lll8J~M~·fui@llJ~ft~~!QS8JM•·'89~~~~~111~~-·8J®·~
ft1F9*~~ · DJl;,i,Wi§2.£~G~~i@ill:t~iM ~I~ · ~3.§f&Jm~i@llJ8J 1~ff~ 0

m1~U*~~ · s1I~ i@llJ8J1§Effl$!Q1tt , 1E!Mz~~m'8i¥.X~~3-ffl · {~~~~~~~~t-

do while
1~f®AWij,1!§8Jf~rt ·do while ~1111§Effl!IB*~;t!Q~S£m · ~~'81*~~r~0'$A1T-/:K~lll

.±e ,PJTJ,;J,i@llJBJ~3-fflW1§~~f~rt8Jm~ l'~tj:i9Ut±J 3 for ~Ill ' while ~lllR do

0 0

while ~llJBJ~IfWt~!Q :

~ 7.6 . 1 for' while W do while @l!!lfl'slt~~

I @lllf!~
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for whil e do while
I
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E3 E3
J::E J::E ~

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I
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E3
J::E ~ ~

@l!!l mfl f'B 1,!(t~ B!ka *!ka *!ka

I
~J,'¥Afi@lll~Sf'B :;).'.t~ 0 },!( 0 :;).'. 1 },!(

1~~mtl¥J\fi@111 {1~{¢fi},ll. {1~{¢/JX,ll. {1~14JJX.ll.

-------------------------1..;/':i....--------------------------------
-fi*~·~¥®m~T~--®~~~U~ffi@~~·lli~~~·~~-@~~~
~~j~,E§~U®~t~JJnB~ • ;g'~ for®~' while @~§)2~ do while ®~~~l.)_:¥[;$;@~
~~~·mu•-•®~:¥GPX;I~·~mm~~•w~H9.\Z~~~~R~·~~~ff
9*~~ffitl 0

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~Mt while®~~·~~· 1mlli~U1~ffl)~-g-~M*®~ · lliil.t~®~~.X~~'8~~e~

ft1P~l.)_9LJEP1LfL*)t~~1~tl*g~Bf.l~M*®~e~1~m 0
m~tLfL*)t~B~)fit~~~w~~~
:U,1§9DT.Pffm :

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I
~ 7.7 . 1

I
I
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t \ I
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 •
01
02
/* prog7_9 , ~H* for ~!llEPt:BtLtL* )ti~ */
#include <stdi o .h >
~ If!] 7-25

03 #include <stdlib.h >

04 int main (void )
05
06 int i,j;
07
08 for ( i=l ;i <=9 ; i++ ) I* 9H~~lll *I
09
10 tor (j =l;j<=9 ; j++ ) /* ~l~H~lll */
11 printf( " %d*% d= %2d " ,i,j , i*j) ;
12 printf (" \n ");
13
14
15 system (" pause ");
16 ret u rn 0;
17

/ * prog7_9 OUTPUT----------------- - ---------------------------

l*l= 1 1*2= 2 1*3= 3 1*4 = 4 1 *5= 5 1*6= 6 1*7= 7 1*8= 8 1*9= 9
2* 1= 2 2*2= 4 2*3= 6 2*4= 8 2*5=10 2*6=12 2*7=14 2*8=16 2*9=18
3* 1= 3 3*2= 6 3*3= 9 3*4=12 3*5=15 3*6=18 3*7=21 3*8=24 3*9=27
4* 1= 4 4*2= 8 4*3=12 4*4=16 4*5=20 4*6=2 4 4*7=28 4*8=32 4*9=36
5* 1= 5 5*2=10 5* 3=15 5*4=20 5*5=25 5*6=30 5*7=35 5*8=40 5*9=45
6*1= 6 6*2=12 6*3=18 6*4=2 4 6*5=30 6*6=36 6*7=42 6*8=48 6*9=54
7* 1= 7 7*2=1 4 7*3=21 7*4=28 7*5=35 7*6=42 7*7=49 7 *8=56 7*9=63
8* 1= 8 8*2=1 6 8*3=24 8*4=32 8*5=40 8*6=48 8*7=56 8*8=64 8*9=72
9*1= 9 9*2=18 9* 3=27 9*4=36 9*5=45 9*6=54 9*7=63 9*8=72 9*9= 81
------------------------------ ---- - ---------------------- -------*/

0 f~~1ij~~~ -m
JJ:S:~19Ucp
· ft1P91§effl i .f.%i9~~~1f!l}~ffitl~I~ , j .f.%i~~~lf!l}~ffitl~~ ~ i=l 8~ • 1-EF
0

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1P9ff!J;L.f.%i~~~lf!l 0
------------------------~--------------------------------
1":E~- :t,1(3il\~·®!118~ · j BJfJJ{i~ 1 · ftt-§-~· for ®i!!JBJ~tllfi11*f+ (j<=9) ·
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for ®i!!JBJ~tllfi11*{!:J: (j<=9) · ~::;)(¥A1T9UEP:&~t~BJI 1'1= • ]Ei~U j BJ{i~ 1o tlP~l

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0

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••~~~~afi~R~®!ll~?~~u~~·•i~1~·~•®11J9afi9~
(j ~ 1 ~9) ' a i ~ 2 8~ ' ~~®lllt:B•¥Afi' 9 ::;)( (j ~ 1~9) ' J,J_Jtt~~:}lBJmM~ '

-~, J:l§J~1~tLtL* )t~t8~ 1J_;ftlffl~M*BJ while ®!ll~tl:l, 1m~tJ_tl:;lQ- l'~~BJ

/!'~ 0
l'l§l~~AA while ®!119UfPtLtL* )t~8%1tffE~~ffE~~l\l§ :

~ 7.7 .2
prog7_10 B'iJ JJiH¥~

/---- ----- ... \

I I
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'-----------·/ I
 ~ lll 7-27

/
01 /* prog7_10 , ~}ltwhile~lll*9*9*)t~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #i n clude <stdlib . h>
04 in t ma i n (void)
05
06 int i =l ;
07
08 while ( i<=9 ) I* 9~~~111 *I
09 (
10 j =l ; I* ~~}E~~~ll!~ffitl~t~B'slfJJ1l1l * I
11 while (j <=9 )
/* ~~~Ill *I }
12
13 printf(" %d*%d=%2 d ",i,j,i *j ); 17'J~@!m
14 j+ +;
15
16 printf("\n");
17 i++;
18
19 syst e m ("pause ");
20 return 0;
21

/* prog7_10 OUTPUT---------------------------------------------
l * l= 1 1*2= 2 1*3= 3 1*4= 4 1*5= 5 1*6= 6 1*7= 7 1*8= 8 1*9= 9
2*1= 2 2*2= 4 2*3= 6 2*4= 8 2*5=10 2*6=12 2*7=14 2*8=16 2*9=1 8
3*1= 3 3*2= 6 3*3= 9 3*4=12 3*5=15 3*6=18 3*7=2 1 3*8=24 3*9=27
4*1= 4 4*2= 8 4*3=12 4*4=16 4*5=20 4*6=24 4* 7=28 4*8=32 4*9=36
5*1= 5 5*2=10 5*3=15 5*4=20 5*5=25 5*6=30 5*7=35 5*8=40 5*9=45
6*1= 6 6*2=1 2 6*3=18 6*4=24 6*5=30 6*6=36 6*7=42 6*8=48 6*9=54
7*1= 7 7*2=14 7*3=21 7*4=28 7*5=35 7*6=42 7*7=49 7*8=56 7*9=63
8*1= 8 8*2=16 8*3=24 8*4=32 8*5=40 8*6=48 8*7=56 8*8=64 8*9=72
9*1= 9 9*2=18 9*3=27 9*4=36 9*5=45 9*6=54 9*7=63 9*8=72 9*9=8 1
-------------- - -------------------------------------------------*/

o f~n~4~)t m
n~-*1~Ucp · i ~9~~~lll8~}~ffitl ~f~ • j ~P'9~~lll8~}~ffitl~f~ ltsl~ while ~lll.R
0

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-----------------------,~----------------=---------------
mi ~ 1 B~ , ffi-§9~g while ~~8J~Ll ifi{1*f:f Ci<=9) , ~Jltii~U~lf!JP'9 , :t~P'9g
~~~~--j~@~~l·~~iiAP'ggwhl~~~o~~j~@~I·ffi-§P'gg

while ~~BJ~Ui1i{1*{!f (j<=9) • iiAP'gg~~:±~' f0t8 i*j BJ{_m ( 1*l=l) 'j ~

1JD 1 ~15~ 2 I mffi-&17'9• while ~~BJ~Uili{1*{!f' ~Jlt~/~¥MS:9UEO&~t*8Jii'F '
][~U J BJ{_m~ 10 l:W~lm.JP'9g while~~ , @J~U9~-~~ 0

@J~U9~-~~1~ , i ~1JD 1 f.&,~ 2 , ffi-&9~g while ~~8J*Llili{1*{!f ' ~Jltii~U~~

P'9M~ j BJ{_m~~~~ 1 • ~1~*1*ii¥Afi17'9g while ~~ • :lmJ!til§I§ • ][~U i BJ{_m~ 1O

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~

§'EIJ:~ prog7 _9 W prog7_ 1O8J¥Afi8Jm65fl-~ •{~~i11§-CD" tJ.~~~U{§E,Ef.l while ~~ill:~~

~~~~~~·&~~g~--~~·~~mE3k-M~ffi~~~·~~~-g~
lf!l~~?ill~ffi~~~W-·H~@-&W~@-&~~m·~~~~~~~~-!

mT*·~·-®~-~~~~M·-~3~-AA~~~~m 0
mT*~~M~~m
•AA for ~~*~f.&,l.~ r* J ffi5m9Ut8=1f37f~ I ~'8{~tl8%'iEf~~Wt~~~,l§~DTPJTTR :

OOMJ i=l, n=6

I;] 7.7.3

prog7_ l l ~)fltf~i;J

j=l

false
EO:±J* • !l1ilt~ j++
 ~ Ill 7-29

01 /* prog7_11, fLlffl ~H*~lllEPt:!:J=~ JB */

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <s t dli b.h >
04 int main (void )
05
06 int i ,j, n=6 ;
07
08 for (i=l;i <=n;i++)
09
10 for ( j=l ;j <=i;j++) /* pg~~lllEPtl:l *~~ */
11 printf( " * ");
12 p ri ntf("\n");
13
14
15 system("p a use");
16 return 0;
17

/* prog7_11 OUTPUT--
*
**
***
****
*****
******
------ - -------------*/

0 tjlit~~~~ ~
rr4s:Mcp·ffi$ffi~~-~%~rn6~•§~~~~~mm~·m1~~1@~~·

m2 9U~ 21~~~ . urtt~~!it . ~JJ:t~~-1~~M*3!2llll*iE~4s:11£:rt . ~c:p9~~~

lllm*~~~m~fiaC3!2llll~~••i) ·~~~~lll~~m*~~m-fi~w
BJ~~I~ El C3!2llll!~ffiLlWI~ j) 0

~ i ~ I 8~ • ffr§-:9~~ for 3!2!!1JBJi1£LllWi11*{tj: ( i<=n) • 3iA~lf!l±~ ( ~-{~ for~

11!1) • ffi1J~~m- :tA.'.3iA~~3!2llll · ?ff 1-~ j BJfJJ{li~ 1 • 1-615-~~ for ~!ll8Jil£Llllflj{1*

----------------------~~------------------------------
1¢ (j<= I ) ' 3il\~~~lll±!m , fPt±l~~ , j ~1.JO I ~15~ 2 , 1'1-513'~~ for ~Ill
e~*Lllf11~'H¢ (j<=i) ' tlP~OO~~ for ~Ill ' @l~U9~~~111 ° lltB~ ' i @1.Jo I PX,~ 2 '

1-ff-@J9~~ for ~1118~*Lllf11~j¢ ' ~*1~¥Afi~lll±!m ( ~~ for ~Ill) ' 1fiU i 8~1i

~ n B~tlP ~OO~liJ\~111 °

•@~n~~afi~-~~111~?•i~1~,~~~111•afi1~,•i~2~,

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H~T* • ftiP9~*~~~~/iJ\ while ~1118%effl Tl§i8~i819U~ffii!Wif®l\-1~lEMf~ ,

0

~M~i~.8U1ilf~1~U~*fPt±l ' i9U~Df®l\ 123 ' llfnlltU®t±l 321 ° 15~2ls:i9tlcj:i ' ftiP9~ul&M~9~
~~lllB~BtPXi while(l) 8~~&3ltt ' ~*~~1§Effl:~Hti:T Ctrl+C ifcjJ WJflfn ' ~~Ullfit@l'IT

8~¥Afi 21s:i8i9U8%'ftllf~~llfnflil\l§~DT :
0

m.lffi i n t i,r;

Ii] 7.7.4
prog7_ 12 fB )lit~lil

EOtf::l~$ :Th e r e ve r se i s

r=a %10 ;
a /=10 ;
EOtf::I r ®Im

false
/ •
01
02
/* prog7_12, ~ll*~lll
#include <stdio .h >
· /ffi'.!H~&i&!*9U EP */
3@ Ill 7-31

03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a , r ;
07
08 while(~l~)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__,
09 {
10 do
11
12 printf ("I nput an integer: ");
13 scanf (" %d ", &a );
14
15 while (a< =O);
16
17 printf (" The reverse is ") ;
18 while (a !=O) /* lffi'.iE~~fflJi&!*'®t:±:l */
19 {
20 r=a %10; !* ~t~ a/10 ~tt*~ * I
21 a/=10 ; I* ~t~ a/l 0 ' l3!1:1el*6~~~@1*8 a *I
22 printf (" %d",r);
23
24 printf( " \n\n ");
25
26 system( " pause ");
27 return O;
28

/* prog7_12 OUTPUT--- -
Input an integer: -58
Input an integer :13579
The reverse is 97531

Input an in teger: 2468

The reverse is 8642

Input an integer:
-----------------------*/
----------------------·:..,a.--------------------------~

0 fl£~~~~~ ~
f~rt§t 8 fi while(l) tr.~lltt~m~~u~11*1!f:8~1.m~ 1 8~ · ~1~tr.~lltt71<m~n · rff tJJ.~

•
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§t 10- 15 fi~~~ do while~~ • ~U~li®J\B~I~ a ~~~iE~- :Ef~ 1j\J)'.$:~J)'.S: O

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r=a% 1 0 ; /* 5t~ a/10 ~~~Q */

a/= 10; /* 5t~ a/10 '~~*6~~~[Q)*8 a *I
printf ( " %d", r);

_tl§i~=1~tr.~lltt9~ a 8~1]1[13lU®3REPt±l t.l~~~D1~ii11=8~0~? ~WU3R~~ · 1~~~~ a 8~

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_______________________________;, :;,_________________________________________

~ 7.8.l

01 /* prog7 13, break $9:i!l1~1§effl *I

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i;
07 for(i=l;i<=lO;i++)
08
09 i f (i %3==0 ) /* ~tl;Ji i %3 ~~~ o *I
10 break; I* ID~=t~lll * I
11 printf("i=%d\n",i); /* EPt±l i ~{Ill. *I
12
13 printf("ID~~tH~!ll~, i=%d\n",i);
14
15 system("pause");
16 return O;
17

/* prog7_13 OUTPUT--
i=l
i=2
ID~=t~lll~, i=3
----------------------*/
 ~ ~ 7-35

/
0 t~it~4~)l ~
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l;J 7.8.2

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i++

~--------t continue;

01 /* prog7_14, continue*)(JlttB'iJj~ffi */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i;
07 for(i=l;i<=lO;i++)
08
09 if(i %3== 0J /* ~Ll!Wii%3~a.f.0o */
10 continue; /* [QJ~LJJ@~B~iIB~B&m:lrn!W\fi *I
11 printf("i= %d\n",i); /* fPCl:liB~{~ */
12
13 printf ( "ltUll@lllB~, i=%d\n ", i);
14
15 system ("pause");
16 return O;
17
 @ Ill 7-37

,/
/ * prog7_14 OUTPUT--
i=l
i=2
i=4
i=S
i=7
i=8
i=lO
IIUU~lll~ I i=ll
------------ -- --------*/

1.i~2!s:J9tlcp ,~ i%3 :f.t!J o 8~ , r-6-Ei if 8J{1*14~LllH/i , tlP¥Afil~it§g 10 fiBJ continue $5i

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------------------------;;;J111...-------------------------------

01 /* hw7 _ 21, ~~llJB'il*'~ */

02 int i;
03 for (i=l; i<=3; i++) ;
04 printf ("*********\n");

01 /* hw7 _ 22, ~~1119]**§1 */

02 int i=O;
03 while (i);
04 printf("Have a nice day ! \n ");

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1
22
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55555

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12
123
1234
12345

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01 /* hw7 _29 , break ~~8'9**~ *I

02 #include <stdio ,h >
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
-------------------------~.....--------------------------------
05
06 int input; /* ffl3Ria~Si§Effl~'®J\ffiJ@:li,l§ffiJ~l9 *I
07 int cnt=O; I* ffl3R~tl9@:l11§'®7\ffil/};'.l9ffil~l9 *I
08 int passwd=6128; /* f.l'l5~1Eliiffil@:li,I§~ 6128 *I
09
10 while(l)
11 {
12 printf("a~'®l\@:li,1§: ");
13 scanf("%d", &input);
14 I* ~tl:Jlt'®l\flfnli,\ll • N7BP3Z4-lmffil~5.K *I
15
16
17 system("pause");
18 return 0;
19

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lllill~ (function) ~ C f¥i'C~g~t§~~~8j-{IQJ~ml ' ft{F~CIT1;A~)t ' ,5JT~8j C f¥i'C~liMm

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tE~jij~llliJl~8j~tM,:L§D' ftfF~%3K~-{IQJ~Ji~8ja'.{~tl '~{IQlf¥i'Cm~3-{IQ]llliJ~ star()'

~star() t&D~0~8~ ' CITfOt±l 13 {IQJ~SIJE :

01 /* prog8 _1, ~Jl~tD@l9~819tl */

02 #include <st dio.h>
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 void s tar (void) ; /* star () @19tD, ,ru1 *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 star () ; I * 03'0.Lj s.....
t ..,.
ar_...[)J5J
=)l''""
l9,,_
*._
/ _ _ _ _ _ __.
08 printf ( "~iffij§EltJ C ~g~ \n ") ;
09 star(); / * O~OJ.j s tar@Jl9 */
10 system( "pause ");
11 re turn O;
12
13
14 void star (void)
15
16 printf (" *************\ n"); / * EPCl:l 13 j~~51JE *I
17 return ;
18

/* progB_l OUTPUT--
*************

*************
---------------------*/
/
0
•
f~it~~~~ ~
~ I~ 8-3

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• ~ 4 fi§§ 3 star() ~f~B!J~:<f~*~ ( 'ffi:fC3~•=8filJ' f®J\B!Jslf~ru!JW,
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I . L.
void star ( void ) i. . ..J
{ ~-------------------------------------
: printf (" *************\n") ; :
: ret:urn;
l ~ -----1--------------------- -r------- 1
star() lllill~)~~i®@Hm ' star() lllill~B'il±lm
PIT j_~ return *l(l!tt;2 ~~H\Wi
HLtfffoJ*~
________________________ ..,~---------------------------------

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17 fiBJ rerurn tS:lltt~ ~ tl. ~lll&BJ 0

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0

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13 1~~5m · ?.~Hit@l~LJ±t>]JI~ main() cp • ~mi¥Afi*UT8Jf~i\:~I® (10-11 fi) · ~
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05 int main (void) (,\
06
07
{
star() ; ••
.... •• •• • • • • ••
•.
~ 8.1.3

08 printf ( "~iill{leffl C 8B~\n"); •.

09 star() ; f3' ,t.. \
10 systern( 11 pause 1 ~ •':. • ••

11
12
return 0; ---=
•
• 14
15
void star(void)
(
16 printf ( 11 *************\n 11 ) ;

17 return;

CD ~ 7 jj'OiJ!O~ star() lili~' Jlt~~nlli~?itl~ I4 fi¥A1T

@ star() lililnAiT:J'Bm , Jl:t~~!QJ:±~n , ~*1¥A1T~ 8 1T
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0 star() lilil~¥A1T7'Bm , Jlt~~!QJ±~n , Af!!*l¥A1T~ 10 1T
/ •
fr prog8_ 1 cp' ft1P~1§effl ]' C gg~8J~~lllill9 printf()' P.l8~t81§effl El~JBJ star()
llliJ 19 8-5

lllill9 '
EPtl:l 13 1~~~ 0
~1~:f~it§lit?.Z\~~~ , 6Plli11M:::f0' c gg~8%l'!Jf9~$.U~ 0
prog8_1
.R~1~00iliffi , Hrf*8J1J\R!Jcp , ft1P~~5-18Ufl*B~Ulllill98J~lf~U~ , 'ffi1C5lllill98J~$.

~--lllil·~~--~~@~~·N&~@MRM®lllilm~ 0

-@~•lllil·~•R'ffiMJ'lllilm@~~~~·N&lllil•~-~~- 0
k-WBflmJ'
lllilm~*~~ffl·$.W~~e~~~lllil•~~•·N&£~mR~it 0

~-~~m•m-e·m~mEifil~lllil•~·tt~lli~~~~ 0
m~B~~&·~~
lllilf98J§BJfrn~ffl*~9:iD~~i~, fr:f~it~,~1!ft1P~M~1§effl~1~lllill9 ° lllill9*~~~.::L1~,

lllil-~~-lli~~~H~~~~it*MR·~~ft~MlllilM~~~~-ff~~-~@
~ ( prototype ) o

lllilf98J~~CD~JJ~ main() ~198J:9~[§) ' lliCD~JJ~ main() ~198J1![§) 0 ~D~lllill9@~JJ'.X

fr main() ~[§) • ~LJg~~l9.R§~~g)ff1l main() 1!~*'.Xi!l10~0~ ; &.::L • ~UCDN1m;fEIP.J*i~~
8J~£lllilf9o~o~ 0
$.~~,M~kM~lllill9@~~JJ~ main() lllill9.::L:9~ 0
§S:9~lllil f9:gaeJifrJ:g

m~U;fD9198JifrJ:gt5l~U;tEIP.J ; ~19:ga:::f§~f§em~u c eJ~mm~ · m?.{\lli~~1m1;,1.~~

-~:g·~~MifrJ:g 0 T[§)~~-@~~~~~it:

.j:git 8.2.1
 $k~~Port~· rm@m~-~~m~•~*~·~•m@~~~~~~-~~-·
rm rsll~~~J~ :t~8~tlP~~1®J\~lt2511~8~~- 0
~1~~~'§~8~Portlli~nt8-

. 1~*~8~~n,~, · llilitt~~l~DJtu~~i1~1~mJ\8~s11~ · 1.m&~R~~~-1~1®@1i 0

~1~U*~~ · ~m!U~~~~t-@~I~ add() • '8DJH~U$1:~@~19511~ · 1®§11[~@~1~~1~

;ZfO · ~U1t~.~Port 8.2.1 • DJ.L~JJ~~t8T~8~~-~~ :

int add (int, int); /* add () lilll~&~B'sl§'i5 *I

15~k~8~~1~~~~ ·add() ~1~;2'§1)8~ int 1-1G~ add() ~l~~~Hw@~I~ · rm add() :t5~

~8~~1~ int ~U1-1G~ 3 add() ~l~DJ:t~U$1:~1~~1~~-8~511~ · ~DT~.PJTIT\ :

~ii®1~511~J!l\ add() lillll~ • ~~ ~8.2.l

• ~~~rdltU~9JE5:1ml
J:'3f.ili int

( int , int ) ;

:B'~~l~:::f~m~ff1DJ5!1~ • ~Uff'§~~-~~8~ • OJtt155JJE~1.JOk void~~' ~m

•8i~~~~l~)~~sll~ • ~D prog8_1 ,PfT'§~8~ star() ~l~IW~ :

vo id star (void);

:5'~)~~'§~~1~8~~~~~~i:E1t~~o~? tt Dev c ++ ~ · •8t:f~rtm~~MU~rt~

#i¥A1T • rm*a1~-©d=~ (warning) ~ft,~, • Mz1~~~~1®@1i~~I~~- 0 §lii~:f~rttt Dev
8+DJumfi·&~Mz:::f~m@@~rt~m~~'8~c•m~_:z•·•DJ~~w~m

1T·ffiUa&•~'§~~-~~~SRm 0 ~9~·'§~3~M~~~;Z•·••~lli
DJ.L;JJitt1r~W:@:'®J\stm~1~1~w~•~~~w. ~H15~:f~rt~~~~*~~~1&:*::~WJ~ 0
 lilll I~ 8-7

f?l\D]l~M~lilllf~B"1~~J))({±f~rtcpff~8"111I~ ' ~~~,~~'H~i~lilllf~J))({± main() 8"11rt(§) 0

~D~i~lilllf~~J)~ main() lilllf~8"1~(§) • ~U::f~'§~iillJf~B"1®:~ 0

ElBJlilllf~m~:OrtfDf?It

8~~® 3 8"1 main() iill!f~~iH~J ' ;a;,Port~Dl' :

f®@l1~llil~ ~~:gm(:fill~l 511~1, ... , llil~n sllhl

{ Poi'C 8.2.2
~~§'.~; lilll l~B'il/E~Poi'C
~)l!t±~;
return l.i~i\;; /* f®[Q]J.i~i\;Bj1~ *I

J)~_t(§)8"1Portcp • §i%-1Tlilll~=-8:fffl1rtl§J8"1:t5~~&0 3Wf5JB~i~_tsif~8"1=-8:ffflW51~8"1~

*~~~ •~l!!.~Wlilllf~®:~~'§~ffi~::ff5J Clilllf~®:~R~i~_tsif~B"1~~ • ::f&0i~M;
51f~8"1=-8fffl) 0
Jlt:9~ ' ~D~iill!f~)~~fi@Hi' ~U~1rt-1T8"1 return t.)(~D]l~::fffi~' '9.lZ

~~1*~ return ~mm~ · 1§;a;frt:::f'HH±1~8"1ii~rt • ~o prog8_18"1§i%1715' 0

~WU*g~ · 5'6~13ff1Ni'58"1 add() lilllf~

· '8DJH~U)l~1~~~511~ · MzDJfi[Q]~~f~~f~;:;z.
fD • ~Ui:t<Port 8.2.2 DJL-~m~I±\ add() lilllf~~~~ :

01 int add(in t numl, i nt num2 ) /* :;:E'~ a dd o IIBJI~* I

02
03 int s um;
04 sum=numl+num2 ;
05 r e turn s um; /* {®@] numl W num2 ;:LfO *I
06 }

~-_t ·return $~~lliDJ.~j~fi§ii~rt~Bt~ma~ • ~Jl:t_t(§)8"1f~rt~~tBDJc~M;JJMD

l'~Fe~m~:ort :
-------------------=---.,.,,,~------------------------------
01 int add(int numl, int num2) /* ~jj add() lilll~* I
02
03 return numl+num2 ; /* jl[Q] numl W num 2 ;LfO *I
04

~~@•~n~~~•·-•~~•~mm~~¥@•mm®·~•n~nm~mfr
@1~~15~{~8~ I 9DTl§i8~Po~ :

;IBit 8.2.3
JW@liU~'.iE'.*%~@1
~!B~ t~~5i~;IBit

§?i-•~u~.m.mo¥0~@1~ . /f'm~•l~*fflW9:15~1~ 0
1'~@1~~1§~ 15~1§: · ~•
n)t~OJ1§Em . :szoTl§is~Po~ :

;IBit8.2.4

::5~1'm~15i!iME1qJ"slf~*t5@1~ · fro¥0~@1~0~ · R~1*lri1H55mrm1'm~l\H:@e~~

'.§ 0
~19U*~~ I prog8_ 1 e~ star() @Millz1'm~•~ffjqf8~511~ I pff J.,~§g 7 fiW§g 9 fi
0¥0~ star() 8~ • i55m1llH~~8~ • §lit~:l/Dllt • l@~~:t~i55CERtl:l* 0

~3k~~-~2m•Mfr0J~~~m•-~~~~~·•~~@•~re*3°D~
*~~Tl§i8~~TIWU :
 []J 19 8-9

01 I* progB _ 2 , i§l=iffl add () @If~ *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdl ib . h>
04 int add ( int ,i nt ); I * add ( l lIBil~ffil~~ *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 in t s um, a=S , b=3 ;
08 sum=add (a , b);
09 pr intf (" %d +%d= %d\n ", a , b , sum);
10
11 system ("pa u se ");
· 12 return 0 ;
13
14
15 int add (int numl, int num2 ) /* add ()@lf~A~'.AE~ * /
16
17 int a ;
18 a=numl+num2;
19 return a ; /* ~[QI numl+num2 ~1m *I
20

/* progB _ 2 OUTPUT --
5+ 3=8
---------------------*/

0 f~TC~*~~ ~
JJ~~f?Llcp , ~ 4 fi~~ 3 add() iillJ~8isJml~ , ffiJ add() lllilltjE~~~~J'lU~M~tt
15 ~20 fi 0

~ 8 fiD~O~ 3 iillJl9 , :il:ft1®7\ a fD b ~1~~198isJ1~ ( ElP 5 fO 3) Jlt8~l~it8isJ

add() 0

¥Jtfi )Jitf~ID~~U~ 15 fi~ add() iillJl91f' ~cp~-1~~19 5 EB numl .PJTH~U)Z' ffiJ~l9

3 J'lUEB num2 .PJTH~U)Z ~ 18 1T~t~7B numl+num2 :Z.irt. ' M~~t~*1M~~~mfi~l9 a '
0

~ 19 fi{®@l a 1~ , Jlt8~¥Jtfi)Jitf~@l~Ll~ 8 1T ' i~1®@l1~~~mfi~~ sum ~ 9 fif P 0

t:B~t~tia~:z.1rt. , tia5Rf~ :i:teisi¥Jtfi 0

·:·
-------------------------~----------------------------------
1tf prog8_2cp'1~Ul~~~DJ1;,l)~~B~~Dili~1~liliJl98~~1'F)JiEf¥3 ° m!fl-t\61F9~f.~.&, :\ID~
J~llliJf9]i[1.J~ main() liliJf98~§1jl§j' ~U::f\Wj'§~liliJf9B~~rui Tl§JB~i819tl2)(~§1 prog8_2 '
0

1§J~ add() liliJf98%)(tE main() liliJf9B~filil§j :

01 /* prog8_3, /@-add()llliJIQJtH±main()llliJ~~ifilji§i */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04
05 int add(int numl, int num2)
06
07 int a;
08 a= numl+num2;
09 return a;
10
11
12 int main (void)
13
14 int sum, a=S, b=3;
15 sum=add(a,b);
16 printf ( 11 %d+%d=%d\n 11 , a, b, sum) ;
17
18 system( 11 pause 11 ) ;
19 return 0;
20

/* prog8_3 OUTPUT--
5+3=8
---------------------*/

0 t~it~~~~ ~
:¢:19U~ main() W add() i>]Jf9~~~W prog8_2 7i;~tElFl ' 1§1.J)(]i[B~Jl~ff;/f'Fl 0 El3
1.i~:¢:{9LJcp ' add() i>]Jf9~1.i)(]i[t£ main() liliJf9B~filil§j ' pff 1;,l~~D]l;,l).1~~U ' tlP1~:¢:

19U5~HH~~ add() liliJl98~~rui , f¥it~,11§11X~DJ1;,l1E~i8~ti~i 0 ·:·

 / •
8. 3 ~ ~ 8~ lilll I~ fl! ffl *819U
till I~ s-11

~3~~~M~-~~m·MtlMMlill•M~T~&a3!~ffllill•~6~W~~·
~~'8T1§0Jl;,l.~lHi1~ffl I ~OJU~Ji1~~H~:rt8J*6*~ I :t~!Eil¥Afi8J~~* 0
T1§~Dll:t I

M~~:rt~~~¥@lill•S~·~lill·ffi~~~~:rt•R•~·~-~·MT•~~
olj:t;~•rm±~no . 3§~~i~ii~l~:rt~Jll§8JW3~ 0

*M~ft~~~lill•~•m~m·mg•~••mmlill•~••·~~~~~@lill•·
N.&lillf~~rs~B~1§1l:D~OJ.j~ 0

tl~i~'J'filJ~ . :t.M9~ 3 4 1~~ru!t1J c gi§~lill•i8i9tl · 1~1m~no~~~lilll~ t1JMM · M

~-~m~lill-~ff~~~N.&~ff~*~~~ 0

o ¥.7I;9UEP~lll display()

*~i9tl~-{~~.7I;9Uf Plillf~ display() BJ~~~ • '80Jt~~¥{~~j[;~~9UEPBJ/~f~ fi 0

{P91~ display() g~~t~)~~{i@{!1[8Jlillf~ • {§OJrnW)Z-{~~f~ n W~:lT; ch • ?,;/\.1~1f2~iHi

k~•W~n@~~:7T; 0
*M~~:rt- ~T :

01 /* prog8_4 , display()B~~~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 void display (char, int) ;
05 int main (void)
06
07 int n;
08 char ch;
09 printf ( " g~'®J\fr~9UEP~~~: "l ;
10 scanf( " %c ", &ch) ;

12 scanf( " %d",&n);

13 /* O~O~§~J~@J~
display (ch, n) ; _ _ _'"""-" • EPC!:l n flQJ ch~~ *I
-------------------------~.;p.----------------------------------

14
15 system (" pause ");
16 return 0 ;
17
18
19 vo i d display(char ch , int n) /* El~J~@fl! ctisp l ay () */
20
21 int i;
22 for ( i=l;i<=n;i++ ) I* for @~ • qJEDl±l n @I ch ~7G *I
23 printf(" %c ", c h); /* EDl±l c h ~7G *I
24 printf (" \n ");
25 return;
26

I* prog8 _ 4 OUTPUT - -
~IU.®7\£-~9UED~~7G: &
~~%~~EDl±l~1~~7G: 12
&&&&&&&&&&&&
---------------------*/

0 ff~~~~)l ~
~4 fi''§t5 3 lllilf~ display() B~~rui' ~[Q]i@:rui~~ void( )~~ii[Q]i@:) ; display() B~
<:111~~~@] • :53'55U~ char,& int rui!~ display() lllilf~~U~'.kf'. ~ i± 19- 26 1T • 22-23
0

1T~~~~~~ffl*i±mMk~fOn@~~~ 0

15~4-Wtlcp , fi1P~l®J\~9UEO 12 @I '&' ~~ , ~ffiEH~it~ · n ~~{@:~ 12 • ch ~~1@:

~ '&' 0 15~~ 13 fi'O¥D~ display() lllill~8~, 19 fi'B~~I~ ch ~H~W5Z~~*8~~~ '&' •

n ~H~W5Zfli&!*8~~1~ 12 ° 22- 23 fi'B~ for ~~~U~EPc±:l 3 12 @l '&' ~~ 0 display()

lilll~m65R¥.MJ'1~' }~i!JLl11~~*8±f~it' IUS¥.MJ'7'G 15- 16 fi,;z1~~ittlP~~*65R 0
 lili I~ 8-13
/

lli~'F1&\~8)_1~~tl ' fr prog8_4 BJ main() tilif~~{§Effl 391~ n Wch' fr display() tilif~

~lli~~fflffi~~W~W•nW~·Mffm*lli~~~tt~~~ 0
••~·frC~~
~·$~~~lili-~OJU~fflffi~~-•~m 0
m~••~Wffi~·@'8~ffi$~~
BJ!ilil~~ · ~ll:t~~i~llit~:t~'81P~~~~~~BJ91~ 0

prog8_4 ~ ' ~display() tilif~<§~.f.0 void ( 1m15@l{~J ' pff LjO]l.;J/~IB&t~ 25 ff

§59~1.i'.S:

BJ return *!Z~ ; llillit~~~ · tlP1§E~m~~ 25 ff· -~OJLj~~BJ~~iWfAff · 8i~OJ

l.j§ff~~ 0

*~U{.@ ( absolute value ) ~~~~7':~~~1N~~i&BJ!ilif~O~ ! *~U{.@Jitt~:t~~l~-i~~~

··~-~~W•M·ffiU~Umlili•OJm~~--~--~*~•:

n ; n~O
abs(n) = {
-n ; n < O

~ll:tfr~~~t abs() tilif~8~ ' R~~~~t~ abs() BJ'.:Jll~ n tj \1.J'.$: 0 8~ ' tlP{l@l-n ' i§~tlEH~
15 § n Jii..tOJLj 3 ° ~~BJl~ ~~ *~~11~lilil~~~~tBJiQ:1?tl :
01 /* prog 8_5, **e~H1.l1it5JsJlhb s () *I
02 # in cl u de <st d io .h>
03 # in c l u d e <std l ib .h >
04 i n t a b s ( i=n=t )~;--------~~~..::::=~,.,._,
05 int ma i n (vo id)
06
07 int i ;

09 scanf ( " %d ", &i );

pr in t f(" a b s ( %d) =% d\n",i, a b s (i)); I * EPl±l*e~1.l11 *I
11
12 sys t e m("p a u se ");
13 ret u rn 0 ;
14
 15
16 int abs (in t n) /* §~Jffillilll~ abs (), f¥!j[QJ*@™i.ili * I
17
18 i f ( n<O )
19 return -n;
20 else
21 return n;
22

/* prog8_5 OUTPUT---
Input an integer :-6
abs(-6 ) =6
--------- --- -- -- -----*/

0 f¥~~lt~~ ~
l~:rt~ 4 fi , '§'15@1~ , ~1®@Ji~rui~~ int , .§i~H~U)I:-@ int rui~
abs() 8~~rui
8~511~ lllill~ abs() 8~P'9'.§~U~~~tE 16~22 fi ('gj'1~U)l:8~51~ n<O 8~ , {®@J-n
0 0

8~i~ , :S:~Ui~@J n 8~i~ 0

15'.S:$19LJcp ' tM9'®7\-6' ~Jlt('gj'±:f~i'C15'.S:~ 10 fi0¥0~ abs() @1~8~ ' DJ1;.Z~~~¥A

fi abs(-6) ' ~JI:~ abs() @1~1'8~511~ n ~mU)I: i 8~i~ ( -6) ' 83$-6<0 ' ,5.fT1;.Z¥A1J'

& tR1.J~ll power(x,n)

ml'**§R~m~-@10]1;.Z>.Ktl::l x" 8~ :t.R.1-Jlllill~ power(x,n) ' ~cp x ~double rui~j ' n ~LE
~I~ ' fffi{®@Ji~lli~ double rui~ 0
i9tl~D ' power(5.0, 3) ~~tffel 5.0*5.0*5.0 ' ?.·"M~{® @]
125.0 ° 2t'Bi9tl8~l~:rtm~~Dl' :

01 /* prog8 _ 6 , ~t~ x 8'iln ~1-J */

02 #inc l ude <stdio.h>
03 #inClude <std lib.h>
04 double power (double int );
05 int main (void)
06
 lilll I~ 8-15

07 double x; /* x~~ti */
08 int n; /* n ~:;~1-J */
09
10 printf ( "~~~7\~ti!M/~D: ");
11 scanf( " %lf , %d",&x,&n); /* ~7\~ti!M/~D */
12 rintf (" %lf ~ % d/~1-J= % lf\n", x , n,pc.-:o.._.
w=e -=-
r -'-'
(x...,,_.,,n.,_.
) ""'l "',.·__- - - - - - -
13
14 system( "pause ");
15 return 0;
16
17
double power (double base, int n) /* power () lllilti~:<E'~ *I

int i;
21 double pow=l . O;
22 for(i=l;i<=n;i++)
23 pow=pow*base;
24 return pow;
25

/* prog8 _ 6 OUTPUT--------
8~~7\~~~!M/~1-J : 5 • 0 I 3
5. 000000 ~ 3 :;~ 1-] = 125 . 000000
---------------------------*/

0 f~~~~~)l ~
1.i~~f~tlcp 'power() lilllf~CITH~~~ij;j~jf~§lf~' §g-f~§lf~~®f~( base)'~~~ double'

m=@sll~~:;,~1-J Cexponent) , ru!~~~~, power() 8~f®@lf~ru!~l"ltl~ double,

l!ltlt power() lillll~ffi'l~8~'§~~m~~~l®8~§g 4 fi.Pffm 0

tHJ\fiB~ , fifP~filli.A®I~~ 5.0 , :;,~ 15~ 3 , lliJ!it~~~t~ 5.0 8~ 3 :;,~15 ° §g 12 1T

U~Ol.j power() lillll~' TI:tt~®I~ 5.0 fimfi base' :t~:N~I~ 3 f®mfi n ° ~~t~ 5.0 ~ 3 /~15 '
lliJ!it~:t~ 5.o ~* 3 :;~J!ittHJ' , l!ltlU~WJ 22~23 fiB~~*.:Li~, ®~ 5.o J!it~Wz~

* 3 m, i~~u 125.o , ~i~m 24 frf®@l3i~*a* , Tiftt.i~ 12 fiEDtl:\§Pma5Rf~~a~¥J\

-------------------------~----------------------------------
l'~~i:E power() H~U9:~Ue~ base slfQ~ s.o · n ~ 3 8~ ·power() l.illJl)(P'9~fQ pow~

1~8~ 1 1~% · !gJEl'~ · 1mff!g~~£1 power() l.illJIQ8~~1'!=~1J08~1.~i'$ :

~ 8.3.1 base=5 .0 • n=3 ~ • power() @19~ ~19 pow fB ~1~

i pow pow=pow*base

1 1.0 pow= l.0*5.0=5.0

2 5.0 pow=5.0*5.0=25.0
3 25 .0 pow=25.0*5 .0=125.0
~

I
I
4
_J
'
I

L ::fH-& for ~lllB\Ji#tl!Wii~i!f:

l!J~:±l for ~Ill
Ci<=3) •
• ~@) pow= l25.0

o ~ll)JtU~~ll is_prime()
m;Q Cprime numbers) ~f~~* 3 1 f0'84§.1-;L:9~ · 5~~~'8MIQDJ t.!J~~~*'8;LfQ 0
~

1J\e~mtQ~ 2 • '8m~01t-e~1m1QmtQ 0
~'8g~:szo 3 , s,1 , 11 , 13 , 17 ~ 19 ~~:t~

JJ'.S:419Ucp' fijp~)E~ 3-@] is__prime() i.JgfQ' OJ!tl*~Ll5SU117\ is__prime() P'98~51fQ~~

~mfQ ;g=~ • ~U@lff! l • ~~U@lff! o Jt~:9~ · JJ'.S::±f~itcp~fum is__prime() l.illJl)(*tl
0 0

~ffi~~~3o~m~ 0 4~M~iEM~it•~l'ffiffi:

01 !* prog8_7 , iH9tBt:I<.@ *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int is Rrime (int) ; /* §:~@lhs_prime () ®@.~ *I
05 int main (voi d)
06
07 int i;
08 for (i=2;i <=30 ; i++ ) /* t:l<.ctJ1j\J'j~ 30 fBPJT~i!tl9 *I
09 if (is_pr ime (i)) _ _ ___./_*_O~~O~ is_prime () [5]]19 _. * !_ _~_ __.
 llliJ '~ 8-17

10 printf( " %3d ", i);

11 printf (" \n ");
12 system ("pause");
13 return O;
14
15
16 int is_ prime (int num)
17
18 int i ;
19 for(i =2 ;i <= num-l;i++)
20 if (num%i==O)
21 return 0;
22 return 1;
23

/* prog8 _ 7 OUTPUT------------
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29
-------------------------------*/

0 ffit~ft~~ t1i
~~ is_prime(num) lilif~11D~~i®§ 0 §JZ 1' ~Jl:t~{l§{illi!~~~ int ' Jl:t:9~ ' ~f~­

JE'~~f~ • .Pff tJJjt{P~i~ilJ\ is_prime() B]slf~llil~ll~~tmz~f~ 0

is_prime() lilif~BJ
~llil~Df¥i\;~,1§8]sg 41'f.PJTTR 0

f¥i\; • OJl'IB!~)~ij~{IJ\BJsl~ num ~~~~I~ ~

16-231TJE'~]' is_prime() lilif~ 0

~~f~~t~~*J' 1 f0'8~~;L:9~ • 5~~~'8~f~DJU~~*'8;Lf~ • ~Jlt$!m~BJ75

)tli'X~ i~ num m2 mJyg~~*'8 · ~*tU num-1 ~l.C, .R~1tf 2- num-1 ;LFs~BJf~~i:I

iDJ-i~f~DJ l;,1_~~* num CIW~*I~~ o) • ~U1~~Jlt f~li't/f~~f~ · Jl:tB~i~:Ll: J<Uil§

o (sg 21 fi) · i~~i®J\ BJslf~ num /f~~f~ 5±~~o~-B¥Mi 211'JBJ return
0

*9:~ •f¥it8%'fE~i~~:l1J<Ulfj~~ is_prime() lilif~ · ~rmm 221'JBJ return ~-9:~/f~~m

¥A1TtU 0
------------------------~~·-------------------------------
~o~:t~ num m 2 OO~i1:t:i;~*'8 · ~*~Ll num-1 ~.LI:. • ~~>~~H:1i~J-1!IDl9DJU~~*'8 ·
tt?Jilt~m 20 fit1J11.~ 1!f~~ >~fi - @1~19~rr · \=iLl1~Itiilt~¥MJ'm 22fi·1®@J~l9 l •
1~~1®l\BJ5119 num ~~19 °

T~~;ftllfl is_prime() lillll9 )~Ll~l9~ 7 Wl9~ 9 ~:e;:~~l98~ • is_prime() lillll9~

~19~1l'.;8J 1~% :

num=7 num=9
i num% i i num%i
2 7%2= 1 2 9%2=1
3 7%3=1 3
r - '
3 CB"J..~~~* 9' Pfl]..~
2- 6 ~fH!l\Jt ~~* 9%31'0 : - ~

7' Pfl]..~ 7 ~~ 91'~~1~

4 7%4=3 I

r
5

6
-,
7%5=2
7%6=1
I~

L r,r-g- 20 fi'~*tll!!lil~i* .
:_~;

[ 1'H-§- for @~~*tll!!li~-*i't- ( i<=num-1 ) • :Im±1

for ~~ • ~J\fi'~ 22 fi' • ~@l I • i~ ~ 7 ~~ I~

1.i~ :±11£i\:cp · fi1P~;fum ror ®lll*t~t!J'J \1.i~ 8Jl'fT~~l9

· :r:tm 9 fi8J~&Wt1! ·
30
is_prime() BJ1®@l1g[~Ll~=Jlfl*1~~ if$~WtBJ5119 ° ;B' is_prime(i) 1®@ l • \=iLl if$~Wt
~Llil!~rr '1~~5119 i ~~ 19 ' 1.i~m 10 fi1~DJM~'89UEPCIJ * 0

§5:9~ • 1g[i~f;R~~BJ~ • ;t1~Lll'fTM~~ is_prime() lillll9 • ~OJiifF' ' {~'8Mz::f~-@I

~19$8J1~i\: WLl~D · 0
m
19- 21 fiBJ®llJcp · fi1P~ffl 2- num- l :t:i;~* num · ffl*~Ll
75U~:e;:~0]~-11IDl9DJ~~* num • 1§~11ID:OI\:Mz/f'::t~19$ ' l!l~PfTfiA:1.i~ num/2 BJ
19 ' )~ ~ 1ff[j]-1[IDl9DJ l.;1-~~* num C1~Ll~D;B' num ~1.i~ 24 ' \=iLl )~fi 1ff[jJ-j[IDJill~
24/2=12 BJ~f90Jl.;1-~~* num ) 0
 @I I~ 8-19

19 for(i= 2 ;i<=num/2;i++) /* ~ffl 2- num/2,:LF~f'.BIQ3R!l*num */

20 if(num %i ==O)
21 return 0;

~Uf~it¥A1T~*9~~~)(?¥ 0 ~'l:__t · m191T8J~&3mlli/f'ffl;#Ll55U~U num/2 · ;a;'l:.R

~;#Ll55U~U .Jnum JWDJ CM!M!~ • ~1+~) · ~fJIDUJJ&BJ~~DJ ~~~~IJBJ~~ 0

J.tt9~ , ~i8i~Ui@~j~1j\Jj\8Jro~~ ' lliiitt~~fm,)~U~~I~ 1 8~ , is_prime() [?]Jf~9@l

/!! 1 , 1-1;;~ 1 ~~I~ , 1.~~:il:fz/f'iHI · lt5!~~1J\BJ~I~~ 2 , Mz~~ t Ca1~10~~~
@lt5!•·-@~1,g-@~E~~·§l.R~-@lt5!M) ·$~M~~~~·H

~c~~~DJ~~@m~@@JM 0 ~®-@0g@~I~tta~/f'~~~~•@/f'~

8JHBF~ , ~®HBF~~11=~~B~~§lJ.ll8J , 6Px,~"~'~El!Ul , EiP9,g.g;a;lfs!t , illza~Ji~0

gffi~*~§Cm~·H~DJN~~®~~~~~it~~@JM·~~@J·~~§W~
®[?]Jf~~*nS~~ 0

HiP91~-i~~~BJ1'~it*~~Bf.l~D@~8~i~ffl~i~@JI~ 0
Tffii8J1'~:rt;E~ 3 fac(11) W
sum(11) [?]Jf~ • DJ5.Jl.lUffl*5t~ 1x2x .. ·x11.:&.1+2+· .. +11 BJmMI~ :
01 /* progB_B, fq]~OglO~~j~IIBJIQ *I
02 #inc l ude <s t dio . h >
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 void s um(int), f ac (int );
05 int main (void)
06
---------------..-----------~-------------------=-----------------
07 fac (5); /*~ a~ fac()llliJ~ * /
08 sum (5); /* O~O~ sum ( ®iQ *I
09
10 s y s t em ("pause");
11 return 0;
12
13
14 void fac (int a) /* ElaJlllil~ fac () • at~ a! *I
15
16 int i,total=l;
17 for(i=l ; i <=a;i++)
18 total*=i;
19 printf ("l *2* ... * %d= %d\n",a,total); /* EPt±la!B~*51'l'! */
20
21
22 void sum(int a) /* ElaJlllil~ sum () 'at~ 1+2+ ... +a ~*51'l'!*/
23
24 int i,total=O;
25 for (i=l ; i<=a ; i++)
26 total+=i ;
27 printf( " 1+2+ ... +%d= %d\n",a,total); /* EPt±l1JD~~*51'l'! */
28

I* prog8 _ 8 OUTPUT - -
1 * 2* . . . *5=120
1+2+ ... + 5=15
---------------------*/

0 f~it~~~~ ~
f¥it 14- 20 fi'.lE~ 3 W§*lllilf~ fac(11) • ffl*~t~ /1 ~~* · IW 1x2x· .. x11 ° 22- 28 fi'.lE
~ 3 ~1JDlllilE sum(11) •CIT!iD~~t~Mf~8~~1JD I+ 2+ .. ·+11°:<$:{~Ucp·1.1ECIT1.;l_~~U fac()
RmmOlllilE~~it~~~rr~M~•m·m~lllilE~~~~@lllilE~·~~~~

lllilE~&rr~~~lllilEmB~•~m®·~~~MfilllilE~~~ 0
 •ti prog8 _ 8 cf:i , fac() & sum() lllilf9DJ t.U~~~ J' PJi1fj main()
llliJ 19 8-21

lllilf9BJmammH~M;l:±:l

*BJ ' ~t!~J~j~ffllllilf9BJEIBJ2- 0

tif~it:f! ' 1~J"D]l-jl•!fU fac() & sum() lllilf91!JB
~ffi~lllil·~~~·ti-~~~it~·~lliDJU•~~-~~~lllilM~~it·~~
lllilMWlllilM2~~W~~~·lli~~~·lllilM~~-~~~~ffi~lllilM~DJU~~@

ffl , ~1~BB1Btil'Ho:f!1f~fl*B!fU 0

llWi~-f,~ ' ]]~~ 4 fifgB~'§'~ ]' fac() W sum() BJ®:ru! ' ~~~~~ff.jj~llliJMBJ{~

@J1~ru!~~;t§rg2~9: ClllB~ void) 0

~o~@@J{~BJru!~~rg , ~U~~{~lllilM®:ru!BJ

J]~...tHocp ' fi1Ptt~0q)BJ~BBF~tt[)fufJX,llliJf9 ° 9itt?.{\0q]BJm@BBF~~ffi*W*~I!~I! '

ill~~00~2~ill~~~~I~W~~-·m~l±lMOO~W?.{\DJU~l:±:l-I~~~·
1El~~A~BBF~~~~I~~BJ3*8B~*W,El~b<:ffi~~tBBF~1'F~1rt , ~~~~~El ~H81±lM
BBF~~~~ 0
~Jltfi1P~DJ1jl1N@~BJH~~nU ' ti main() lllilf9:f!DJl-jl_OgtO~ a' b lllilf9, rg~
~tialIBJMcpDJU~~blllilM•tibllliJMcplliDJU~~a[IBJM 0

l'®~~it~~fil-®lllilM~~~-@lllilM~~m 0 $~@~mc:p.fi~~~m•~
~B (Leibniz , 1646 ~ 1716 ' f!~f9~%) .Pff~~IJlBJ0it*ic5~~~$ n BJ@ :

Jr=4 (-1/-1 =4((-1)1-1 + (-1)2-1 + (-1)3-1 + (-1)4-1 + (-1)5-1 + ... J

B <fJ

2k-l 2(1)-1 2(2)-1 2(3)-1 2(4)-1 2(5)-1

=4(1-±+~-~+i--1\ + ...)

1tf...t®BJ0itDJ~D , ~16~ n BJ{~ , ~Uf99UBJfD~ffSl!fUJ!tt~~I~ , 1El~a'....t , fi1P~R

~ffSl!fU~llNI~, 1fDJU•!fUf99U~llin1~ (3.14159 .... ) 0
tE@i131Jtlcj:i ' ft1P9J~@1~19~0it~f.&~1~@19 ' -j~~~t~ ;;~:r.JB~@J~ power() ' @
1~@19ft1P9tE prog8_6 B*~1r*l1® J' • rff tJ.JH~~*:gmtlDDJ · §5-1~@19\'ltl~~t~l9
9Uf0B~@J~ ' ft1P9~'801H69 Leibniz() @19 ° Leibniz() @J~Oji;JJ~U)l:-1~~19§119 n '

Ff.l*1~~199Ui==H~I~~1JD*~ 0
f~it~l\!§~M~~DT :

01 /* pro g8 _ 9 , )'f.gf~f'fi~B1-J5t1~ ~ ir *I
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #inc l ude <s t dlib . h >
04 double Leibniz (in t ); /* §~@JI)! Leibniz () Bjffii.~ *I
05 double power (do ubl e , int) ; I* §~@J I~ power () e'Slffii.~ *I
06 int main(void)
07
08 int i;
09 for{i=l;i<=lOOOO;i++) /* t1<.l±Hw 100001~ir8~1~~1.!ll. *I
10 printf ("Leib niz ( %d) = %12. lOf\n", i, Leibniz ( i ));
11 sy ste m(" pause ");
12 r e turn 0 ;
13
14
15 double Leibni z ( i nt n) /* Leibniz () @If~ ' OJ1~~ir1iU~§g n I.W * I
16
17 int k;
18 double s um=O .;
19 for(k=l;k<=n;k++)
20 surn=surn+power(-l.0,k-l)/(2*k-1);
21 return 4*sum;
22
23
24 double power (doubl e base, in t n) /* power ()@If~, DJ~t~ base 8j n /~ D *I
25
26 in t i;
2 7. double pow= l.O;
28 for (i= l; i <= n;i++)
29 pow=pow*base;
30 return pow ;
31
 lillJ I~ 8-23

/* prog8_9 OUTPUT-----
Leibni z (1)=4.000000 0
Le i bn i z (2 )= 2 . 6666667
Le i bn i z (3 ) =3 . 4666667
Le ibn i z (4) =2.8952381
Leibn i z (5 ) =3 . 3396825
Le ibni z ( 6 ) =2 .97604 62
Leibniz(7)=3.2837385
Leib ni z (8 ) =3 . 0 1 707 1 8
Leibniz(9)=3.2523659
Le i bn i z (1 0 ) =3 . 04 1 8396

Le ibni z ( 9999 ) =3 .14 16927

Le ibni z (1 0000 ) =3 . 1414927
--- -------------- - -------- */

o f~rt~~~)t m
1:f/.$:1Jtlcp , fi1Ptt~3R15Ft:\R0rt;E~/JX;-@Jlllil~

Le ibn iz (n) = 4I--

" (-1/- 1
2/c-1
k;I

_t[§]8~ 0 rt!0~~%~t~ (- l)k-i 1(2k-1) 8~~1.JO , ~1~~*.L.j_ 4 ° t:E~t~ (-l)k-i 8~ , q:r

UO~D~lllif~power(-1.0 , k-1) *7B1*· ,Pff .L.j_3R1iJ~R0itqJU'.M;/JX;~O 20 fi8~flErt1i~ :
20 swn=swn+power(-l.0,k-1)/(2*k-1);

?.~1~~}~'8filiZ± for ~~1!1o~~1.JD, ~1~}~m6~*_t 4, t!PqJ1~~tl~t~~tl~ n r~;::~-1~ '

Jr 8~1~ ~1i o

$/.$:m~allic+i·•«q:ru~~llli~~•lli~~~•lli7r~®·~•~~rt~~·
fi1P~RiHfszg~fif~flErt~®lli 0
Jlt9~ , ¥Jifis~rs~q:r~~~:ffi..t~:r~:Bilil , ~oJgcplttfiflErt
-----------------------~~-------------------------------
fr prog8 _9 cf:i •fg;D] .L;.a~~UfM~fr Leibniz() lilllEtll1DPD~ 3 power() lilllE •ffi] Leibniz() lillJ
19~U~r± main() lillll9tll1DPD~ 0
1~~:tir±lillll9P9DPD~§5-1~lilllEP98isJt~J5 • r±:flE:it~~~t
8isJ~@tll1~~DJ ~ 0 ~1~1~U-3'.-1N~Ji~BisJg)tBf.l 3 lillll98isJ o~o~ 1-Jit · Mz:::J"-)E~ El3 main() lilll

E*~~·C~~Mz:::f@~~~it~~~·H~~itB~~~~-@~~lilllR·~mfi
jGiE:i1G8%1t:flEIWDJ 0

~<Ji~U lC • l~~/;::gfl]~$)J (Leonhard Euler • 1707 - 1783) • t!~J~~U 3 -1~~t~~~*BisJ

~~~IHI:

~u~~·~@0Lt~·ffi~~~-3'.-W~:*:$2~m•·~m~~:::f~§4M~·§

Bftlli~-3'.-~~- 0 ~@0Lt~:rs~~~m•w~~*~r±-m·~OJm·s~m•
1Jit8~~- 0
~~m~~@~m~RU·OJ~H*~~~@ 0

c ~g ~ 8isJlillll9t8szJ~Hi3@ Crecursive) 8isJ~ffitl 0

,5fT~BisJ~3@iJ{t~lillll9*~o~o~ § c, 0
~

Wtl%g)t • ~~*lillll9 (factorial function ' 11! ) 8isJl9~0it;E'~'S<DT :

l x 2 x ... x /1 ; /1 1~
fac(11) = {
1; /1 =0

fac(11) = 1x2 x··· x(11-1)x11=11 x fac(11 -1)

fac(n - 1)
 lillJ '~ 8-25
/

11 x fac(11 - 1) ; /1 ;::: 1
fac(11) = {
1; 11=0

01 !* proga_10, ~lm!@J I~ • 5t~~* *I

02 #include <s t dio .h>
03 #include < stdlib.h>
04 int fac (int); /* ~lm)@Jf~ fac () e~ml:rui *I
05 in t main (void)
06
07 pr i ntf (" fac (4)= %d\n" fac (4)); /* ogzo~ ~lm!@~ fac () *~
/ --~
08
09 system("paus e ");
10 return O;
11
12
13 int fac (in t n) /* §5J@~ fac () • ITT~ n ! *I
14
15 if(n >O)
16 return (n * fa c (n-1));
17 e l se
18 return l;
19

/* prog8_10 OUTPUT--
fac (4) =2 4
-------- --- -------- - --*/

0 t~it~~~~ ~
~it§g 13 ~ 19 {J;E~]' fac() llli~ • '8DJH~U9:~1~~~8J'.:Jll~ 11·m11 A.132 o, il@l
11*fac(n- l) ' ~~u_giJ~fl@l 1 ° 15"2:zt'>.19~cp ' ftf P~~t~ fac( 4) = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24 ' ~~ilID

~t~BJ~f~tzDl'~.Pffm :
------------------------~--------------------------------

step I return 24 step IO

llil] 8.4.1

step 2

step 3 step 8

slep 4 2* fi ...:f= ·['2";

. ......·
step 7

step 5 step 6

m:±:lllill9§i%-:;~o~o~ fac(4) fac() lllill9, Mz~~!i'4 mnx;

lllill98~, f~~BJ:f~ffiU;fl~.).tmi5

5119{!7\lllilf9cp , E13~~ n ?JTrnW9: E13JJ~ 11=4 7:.J]~ o, {![Q] 4*fac(3), 1~:H~{![Q]ficp

0

!!D~W%>.Kt±J fac(3) 8J1i, rJTl-jJij/~3.il\ fac() lllill9, {!l\BJ51191i:Mi 3 ; ~~BJ , 3

'};:_}]~ 0 ' {![Q] 3*fac(2) ' !!D~W%>.Kt±J fac(2) BJ{i ' pfTJ,jjij/~3.il\ fac() lllill9 ' {®J\BJ
51191i.ffli 2 '};:_}]~ 0' {![Q] 2*fac(l)' Jl:t8~~%>.Kt±l fac(l)BJ{i' j:ij/~3.il\ fac() lllilf9 '
{!l\BJ 51191i.ffli I 7:.JJ~ O' {®[Q] I*fac(O) ' ~1~>.Kt±J fac(O) BJ{i 0

>.Kt±J fac(O) ;::z.1~, ~§i% 15 fiBJ iU0(~*Ll~U/f'/JX;J1, ?JT1;J,¥J\fi§i% 18 fi, .:~J~{![Q] 1 ,

rJTl-;J, fac(O)=I , [Q]~U_t-~o~o~~~lllill98Jifu75 , i~~u fac(l)= l 8Jm6~, ~[Q]_t-g
o~o~lllill98Jifu75, i~~u fac(2)=2 8Jm6~, ~[Q]_t-go~o~lllill98Jifu75, i~ ~u fac(3)=6,
j:ij~[Q]_t--~~lllil·~~D'm~fa«~~4~M~ · ~~lllil·W~*afi·Mzf®
[Q] 24 0
 [>]J 19 8-27

~~$~mM@[>]J•~~-~~~-~~~·@~~m~~~~m~•~[>]J•-~•
~~~~*[>]J-~fi~~~-~·~~[>]J·~~~~k~~~~~D·~~~~~~

fi~~~·--~~--~~~~~~~o

~9~·mn~~~-6[>]J•~·[>]J•$~~~•••~~[>]J•~*~~*~®am·
@~~~~•@[>]J•~·~~[>]J•~~~*~*~~~~~~§~·m~m-m*~
fi~m~[>]J•W~~••·~•~m~m~~*~m~~·~~oo~~@~~~~m
~~@~*~~~oo~••~fi·§~m~~m~~~•--mm 0
m~~M®[>]Jm
~~-~~~·~~~-~~~~~m~~·~~8~~~~-·~~·~lli~~m
-~lillll9• )1f®~tfuD 0
~mn~ lilllfH~~t~•t9W~$@J!~B~ffi'.t~ , J]~ 8.5 !ff]~~-~~~¥
*HJ 8~ l31Wt 0

·
~ 3 M®8~ffi'.t~1tt ft1P~~~-@>_K:;7DB~f~~**~~M@[>]Jf98~1§Effl 0 :;~1-Jlilllf9 b" ~

fflTl§J~f9~~*~TR:

bxbx .. ·xb; 11:2::1

ll '-v-'
b = ijlf, 11 '/J:.
{
I; 11=0

1
b" = { b (b"- ); /1 :2:: I
I; /1 =0

n~ ~ · :E'~~:;);'.D[>]Jf9
power(b,11) = bh
---------------------------~.,,,,,. ....__________________________________

b x power(b, 11- l) ; 11;::: 1

power(b,11) = {
I; /1 =0

01 /* prog8 _ 11, ~l®@fQpower(b,n) •5f~bi'l'iln/);'.1J */

02 #include <std i o. h>
03 #include <std li b.h>
int power(int,int); I* §@@~ power () 8j~rui *I
05 in t main (void)
06
07 printf ("power (2 , 3 ) = %d\n" , power(2,3));
08 system (" pause ");
09 re t urn O;
10
11
12 int power (int b, int n) I* §5J@~ power () ' 5t~ b 8j n "Jx1J *I
13
14 i f (n ==O )
15 re tu rn l;
16 else
16 r e turn (b *powe r (b , n -1));
18

I* prog8 _ 11 OUTPUT --
power (2 , 3 ) =8
----------------------*/

0 f!I:tt~~~)t ~
t¥i'CM 14- 161T~~~lllill!Z power() B~EU! · rn~)l:8~5119:~~19:~~8~~19: b Wn •
mn ~D'2 o · -~J~{~@J 1 C~~ b =1) · 1§~Uf~@J b*power(b,n-1) 21s:1~Ucp b , n
0 0

8~1m:53'55U~ 2 :& 3 'l'lil~~~lllill!Z power(2, 3) 8~¥A1T~l~' f{lf0Jl-~~~Jlt~3IC3'

~~~~8~~1~ )JfEf¥~.IZD{DJii1'F8~ :
 llliJ 19 8-29

/
step I step 8
power(2,3) return 8
~ 8.4.2
power(2,3)8'il ~~ ~t~i&Jfli1

step 2
2 * rp·~~~~ ·< 2·;·2·i·!
·....... ........................·

step 3 step 6

step <l
2*1=2 step5

power(2,0)=1

mpower() }~~9.~Llslf9 b=2 • n=3 B~ • 8315~ n=3 ~~ o • ~lit®@l 2*power(2,2) • 15~

~¥§~3.iJ\ power() llli!f9 '1®J\B~51f91i~ 2 & 2 ; ~~B~ n=2 ~~ 0 ' ®@l
2*power(2, 1) • 15~~¥§>J<:l±l power(2, l)B~1i • pJT.L.)¥§/XiiJ\ power() llli!f9 ' 1®7\B~

51f91i~ 2 & 1 • n=l ~~ 0•1®@l 2*power(2, 0) • Jl:tB~~$1G:>J<:l±l power(2, 0)8%![ •

¥§/XiiJ\ power() lllill9 • ®J\B~51191i~ 2 & 0 °

mn=OB~ ' power() Hm1®@l 1 ' pJT.L.J power(2, O)=l ' @l~Ll_t-~0¥Dll~~lllill98~tfu

75 • i®~Ll power(2, 1)=2 B~ma~ • ~@l_t-~0¥Dlllllill98~tfu7'5 • i®~Ll power(2, 2)=4 •

¥§~@1_t-~0¥Dllllli!l98~tfu7'5 • i®~Ll power(2, 3)=8 B~ma~ • JJ:tB~lllilf9tlOma5R¥MJ' •
----------------------~----------------------------
~1~fi1P9fl*B-1~~@&8~~3ra~lm ' **65R21s:~IJ
if Fibonacci ( ~A:ful~~% '
0
1202
1170-1250) tE1tBB~~ Liber Abbaci cp~]'-j~~3B~~Jm :

2. -1~Fl1~' ~-~j~3DJ~A:~JJ,\Z~ 0 ~A:.:L1~' ~-1~8!ftDJ':t-~j;j\~3'

fffi§iiU1~m1~Fl~B~~':t-~j1J\~3 °

3. m-~j1J\~3t:Et:±:l':t1~)pjlj-@f31~~~A:, ~-1~Fl1~1~DJ':tl'-~j1J\~, fffi

§.:L1~m1~Fl~B~~':t-~j1J\~ 0
8~ro~-1:ftJA~~~~'.:!/U~~ Cf~~g~':tl'3K
e~~3~B~~9E) ?

t=l • I 1H
c"0..
~
~ 8.4.3
 •
fj~_t~cp · - m.J~88~R~-~1itl5\'?. Ct= l) • §!% 2 {~F.:18~ Ct=2)
[>]] 19

• ~~1itl5\'?.8~~/JX,5\'?.
8-31

•
~3@F3~C~) ·~U/JX,5\'?.~3-U~~·~rm•m•mz~~ 0 §!%4@F3~·/JX,5f?.

x.~ J'-~1'J'S\'?. · rm_t@FJ~tltf:l~e~'J'S\'?.B~J;::~~S\'?. • ~Jl:t*-~19•mz-u 0

1m~1~
~~_t~ · ~11XJJ:t~ti · Jl:t8~c~Ji®~U-1~199U · SiDTPffiR :

F31B 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

~t'•Y~H~ 1 I 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55

~-~se~•_t~~~S\'?.~~•·~ugm~@•~~1§!%1@w~2@•~~~·
;L9~ · ~W,~19~il~~§D~1~m~;LfO 0
~~1~m9U~~El3 Fibonacci :t~tf:l • ~Jl:tWi};L
~ Fibonacci 199U ( •al99U ) 0

E13$•a•~~~m-@m~§D~~~@mwro~~-·~~H~~u~•a•~•
/JX,-1~B3fill[>]Jl9 fib(n) :
l. 11=1, 2
fib(n) = { '
fib(11 -1) + fib(11 - 2); n~3

~c:p n ~~19 • lli~t~~~ • •al99U§i% /1 I~8~{!li:~15~199U1~§!% n-1 fD n-2 I~B~fO • .§

fib(l) = fib(2) = 1 0

~J_t~~~~;Lm·•a•~~-3fill~~~~•Mtf:l*3°T~~~~-~•am
9U8~B3fillf¥~:

01 I* progs _ 12, ~ffil~9U *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
int fib(int); I* fib () lllil~~ffii_ tl *I
05 int main(void)
06 {
07 int n;
-------------------------~----------------------------------
for(n=l;n <= lO;n++)
Rrintf ("fib ( %d) = %d\n", n, fib (n));
10
11 system ("paus e ");
12 return 0 ;
13
14
15 int fib (int n)
16
17 if (n==l I I n==2) /* "QO~ n = l 9,\2 n= 2 • ~U~[Q] 1 *I
18 return 1;
19 e l se /* i§~U~[Q] fib(n-l)+fib(n-2) */
20 return (fib(n-l)+fib(n-2));
21

/* prog8_12 OUTPUT----
fib (l) =l
fib( 2 )=1
fib(3)=2
fib(4)=3
fib(5)=5
fib(6)=8
fib( 7 )=1 3
fib(8)=21
f i b ( 9 ) =34
fib(10)=55
------------------------*/

0 t~~~~~~ ~
JJ~:$:f~Ucp • 15~21 fi~~J' fib() ~I~· CITfll\~fgll~ n ° ~ n ~ 1~2 8~~J~ft
[QJ 1 ( ~al~9U~ 1 &~ 2 I~~~ 1) • ~~~8~ n f.m~Ufl[QJ fib(n- l)+fib(n-2) 8~m6
~ ( ~ n-11~~ n-21&1§1.JD) 0

~f~U*~~ • ~a1~9ue~~ s r~ fib(s)CIT:tff~~$; fib(4)+fib(3) • rm fib(4) xcrr:tff~~$;

fib(3)+fib(2) ' EL fib(3) CIT:tff~~$; fib(2)+fib(l) ' 1EfUBJ-I&~:tff~~~u~~8~~~fm
fib(2) ~ fib(l)~ll::' U1~j:ij 1 i 1~ 1l 1~1l@tit' :SZD~~~~~~ fib(5) 8~¥Afi®f~PJTTR :
• fib(S) return 5 ~ 8.4.4
lllil I~ 8-33

. •.:. :.;:.; "•• .............. .

:·.........
fib ..........
(2) i+ifib (lli·
·.................. 1+1= 2

fib(2)= III fib(l)=l

............
.....····

fib(2)=1 .... ............··"

.......... ....
f'f"ib'('2')l+ffib'(i')'j t---·
···_
····_
···_...._...._...._... _...._.. - - - 1+1=2
·........ ......... ·...............· '-------'

fib(2)=1

fib(l)=l

Ei:J...t~DJ~o . fib(5) DJtf-f~~~ fib(4)+fib(3) • fib(4) s'SJ~ ~ ~tam6~~ 3 , rm fib(3)

8'SJ~~~tamM~f.0 2 , 1!11.0~1~ fib(5) {~@l 3+2=5 °

t8~1ffm8m~ )1~~U3 'r±~t• fib(5) B'SJB~Wl:f~cp 'fib(4) 7H/$Z0¥0J.j-/~' {§ fib(3)

1/$ZO¥DJ.j~/~ ' fib(2) 1/$ZO¥DJ.1 -/~ ' rm fib(l) t81/$ZO¥DJ.j~/~ 0

l!lf.0•~0¥DJ.1B'Slm~H% '
@muB~B'SJ1.J"rt~••a•~~·aff~~*D3fiW 0 m~DJU~~mm~*
:tit~ fib(IO) B'SJ~ta )JiE:f~, fm{~DJ]'~~~Um n 8'SJ111l9*8~ • -~0¥DJ.18'Slml~lli~..t~
~ 0
-~DJ~~M~:f~'rt~,1§~ 8 ff{l~2:9:~EPt±Hfili 50 1~•al~9U ' {~DJ)~~B'SJ~t±:lm
n8'9®9*·•am~B~B'Sl~at8~M~ o

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~Ji_t • 90~
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!!l~MmlllilmB'Sl•
a$~affB'SJ~~rm~~wm•~B'SJ 0 ~
----------------------~-----------------------------
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fi{F~l@~l-;J,tM~U8tt=3'7~

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I 'llili±~919_J (local variable) \ I'.£±~~
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tE C 8B~l~ • :i<D~)~~~~fl.lU:l'lilk • ~U8~1.i~IIBJf9 ( §:f5:±1IBJl9 main()• ~§cM~BJ

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~~ffi~~,~~~~_Jm~~~-•~u•*~m~~~ 0 tt~UT~•~~~n
~J®*{li9g~Bfa.l :
 [?]] 19 8-35
/
01 I* progB _ 1 3 , ~±§!i~i~~~Q:i9tl C- ) *I
02 #inc lude <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int fac (int);
05 int main (vo id )
06
07 int ans;
08 ans=fac(S);
09 printf( " fac(5)= %d\n ", ans );
10 ~~~I~ ans B'iJ)MJJ~B~
11 system( " pause ");
12 ret u rn O;
13
14
15 int fac (in t n)
16
17 int i, total=l; }
18 for (i =l ; i <= n; i++)
~!~~~ i Wtotal
19 total=total*i; B'iJ)i5'1.J~~
20 return total;
21

/* prog8_13 OUTPUT--
fac (5 ) =120
---------------------*/

o t~n~r~>t fJ
progl8_13 f~~~~j~[?]Jl9 ' -1~~±[?]]19 main() ' §5-1~~Jl~*[?]Jf9 fac() 0
tt!V'~

*[?]]19 fac() f~ ' ~ 15 fi~~ 3 -j~~±Q\\ ~19 n ' MzEl3'8*H~U5Z1®ii*8~191i ~ 0

~ 11 ~~±Q\\~19 ' pJTl-jjtf~ 15 fi!Ee~U~ 21 fi fac() *55R~lt ' ~1~~Fs~lllB~~l9

n 8~)3!biB~ 0

Jlt9~' tifac() 1798~~ 17filli~~3~f9iWtotal' E13$'81P9lli~~±Q\\~19' ,PJll-;,l

i W total 8~)3!b'8~~itf'81P98~~~~ ( ~ 17 fi) m_i~g • Ei~U~ 21 fi fac() *55R
~lt 1ii~-j~~~ • ti fac() [?]]191~~~8~ n ' i W total lllB~~iQ\\~19 ' pfT 1-~ - El
0

fac() ¥MJ'*55R • }ggffitl;ti'.)d~*g main() ;Li~ • n ' i W total B~{illilitrn~ ~/f Yl 0

________________________.,,,,_________________________________

1I main() ~In~•~ 71]''§~8~ ans tB~~t~M~I~ • pffl.~'88%5!bi8~~i.tf'88~'§

~~ ( l:W~ 7 fi'm.1~8) ~u main() ~l~ma:5R2~~ll: (!:IP~ 131]')
J
0

~~~J~~~U · fi1P9fflOt:1iiHH.tf main() ~ln~:S:IfSZ~U fac() ~1~1ll.18~~±9.i91~ n , i

W total 8~{~ ' 1!1~~@~±9.i~l~Tifz/fZ± main() ~1~8~)5!bi8~2~ 1§[g8~ • 1111 0

tB1m5t:i.tf fac() ~l~~gifQ~U main() ~ln~8~ ans 91~ • l!l~ ans ~1~8%5!bi8~
tB/fZ± fac() ~1~2~ 0
•!•

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§~~§~-~~·tB~/frg~~~~~·mUWtt2~Tifz/f&R~·~S~~/f
ig9~~~1~ · 1J\J=JJ=J~~~~~f:i~&1§rg-~ 0

LXF~8~f31n~19U · 15~ main() ~I~.& func() !IB!l~~~'§~-1~1§[g~R8~Ml~91~

a • :B55U~~{~~ 100 .&. 300 · TifzZ±OifiD~ funcO ~l~§!i1rt.&~l~cj:iM~ a {~EOl±l • 1111~1.~H
mlBW~Z± main() ~I~.& funcO ~1~1~ a 1~8~911J~lf~ :

01 !* prog8_14, l@:i~~l~~'B19tl C=) */

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 void func (vo id) ;
05 int main (vo id)
06
07 int a=lOO;
OB
09 printf("0¥0~func()~lfu,a= % d\n",a); /* fPl:Bmain()c::j:ia~j![ */
10 func(); /* 0¥0~§1'\J~lllilf~* /
11 printf( "0¥0~fun c()~~tt , a=%d\n ",a); /* EPC8a~j![ */
12
13 system(" pause ");
14 re turn O;
15
16
 ~ IY 8-37

/
17 vo i d f u nc (voi d) /* @I~ func () *I
18
19 int a =3 00; / * §'.~fun c ()@lf~t!e!J~~~f~ a * /
20 p rintf("JJ'.S:fu n c ()tllii~t!, a=% d \ n", a );
/* EPCl:Jfun c @l~c::j:i a B'sJ1~ * /
21

/* prog8_14 OUTPUT--
0¥0~ fu nc (J;L!W, a=lOO
J)'2_ fu nc () @l~tllL a =30 0
0¥0~ fu n c () ;L{rt_, a= l OO
---- - ------ -- ---------*/

0 f~~IY~~~ ~
JJ~*19Llcp ' fi1P~fr main() W func() ~IY1!fi'§~ J'-j~:f;;fi~W3PJ8~~1Y a 0
§.'Et~

~~@•R=8RWPJ·§S~~m$~PJ~~~~2~~-··e~E~~~®~
Jm • Pff1~1Rilit2Fs~TI:fz~@)EB)~ 0

frf~It¥.Mi · ~ 7 fi~~~ a ~1~1.0 100 • ~ 9 fiEDt±l a 8~{~ • 1W£Ll 100 • ~1~)]~~

l 0 fiO~O~ ~IY func() ' Jl:~8~H~ffitl*l~*8 ]' func() fr~R func() cp-\B '§~ ]' -1~~
0

IYWIY a · Mz~~fD1~1.0 300 • ~ 20 iTEDt±l~IY func() cp · a 8~1~1.0 300 21~ · [QJ~Ll

main() ~IY·¥J\1i~ 11 fiWif&·1.tf*6~DJ~D·fr main() ~IY1!~1Y a 8~1~1Df.0 100 °

El3*19LlDJ~D
· ~PJ8~~1Y1!llltt~~~1~1§PJ=8R8~WIY a · {~fr func() ~IY~~~9:
J'WIY a 8~r~J'.§Mz~9~~ ~~Llfr main() ~R1!WIY a 8~1~ · ~~ltsl:Mi81P~~~~~
~WR2~·fi§~~§~~~l~~·§~~~~R~®~MW~~--~ 0

fr main() ~Rcp8~ ~;y a · .R§~fr main() ~i~ffl · mmain() *65R¥Afi8~ · ~1~•

IY a 8~~G'/:~~1.UB:t91Ri~~JJ9: ; iffi func() ~IY1!8~•1Y a· .R~m main() ~;yo~o~
func() 8~ · • IY a :t~~gfr~G'/:~~cp1c5~-1~~tl · mfunc() ¥J\fi5Gm · !~ffiHI~
=~~~~~-~T-~W~· WRaffi~~~m•~•~•m·iffia~®lli9~
---------------------------....,~------------------------------------

:\ID~:t~Wf~§'~:f±[]Jf~B~:9H§J ' ~U~@Wf~JittfJ)Z ]' 1

~t~Wf~_J (global variable) 0

~••§'~IJ)Z~~•m2m·m-@l]JMR~~~~~~N@m~@WE 0

ft1F~N-1~mi~B~i819U*~)t8)3~t~•f~8%em 0
Tl§J8~i819Ufl~~~El prog8_14 ' {~j~l]J
IH~8~~t~Wf~~~~~t~Wf~ :

01 /* prog8_15, ~i~~l~trili819tl (-) *I

02 #include <stdi o. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 void func (void ) ; /* @I~ func () ffilm'l:rui *I
05 int .-
a..._
; __ /* '§'~~±~~~a *I
06 int main (vo id)
07
08 a=lOO;
09 printf("0¥0~ func().::?_ifil],a=%d\n",a);
10 func (); /* 0¥0~ElaJB~lIBJI~ */
11 printf("0¥0~ func0.::?.1tt,a=%d\n",a);
12
13 system("pause"); ~i~~f~a~
14 return O; )5~,8~

15
16
17 void func (void) /* ElaJtril@I~ func o *I
18
19 a=300; /* ~~;E~i~~l~a~{jl[,~300 * /
20 printf ("1J'2 func ()@f~~' a=%d\n", a);
21

/* prog8_15 OUTPUT--
0~0~ func () .::?_§!j, a=l 0 0
1J'2 func () IIBll~~' a=300
0¥0~ func () .::?.1tt, a=300
----------------------*/
 llliJ 19 8-39

/
0 t~it~48>l f]l
J'j~*i~tlcj:i ' m 5 fi§'§ ]''.£±Q1Z~f9 a 0
)11&~19 a ~§'§1±lllilf9 main() eisi~9~

l§i ' fffi::f ~tt main() :f!l§J ' lZSlfffi'8~-j~'.£tQ1Z•I~ 0

tl;t~~f9 a ~'.£±Q1Z~l9
'
J.lBMtt~l9 a lj_ T2~eisJ.Pff~tfE:rtli!®~OJ:S:f!Sl~tl'8 · tl?Jf,;t~~R: ·~I~ a e%5!U8

tttfE:rt¥Afi8~ • 1.i~ · m8 fi1f13'.£±Q1Z~l9 a eisJi~~~~ 100 , ~~T*

main() lllilf~:f!
m101T0¥0~ func() lllill9 ' ~~tl func() 21rt' m191T~~'.£±Q1Z~f~ a eisi1~~~~
300 ° ).±f&tt func() 17'JeisJ•t~ a W main() :t!eisJ~• a ~16J-i~•I~ m201TEO 0

Cl:l a eisJi~~ 300 21rt' tfE:rt@~tl main() :f!~*l¥Afi' 1.i~m 11 fil@~EDCl:l a eJi~
~ 300' ffilltOJ~ main() lllilf9W func() ~B~;J:t;ffi-@~tQ1Z•f~ •!• 0

E13$~~··eJ~~-~~~-R,OJU~~lllil-Wlllil•2~--~#16J~ffleJR
m,@~lliE13$'8eJ;J:t;Rtt,g~~~eisi~•,~~~w~eisi~m,m~:tE~m~~

llt9~ , ~D~tt'.£±Q1Z•l9eisJ)3ibi8~:f!§?i9~§'§1Elf6J:gf!JJeJ!.@:±Q1Z~· ' ~U~±Q1Z~l~ttl@:

tQ1Z•t~eJ)3ib.~17'J , M~~:f8Zl@:±Q1Z~l9ffif!Ql-~ , fiiP9*~~Tl§leJi8i~tl :

___________________________;;;,___________________________________

01 !* progs_16 , ~±9-1Z~IQeisi~i9tl(=l *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h >
04 void func (void) ;
05 int a=SO ;
06
07 in t main(void )
08
09 int a=lOO; / * §'~~±9,iZ~IQ a *I
10 printf ("0¥0~ func();:;'.zjfili, a= %d\n" , a);
11 func () ; I* 0¥ 0~ El 5JeisillliJIQ *I
12 printf( "0¥0~ func(),:Lf~ , a= % d\n" ,a) ; ~t~~I~ a
13 S'il)5'1Ji'B~

14 sys tem("paus e ");

15 return O;
16
17
18 void func (vo id)
19
a=a+300 ; /* @~~±9,iZ~IQ a *I
21 printf ( "n~ func () @IQ~, a=%d\n", a) ;
22

/* prog8_16 OUTPUT--
0¥0~ func(),:Llfil],a=lOO
D~ func () lllillQ:fl!L a=350
0¥0~ func () .:Lf~ , a= l OO
-- ------ ---- ------ ----*/

o f~rc~~~~ m
JJ~-* 19LJcp '~ 5 fi8~]'~±~Wm a• 1§1£ main() IIBJIH~ • ~ 9 filli8~]'­
@J~±~ WI~ a ll:tB~~±~ 91~ a es.rns!M'Bi;J C~ 9- 16 fi ) 1f ~ fllZ1~~±~ Wm a
0

i£~1~§B{718~)6!M8i;J 1El.l!l~±~WI~ a 8~ )6!M81;JR~LJ main() @mma5Rf.B

0

~·l!J~i£fu~()@•~~20fi~ 9•a ~-~~~ --o

 lilll I~ 8-41
/
$~·fr~naff~·~~~• • ~·~$m9ff~~a~~~ • •~~~·ffi
l;l_m 10 fffOtlJ a B~ii~ 100 ° f~nm 11 ffOSfO~ func() lillll~1tz ~~Ll func() lillJI

•P9 • ¥Affm 20 ff a=a+300 8~~)111 ° ~~fr func() @IH~ • • t~ a ~E$iE:t~

• I~ • ~Jlt a=a+300 J¥..t • JJX; a=50+300=350 • ,P,Ff l;l_ 211-TEOttl a=350 °

m
m¥Jiff7B func() · @rnU main() ;:zAtz • 12 ff fOtlJ • • a 8~1i · Jlt~~fr~1~ 9
I~ a 8%5iM8~P9 · fr func() P911~29: iE: t~ • t~ a e~iiMz/f~~;S ~Ll~t~ • t~ a
B~ii' ,Pff l;l_J]:tff~~m'.fOttl a=lOO 0 •!•

~miE:~-·~~~2-~~~ 0 ~~m-@lilll•~~ ~ ~-@ iE:~9m·~~~­

fr~n~~¥@ ••~~~~ffi~ ~ ·~~E§~~iE:~• •~~~~ 0 T~~~n
§~ J'-i~iE:t~.,~ pi , ffl*1-\;;~~1@$ Jr , Jl:tB~B~ pi{itlP~ffipJT~B~lillll~,P,Ff~~ I

JJ~ lillll~1!sttt~~um pi e~1i>J<: ~ J@EZ~~~ · :f~ne~m~~oT :

01 I* p rogs _ 1 7 , ~i~M.~IQtBi§Effl i13i9tl C=) *I
02 #i n clude <stdio . h >
03 #inc lude <stdl i b . h>
04 double pi=3.14; ~~~~--'"'/* gj5 ~i~~~ p i */
05 void per i( double );
06 vo id area (doub l e );
07 int mai n( void )
08
09 doub l e r= l.O ;
10 prin t f(" pi=%. 2 f \ n",pi);
11 printf (" radi u s = %. 2 f \n ", r );
12 per i (r ); /* O~D~§~JtBIIBJ IQ *I
13 a r ea (r );
14
15 system (" paus e");
16 retur n 0 ;
17
18
19 voi d p e ri (doub le r ) /* El~JtB@fQ peri () • fPC!:ll§JmJ *I
20 {
------------------------...,~-------------------------------
21 printf ( 11 i§J~ft=% . 2 f\n 11 , 2 *pi* r) ; I* 11$: peri () t.~H~ffliE:i~~l!J: pi *I
22
23
24 void area (double r) /* El5J8'9@1Q area() ' fPt!:Jl§Jl§.jfl *I
25
26 printf( 11 [§)[§jfl= %. 2f\n 11 ,pi *r*r ); /* 1.i~area()~j~F§iE:i~~l!J:pi */
27

/* prog8_17 OUTPUT--
pi=3 . 14
rad iu s=l . 00
l§J~ft=6 . 2 8
[§)l§.jf~=3 . 14
----------------------*/

o f~n~~~~
f¥rtm 4 fi · '§~-1~ iE:t~•I~ pi· rui~.]~ double· MI~~1m~ 3.14 ° ~~'8~iE:t~

•M·MU~~~~~~ffi~BmC~rtm4fi)U~~@M~~@m 0 *~~~
f¥rtii~1N~Ji~ • D~ main() @IH~fPt±l pi' .?:¥1~ r 8~1m21~ • ~O~O~ peri() R area()
@I~ ' ~t~~~ftR~l§H~1~fPt±lma~ 0

ffin~ pi 8~1.mtt peri() R area() @Mcp~m~m~U · ,Eiff 1:)~1:)ti@l~9~H~iitt5b'§~9:J ·

~DJlt-31<: main()' peri() R area() =f~@l~~~:01~8%effl'8' ITT.i1'!ib~~ll~31<:1®

M 0
g9~·.?:F~r~~~•M•MU~H'8@M~~ ffl~·~!ib~~--r~M~
@Jf~cp 0 •!•

iE:~WM1'@~UZ±@M2~~®~M·•~u~m·~~ffl~!U$~@W~·~
RB~-~~U5bfi8~*•m+-~~~~ 0
 [5]J IY 8-43

1
MIU•IY_J (static variable) ;i;o~t§,\\~fY!Ji~{J?,l ' '8t!~J~tE[5]JfYP'9HB3iff'§~ ' {~MIU
·-~tE·~~~B~·~~~~~me~M·~~w~~~-~tE[>Jg·~k·MIU
•IY8~1~~~DJ1;.!_{*0T* 0
ij¥U•IY~1;.i_ static ~mm~*{~'§~· ~DTl§J8~i819Ll:

MiUWE~~~~~~~~ • Effi~·W~tE'§~2a00~·~[5]JE~*~~ 0 M!U

••~'~®®AA_J ·~ti:W•~~WW~•-@~~~~meoo~·~-~ff~*
~MIU•E~~-92~*·H®ili9W~MT*·~~~~~~~[5]]-~·9~Ml
UWIY:S:J))(t£~C3'1:~e~rs~cp8~1~&sztl:l*1§Em · rm~~'§~e~m1~ 0

1;.i_ Tl§J~l~it~19Ll · fi1F91§Effl-1~ func() [5]JE · [5]JfY1~'§~ 3 -{~ij¥UWIY a • ~~~m

1~~ 100, E'2 main() [5]JfYcpitff.iO¥D~ func() [5]Jfy=:;x · 1mDJ1;.i_~~Uij¥UWIY a e~•1~ :

01 !* progs_1 s , ~±~~~~IQ1~fflflj~'G19tl * /
02 #in c lude <st di o .h>
03 #inc l u de <stdl ib .h >
04 v oid fun c (vo id) ;
05 in t ma i n (vo i d )
06
07 fun c (); / * OPO~llliJIQ fun c () *I
08 fun c (); / * OPO~llliJIQ func ( l * I
09 fun c (); / * OPO~llliJIQ fun c () * I
10
11 system("pa us e ");
12 r etu r n 0;
13
14
15 vo id fun c (vo id)
16
17 static int a =l OO; / * §'i5M!~~IQ a * I
18 printf("In fun c (), a = %d\n",a); / * fPl:i:lfunc()@JIQ¢i a flj{fi: * /
19 a += 2 00;
20
----------------------~----------------------------~
/* prog8_18 OUTPUT---
In fu n c () ,a=lOO
In func () , a=300
In func () , a=SO O
---------------------*/

o f~n~~~>t ~
15~ func() @f~tj::i ' ~ 17 fi<§~ ]' -@ij!jlg9f~ a ' HfJJ1i~ 100 ° Jlt@f~15~ 18 fi
ED8=\ a 8~1i;L1~ · ,eij15~ 19fiM~a1i1JO 200 • ?.t\1t't~~@1*8 a gJ'W.
0

tl:f¥it¥Afi8'j · ~ 7 fi'O~O~ func() @I~ · 15~~~ 18 fi'f08=\ a 8~1i~ 100 • MzM~ a

8%~1.JD 200 • PX,~ 300 ° E1315~ a ~-~&91~ · ?JT.LJ a 8~1i C300) 91*Mtt~G'l:~M£tj::i
1U~Uf¥itm55R • ,5JT.LJ~=:;~o~o~ func() @•B'j • El315~~~=:;~o~o~ • ?JT.LJ~ 17 fi

fJJ1i8~~~~1f1'91$¥Afi · ~Jlt~ 18 fif08=\ a 8~1i~ 300 • ffD/J'~fJJ@_ 100 ° ~1t't •

~ 19 fi,EijM~ a 8~1i1JO 200 • 9!JX, 500 • ~Jlt~=:;~o~o~ func() @f~B'j • 9ED8=\ a 8~
{j~ 500 0

El3*m~~·@•~fi~5R~-g9·~®Tifz1'9U;L~~·H®a~~MT*•
~~,Eij~~~~t>1!-~··g9·~®~U,Eij88~ffl 0
•~~~~~~17fi~
static ~m~~~t~ · @§P:te•~&91~ a {1~~9:~-~~8~~±~91~ · ~1t't~*IT¥AfiJltf~
 @ IY 8-45

/
8. 6 § 11~ 1~131~ 8~ ti ffiu
~U El lriJ1.%illP.Ff1'1*2lB'il@IY
, ~sllYi®~e~mffiLl~~U r i~ii_J Cpass by value) e~:Oi'C
*iifi 0
.PJT~B~ r1®1i_J , t~8~£W~1:E511Yi~~B~, i~~~rn~~M~B-'.Ri®J\@IY8~511Y~
mgfim•-m,m~~B'il@•@m,~~~ft1:E~~~@•~~@~•~m•ii*
8~s1•1.m, ~B~~~~)(~U~$1G~IY8~1i, @llililt~.PJT~~e~ rM1iOSJ!D~ _J Ccall by value) 0

t.rfl§l8~:f~i'C1.%i19U , M~~IY a, b i~~U addlO() @IHIJ.1 • n-2 add!O() ~M~ a W b 8~1i1.JD

101tt , ~~[QJ*g~fy aw b ' m1;,1_1~~ aw b ~1.me~~{lj J~tf~ : 1

01 /* prog8 _ 19, LilllfQe'ilfi{~~ffitl *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 void addlO(int,int); /* addlO () B~~ru' *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a=3 , b=5; /* §'i5l@:i~~tQaWb */
08
09 print£ ( "O~D~Lill!tQ addlO () ,;LJri]: ");
10 printf("a=%d, b=%d\n",a , b); /* EPl:±:la,bB~{~ */
11 addlO(a , b);
12 printf("0~0~Lill!tQaddlO(),;L1tt: ");
13 printf("a=%d, b=%d\n",a,b); /* fPl±l a' b ~m *I
14
15 system ("pause ");
16 ret urn 0;
17
18
19 void addlO (int a, int b)
20
21 a=a+lO; I* ~~th e'ili~JJO 1 o ,;L1tt , ~~@U8 a *I
22 b=b+lO; I* ~~IQ b B~i~JJO 1 o ,;L1tt , ~~[Q]*8 b *I
23
 /* prog8_19 OUTPUT--- ---- --
0~0~ !IBJl9 addl 0 () 2ff!J: a=3, b=S
O~O~IIBJJ9 addlO () 2~~: a=3, b=S

-----------------------------*/

o f¥n~~~~ ~
1i~/.$:{9~ifJ '~ 71]''§15 3~i~~I~ a=3 'b=5, ~1!t1i~§8 11 fiM~~~{~~l~f®l\addlO()

lllilf~tj:J 1± addlO() IIBJI~~, §8 21-22 fiM~{~3i*8J a Wb .:L_{i5J-55U1JO 10 2i!t, ¥ij

0

~~@lmg~f~ a Wb gJ'.j)l ¥J\fi)J[Ef~@l~Ll main() IIBJI~~' §8 13 fi'fOtf:lD~O~ add I 0() lIBJ

0

f~.:L_i!t ' ~~a W b BJ{i 1tff~itBJ'®t±fOJ9iD ' main() lllilf~~~I~ a W b BJ{iTit)~

0

~1~2~~ , ~~~1.Bsll~~U r{~{i.J 8J:Oit*{~3126)( 0

05 int main (void ) ~8.6. I

06 prog8_I 9 cp •add() IIB!f~;Z

07 int a=3, b=S; sl~~~f'.B~JH

,- - ,- ...
11 addlO C_a_: ,:_~:);

17

~j~~(B{~~~*~ addlO() t!f'.B

3 ...:
~ ~j~~(B{~~~~ addlO() ~t~Wl~bff.$.
t!f'.B~~~l~ a ff.$.

19 int addlO(intCc:}, int[J:]l

20 {
21 a=a+lO ;
22 b=b+lO;
23
 lili I~ 8-47

' §lji?.{\fi{P~i~•f~ a W b 1iiUU addlO() @In!' Mzti addlO() @1~1!

ffi__t_[i]"CD~D

~!JJ•f~ a W b 21.m' 1§~a'.__t_' main() lilif~8~ a W b 21mMz5.~HH$~!JJ '~~~

.ff.1/~;@Jf~ti1®B~lf~8~' addlO() ~%'§~~{~!@:±§,1Z•f~ a W b ( ~~@•f~/f'~JJ~

main() 1!8~ a W b ' .R~~{~tlcp ' fi{P~J<tl!U~•f~=8fi!J~~~t}J)Z;t;§fgff08) ' f.{\itzfij

0
ffl~~@••*ffi®1iB®*~~~® ~~~@l@:~··aWb~~~B~W~
$3J!!):i~~/f'fg)]~ main() 1!8~•1~ a Wb • )]~~/!'~ti addlO() lilif~1!~D{~ ~c!il: a

W b B~Hm • ti main() 1!8~•1~ a W b ~1'~1$~2'.il: • i¥t~~1~ill:I! 0

•:•

rn.:r±11m~1@1~e~1w1m:on~~H:j~~8%~~ 1 °~*1 • 1i1mo~o~ _J e~:On29~ · c ~;g~

liU~{;ti;3 '{i±ll:O~D~_J (call by address) B~:On • :r±~fl~n---r • lilif~,5JT1iB~lf~8~
1.m"CD§~i¥t~1$~c!il: · ~@HB53'fi1P~l¥'/~tl~ 10 ~j:ij{~~1~ 0
----------------------~~---------------=--------------
8.7 §D~~I,~-#define
fr c B'Jf~J:tcp · immJJ~~ J:t-m.Jpg~ , iiB@JJo_t~o #include 8'SJ:J:!§~, '8~~JJ~~~~
l~~B'SJ-:f! · frm=~.f!Bml1¥&1'1*?5~'88'SJJf.l5tW~~3 ° ~;t-3#include .:L9~ · c ~g~
m~mB'J~~~w~~ffi~3#~fi~C§mlli~)W•~It•m·e~~~Nr#~OO

~e'SJ~~~I!:J:!§~ 0

N r#~ OO~B'SJ~~~I!:J:!§~ · .:L.PfflJ@fmf.m "~~~!!" • ~~~f.m~~:J:!§~~fr-~i

0
.:L~~-~~ff~W·~ffi~WmB'J~•W~It•-m~~••~•m •m*~'
#include :j:!§~tEa:J:6 J\f~~*i.:L1tt • ::tWf~J:t~)jl§-m•8i ' ~Jlt#include :J:!§~8'SJ!h1'F~
fr•8i.:L~5'X~~I!8'SJ , .PJTN#include ~liJJJ~~~~I!~B'SJ-:f! 0

fr-*~1! ' fi1P9~M~ #define :& #include ~:f!~~~I!~ ' fffi1t*14n•~i8'SJgB7}~

~um+- ~~fffl*2l 0

8.7.1 {§E,Eij #define ~]i[~II~

1§Em #define ~~~I!~OJ:G1~M~mme'ilmt~, ~$~1~1J)Z-1~El~J8'SJ~53U=8fm ·~it-lit

.:L9~ • ~OJlJ;fLlJf.l #define IfSZ{-\'.;fm~B'SJ~t~o~ ! .Pff l)fr-llli/\:f~J:tcpmOJ~~U#define

~~~I!~B'SJWiJEJVJ)i #define ~~~I!~8'SJ1§EJf.lPoit~D""f :

0

¥clit 8.7.1

fr #define 1ttllii.Pff1§EJf.l8'SJ r~53u:gm~ · ~m*~1~1ttllii8'SJ r 1-\'.;J~~~C\~ 0

~ 3~l~it

~~8~§g~'g]1.~g~e'SJ~tl:J'-JB@gB7}.f$~J~' ~t;_t~5jLJ=8fmiiB@lJ/\:~*£Zm 0 J.lt9~'

~53u:gm=1'§g~gg;Po · ~t.m~55U=8:m!9frm-1~ggme'iltt8:G1m*a* · g;g;Po1tte'SJ:sz~•

/ •
w~~r~~-~~~~go r~~-~~~~~m•,~$~~1IBJ·~~g.~m
lIBJ f~ 8-49

Z:E1-\;;1~8gdB'5l1~'{[§j::f~~1JO..t:B5JJE 0
T@8'5l~'@19tl1§~15)t8'5l #define~~ :

#define MAX 32767 /* ~~MAX~'*~ 32767 *I

#def ine IOU " I love you !" /* ~~IOU ~f$ I love you ! *I

ft1P9.L.~ prog 8_20 ~19tl • H~ C gg~1!8'5J~:tJ/;j~5JJE.L.~ #define ~¥tr~ ~ • 1fE:rt{i~c~1~~0

T?ff~:

01 /* prog8_20 , f§Effl #define *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define BEGIN { /* ~~~lJU=8#!l BEGIN ~li:::*J~5ml *I
05 #define END } /* ~~~gLJ:g END~;t]~j~5ml * ~ / ---~
06 int main(void}
07 BEGIN
08 int i,j ;
09
10 for(i=l ; i<=S ; i++)
11 BEG IN
12 f or (j=l; j<=i;j++)
13 printf (" * ");
14 printf("\n ");
15 END
16
17 system( " pause");
18 return O;
19 END

/* prog8_20 OUTPUT--
*
**
***
****
*****
------- -- ---- - -------*/
---------------=----------;.;..«----------------------------------
0 t~it~~~~ ~
JJ~4:19Ucj:i •~ fifLlffHfu]![&IB;!!H #define M~~:7\:i55JJE ( {) ~~~ BEGIN • ~ 5
4
fi~U~M~::b:7\:i55JJE (} ) ~~~ END El31J~•8iHtt•8itlEitfi!®8~ • ~)IG&IB;!flfu]![
0

&IB;!!Hi~~ · 1.i~~tlEitnJ®sJ~ 1 w~ i 1 tr~1.JSH-~j~mz~:*:i55m. rm~ is w 19 tr

~~~~-mz::tJ:7'::~5JJE~m·•mH~~fi•m~~~·~~4:M~:7\:~5JJEU~~

~D~ #define ~~BJP~f§if!:RB~ · OJl-~fLl!tl&m~*~ (\) M~~~53'mz~fi • ~DTl§iBJtlE

it''B19U :
01 /* prog 8_21 ,f§!:iffl#def ine */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #define WORD "Think of all the things \
05 we ' ve shared and seen. \ n "
06 int main (void)
07 {
08 printf (WORD); _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
09
10 system (" pause ");
11 return O;
12

/* prog8_21 OUTPUT--------------------------
Think of all the things we ' ve shared and seen .
----------------------------------------------*/

0 t~it~~~~ '" .,
1.i~~ 4 ficj:i · fLl!tl #define ~~-1~~55Uftt5JJE WORD i:E*-mi8i~lfu · lfu]![&IB;!!J~~
0

{~~M~~ 8 fi printf() IIBlf~cj:iBJ WORD 1~~$ "Think of all the things we've shared

and seen." Mj~ )1~tt~ 4 fiBJ~ii¥t1JO..t&m~*~ ( \) l:.WDJM~~~j~fi ' {§~~).±

0
 @! I~ 8-51

8.7.2 ~1+M~m #define?

fLlffl #define ~J\:B~H~ • li't~C1JtJJ~JJO~~it8~~~1'i • 111rtmElci.~~{t8),J~~~~~~~

it8~ · .R~~~U~ @ *~i&! #define 8~~53LJ:g#JJ · §po_J1N)J:l]~8~~~~~~53LJ:fj:fil.!.Pff1~~e~
~~, 3imJ*l~~Bisil~JU~it8~8~Fs~ 0 19tl~D • l~~ml~ n Ciiffl #define *k~F.& 3.14 • ~OT
[§) e~ *!Zi1! :
#define PI 3 .1 4 /* /E~PI:#.li3.14 */

01 I* prog8 _ 22 , j~fflfill'l!~I!~3R~~l9~ml9 *I
02 # in cl ude <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define PI 3 .14 /* ~~PI:#.li3.14 */
05 double a r ea (doub l e );
06 int main(void)
07
08 printf (" PI= %4.2f, area()=%6.2f\n ",PI, area(2 .0));
09
10 system ("pa use");
11 return O;
12
13
14 double area (doubl e r )
15
16 return PI*r*r;
17

/* prog8 _ 22 OUTPUT ---

PI=3 .1 4 , area()= 1 2 .56
-- ----------------------*/
---------------------.,,~----------------------------
0 ffn~~B~ ~
$*fflcp·m4ff~n~n~m•·~~R•fr~n~~~n~~~·fr•~2
§11t'~@18t~i~~ml~ 3.14°1~1~-f.~8~~ · ~D~fr32$1~1Ff::~fW~l.lU:BWHE!f6J8~Y:32
B~ • ~UJJtY:32fil/f@18Zf~i~; ~oms ff printf() lllill~~e~Poi'C32$~-t3~-1~ "PI"·
@~@'~"/f@~~~~·~~£~fr'.j'2$~ o

itt9~ ' m4 ffB*~i~ PI~-~ 3.14' ~oitt-* ' fi1F~{~/f~~fr~i'Cli,1§8~{f{DJilli~

~wr~• PI e~1~ 0
~19U*~~ · ~D~fr progs_22 l~i'Cli~e~m 9 fi'm~t:l::\~o"""Fs~t.~~ :

PI=3.1416;

3. 14 =3 . 1416;

~$/f~~m•~~g -@m•·~~•~mn~m~~ 0
~~~m·~ m§!J••

w~*~•m•·::fill~~~m·@§~~~~m•fr~n~~~~~~~·~·

itt9~ · 1§Em§!J••I'~ *~•m1~e~g -1~~3-•~ · ~l~i'Ccp~•11~2)('.%l~e~~-gs~ ·

R•frifEl~me~
#define j~~cp~2)( · ~~Wf•8lil'HW~ ~19tl*~~ · :5ft-1~A:lli!l~i'C1'
0

~1~+1~m1~ 3.14' fjlfr:5;m:t~.PfT~B~ 3.14 2)(~ 3.1416' Efrf~nli~1,-f~-1~f1U)('

~/f~1N/f1-J{~? ~D~~{§Effl§!Jii•!'~*~§ • ~UR~•fr #define ~-ffm1~fl~

~·~~Wf-~W~·~/f~W~~?

t.l~l~H~ PI~§$; 3.14 •;fOj~ PI ~~$;'.£1~9f~¥ij~~f~~ 3.14 •~~1~3'"~~H~/ff§JDFtl?

••k·~~«Mz~~~:t::~~w·m••~~~m~•~~·§mff~~~~~•
~cpf!yf~ • @{§Effl #define .PfT~§8~~1.lU=8#§ft•8i§!J{~@~ml~M:t~ · .PfTl~{§Effl

#define @lQJrrH~iJ~G't.~~Fs~ ' f~i'Cli,1§¥J\ffiIB*lli@lQ~%($ 0

 @ 19 8-53

/
m?.{\fifP~lliCITU1:lJ~1§Efflml9, ffiFf~~i&! #define *~~ml9ffil~1-lU=8fpj, -~lliCIT
it~U f§lf~SJ El SJ , 1!::!~~8~11~f§Effl #define ?ff ~~eJ~1-lU=8m , ~ttml9*i~~~I'

~~ ~{9LJ*g~ ' fiiP~fLlffl #define ~~MAX ~ 65535 ' tH¥J:'Ccj:i~J!Ll!Wiffl@Jl:~H~l9•

0

19 a ~~AJJ~~5CE~H~l9?ff§~~ffiSJ~:;*;:1i 65535 8~, ffl a>MAX ffil~ )tJlit~tt; a>65535

*~B·~~Rmmm · ~mnm~ • a •fftcffilA~-T~M~ffilm•~@·~~
ffl #define 8~ , ~~tl~1-lU=8m®mJlit§~~'QJB~t:Jg~~1-lU=8fpjpfff~~aJ•~ 0

8.7 .3 1§Effl const 11~IDJJ-:Y.

fJ%tE1mB~Dili§!i]![~I,~CITffl*~~ml9SJ~1-lU=8m3 ° fr c gg~f'' ~#,3,Ejj_t-jfp

1'1*ElSJt~J5*~~ml9~:9~' l@C[fl;JfLlffl const imm~ (const ~constant SJ*rtl~' ~m
-~· ) *®~ --~~~W®·~~~•nffil®~~~WW~·~T~ffil~~:

const d o uble pi =3 .14; I * §'.~pi :I® doubl e ru!filW~mlll: • ~1gi:t® 3 . 14 * I

-El •l9'§~~ const~irt ' ~1i1f~ )tttffi'Cli,\MJ~'8iful.J~~~ 0

~O~~~~lil11U~

*~i&!
canst ®~irtffil•l91i , ~U~~)l:~U~~i~SJilii~rn~~n,~, , ~gfi:fmg~•meJ1i~mOt1m
~~~eJ T~SJf¥i'Cf1~ ~~EI prog8_22 , 1§:t~®:~El3 #defme Pff~~eJml9 PI ~~~fLlffl
0

01 /* prog8_23 , c ons t ~mm~i§efflB'ili!Bf9tl */

02 # inc lu de <st d io .h >
03
04
#in c l ude <stdli b. h >
----
const doubl e pi=3.14; _ __
05 doub l e ar e a (d oub l e ) ;
06 in t mai n (vo i d )
07
OB / * ?gi£Jlt~~~}E pi=3 .1416 'i:ltl~~ll~f"il~~~~~~~ * I ------~
09 p rint f("pi =%4 . 2 f, a r ea ()= %6 . 2 f \ n",pi, a r ea (2 .0));
10
11 sy st e m(" pa u se ");
12 r e tu r n O;
13
14
------------------------~--------------------------------
15 double area (doub le r )
16
17 return pi*r*r;
18

/ * prog8_23 OUTPUT---
pi=3.14, area {)= 1 2 . 56
------------------------ */

o f~n~4~~ ., :
J5~ ~19Ucp •~ 4 fifLlffi const '§~pi ,;%M)t11~ 2:\(8Jmf~i~ •ii't~ t.Ui~tl;fO #define

~~~~-~~· • ~~~~~~~n•·tt~8fi~~~~pi~®·~••

~2·•··~~-~tt••~§·o ~

mtt~B•M=•~ -- ~®~,;%M~W~~~5~3°•~~~-5~~~m
ffi · 1f!ii't•~aJl\\llil§l3~~~ · ffi #define *~~~8Jf~n:0,~9~Q,;% ~Jrni~ · tt¥MJ'8~lli9
~~'.J.~U¥ o

Pi3'i 3 ~ij(§jpJTf§Effi~U #define *i~~Ji~BJ'Mt~I 11=29~ • #define 8]§5-@]~~ffi BJJ;JJ§~ii't

~§- Cmacro ) 0
e•~1;i_~f~PX.~1;i_-1~M~8Jt~~*M1~~d~t~1'F~~ 0
#define
~UM~m·~~$·ili~UM~-@~n~~·ffiU®m~~m2•~U®~·~
BJIIBJI~ 0
~19U *~~' ~~t~ 11 BJ5¥5' tlP~l;J_fLlffi§.j[;IJX.' ~naJm~~Dl' :

01 /* prog8_24 , 1~1t.l§ ~ B'il ~8 19~ */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #define SQUARE n*n /* ;\E~§~ SQUARE~ n*n *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 int n ;
08 printf (" Input an integer :");
09 scanf (" %d ", &n) ;
/ •
10
11
printf (" %d*%d=%d\n ",n,n,SQUARE);
llliJ

/* ~t~M!EPl:8n8'9SfZ1.J */
f~ 8-55

12 system (" pause ");

13 return O;
14

/* prog8_24 OUTPUT- --
I np u t an intege r:4
4*4 = 16
------- -- - - - - ------ --* /

0 t~itfg~g~ ~
t±_C_i§i8jf~ittj::i , §D~~I!~~M~H~itt!~ SQUARE ~55U~8jit!3:7J~ l.~ n*n Mi~ ,
l!llltDJl-~M~f~te§t io fi8jt&3fil~JJX;~
pr i ntf ( " %d*%d=%d\n ", n , n , n*n );

~*~t±lllil f~ q::i1®~ ~m~ej~ , ~ ~*8j §$ lliDJU1§efflsl f~, ¥§1-~ progs_25 .f.019U, n$

:$:{9Utj::ifi{P9M~ SQUARE {1~2~.f.0trW~slf~8j§$ ' f~teejm~tzDl'Pffm :

01 I* prog8 _ 2 s, *'~~1~~8j§:~ *I
02 # i nclude <stdi o. h >
03 # i nclude <std lib . h>
04 #defi n e SQUARE (X) X*X /* ~ ~ §:~ SQUARE ( X) ~ X*X * /
05 i n t ma i n (vo i d )
06
07 int n;
08 printf (" I n put an intege r:");
09 scanf (" %d ", &n );
10 pri nt f (" %d*%d=%d\ n",n, n ,SQUARE(n)); /* ~t~M!EPtl:ln8jSfZ1.J */
11 system (" pause ");
12 return O;
13
------------------------~----=-----------------------------
/* prog8_25 OUTPUT---
Input an integer:12
12*12=144
---------------------*/

0 ff~~~~~ ~
1;£/$1~UDJ~tl:J · 1*~5 1 ~8!le$il't~3-{~~lillll~-ffi~ · §!J]![~!~~~M~f~~t~~
SQUARE(n) 8!1~53U~.L;J. n*n Mi~ • ~~Uf~~¥J.\tf8~filijJE n 8!11~1rt • j:ijBt'.~Ji~~

1*~51~8!le$1:E{§Effl8~~~~53U1J,1[i' · 12Slf.B:5'e$JE~8!1/f'H • 1§Effl8~DJ~~~1**=1'

0
0am ~~~~m•~~~@~S·~~fi~j:ij~~~~1offm®&~·~
SQUARE(n) ~~PX; SQUARE(n+ l)' ~1rtfi~f~~¥AfiB!lma~ :
01 /* progs_26, J~ffl§~m~ffil~~8~ * /
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdl ib.h >
04 #define SQUARE (X) X*_X _~-- /* ~~§~ SQ UARE (X) :#Ji X*X */
05 int main (void)
06
07 int n;
08 printf( " Input an integer :");
09 scanf(" %d",&n);
10 printf(" %d* %d=%d\n",n+l,n+l , SQUARE(n+l))i /* fPt±ln+l~~t.J */
11
12 system ("pau se ");
13 retu rn 0;
14

/* prog8_26 OUTPUT---
Inpu t a n integer :12
1 3*13=25
---------------------*/
/ •
0 f~TC~~~}t ~
lili I~ 8-57

~~~~-~~--~·~~afi~~-~ti3!~•Be~~~lOfi•ttM~
awB~M®m·•5~T~~~~:

printf(" %d*%d=%d\n",n+l,n+l, n+l*n+l);

n+l *n+l =n+(l *n)+l=l2+(1 *12)+1=25

rm~~.LEnis~ma• 169 • ~~~1ffliM~aI!~Tirz~~51Gfi5t~sll~P'9s~1m · rm~~

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01 /* prog8_27, 11~29: prog8 _ 26 ~~~~~ */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #define SQUARE (X) (X) * (X) /* :lf:~E~ SQUARE (X) 'J.?i (X) * (X) *I
05 in t main (void)
06
07 int n;
08 printf ("Inpu t an integer :");
09 scanf (" %d ",&n);
10 printf (" %d *%d=%d\n ", n+l, n+l, SQUARE (n+l)); /_* fPl±J n+l ~~D*
11
12 system ("pau se ");
13 return 0;
14

/* prog8_27 OUTPUT---
Input an integer:12
13*13=169
----------------------*/
--------------------;;;I'---------------------------
0 fIEn~it~H; m,
E815~f~nt!ftl\E:Jtcp8~~ n+ 1 • 12SJJJtrti•~I!~@®i~$, (n+ l)*(n+ 1) • $AfiB~f®

J\ n 8~@:~ 12 ' 3.i~m6~ii't~$, 13*13=169 °

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math .h *~ ITTimU Dev

C++ OO llil B~B'Sllll§l

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' J_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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/ .<t Ti:ddition al /XOP~U mdth co n.::;tdn ts (double
#itndef STRI CT_.IJISI_
#define ll_E 2 . 7 1628 18284590 <1 5235'1
#def ine Jl_ L CXi2 E 1. '1'126950408889634 074
# define ll_LOG lOE 0 . 434Z9'1'1619032:5182765
#define 11 LJJ Z 0.6931'17 18 05599'15309 '! 2
#defin e lf= LIHO 2 . 3025850 9 299 404 568402
#define !! PI 3 .1'11592653589793238 '16
#de tin!!: ll=PI_2 1. 57079632679 '"1 8960 1923
#define ll_PI _ 4 O. 7B5398 1 63397•HB30962
#define JI l PI 0 . 3 183 0988 61 8379067 151 v
I ~ -
---------------------------,~-------------------------------------

#define M E 2 . 7182818284590452354
#define M LOG2E 1 . 4426950408889634074
#define M LOGlOE 0.43429448190325182765
#define M- LN2 0 . 69314718055994530942
#define M LNlO 2 . 30258509299404568402
#define M PI 3 . 14159265358979323846
#define M PI 2 1.57079632679489661923
#define M PI 4 0.78539816339744830962
#define M 1 PI 0 . 31830988618379067154
#define M 2 PI 0.63661977236758134308
#define M_ 2_SQRTPI 1.12837916709551257390
#define M_SQRT2 1.41421356237309504880
#define M_SQRT1_2 0 . 70710678118654752440

rn.Z±~S~U~!ftflEit~l®IJ!~~/F~81£ 3
• Jl'X:SZDP.l prog8_22 ffl #define *'.IE~ PI{!§:-~ ·
'81F~~B~ffl*'.IE~l9~_t:~me~ml9 ° f?U:SZD ...tl§l;E~e~ M_PI ElP'.IE~3 Jr illi~~i~U
J J

;J,19~~1;,lT§f; 2011I 0 1fUl9§f;=fi'8~ M_ SQRT2 ~U~'.!E~3 J2 °

math.h ~~m:t.\1:1~* 3 '.IE~ 3 -1ttmffl 8~19~mltL_9~ · lli'.IE~ 3 -1tt@l98~mlru! · ~

tB~~1~~1~fflt~H~ti8~ml~;:L- • 19U:SZD · tE math.h t~H~ti:f.\1:1 · 1{1Jlli0Jtlj:\7,~U@l9ml

lli!a~'.IE~ · 17£~1ftmllli!ElPDJ~i±l · ~1ftmme~19~@19a~1&@li.l§:lli!~, ~119e~@119 ·

J..)Js~.~1198~lli!~~~ :IZDTl§JB~flEith'rn :
J

double sin (double);

double cos (double);
double tan (double);
double sinh (double);
double co sh (double);
double tanh (double);
double a sin (double);
double a cos (double);
double a tan (double);
double atan2 (double, double);
double exp (double);
double log (double);
 lilll '~ 8-61

/
do u b l e loglO (doub l e );
d o uble pow (do ubl e , d o u ble );
dou b l e s qr t (doub l e );

fflfrfi~U~ffi0~~§·~~·~~~@~§·~~ana~-@•~-·~$~
~$U #~~~~~--~~~*~m 0 T~~§-~a3m•n·U&~% ' ~~
%&-fii'3%~ffi0 ~:

#defi n e PI 3 .1 4
#define CI RC LE (r ) (( PI ) * ( r ) * (r))
#def ine REC TANGLE (l e n g th, heigh t ) ( (lengt h ) * (h eight ))
#def ine TR I ANGLE (base , he i gh t) ( (base )*( h e ight) /2 .)

fflfrfi1P~~:H~...t~BJ§•a~-1~t~mm~ I 1~~~£Hj:g~ area.h 0 1mDJ.L;.l_)l(;frff1~8J•ti

~$•ff·~•~naE~ 0
T~~u~=**•U•~•~ •~:

~ 8.8.2

lldefine PI 3.14
lldefine CIRCLE(r) ((PI)*(r)*(r))
lldefine RECTAHGLE(length,height) ((length)*(height))
lldefine TRIAHGLE(base,height) ((base)*(height)/2.)

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~1~...tB1P~~.L;.1_1lftl1JDti:g .h 1~~-~- Cheader BJm-1~~"8 ) · 18~§j[;!l!i:ft · 1mDJ

1;.!_~U 'C:\_J BJEl~-'RT~~-~ti area .h ~~~1Hl~A' ~DTlilPff~ :
------------------------~--------------------------------
~ 8.8.3
'il:t ~~ffi'Wii area.h
Afi.IJJJ:@ .._ C:\

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Tiill~a~m~·~~~~m§fil~§$~m :

#inc l ud e " c :\ area .h" /* a~i§{ufj~ § t~ C : \ t'~~IDj{i; area .h */

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:\f'.8j El t-RIW~ 0

t~T* , fM9ii'tl.;..lJlilltl::t~rriGP>Z8~~Hi1i*i area.h ~1~tl , 15~1~it1!H~ 'C:\_J ~§i~TB~*~

Hi1i*i area.h a:f5ili* , illz1.i~f~it~l1H!~t~ -fei'§tf~B~iillffi :

 lillJ 19 8-63

/
01 /* progB 28, i§effl§l~Ji'.B~ITTH~area .h */
02 #include <s tdio.h>
03 #inc lude <stdlib.h>
04 #include "C: \area. h" /* IX/\ C: \ ~~H~Ti'.B~m!m; area. h *I _ _ __
05 int main (void)
06
07 float base, height;
08
09 printf ("~~f®J\=J3'3Jl~i'.B~: ");
10 scanf(" %f",&base);
11 printf ( "~~l®l\ =J3'3Jl~i'.BrEii: ");
12 scanf (" %£",&height);
13 printf ( 11 :=_ ff~i§iffi4®: %. 2f\n", TRIANGLE (base,heigh
"""t~)c<.
) .__
; ------
14
15 system("pause");
16 re t urn O;
17

/* prog8_28 OUTPUT--
~~'®l\ =J3'3Jl~i'.B~: 3
~~'®l\ =J3'3%1'.BrEii: 5
=~%lillm.4®: 7 . 50
----------------------*/

0 f~itfij~~~ ~
1.i~21s:19Uc:j::i
• 1@r~U)1~~Ul~rt~ll§~!fz)~~'.IE~ TRIANGLE !IBJl9:91/,§$ • 1fo~f~rt
1D?.':t\DJ1~1Hi8~lti1J' • ~~~~TRIANGLE B~'.IE~~fill:i'± area.h ·H~1ic:j:i • 631.i~

f~it-m:l~§l]'.;tM~~~Hi~a:fC53i* • pfTl-~O~O~ TRIANGLE §*lillJl9B~ • §D'!l:J5l'EH~~

1~:f~ TRIANGLE e~~~'!l::t~~u~ 1315'1! ' ~Jl:tOJtJ.1HiB~~t~l:±:l=~~B~llliH~ 0

SID~ El 8~~M-@~~ • 1!l§i'ffia~l9@11IBJl9 · lli~/f 0'2*8~~5 · ~~~:f~~itt;!IBJf9

~~We*R~•~•~@/fm~~rt 0
e/fillM*~rt•mm:iB~~~·§OJffi•
B~1i-~1ljWft8A~-'3- 0 §59~A:~f~rte~~~l&lli0'/f3 El1Tm1R1~~1i ' ~~1.i~~@m~
1B · fi1F~ ~~U~ +- ~j:ijfli9il*i'5 °
-------------------------i4'~----------------------------------

.;,j,. I. 8Jt~-lllil~ void kitty(void) • ~.±f~nO~O~ kitty() ~ • ~$_t§;.tj'i}r,t±J "Hello Kitty"

;:Z~$ 0

2. 8Jtm~ void kitty(int k) @IQ • ~.±f~nO~O~ kitty(k) ~ • ~$_t§Mff\t±l k fiB'il "Hello

Kitty" o

.;,j,. 3. 8J\'.1~~ int cub(int x) llliJIQ • ~FIBR~@J x 8'iJ 3 /'Y._]'j • !l1fLlfflJttlllillQ3Rat~ cub(2) • !Wat
~2
3
0

4. 8J\'.1~~ double square(double x) @IQ • CITffl3R~@J x B'iJSJZ)'j ' !l1fLlfflJttlllillQ3Rat~

square(4.0) • !Wat~ 4.0
2
o

s. 8Jtm~ int mod(int x, int y) llliJIQ • at~ x!y B'il~*IQ !l1fLlfflJttlllillQ3R6t~ mod(l 7,5) • IW
0

at~
1
; s'ilfi*IQ 0

6. 8J\:1~~llliJIQ int power(int x, int n) • ffl3Rat~ x 8'Sl n ;'Y._]'j • !)1)'j$: .±~n1llrnt~ power(5,3) •
1Wat~5 ' 0

.i,I. 7. 8J\'.1~~- int prime(int n) • CITffl3R:J':itl:±l~ n @!~~ ( ~-f[QJ~IQ.f.?,, 2 ' ~=flQJ~IQ.f.?,, 3 '
tJ,Jtt~ttt) • !l:tl;AJttllliJIQ:t)Gl:±l~ 100 flQJ~IQ 0

s. ~~ J(x) = 3x 3 + 2x-1 • 8Jt~-lllillQ double /(double x) • ffl3R~@J J(x) B'ilffi • !ttn$:

.±f~n1'53-EiLlat~1c-J.2) , 1c- 2.1) , f(O):WJc2.1) 0

9. 8J\:fl~2~ prog8_7 • f§E~~~ n= l 8~ • is_prime(n) §~@) 0 OlPl#Lll.lLl 11'~~~) 0

 lilll I~ s-65

/
IO. ~o~mM)fll§JE 2P -1 (p ~1EMl9 )~~5 •~Llil~ml9fi!l~;#JJ~~~l9(Mersenne primes) 0

f9Ll~o . 1 ~;#J)~~m19 . ~~ P = 3 a~ .2 3
-1=1 ° 359~ . 11 ii't1'~~~~m19 . ~
~~UU:JG/f'~Ll-fl§J919P · {§E~~ 2/1-1=11 °

EJ!filjl9~~t~~~A~m19~:o;t · ~1!=~\llB~fLlm~m~*m!WH!jj~~m• · z:tE!l:lG 1999

26972593
:ti:7\F.l · 19~~m~fi:O)t~~rn, J'§g 38 fl§J;#JJ~~ml9 2 -1 . JJtt9~~~JJIT~~rn,
~®Aml9 ! '8~-fl§J 2098960 fll:l9 , ~o~-~ A4 ~*·ffa.Jl..j_fp sooo mm~ , ~Ll~fl§J
ml9LiD~.l'l:EP t~ 420 5~*.Et !

£te:l'811J~IJY,8il5, f~~: ~-iiH~E!l/f'!kaili~R@; =@=fl§ll9'8, *~~*=fl§J; lifl§J

li@M'8·Rn=@:t@t@M'8·8n=@:~~-~E!l~R@?

(a) §lt1:\\tl::l)fll§JE}~:Ho~Jm:f~~®1J\Ml9 °
(b) illtmM:-@19 int find(int n) • 0.Jl..j_{i[QJ)flj§JE}~:Ho~lm:f~~§g n @919 • ~~&fLllf.l
~l?JslMtitl::l)fll§JE~~~Jm~§g5@W§g7919°

(c) §ltfLllf.l (b) PJTAE~~IIBJl91:JGl:±:llfilj 12 fl§l)flj§JE}~~Fo~Jm~Ml9 °

r 39:ittf~:llM~Fo~lm _i : http://episte.math.ntu.edu.tw/articles/sm/sm_29_09_l

II 1 1 1 1 1
my fun(n) = °""'-=-+-+-+···+-
- B 2 3
2k 2 2 2 2"

Mn1~:±;f31it~5t~ my_fun(3) ' my_fun(4) ' my_fun(5) W my_fun(6) ~ff[ 0

---------------------------....,,~----------------------------------

(a) 1~fM:-lilll~ double my_fun (int n) • q}ffl*5t~l'l§l8'919~it O~m • fmqJ.L.)JLlffl

prog8_8 pfT:<f'.~B'il fac(n) lllil~*5t~:53'B) :
II 1 1 1 1 1
my fun(n)= I - = - + - + - + · · · + -
- k=I k! 1! 2! 3! n!

TIQJJ~:i:f£it.f~5t~ my_fun(5) 'my_fun(8) Wmy_fun(IO) 8isJ1m 0

(b) ~Fo~ n 1m~0'~~A~ • my_fun(n-1) W my_fun(n) 8'9~1m:tif 1jl)'j~ 0.00001?

(a) m:M:-lllill9 double my_fun (double x, int n) ' q}ffl*5t~l'l§lB'il~~it ( }~m ' fm
q} l.)_5-JJ5LlfLlffl prog8_6 pfT:<f'.~B'il power(x, n) Wprog8 _ 8 pfT:<f'.~B'il fac(n) *5t~:53'

-:Y.W:53'B) :
11
xk x' x2 x3 x11

my fun(x n)= I - = - + - + - + · · ·+ -
- ' k=t k! I! 2 ! 3! n!

TIQJJ~±f£it~5t~ my_fun(O. l, 5), my_fun(O.l , 8) W my_fun(0.2, 8) eisi1m 0

(b) ~Fo~ n 1m~0'~§7.A~ • my_fun(O.l, n-1) W my_fun(O.l, n) eisi~1m:tiJ1j\J)~

0.00001?

(a) 1~'.M:-@19 double my_fun (double x, int n) • q}ffl*5t~l'l§lB'ill9~it O~m • fm

q}l.)_5-JJ5LlfLlffl prog8_6 pfl:<f:~B'il power(x,n) Wprog8_8 pfl:<f:~B'il fac(n) *5t~:53'

-:Y.W:53'B) :
 lili '~ 8-67
/
(-1/ X 2k+ I
2:---
11

my fim(x, n)=
- (2k+l)!
k= I

sl1U'JS: ±f£ntlirnt~ my_fun(2.2 , 3) W my_fun(2.2, 5) fl'sl@. o

(b) ~Fo5 n 1~~~,~~AB~ • my_fun(2.2 , n-1) W my_fun(2.2, n) ~~1~:;t§1J\fj~

0.0001?

..i.. 16. ~t~m - @~ int find_k(int n) • '8CITffl3Rt:l<.tl:J-@ k 1~ (k ~~IQ) • jf~~ 4k+2 8j1~~

~lli: n ° J.9tl~D • 5~ n=J9 • :5 k=4 • i:ltl 4k+2=18; :5 k=S • i:ltl 4k+2=22 • it51 I8 ~ 19 ®lli: •
,6Jll~ find_k(19) §~@ 4°

Jr 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23
- = - x - x-x - x- x- x- x- x ···
2 2 6 6 I 0 14 18 18 22

~@ge'SJ~ • ~11QJBnt~ • l'fT~e'SJ53'-:f~B~:*:JJ~ 2 e'SJ~~ • 53'HJ\:ltl~1'~~1$ 4 ~!!* · .§~

~lli:53'-:f e'SJ1~JQ 0

~m~-IIBJJQ double Euler(int n) • ffl3R1[j~f§Jm!$e'Sl1~!£tl§:g n I.l'i: • Mz5t~ Euler(JO) '

Euler(IOO) ' Euler(IOOO) W Euler(JOOOO) fl'sl*6~ (}~if\• ftlffl~~ 16 ~ find_k() @JJQ

3R>J<m53'B ) 0

.;,i. 18. ~1~1f;@~l'9Ue'SlFo5~:

(a) ~M~ prog8_12 5t~ii:~IQ9Ufl'sl@J~ int fib(n) • ~:ll.l~~l=~~e'SJ1-Jn3Rm~ O~m :

ftlm for~lf!l) 0

(b) ~X~Y$iffi~ 'l~ for ~lf!lm~e'SJ fib() IIBJ~e'SJ¥MJ'~M® 1tj(' i@~l~~~e'SJ1-Jn3R

m~e'SJ fib() 1IBJ~® 1tj( • :#.iiH~?

19. ~mm~~@JQ double rpower(double b, int n) • ffl3R5t~ b e'Sl n /~D • Mzftlfflilt@JIQ3R

5t~2.0
3
0
----------------------------....;J''--------------------=----------------__,

sum(n) = n+sum(n-1) ' sum(!)=!

m3R~twl+2+3+ · ··+n eisJ{l:[ o

sum2(n)=sum2(n-1)+2*n' sum2(1)=2

m~~@@JI~ int sum2(int n) , ffl3R~t~ 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n ;:?.fO 0

22. §il'.1~~~@@11~ int rsum(int n) **w 1x2+2x3 + 3 x 4 + · · · + (n -1) x n ;:?_fO 0

.\I. 23. :5 f(n) = 2f(n -1)- 5; f(O) = 3 ' §i\'.*~4 /(5) 8~{11[ 0

.., 24. §it3B~Tl§leisJflE~~\§ ' 1~f~ma¥D~ counter() @J~-1,J!._ ' f~§EPC!:l "counter() 8:f&z0¥0~

n /):;_ T' ~$ ' ~cp n 1.0 counter() f&zO¥D~eisJ/):;_f~ (counter() @Jf~~~tl~eisJ~ln~mW

~~1~3R1~~) 0

01 !* hw8 _24 , W~j~f~eisJ**~ *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 void counter (void) ;
05 int main (void)
06
07 counter();
08 counter();
09 system( " pause ");
10 return 0;
11
12 void counter (void)
13
14 /* §ittf.JJ:t~t~_.tflf~~\§ ' j~f~ counter () ~J._~fPC!:l'C:f&l0¥0~eisJ/):;_f~ *I
15

4:~JmeisJ¥J.\fi*6*~:ilDTPJTm :
counter () Bf&z0¥0~ 1/):;_3 .. .
counter () 8t&z0¥0~ 2 /):;_ 3 .. .
 ~ I~ 8-69

/
25. fLlffl 24 Jm~ counter() @1~3R~llfil prog8_12 ,5ff'.AE'.Ji~~@lllill9: fib()' fr~@B~H~~ c:p

-~~0¥0~~:Dz. 0
19USID • :55t¥l fib(S) · ~tlf~itli\ll~'®t:!:l~

counter() 8~0¥0~ 1 :Dz.3 . . .

counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 2 :Dz. 3 .. .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 3 :Dz. 3 .. .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 4 :Dz.3 .. .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 5 :Dz. 3 .. .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 6 :Dz. 3 .. .
counter() 8:/.&l0¥0~ 7 /X 3 . . .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 8 :Dz. 3 . . .
counter () 8:/.&l0¥0~ 9 /X 3 . . .
1~~ fib() lllill~-~~0¥0~ 9 /X 0

26. ~fLlffl 24 Jmpfft~~~ counter() lllill~3R~llfil~lm 19 :/!~ rpower() @19: ' fr5t¥l

rpower(2.o, 9) e~@f~cf:i , rpowerO lillll~-~~0¥0~~/X 0

..i. 27. ~1~~-~it • ffl3Rt~®rnt¥l fib(n) lllill~B~ • ~@M&*~D for @lllM&*¥J:\fi fib() ~*W.

:Dz.I~ C~mn~ fib() lillll~~'.AE'.Ji • ~~~~ 8.4 Ho) 0

n {~ml 1 ~30 · fMJ'*a~IJ!SID~l'fffR :

n= 1, for @Ill 1 /X, ~@1/X

n= 2, for@llJ 1 /X, ~@1/X
n= 3, for @llJ 3 /X , ~@3/X
n= 4, for@llJ 4 /X, ~@S/X

n=30, for@ll} 30 /X, ~i!ID 1664079 :Dz.

.- 29. szo~m prog8_19 ~~I~ a W b ~:\O.;J.~±~~1~3Rm~ • Jt'8f~itli\ll/f~tb • ~tlfJ:lfi*a~

~~tlHD prog8_ 19 t§rg? ~1+~?

30. fr prog8_ 19 cp •~'fU~0¥0~ add JO() ~1rt' fr main() t!~I~ a W b ~{~~/f§°:/.&z1JD 10 °

~~~:ll:f~itli\§ ' J§E1~~ addlO() ~0¥0~~1rt' a W b ~{~§";/JO 10 °

8.7 ~ili'.IJ!&Jlg§-#define

"'- 31. 8itfLlffl #define J:E~2*~1~ f(x) = 4x' + 6x-5 • !l:fn5:S:±1~n¢15t~ f(l .O) ' f(2.2)

Wf(3.14) ~1i 0

32. 8itfLl!f.l #define )E~-2*~1~ CUBIC(X) • CITffl*5t~ X ~ 3 /~15 • !l::ULlffltlt2*5t

~ 5 ;fO 2.4
3 3
o

33 . 8itfLlffl2*'.IE~ AVERAGE(X,Y) ~I~ • ffl*5t~ X !MY ~SfZi'31i • !l:ULlffltl:t2*5t

~ 12.6 ;fO 4.2 ~SfZ:t'31i 0

34. 8itfLlffl{1~{!fl.i~-:f r7:_J ;E~e* ABS(X) • ffl*5t~ X ~*@~Hfi • !l::ULlffitl:t2*5t~

-13.6 ~*e~11i 0

8.8 ~*~~ #include ~ili'.IJ!&W~

(b) ~:#.l, 5.0 ' ]1[:#.l, 4.6 ~~l]fljifjj~ 0

(c) ~:#.l, 12.2 • f6i~ 9.4 ~=fe3fljifjj~ o

.,j,. 36. 8itM'.M:-@my_math.h ~§5J~BJH~ • ~ifjj)E~]'Tifjj~2*:

(I) SQUARE(X) ' CIT5t~ x ~SfZ151i

(2) CUBIC(X) • CIT5t~ X ~=/~151i

(3) ABS(X) • CIT5t~ X ~*eU1i
(4) AVERAGE(X,Y) • CIT5t~ X !MY ~SfZJ'31i
(5) PRODUCT(X,Y) • qJ5t~ X !MY~*~
(a) tum #include ~~mil~ my_math.h a115~tlf~i'C¢i, E13mM'®l\-1~!H~1~, 5t~

'8~SfZ751i , =-;~151iR*@U1i 0

(b) 8itfLlffi #include M~~filim my_math.h a115~tlf~n¢i, E13mM'®l\~1~5~fii.~1~1~ ,

5t~~~1~~~SfZ:t'31iR*~ 0
 chapte r

09
•~u•~

~~sfil(-3j$113~MJ~*~ ' 1~ffl-9Ll8~ilm~93'BJ~:ti ' :Qo~I~IBJl!Z~1j\~

mz~~ , -~~8Ji\:)Iffi~1§rgrui~8J~~t!PDJ;fLlffl•9Ll*13J5)( 0
llt9~ •c ~g~8J

~$~~~~•~mmmz·~~~*•~lli-m~~~$~~m 0
~~*•·
m~·~-~fi~$~~m~~~-~~~-o

~ ~~-*tt , =*ttfi~*tt•9Ll8Jf~ffl
~ ~~:QDfOJ~~-9Llm15lillJl!Z
~ ~?i?.B~.$ · :ML~~fi~$113~~8J!IBJl!Z
~ ~~~~•9usJf~m
----------------------,~------------------------------

r·~J C~ey)~~-Mffi~~-~9Effi~~~---ft~m,2~U -@~~

BJ~m~ffi 0
•9Ucp&53U8J:lt;~ Celement) ~1-i r~sl1iJ CsJZm~tit~ , index) ,
*RffiG~~ffi• 0
-~ffiG~:7t;•~mH~M,~~ -· · =MW=MUk~~­
·~'*M~W-M•~~~~~m0

-*-tE•9U ( I-dimensional array) DJ1iGJJ)l~11mEl~~ge]•*~' 1!*9U;fD9E-t~ ' tB

~-~w ~~m~~~m 0
•~~~m,•~~~~~g•~~~••~-@m•~
~m,~~WDJii~@~m~G~•ft 0 -••~~~§~~~~ffiffi:

.Po i'C 9. I.I

-~~~~~~~, r•ft~OJ~~§·~~'mG~2:7t;•~·ft~0,~®:7t;

·~~-~~ffi ~~ om~~-~~---~·~~--~·~:lt;i!*~~o r-~~

mJ ~ffl*Dlitf.9U-1~~53UBJ~m, ~-ap~;~~JlU;fD91~1EI~ 0
rf~l~J ~U~~~ff~i

~i~ , .Pff~~~-9UDJGJJ)l~~"'BJ:lt;. 0
~l§l~-*-tE•9U~~BJiQ.WU :
int score [ 4 ]; I* §'.~~IQ~9U score • q]'gfil( 4 @:71;* *I
float temp [7]; I* §'.~)3'fMIQ~9U temp • qJg)'j)( 7 {IQJ:lI;* *I
c har n a me [ l2]; /* §~~:7I;~9U name ' q]'gfil( 1 2 {IQ]:lI;* *I

~§~3-9U2itt, ~o~~•f§effl.9U~8J:7t;., DJ1i;fLlfflll*9U8J~511ijG~ 0

91~•

9Ulitt~:Ytt;~U1~1.i~filrnl18J~Fs~ ' fffi~511i~U31~~~Fs~~•5m-t~' .R•tmj~Fs~~i

5m C~511i) · litU~~'QJ:f:M~U1±@8J~A C1~~GJJ~•9Uf.~BJ:lt;.) 0
/

i nt score [ 4 ];

~U score[O) {-\;;~ll!9Ut!B~~-{~:7I;~ ' score[l] {-\;;~ll!9Ut!B~~=1~:7I; ~ ' rm score[3)

~~-~~~• ffi -@:7I; ~ 0 ~~~ ~~-~cp:7I;~~~ffi ~N ~m~~ :

int score[4];
Iii 9.1 .1

score ~9U score [ 0 ] score [ l ] score [ 2 ]

i
§!?; I @ jC~ ~1tt-@ 7C ~

*O::lifif.ili 0 * O:: lifif.ili~9U7C ~B\J @J l~- 1

~lill~{§Efflll! 9UB~~ ~ i819U 0

1.i-S: ili1~i8J9Ucp ' ft{P~ '§ § ]'q:fgJ'j)( 4 1~~1~8~ score

ll!~ · ~ft~~-~~:7I;~~m ·~ffi ~ m Mk~Wlli* 0

~~~ m R~~ :

o1 I* p rag 9_ 1 , - ~ti: ll~lf9Ue'il ~:$ f*ft= *I

02 # i nclude <stdio. h >
03 # i nclude <stdlib . h>
04 i nt mai n (void )
05
06 int i , score[4] ;
07
08 score [ 0]=78 ; /* ~~'.iE'.~9U~~-@J:7I;~~ 7 8 *I
09 score[l]=SS ; I* ~~'.iE'.~9U~~= {IQJ:lI;~~ ss *I
10 score[2 ] =92 ; I* ~~'.iE'.~9U~~ = fiQJ:7I;~~ 92 */
11 score [ 3 ] =80 ; I* ~~'.iE'.~9U~~1~-fiQJ:lI;~~ ao *I
12
13 for (i=O;i<=3 ; i ++ )
14 pr i n tf ( 11 score [ %d ] =% d \ n 11 , i , score [ i J ) ; I* fPl:±:l~ 9U~ g *I
15
16 system ( 11 pause 11 ) ;
17 retur n 0;
18
________________________....,,.________________________________

I* prog9_ 1 OUTPUT - -
score[0]=78
score[l]=55
score[2]=92
score [ 3 ]=80
---------------------*/

0 ffit~~~~ ~
J)~~1JUcp '~ 6 fi§>~ 3-{~~gJ))Z 4 {~~l~fBllf9U score' 8~11 fi~U~:53'53UM~

llf9Ut.~HlJm-@7C~~~1i 0
13 ~ 14 fi~U~:t~~~7C~BJ{i~~9UEPt!::l* 0

EBJJ~llf9U~;fLlffl~511i*:S:@llf9U~BJ7[;~' fffi~sl{i~1.t£ 0 ~~ge]~i!~I~ '

~~•~w~m~m*":S:-~$•~~ow~fB•~,~-@mmfB~~~

®m-~fB~,•~fB7C~~m~~~®~~,~57C~fB®•~~~~~~••
~BJ9i1m 0
it~9~ ,c ~B~Mz=1'9§tb1~1lf9U~s11mw~.&eJ~n~, -tBiltt~6~ , ~om•
9U~· sl{i/illt!::l ]' ~)!Gllf9U§'~,6JT~~16~:S:BJiB!;!8¥f ' M~91®~U~)tt~~F.l9Jmam ' ~D~
f§i BJ i81Jtl :

01 /* prog9 _ 2 , -#.tE!li9Ue'il~:<f.!U!= (~~il~e'ilm~B) *I

02 #include <stdi o.h>
03 #include <s tdlib.h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i,score[4]; /* §:-i5~19:~19:i~~~~lli9Us cor e */
07
08 score[0 ]=78 ;
09 sco re[l]=5 5 ;
10 /* score[2]=92; JJt1f~~®35iJ.~sco re[ 2 J~{i */
11 score[3] =80;
12
/
14 printf ( 11 score [ %d ) = %d\ n 11 , i, score [ i J) ;
15
16 system (" pause 11 ) ;
17 return O;
18

/* prog9 _ 2 OUTPUT--
score[0 ) =78
score[l]=SS
score[2 ) =51
score [ 3 ) =80
_J- @iilli@ ii1l.W~®:5'G~liS:~G~!l;~B'il9iii1l.
score [ 4)=2293600
------ - -------- - -----*/

0 f~it~lt~)l ~
*''BWLJW prog9 _l ~~M · 1§11i~ J' ~@J1J,{1U~ • §g-f1QJ~:tfl~it:0,11§8~§g 10 1T · Jlt
fi~~~/f'M~ score[2) B~{j' 1.tff®t±:lcj::iOJ ~~ rn,' score[2] B~{j~ 51 ' {§~!t/f'lE

~·~~EH~~%~--~~ H ® 0

§g=fiQ]{l~~~~f~it~,11§ 8~§g 13 1T ' i~®lll~:?T-~~~~~ i<=4 ' 1§E1~ 141]'0]1-jfP[tl

score[4] ~1i ( score[4] 8Jrut±l~9U score ~511i8~0J'.@Blfi8~) ~j~O]J,j~~ 0

ffi •* M~-~~1'•~~m~·a1T~~ m OJ~EPt±:lsoore~~®·H~~

11Ql{i~~%~Gt~•~~9i1i~ J' 0

§59~ ' ffifj~ fPt±l~ score[2] W score[4] 8~1i~B~~%Mn~ ~G'i~~-P'9~9i 1i ' ~

~~1'~~a1T~m~OJ~•m~1'~~~~·•~a1T~~•t±:lOJft9W*
~M~Mt±:l/1'~ 0 +
-----------------------~~-----------------------------
i~ prog9_2 8~¥MJ'mMl~CIT~D' c ~g~::f.16~1l!9U*511i?f.PN~Hri~~~ ' ffiH~~i~If!=
~miH¥~~~~tgm ; ~f!i6~8~~;~c!J~~ 31JD 1 ~Rt¥~¥MJ'8~~~ ~f!f9U*511ililltl:l
0

CIT'.@~1f~'8~8~' t¥~~¥A1TmM~~~/fCITrEU!~ 'prog9 _2 !llitmcrr ljJl~;fLl~fPtl:l9iii '

&~~::f~~a~~~~~~mcrrum~~M1T·R~~~crr~tl:lmM1T~M~m
~~ (run time error ) ' ~Jlti§Effl!lf9U8~' !0 ~~1j \ 1[,' ilf9U*511i~~Jilll±lCIT'.@~1fi8~ 0

~D~IUf(:~J~ii~~8~~t~~AE'll!9UB~fJJ1i , R~iill!9U8~~~~~1~1HiJ3!l1JD_tfJ]ii8~~~
AE'tWCIT , ~Dl'lHiB~~~ :

;j:g ~ 9. 1.2

~_tlHi~~~ ~·A~~~~mm•~~mAE'~ll!~~m1@~mnoo~~~w·~
Tfi~iHJJ1i~~AE'~i1HJU :
i nt score[4]={78,55,92,80}; /* §'~s core ~9U·~~~J:E~9U8'ilW1.l1l */

_t1§8~m~iill~~ 3 -1~~19:1l!9U score ' ll!9U~~~ 4 1~ ' A15~1ll.1B~fJJ1i•53'5SU11X~

:j:~Af'mfi:&~~~W • score[O] ~ 78 • score[!] ~ 55 • score[2] ~ 92 • score[3] ~ 80 °

~~m~ll!~~ffi~~~~W~®~15J - @19:~·ii~·~A~~~R~-~-@19:

ii ' /f~ll!9U~~~ ~ 0' ' ~~•im~~JJX,t§l5JB~l~ii ' ~Dl'lHiB~m~iill :

i nt d ata [5] ={0} ;
/ •
~~tt'§~~~~~-~~•~••~t1:J·•~H•~m~~~mm••*~~-~
8'sl.:tJJ\ I :sm~IT:Il8'sl~~~i819tl :

int score [)={60,7 5 ,4 8 , 92} ; /* ~4f[Q]f)Jfi[•pffJ.,'~1J~9Uscore~:;k:1J\~i4 */

_l_IT:Il8'slt&ifil'§§ 3 •t~•9U score • !ll.lt?.-t\Jl:t~)~~:t~Bf.l•9U~•s'sl1~1~ ' 1§~ .::*:f55Jft1'

8'slf}J{j~ 4 @] ' ~Jl:t~~3iH@gtj[;]![ 4 @o}i3JJ9:•1~8'sl~G'/:~~Fs~*g-•9u score • Mz1~1¥~~

~ score[O] ~ 60 • score[ I] ~ 75 • score[2] ~ 48 • score[3] ~ 92 °

~'§~s'sl•9uA:1J,WJrll1.R~m1.m1~1~=1'f6JB~. ~o~m1.m1~1H~'§§s'sl•9u~•~:!/ · ~u
*tl~**~~1i8'sl~Fs~@~J\ o; ~D~fJJ{i{~IH~'§§s'sl•9U~•~ · •3iH~U@t!:lm•§
~A 0 Nn~ctt ~M·~ffim~~mm@•~'§§~-~~-~~··~~~~ =

excess e lements in array initializer /* ~~~~~H5ffit,{l!, *I

_ta:n~=§~-~~H~•~mm~@msmt!:l3•~~g~m 0
tt~•ffl~~·•
?.-t\flE:itDJ J.,;JJAfi ' 1§~g5]~~=1'0Jr~Jt~~~~~~ 0
ttffl1tt8'sJ~g1'fi1r~M~@M3ffii?fU•

~WW~~*·DJffl*~~H~R~~E~ 0

~~G1~ sizeof~~it~O,'@? H1r~t:BDJ.L-;J,;ftlffl'8**~®-9U~•, §X~~-{~~9U?JT1ti8%'.I

~m·~~DJ~m'8*ttt!:l•~~•~••~,~~~*~•••~m~~m~m·
D]ffl~IT:Il8'sl~g)t :

;j;g~ 9.1.3
-------------------------~----------------------------------

o1 I * p ro g 9 _ 3 , ~~~9UJJIT168%~1~~Fs~ *I
02 #in c lude <s tdi o . h >
03 #in c lude <stdlib . h >
04 in t ma in (vo id)
05
06 double data [ 4]; / * §i5~ 4 j~jI;~B'iJ double rui~~9U * I
07 printf ( "~9U7I;~ffi16~1li7I;~.§: %d\n ", s i z eof (data [ 0]) ) ;
08 printf ( "~@~9UJJJT16~1li7I;~: %d\n", s i z eof (da t a));
09 printf ( "~9U7I;~~@f~: %d\n ", sizeof (data) /sizeof (double));
10
11 s y s tem("p a u s e ");
12 r et urn 0;
13

/ * prog9_3 OUTPUT---
~9U7I;~JJIT16~ilz7I;~.§: a
~i~~9UJJIT16~ili7I;$.§: 32
~9U7I;~~i~I~: 4
----------------- -----*/

0 f~i'C~~~~ ~
J5~~1?Ucp • ~ 6 fi'§§ 3 double ~~Ji8~•9U data • '8oJ(~W 41~.7[;~ 0
ffi)'j~ double

~~?ff16ffl8~1u.7I;m.~ s 1~ bytes , ?ff .L;,l•9UP'98~m-1~.7I;~~f..t\t8~tt16 3 s 1~

bytes • ~lit~ 7 fi~ sizeof(data[O]) ~f®@) 8 ° §3:9~ ' •9U data OJ1~ifs8~.7I;~~ 4
1~' ,6ffU16ffl8~~G'l:~Mtt:~~ 8*4=321~1li.7I;*.§' J'j~~~ 81]' 8~ sizeof(data) f®@l 32 °

1.~H®-!~8~~ ,c ~g~Mz5~~!~1~~~@•9LJ:*:1J\8~1IBJI~ · 112fi1P~DJ.L;,l;fLlffl•9U?ff16

~mj[;m~~u•~~m~~~·M~~~~w~•~j[;~~@•cmm~·~tt
 /
9 .1.4 ~~ 9U 8~ f® l\!PH® l±l

-~~~~~®lli~~ffiBM*8 A ·Hm~~-69M~8l\~n~~~ 0
~~~
~~~~3~~ffiRM8l\~~*~~-~~~~~®:

01 !* prog9 _ 4 , -ff.IE~9U~~*f08~1.m *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h >
04 in t ma i n (void)
05
06 int i , age[3] ;
07 for(i=O;i<3;i++ )
08
09 printf (" rn!®l\ age [ %dl flj{_m: ", i);
10 scan f ( " %d", &age [i]); /* E13mW:fHnl\~~1.mff.8~9U age :mle~~* *I
11
12 for(i=O ; i<3 ; i++)
13 printf( " age [ %d] =% d\n",i, age [i]);
14
15 system ("pause ");
16 return 0;
17

/* prog9_ 4 OUTPUT----
~~t®l\ age [ 0 ] fljj_m: 12
~~t®l\ age [ 1] fljj_m: 54
~~t®l\ age [ 2 ] fljj_m: 55
age[0 ] =12
age [1] =54
age[2 ] =55
-------- ------ -- -----* /

o f~n~~~)l ~
~ 6 fi<§§ 391~ i 11i~:f.B~~:tggffiU91~' §5:9~lli'§§-~1~•9U score' H•9U~~

~ 3 f!QJ 0
f~n~ 7~ 11 fi · :tt for ~~~ffiBM8 Al~1.~ · MM~1.m:t~~mfl•9U~~H:
1.i9.. 0
~~~ 12~ 13 fi I EPl±l•9U:f!~~~B~~g 0
--------------------------•r91fJ-----------------------------------
ffi§g 10 fi/fJU~I.5% • fl~lf9U:7G~~~1.m8~1J~ifD-ffi~~l~~~1tJ • •9U:7G~;LfLJ-~~
no...t1.il:t.uJB=5.IJE '&_J • m*~~o~8i~:f['.;f®J\s~1~'.*~H:m1:E:t~;;E1.il±Jt~~G'l:~e~ 0

mT*B~~•-@M~·m*•~·~:7G~~~~ 0
T~~~Mffi~3~MHft•
9Ut!.PJT~:7G~B~~A{l1i)sz~;j\{_m :
01 !* prog9_s, tt;l.Q~9U:7G~1f!8j:J;::1J1 */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int A[5]={74,48,30,17,62};
07 int i,min,max;
08 min=max=A[O];
09
10 for(i=O;i<S;i++)
11
12 if(A[i]>max) I* ~Ullffi A [ i l ~~:;*::$ max *I
13 max=A [i];
14 if(A[i] <min )
15 min=A[i];
16 }
17 printf ( "~9U:fl!l:]G~8j~j;::jf!,f.0 % d\n", max) ;
18 printf ( "~9Ufl!l:lG~8j~1j \{fI,f.<li % d\n", min) ;
19
20 system( "pause") ;
21 return 0;
22

/* prog9_5 OUTPUT---
~9U:fl!l:7G~Bj~j;::jf!,f.<li 7 4
~9Ufl!l:7G~Bj~1J,1f!.f.<li 1 7
----------------------*/
 •9UW~$ 9-11

/
0 ffte~~~~ ~
~~m6ff~~~--~A·•~~•fts@·~$~~B'il~~~~mm 0 m1ff
~~ J'~l~~I~ i {~~i!IDllJ}ggffitl ~I~' §59HB~~g,fj)/:~1j\{_t\1B'il~m min W13159:~

/\:{i\1B'J~I~ max I m8 ffl'lU~M~ min w max 8'Jf)J{i\1~~~-9UB'Jm-@J~~ 0

tt 10- 16 ffB'J for ~lllf_~' 12- 13 ff~-tLi1•9U1~~~ftO]B-1~~~B'il{i\1tL max

~A• :QO~~B'J~5 •l'lU max B'J{i\1~..ttH$~i(~-B'J{i\1[pfflfQf'<; •{~max B'iJP'9g*;t~~A;

;f§~B'il Im 14- 15 ff~-tLU•9U1~~~ftO]B-1~~-B'J{i\1tL min ~/j\ I :QD~ftB'J
~5 • l'lU min B'J11\1~..t~1$~i(~-B'J{i\1[pffifQ{~ ' {~min B'iJP'9g{5fH~~1j\' J!l~U~1~•9U

tLUiG~il 0

*~ 10- 16 ffB'JtLUi~' min B'il{i\1~t~~-9UP'9B'J~1j\{_t\1' max ~..t~~llf9U1~B'J~A

11\1. ~i~m 11- 18 ffl'lUEPt±ltLlQ1~e'J~:A1~w~1J\1~ 0
·:·

:Qo~~)IG~::f~D®:1~m~~f®l\~0''!~]~B~ • DJl~fum do-while ®lf!l · ~u~mf®l\1~

m-&11~1!f:s~::t1®1~if*-lf®l\ • ®mfi1r~t'i~~M~•9ue'J:A1J\~~1®m:A~ . l~~f®l\a'J~
~::f~i3159: 0 UT~B'il~~~~·•l\~ffi~•~M•~~m·m~•~o~wDJ~
:sR'®l\ · ~rnm5t•~ ~11\1 :
01 I* prog9 _ 6 , '®l\*=AE'f~t~B'SJ~*31-itl~9U~ *I
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #i nclu de <stdlib. h>
#define MAX 10 _ __...
---
/* AE'~MAX~lO * / --------~
int main(void)
06 {
07 int score [MAX]; /* 1§']5~ 10 f~5L*A~~~~9U *I
08 int i=O,num;
09 int surn=O ; /* §'i5ffl*~«i*®fDB'Sl~~ sum *I
10
11 printf("~~'®l\~~ • ~Ua5R~~'1lt7\0:\n") ; --------~
12 do
13~----'~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~__..
-------------------------;;;i.fl----------------------------------
14 printf ( " 81U.®J\}J)Z*I: ") ;
15 scanf (" %d ", &score [i]);
16 }while(score[i++]>O);
17 num=i -1;
18 for(i=O;i<num;i++)
19 sum+=score [ i J; /* ~tffe.!SJZJ'3JJ)Z*I *I
20 printf ("SjZJ'3JJ)Z*i1.ili %. 2f\n ", (float) sum/num);
21 system ("pau se ");
22 return O;
23

/* prog9_ 6 OUTPUT--- -
8~!@7\/J)Z*i ' ~*55R8~'®7\ 0 :
8~!@7\JJ)Z*i: 70
8~!@7\/J)Z*i: 80
8~!@7\/J)Z*i: 60
8~'®7\JJ)Z*i: 90
8~!@7\/J)Z*i: 0
SjZ J'3/J)Z*i1.ili 7 5 . 0 0
----------------- ---- --*/

0 f~J:t~~~~ .•

tlfit~ 4 fi, ;fLlffl #define '.kf'~ MAX~ 10 ' ffl*~f.i)Z~9U8J7;:1j\ 0

~ 7 fi~U~'§

~-iflf~~9U score ' ~~9U :7G ~~ MAX @] 0

tlfit 12~ 16 fi, ffi ~:kf~f®l\~':Ef.J)Z*; , illzM~f® l\ 8J1m:t~'.kE' mfi~9U~511fi~ i BJ:lG~

8-159- , ~f.J)Z*;~ o 8~tlP m55Rf®l\ 0

§59 ~ , ~~~~1~-1~f.J)Z*;f®l\1rt , ~!0~JU®l\
o m55R~i118J¥Afi , llt8~ i 8J1fi~fij1JD 1 , .Pffl.J~ 17 fi~~fijM~ i 8J1fi)~ 1 , :t~

iff!BBJ~':EAI~ 0
~ 1 8~ 19 fil"lU~~t ~f.i)Zm~BJ*!.;fD ' ~1~~ 20 fifPl±lf.i)Z*;eisis:iz:t~
 /
9.1.5 ~'9UW~NB~th~

c gg~TI:tr/f•1n~~511i8]_:*:;j\' lliii'.t~g~~~sl{l1IJill®~9UBJftM8~' c gg~TI:tr/f•

~J]:~/f~1~m~*lml1~fflg~~9U ' 'BR~M~~~*BJ·*~J])Zi:E~9U,;L.:9~8J~G'l'.~Gcp ' ~o

tt-*~~w••~~~~=~~~~~~,~tt•~~:;;r~mm~m~·~•m~
~i:E¥Afi8~:t~~~BJ ( run-time error) ' ffjj/f ~i:Eti~i8~J:l~~~~ BJ~~i§~ (compile-time
~m ) ,~tttim~~M$~~ff@~ =~~S·

EBD~ c gg~~ 3±~1.JD¥Afi8J~M 'TI:tr/f•1~~~9UWPN8Jtn~ ' ,5,Ffl.~l8~1n~BJI1'!=!0

~~~~~~~OO*m·~]'·~~-/f~fflM~m~~~,fr~~cp(X~~j;:~

~) ~~:1~~1.Jo_t~9uwPN8Jtn~f~~ 0
Tilli8Jl81~~i1U5l § prog9_6 ' 'BM~~9UWPN8J

fn~l8~/JDJ\f~~c:p , ffll.~lii1*f~~¥Afi8J1Hi 111 :

01 /* prog9 _ 7 , ~9UeisJ:?f~Nm~ *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define MAX 5 /* }E~ MAX _f.0 5 * /
05 int main (void)
06
07 int score [MAX) ; /* '§~score ~9U • cffErnZ MAX f~~~ *I
08 int i=O ,n um ;
09 float sum=O.Of ;
10
11 pr intf ( " 8~f®l\IJ)Z*; • ~*a5R8~f®l\ o: \n ") ;
12 do
13
14 i f ( i==MAX)
15 {
16 printf("~9U~rs~Bf§Effl'.7'Gm! ! \n ");
17 i ++; I* Jlt1T%~ i fg[JJO 1 • ltSl.f.0 2 3 fi§~ i ~fg[~ 1 l~ *I
18 break;
19
20 printf ( "8~f®l\/J)Z*i : ") ;
21 scanf( " %d ", &score[i)) ;
22 }while(score[i++]>O) ; /* t>J~l\IJ)Z*l•'®l\0 8~*65R */
23 num=i -1;
 24 for(i=O ;i <num;i++ )
25 s um+=s core [iJ; /* 5t:~:s:p:f.'3/))Zm *I
26 printf ("Sflf.'3JJ)Z«~.f.ili %.2f\ n",sum/num);
27
28 sys tem("pa u s e ");
29 r eturn O;
30

/* prog9_7 OUTPUT--
~1Um l\/))Zm · ~*a:sR~1U®l\ o =
~~f®l\/))Zm = 60
~~f®l\/))Zm = 50
~~t®l\~m = 10
~~f®l\~*i: 80
~~f® l\/))Zm = 90
lli9U~Fs~BJ§E!tl:JB!I! ! !
5¥:1:'3~*11.ili 70 . 00
-------- -- ------- --- -*/

o uTC~4~~ ~
~ J'1-Ji~U~¥Afi8'Slma~ · rfTl~§g 4 fifum #define~~ MAX~ s · m*mmz~9u
s'SJ:A;J , 0
i2~22 fiffi m~t®l\~~mz*;, Mi:M~1~:N~ ~m%~'.9U7G~:S:fi~ , mJJX;*;~ o
8~tlPm65Rf®l\ 0
iil\®1111~ · %~~ i B'SJ{~~~~J'j~ MAX • :<ID~~§~tlP~iR:S:filFtt
~9U1.~8'Sl ~*~B%0 • M~ i 1JD l 1~fum break *9.Wc\J~®lllB'SJ¥Afi 0 Jlt~M~ i 1~1JD l ~
12SJ~§g 23 fitg}~ i B'SJ{~ )~ l 1* • /OfTl~tEJ1:~~%1JD l 0

E13 ~WU8'SJ$Mrma~O.J!kD ' M~~'.9U/\:1j \~~JJX; 51~ ' m~~iUAfiB~ ' '®J\5G§g 5 ~~*~
~·w@~~•Ao·lli•~~~5R•A B'SJ~~·~~-*~•~*~~ww~•
/ •
ml'* , ft1P~¥ij*®®~D1~1:E!lf9Ucp1~@~~8j~*31- l'IT:fi8j~~i'Ct! ' OJf®l\-~I~ ,
0

~f:ttn:S:!lf9U1!~-@aw~~'®A1.11H§f6Jsjf~1.~ , 1fl:~~7G~n:S:llf9U1!8j~s11~Eot1:J :

01 /* prog9_8, !lf9LJl'Jjj~~ */
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define SIZE 6 /* ~~SIZE 'J.0 6 * /'-~--------~
05 int main (void)
06
07 int i ,num ,f lag=O;
08 int A[SIZE]={33,75,69 , 41,33 , 19} ;
09
10 printf ( "!lf9U A :JI;*l'Jj{g['J.0 : ") ;
11 for(i=O;i <SIZE;i++)
12 printf( " %d ",A[i]);
13
14 printf ("\n ~IU1l7\tJj~~Bj~f~: ");
15 scanf( " %d",&num); /* fW.i.7\B-n~~l'Jj~~ */
16
17 for (i=O;i <SIZE;i++ )
18 i f (A [iJ ==num) /* ?,l'tllfi!lf9U:7I;*~~WfW.i.7\{1M§f5J *I
19 {
20 printf(":l'-:\\~U]'! A[%d]= %d\n",i,A[i]);
21 flag=l; I* ~~flag 1.0 1 , f~lH'HUUt§f5J~t~{g[ *I
22
23 if(flag==O)
24 printf (")~~t:\\~Ul§~{g[! ! \n") ;-~-------~~--~
25
26 system( "p ause ");
27 return O;
28

/* prog9_ 8 OUTPUT----- ---- ------

!lf9U A :7I;*l'Jjfg['J.0: 33 75 69 41 33 19
~~fHn.7\£.~j~~l'Jj~f~: 33
t::\\~UJ' ! A[0]=33
tUUJ' ! A[4]=33
-----------------------------------*/
----------------------~-----------------------------
0 flEit~4~)l ~
m1ff~~3-@M•W•fl~cmm~o) ·E~w~m*~•M•~~*·~
*:f~~Llftr-EJ{15Hf:8~1~1i · flag tlP~ 1 • :5~~1~•9U8:J:~iem1rn~HH~~Ll · flag B~{i
~~-§~~CEfflO) ·~ffi~~~~ 0

17~24 ff~f~i'C1~t[,'B~f5~1B' 17~22 ff;fLlffl for 3@~;1JOJ: if *~3m*~Ll!Wi.9U~~~~

Wf®l\1i1§~ ' :5~ ' ~LlfDt±l$t1i ' !tt~ flag~~~ I ' 1-'<;~~:j:~~Ll113~8~1i 0
~D*

l!J~)~~~~Ll · ~Ll flag 91*~~$'6~ o 8~~~'.\E · ~iffim 24 fi9EDt±l " )~~:J:~~Ll1EI~

{i!!" 8~~$ 0

tlt9~ ' fi1P~fLlffl #define'.(£~ 3 SIZE~ 6 • TI:trM~•9U/\:1j\~~~ SIZE ( $t1i~ 6) '

frEDt:B•~~g&m••~~·~3M~et:B•~~w~·ft3@~~~·•~~w
l,j SIZE ~~Ll!Wi8~~1~ I ~OJ]t-* I ;g:~~frf~i'C~{IU~•9UB~AIJ\B~ I R~~[;~

srzE e~~g§pDJ . ~-~~;s 3 ~c~3@!1l~Ll!Wi1iiffii§F.&~DJ:rJiJt~s~ili~~~ 0

·:·
 rif9UW~$ 9-17

-••~~m *~w-6•~~m~·illt£¥®m~~m=••~*~@m~•~~
~~ 0
nMJ~@~m - ••~m·tt~~*••=••~~~ffi 0

~~9 . 2 .1

i:E=··~~a~~~~· r~~@ ~~~~~-~~·ffia~~-~~~~~(·

~~~)I rfi~@~~~~ -~~~~~ff Cm~~fi) o~~~~mw~~~~

rif9U8~:

i nt ctata [lO J [SJ; /* §'i5~19!lf9U ctac: a•DJ:S:$1 0 9u s fiftl~IHU'f */

floa t scor e [ 4 J [ 3 J ; I* §'i5)~ !Ml9!lf9U scor e • DJ:S:fili 4 9U 3 fi"ftl )~N/.ol9~*'f *I

~{~tl*~>t. ¥)~~£qJ~p;r.j{~~HJ~. {fu{F~i:E 20041:f:a~e~m~g§;~i.~~IJIU&~o~~

e~~*~:

2004 $~~~~
~~~
§!%;- ~ §!%;-"""
--3- §!%;-"""
=-3- §!%;~ ~

I 30 35 26 32
2 33 34 30 29
-------------------------•-Jlfl--------------------------------
~18~13...t~f~Bl~B~m~~~ · DJtJJ.~:tt 2 9U 4 fi8~=ff.illf9U3Ki31.& · 12SJJJtfi1P~DJU'§
§-@l 2 9U 4 fi8~!lf9U :

~'~~_t '
fi1Prnll m 9U n fi8~!lf9U~ "m X n !lf9U" ' ~Jlt ' l;.i_ sale !lf9U~1~U ' sale !lf9U
{~~-@] 2X4 B~~.§llf tt Dev C++ c:j: i • El31.i~~~'!~]~~~'""~,6.Ff{tiffl8%:15a§~ 4 {IQ]
0

bytes• lffi~l~!lf9U sale DJ18~138~5I;~~ 2X4=8 {IQJ • ~Jlt1tifflBJ82 1l~~lHtt~~ 4X8=32 {IQJ
1.uJI;*§ 0

~ [;] 9.2. l
~9U sale l
~ fi'
(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0' 3)
~ t 9U 30 35 26 32

(1, 0) (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3)

~29U 33 34 30 29
I

!lf9Uc:j::i~ '§g I 9U_J 1-\C~~?J3~ I• §g 1 9U8~ 1- 4 fi~~?J3~ 1 §g-~-§g~~BJ~*i ;

'§g 2 9U_J 1-\C~~?J3~ 2 • §g 2 9U8~ 1-4 fi~~?J3~ 2 §g-~-§g~~BJ~ff.~ 0
iifi{IQJ~

?33~8~~~18~13tt!lf 9Ui~ • 5'.tDJ J.,;.i_;fLlffl !lf 9U~t~ 2004 i:!=*~~*i~~~~e~~*i~ 0

/

:Pait 9 .2.2
~*~ru1~.,,~ ~9U:t;,fll} [ 9U~@l9 J [ 15'~@119 J = { { §g 1 9UfJJ{~} I

=*.!Ell~ 9HJJ1~ ~
(§g 2 9ummi. 8~'.lE:mn
{ } I

{§g n 9UfJJ{~J l ;

int sale[2) [4)={{ 30 , 35 ,26, 32) ,

(33,34 , 30 , 29));

ti_tl§J8~~&32!1cp , ft1P~'B~ 3 -1~~1~1li9U sale , lli9U~ 2 9U 4 fi'~ 81~7C* , ::*::t5~

1~8~1JJ1~~)}gU1i\1¥:t~km%g9LJf.~8~JI;*gJ))( • sale(O](O] '1f.si 30' sale[O](l] '1f.si 35, ··· ,

sale[ I] [3]'1f.si 29 o

*S_t , Jt~r~JV~-1~ m 9U n 1T8~1li9U ClW mx n ~9U ) !Jl1~~~E8m1~-ff.t£1li9UPJT

mEl.~, ~cpm-1~-ff.t!=~9U~B116:!1:1 ~ n@JI;* l.j sale lli9U*~)l, ~sale~ 2X4 8~~
0

9U , l'Jll.j'8~E8 21~-ff.t!=lli9U {30,35,26,32} ~ {33,34,30,29} l'JT~fl~, 1tlf6Jl.j)1J&~U

m-1~-ff.t£1li9U1'6~ 4 1~71:;* ;fLlffl~1~fi~ , =ff.tt=~9U8~W1~~~k1~DJ1N.g~tfu1i\
0

2 x 4 ~~9U~El3 2 @J~~ 4@1~

~~ -*1£~9UPff*J3.PlZ lil 9.2.2

=*·lf ~'.9UfJJ1~~
int sale [2) [4] = { (30, 35 , 26 , 32), (33, 34 , 30, 29}} ; 8~'.lE:~~~Bf.l
'--v------' '-------v------ '-----v----'

2 x 4 ~~9U -*1£~9U I -*.1£~9U '

~4i~~~ ~4@] ~~
------------------------~--------------------------------
mrr·=•~~mm~~~-~~~••3!MMk·tt~@~k•~=•~~mm
~~~R~~ff ·~·~-@-M~~~~·•£&~*·~-~k=M~~~·~
Pcii'C 9.2.2 -t!tiJmR:Bi'C 0

m~~-~~·c~~ft~=•w=•uk~~-~~rr~~mm~·~u~~m-@
cElP~~51) ~s11.m · 1§.~£8J~sl1.!1Hl~Lfb ~.w:t~~ · :szo"""Fl§J8Ji8Wu :
int temp[) [4)=[{30,35,26,32},
{33 , 34 , 30,29} ,
{25 , 33 , 29,25}};

:szo~~m& 3 ~~ll8J~s11.m · ~UCITLj(i~:51~±tB±~1m§.JZ*IB~l'1~'9UtiJ.A1J\ · iffi~mwt~J!i~u

~9U'§§8J.A1J\~~wm1.m~~~tiJff.tEmDtEJrg . iz;iJJ:tm~*lQ~:51~ 0

=ff.tE~9U3G~8Jf®l\WfwH:±:l:5i'CW-ff.tE~9Uf§fg 0
Ljk-fif'icp,5m5RM8~=ff.i~9U sale

~{?u. """Fl§JtiJiB{?u~~~{~*~~tiJ~~~**~Lj(m~f®l\i~. ~~t~~~0g 2004 $)~*

BJ*~~~~; I f¥i'C.&JMJ'*~~:IZD"""F :

01 /* prog9_9, =ff.tE~9UB'ilf®l\f®t±:l */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i,j,sale[2) [4) , sum=O ;
07
08 for(i=O;i<2;i++)
09 for(j=O;j<4;j++)
10 {
11 printf ("*~~ % d B'i]~ %d ~**~: ", i+l, j+l);
12 scanf( " %d ", &sale[i)[j]); /* f®l\~~~~ */
13
14
15 printf("***Output***");
 ~9UW~$ 9-21

16 for (i =O ;i <2 ;i ++ )
17
18 printf (" \ n *}33~ % d B'il*S:B3tlf.m", i+l);
19 for (j = O; j<4 ;j ++)
20 {
21 p rin tf (" %d ", sa l e [ i] [j ] );
22 s um+ =sa le[i] [j];
23
24
25 printf (" \n2004 it= *lfil*~~ iif.m % d g~~ \n ", sum);
26
27 system (" pause ");
28 return O;
29

/* prog9_ 9 OUTPUT-------------
*}33~ 1 9'9~ 1 ~**;: 30
*m~ 1 9'9~ 2 ~**; = 35
*m~ 18'9~ 3 ~**;:26
*m~ 18'9~ 4 ~**;:32
*m~ 2 B'il ~ 1 ~**;:33
*m~ 2 9'9~ 2 ~**; = 34
*m~ 2 B'il~ 3 ~**;:3o
*m~ 2 B'il~ 4 ~**;:29
*** Output ***
*m~ 1 B'il**a:B3tlf.m 30 3s 26 32
*m~ 2 9'9**a:B3tlf.m 33 34 30 29
2 0 0 4 it= ~*~~ iif.m 2 4 9 fill~
-------------------------------- */

0 f£rt~~~~ ~
f¥LC~ 6 fi'§'~ 3 2 9U 4 fi8j~l~~ 9U sale• ffl*H:JJ~m-f~~~B~m-~8j~~~ ·
~8~t8'§'~ 3~1~~;~ sum• ffl*H:m?JT~~9U.7G~f~8j*~f0 ° f¥LC 8- 13 fi;ftlffl

~f~ for ~l!!lffiil\=*tE~9U sale :t~m-1~.7G~8j{~ · 16- 24 fil'lU~EPt±l~9U:t~m-

1~.7G~8j~'§ • ~1.JD*~~.7G~f~ • ~iit ffi~ 25 fifPt±:l$~8j*~~~~_;;_ 0

•:•
-------------------------~----------------------------------
El3 prog9_9 DJ~, =*i~9U.7T;*BisJg~{~t1-JitfD-*i~9U.A~_t_;f;§P.J , /J'P.JBisl~, =*i~

9U.7T;*8isl~511Il:l~~@l , PJTU\W5~JfEfU~M*®lll*~I~ 0

t~rr-*~~-1~~8i9U*g~BJ3=*i~9U8isli§Effi 0
l~~_taisl~E~ Cmatrix) ~m6ttUD=*i~

9U~~~~1tJ ' ~rmfi1F~DJl))fUFt1=*i~9U*i5~H:~E~ 0

:szo~~1~~9U8isl*i~1§P.J ' flu
DJ~fi'1JO)t8isliia ' i9U:SZD

A=[' 2
5 6 !l B=[~ 0 2]
5 7

flu
A+B=[~
2+0 2 5
2 3]+[3 0 2]=[1+3 3+2] =[ 4
6 8 3 5 7 5+3 6+5 8+7 8 11 15]

T~~~m~~~@=•~~®wm~11a:

01 /* prog9_ 10, ~.e~sjt§/JD */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define ROW 2 /* ;:E'~ROW,f.02 */
05 #define COL 3 /* J:E'~ COL ,f.0 3 *I
06 int main (v o id)
07
08 int i,j;
09 int A [ROW][ COL]={ { 1, 2, 3}, { 5, 6, 8)}; /* '§'~~9U A j}K~~J:E'f}J{~ *I
10 int B [ROW) [COL)={ { 3, 0, 2), { 3, 5, 7}}; /* '§'~lli'f19U B j}K~~J:E'f}J1f1l *I
11
12 printf("Matrix A+B=\n");
13 for(i = O;i <ROW;i++)
14
15 for(j=O;j<COL;j++) /* ~~~Ill' ffl*~iflLlfi'lQ */
16 printf(" %3d" , A[i] [j)+B[i] [j]); /* ~t~=~9Ut§JJO */
17 printf("\n");
18
19 system("pause");
20 return O;
21
/
/* prog9_10 OUTPUT--
Mat rix A+B =
4 2 5
8 11 15
-------- - -------------*/

o f~:tt1il~~~ m
1J'.S: 2Js:1~LJcp
• ~ 4- 5 fi~~ ]' ROW~ 2 • COL~ 3 • 53'55LJ,E!'B!Hl(;i'Hlf9UBJ9Ul~Wfi
1~ 09- 10 fil"lU~53'55U'§~ 31lf9U Aw B. M£~~~fD1g[miiE1P9 ° rn1iS:=mtHEilfBJ1El1Jo
)t\"lU~tHElf§J{li]![8J:7I;*1~~1JD )t3-i~ •~lit 13- 18 fi~~~t3-@~H*8~ for ®Ill·

ffl*iifi:7I; *~*El1J03-i~ 0

832Js:1~LJDJ~t8~~ ROW~ 2 • COL~ 3 BJ~3-fl\E 0 ~1~f~itf' • .R~f':l\¥fj~ffl~U9U

l~BJifu:O • f2D]ffl ROW *fly{-\(; • lffi\¥fj~fflfil~BJifu:0 • f2D]ffl COL *fly{-\(; • ~lit

~{E!f~rt~,\lH~~!F.e*lQ~)~~ • f§JB~:E'ilf9UBJA1J \ f':J,6JT2~~ B~ • .R~{l~2~ ROW W

COL ~{g[§pDJ • 1§Effl!F.e*1El~BJ:0{~ 0 •:•

~@Ml§J- · =··~~•M•~•~m·m~~~-~~·M·.R~E'§~-~~
B~11~~~ cp:t55mW*~l1~~1JO- mfl§PDJ 0,Eiff _Lj_~D~~'§~-1~~-ff.tEM~ 2 · ~=ff.tEM~
4 • §g-ff.tEM~ 3 BJ~l~ilf9U A C§p 2X4X3 ilf9U ) • DJ.L~J)ftlffl~l§JBJ~g )t*'§~:
in t A[2)[4 )[ 3 );

fl61P9DJ.Lj_j['.;-ff,tf!lf9Um{~JJ)Z~ffil~@=ff.tE!lf9U,6ffff,§JJ)Z •~lit 2X4X3 BJ-ff.tE!lf9UDJ.Lj_

~~~~1*llt!lf9U~ffi 2 1~ 4 x 3 e~= ff.tE!lf9U.6ff*El1* · tB~;t~g~ , ~D~~ 4 x 3 8J=ff.tE!lf9U
m1~1*~83 41~1~9U , 3 1~1[fi8Jffl*,6ff ~ JJX, , \"lU 2 x 4 x 3 8J - ff.tE!lf9U~t~~*§ 41~1~

9U · 31~1[fi8Jffl*1#E-JF.e, *El1*-1~:tz::O•littU3 ! ~Jl:t- ff.tE!lf9U~X~3-t~~ ~ JJX,­

@rr:o•~•*-8•S-@ffl*W~~ 3 -•llf~~~-@:7I;* 0 fi~~~@M~
•1*~~·~~cpDJU~J'M=•llf~~~@mM~:
-------------------------~----------------------------------
~ 9.2.3
int A[2] [4] [3]; 2x 4 x 3 B'SJ.:::JIE~9U
~ - @4X3B'SJ
ff;.~~
=#IE~9U

I , _______;____,.,:...__,,_.
o A[O)[O][O] A[O][O)[I] A[0][0)[2] .......... ..1

I A[O][I)[O] A[O][l][l] A[O)[I)[2]

.l; o'M m O . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . :X,''''''' ' ''' :.- ·:.··m> U OO> U~ :~.:::.:=1

.(j. ....-·yitK,ft M
2 LA-[0-][2_)[_0].LA-[0-)[-2]-[I]--'-A-[-0]-[2]-[2_y]
3 A[0][3)[0] A[0][3][1] A[0][3][2] ~ _ o ·:[ l)[O][O] ;;l][O][l] ;p][0][2] ....:.... /1
~ I A[I][I][O] A[I][I][l] A[l][l][2] ·:......-···'!

2 A[1][2][0] A[l][2)[1] A[1][2][2] ......·/ :

3 A[l][3][0] A[I][3][1] A[l][3][2] ....... ··j°'

._____ ____._ ___.___ ___. ...
~=ff.IEM
~-ff.IEM I I r-- ~=ff.IEM
A[p][m][n]

~m~•~~~·~@~~~~~~~ffi- · =•w~·@~m~-•·•AA~~~
~l~~vl'.!0~~~-~ , JJJT tl.ff.t£1~1®~8~~9U~~~Mt8~tl®~ 0
l'l§J8~f¥It~1®1:J 2 x 4 x 3
8~ -ff,t£~9U f.B {~~ ' ~)lB~~O{i~F{:E -ff,t£~9U:f! I tYitl:JJJJT~~~8~$:7':{i :

01 /* prog9_11 , =*tE~9U@HJJ{.§l.8]8~'.iE */
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdl i b . h>
04 int mai n (void)
05
06 int A[2] [ 4] [3]={((21,32,65),
07 (78,94,76),
08 (79,44,65),
09 ( 89 , 54 , 73) ), ~~ 2X4 X3
10 ((32 , 56 , 89) , ~9U8~:f1J1.l1l
11 (43,23,32),
12 ( 32 , 56 , 78),
13 ( 94 , 78 ,4 5)));
14
/ •
15
16
int i,j , k , ma x =A[O J [ OJ [O J;
!lf9UW+$ 9-25

/* ~~~max1.iliA!lf9Ue~~-1~7L~ */

17 for(i=O ; i<2;i++) I* 9~~3®111 *I

18 for (j=O; j<4; j++) /* tj:i~§®llJ *I
19 for(k=O;k <3 ;k++ ) /* ~~§®Ill *I
20 if(max <A [iJ [jJ [kJ)
21 max=A [ i J [ j J [ k J ;
22
23 printf ("max=%d\ n" ,max);
24 system ("pause");
25 r et urn O;
26

/ * prog9_11 OUTPUT-- -
max=94
-- -- ---- - ------- - - - --* /

0 f~J:t~~~}l t:a
1.i'.S::$.15LJ cp • 6~131]''§§ ]'-{~ 2X4X3 BJ- ff.i!lf9U• Mz~~)Ef)J{~ 0
=ff.i!lf9UfJJ1~8J

~~)E~{tJm~' {§S/O ~~ue:; 2X4X3 8J=ff.i!lf9U~~~ 2 {~ 4X3 8J=ff.i!lf9U rff*l3.~'

~~~~]' 0 T-~00~•9 . 2.3·M• ~ 2js:.~~ cp · - M~~A~ffi·•:

~ 9.2.4
prog9_ 11 B'iJ:=.*-!Eil!ll9LJ A
m~~

- ,-'-
21 32 65
~
·1
78 94 76 .:· ..

~
*IE 79 44 65 ......f
/ff. ... IE /ff.

~
3 89 54 73

El:Jcp~®l!!l ~=*!EM.
~~®l!!l
3Rt~ffiu
~~®l!!l 3Rt~ffiu

*~ffiu
------------------------~~------------------------------
~2X4X3~=··~~&~~2@4X3~=·-~·ffiU-·-~A~m-@
4 x 3 e~=*i•9U.1.B
{{21,32,65),
{78, 94, 76),
{79 , 44,65),
{89,54,73))

{{32,56,89),
{43,23,32),
{32 , 56,78),
{94,78,45))

rm 2X4X3 e~-*i-9U A ~&~~@i~f:HIQJ•9U8~*_§-g-' -\:B)Ji;t~~~' 2X4X3 e~=*i

•:s?U~l-j_~~

2X4X3 e~=*i•9U = { 4X3 ~=*i•9U '4X3 e~=*i.9U }

~~-~AW®~~~~~ffi~~*~ffi:

··························
int A[2] [4] [3]=/~>{-{_2_1_,-Ji,-i~·~·::~§g-j~ 4X3 B'iJ
~ 9.2.5
2 x 4 x 3 8'il.::Jll'!lf9U'TI"
! : {7 8 , 9 4 , 7 6 J , :
: I I
\
:
=mll'!lf9U :tn:~~ffii~ 4 x 3 B'il=
1 : {79,44,65),: \ mll'!lf9U
1 : {89,54,73JJ:, l
: ~-----------~ :
~ ,..-------------, ~
\ 1{{32,56,89},<----j--§g=@4X3B'iJ
2X4X3 ni;>-\ :
0~ , I
{43,23,32),:I i• =*·ll'llf9U
=<itl1ffi1'LJ
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\
:
I
I
{32,56,78),1I :!
\ : {94,78,45JJ: }j
......... ~.~..~.~.~.~.~..~.~.~..~.~.~.... /

i±:tt~•9U A 8~$A:1.m~ • E!:3JJ~~9U A ~-*i.9U • rffl-j_~M*@lll~-~' rm~

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e~®11J!ggffium-11QJ*iM ;rum®-@®lf!I · 1~~~:r~ =*tt•:s?u A 1!s~m-11QJ:7G~Jll~J:E
0
 / • •9UW~$ 9-27

ti c ~g~.f~, ~if J'DJ1;,lfwB~t~, mt~mfll]J•,;:?_:9~, ~DJ1;,lM~•9ummzs11~1wB~Lll]J

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DJ 0
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51 f~8]t~~7J:rt :

int main (vo i d )

.IB~ 9.3.l

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{ \ --1--'
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1'-~~Wl]Jf~~~cp8J.9U:fSfilJ1Elf5J 0
m?.{\lliDJl-;,lf§Effl rt~~J ( pointer) BJ~ )t ,
~1~flB5J-fi1r~M~Ll~+~¥ijJ~~"1~ 0

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U1'm J\~~~@m 0 s • ~c~~i:EMB•~~·•B~l]J•~~1'~-m@•~·

. ~~••~m•~~~mmmhl·l]J•~~~:rt•~~•••~~ffihl*~fi•~~
--------------------------~~~-----------------------------------
~~aw 0
~00~R~~~@·~~W@•~~-~~@mM~·H$MB•~mhl
~~~·$TM~~~~~-~~~o

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JJ'.S:Jlt19U~ . :ft1m~-ff.tE!lf9U A 1~
Bff.3@1~ show() • ?.t\ittfr show() ~:t~!lf9U A 8J~~9UfOt±:l* 0
*''BWUBJf~n~,11§.QOT :
01 !* prog9_ 12, fi~-~1:E!lf9U~UlilllfQ~ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define SIZE 4
05 void show (int arr[]); /.* '§j5@jfQ show () ffi.lffii:fill *I
06 int main(void)
07
08 int A[SIZE]={S,3,6,1);
09 pr in t f ( "llf 9Uffi.J P9g~=-
· :_ " c)_;.;- - - ' - - -
'""
1-=-
0 ~_show (A) ..c.;_ _ _ _ _ __ /* O~DJ.llilll~ show() *I
11
12 system("pause");
13 return O;
14
15 void show (int arr [] ) /* Lill!fbhow()ffi)}E~ */
16
17 int i;
18 for(i=O;i<SIZE;i++)
19 printf("%d ",arr[i]); /* EOt:l:l!lf9UP9'.@ *I
20 printf("\n");
21;....___,__

/* prog9_12 OUTPUT--
!lf9Uffi.JP9g~: s 3 6 1
----------------------*/

0 f~it~~~~ ~
fr:¢:{9tl~ • ~ 5 fi'§§ 3 show() @I~~~~ • fr~ 8 fi'§§TI:tB~~!lf9U A BJfJJ{]l
itt • ~ 10 fiM~•9U A {~l\ show() @In~ 0
fr 15~21 fiBJ show() @In~ · ~ 15
/ • fiftlffl!lf9U arr *H~~)(rn:::n~rt•*e~!lf9U A 18- 19 fi~U~ftlffl for ~lllM~llf9Ue~
J

~g~m~*o +

prog9_ 12 9ltt~~Ji~ · 11'15Pill*i )~~ -illd~~e~~fl,~, 0

~Jl__t · t:Ef~:i\:TI,l\l§;J; 10 fi15Bllf
9U A ~Ulllill~ show() f.~8~ • 15Be~~gM;:::f~~1~!lf9U A ~~g • ffiJ~ilf9U A e%'.It1l: 0

~$~@~MB!lf~~ffihl·fi~~~T@~®~*m~ 0

t:E;J;i\~cp·~iu~t~~u~ J 0¥D~lllill~ 8~ J £~)~~~~55U:t~BJ3 J ~m~l.)-. 'M{~O¥D~_J (call

by value) ~1-Jrt15~Ulllilf~cp 0
1mcrrt:1~9:Wi~~llli~~Fo~ · ~1t~M~!lf9UmRZ'.:Jll~8~ · 15
~Ulllilf~cpe~5P~llf9Ue%'.It1l:?

mtt~••-e~••~•~lllil•~·m®~lllil••~••~~g••-ffi·Wt:Elllil
•m~m~~m•cp·~•~lllil•~~~•••-•·mlllil•M*•·~~t:E~8~
~B'.~!e~ •t~Mi:::f9~29Jt1"@. 0

ffiJMB 8~'.:Jll~ ~llf9U8~ · rn15~!lf9UB~ ~MCIT§~1NJ\: · ~15~lt\15' :1Y$_t8~~m · c ~g~:t*

m-1~~~::re~ fl ffitl J ll'X~m.L.)-.llf9U~'.:Jll~8~ J ··~UllliJ•cpe~R~~~!lf9UH:J'5~J'j~~G'I:~

•~~ffihl·ffiJ::fm®-e~••-•·~llf~~~~@~•m••-ffi·~••£
1r~ 0

fi1F~U~1~a'll?.R8~1~tl-:f*g)tBJ315B-ffi~91~~--llf9UB~/f'/5J 0
Tl§JB~f¥:i\:cp • '§§
-~1~91~ a • Mi:M~ a m~'.:Jll~15B~Ulllill~ func() cp · t:E±f¥rt&lllill~ func() ~~EP

~ --a ~~&ffihl·~CITUR•- T~:i\:Mfi~M•:

--------------------------~-----------------------------------
01 /* prog9_ 13, EPt±l~l9ffiJ1i.'.z:t.Lt */
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdl i b.h >
04 void func (int);
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a=l3;
08 print f (" $.main() f,, a= %d , a ffiHi.'.z:t.l.t= %p \n", a , &a ) ;
09 func (a); /* ~~~1]1[ 0'fD~ffil ~iM *I
10
11 system( " pause ");
12 return O;
13
14
15 void func (int a) /* El~Jlilllf9 func () * I
16
17 printf ("JJ~ func () f,, a= %d , a ffil1i.'.z:t.Ltf.0= %p\n ", a, &a ); - - - - - -
18

/* prog9_13 OUTPUT--------------
f,, a=l3 , a ffil1i.'.z:t.l.t=0022FF6C
J]~ main ()
f,, a=l3, a ffil1i.'.z:t.l.t=0022FF50
J]~ fun c () } ~~~~-ff~-~-·~•ff••~
/!' lffi ~PIT/!'
l6J l6J
-------------------- ----- ---------*/

0 f~rt~lt~~ ~
$*m~·m7fi~~3M•W•a·msfi~~3a~®W~$~1•~~ffihl 0

)1~~9UED•I~ a ~{v:±.tt · 1.0~~Z±•I~ a 8J§!Hill1Jo_t{u±_lt~~-:f r &_J • 9UED1&it

~J\l§~U~ffl r%p_J 0
m 9 fiO¥D~lIBll~ funcO • illz}~WI~ a 1® 7\IIB!I~~ 0

~ttm func() IIBJl~~ffl*H~W~1i~@*BJ511~8JWl~1S~i!Jlli~ a• {~~IIBJI~ func() ~

~~~it~WRa~m••-ffi~tIBJ-~·~~ffl§~*~~~~••a*m®8·
~~~~@WR~WMffi~·©00~~~-@••·~~8~~~Z±~IB~~~
CIW1.U±.tl: )lli~-~ · mmn~~~~, ffilDJ tJi.tf~.lEitBJfWi~~i~~U~giE Tlilf.01IBJI~ func() 0

ii~WI~ a 8~ , •t~ffi±lt ~TR~lil :

/

int main(void) ~ 9.3.l

{ 1i'2 main() ~~ ~IY a W
func (~'"!); 1i'2 main()t, ~IY a func() ~~ ~IY a ~::f:
=.. r .= ~ili:±.tl: ig~ ~IY
'---
-------!~---• 0 022 FF6C
1-----11
13
........
void func(int! a!l 13

· ··r··· D'2 funco ~~IY

~---+-~ a ~ili:±.tl:

!~T*8J,B{9tl~1J - ff.llli9U~sil~{~H~~tllilll~t~ , ML.El Z±~:rt.&lilllf~~53'55UEPtl:llli9U

BJ{~&ili±ll: • f{I\a_J1JID!~-T~~:rt¥Afi8Jff.5~ · ML~ prog9_13 ioHt;~ :

01 !* prog9_ 1 4 , fPC8!lf9UB'ilfll::t.il: */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #define SIZE 3
05 vo id func (in t arr [] ) ;
06 int main (void)
07
08 in t i A [SIZE]= { 2 0, 8 '-=1..,3...,_}_...
; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _....
09
10 printf ("fr main() t! ' !lf9U A :lI;~tl'slfll::t.il:~ \n ") ;
..:..;..F'"---=-~~~=='-'--'-'-------------.
11 for(i=O;i <SIZ E;i++)
12 printf ("A [ %d] =%2d , fll::t.il:~ %p \n", i, A [i], &A [i]);
13 func (A) · I* ~~~:t.il:0¥0~tl'sltiiM *I
14
15 syste~("pause ");

16 return 0;
17
18 void func (int arr []) /* EliDlllilll! func () *I
19
20 int i;
21 pri n tf ( " \n fr func () ~ ' !lf9U a rr :lI;~B'ilfll::t.il:~ \ n") ;
for(i=O;i <SIZ E;i+ + )
- - - printf("arr[%d] =%2 d,f.lI:t.il:~ %p n",i,arr[i], &arr[i] ) ·
24
 / * p r og9_ 14 OUTPUT--- ---- ---
?± main ( ) ~ ' ~ 9U A ~ *e'9 1.u±.ll:~
A [ 0 ) =20 ,fu±.tJ:~ 0022FF48
A [ l)= 8 ,{I'.I±.tJ:~ 0022 FF4C
A [ 2) =13 , {I'.I±.tJ:~ 0022FF50
:$:~'BJ9~ B'il¥Afi'*6~ ~ tl~~ ~ ¥Afi~mB'il
::f f6.J rm~ Pff ::f f6J
tt func ( ) :f~ ' ~ 9U arr ~* ~{u±.ll:~
arr [ 0 ) =20 , {I'.I±.ll:~ 0022 F F4 8
arr [ 1) = 8 , {I'.I±.ll:~ 0022FF4C
arr[2)=13 ,{I'.I±.ll:~ 0022FF50
------------------------------ */

o f~n~~~)t ~
15~*1~Utj:i' §l% 8 fi'§~ J'~ ,~ ~ 9U A ' nt~~'.fE'. 1D{.§l ' 11 ~ 12 fi~U ~ EPtl:l J'~9U A f!'
m-1~:7I;~B'SJ{.§l~g1J~ ~G 1l:~a ~8%'.I±lt 0
§l% 13 fiOijlO~l]Jf~ func() ' Mz:t~~9U A {I
J\l]J f~~ ' El3~9U arr *1~U~ 0
ttH~:rt8'9f§Ut:±lOJ 9iD ' 15~ main() l]J f~f! ' ~9U A 8'9m
-1~:7I; ~ B'SJ{I1±lt~ func() l]Jf~1! ~ 9U~ m -1~:7I; ~ 8'9 1I1±lt~1§f5J 0 t!~,i}i~ ~~~' main()

l]Jfn~s'9~9U A~ func() l]Jfn~~ 9U arr ¥J 'l'__t ~ [5J - {~~ 9U ' §P{§E'81P~~:g {/1J/f
f5J ' SID""f lil?ff m:
!;] 9.3.2

int main (void )

{

fun c ( r~l") i ::- -00~0;2;2;F F-5-4 C~ t------_~3_- (~~;]-,::~ ~2~ ~

- -----i- -,
8 (A(l ] , arr [ l ] ) 1
>----~ I
'-------'-r----.--.Q022FF48 20 (A [ OJ , arr[OJ) 1

{ ,. . .T. . .:
vo i ct func (i n t i"arrTf1l '---- r-- -- --- ----- _________ __,
~-+-'

func() ,6ff~~ B'il ~~9U A B'ilfli:t.tl: 0022FF48 •

rm atT Pffl~4~B'iliE ~~j~ fl1: iJt
 •9UW~$ 9-33

IJU.±1mB*~9iD~ ' t>1JIH.±1!~•9UB~ ' -~_t~{!~•9U8%1±.tl: 0

t8~1f 1m~-W:i~H~ '
•9U1!DJ§~~~j-~{~j[;~ ' t.l~~~u~~O]B-@7G~8j{li±.tl:::t~•9U8j{u±.tl:Oftl ?~ ­

...t 1 C~~~u·~~m-@j[;~~mhl~~~·~~ffihl ( ~-~=··~,~~m

-~m-B7G~~mhl~•~~ffihl) 0

.L~ prog9_ 14 ~WU' i;f¥M'f8j*a•DJ9iD.9U A 1!8j={~j[;~ A(O] 'A[l] w A[2] iHWs

1.i!XtE{li±.tl:~ 0022FF48 ' 0022FF4C w0022FF50 8j~i3t~im~ ' ~ c ~g~~.L~•9um-1~
7[;~8jfli±.tl:~~~·9U8jfli±.tl: ' pff .L~•9U A 8jfli±.tl:~ 0022FF48 ' ~Jlt ft.me() pfff!§i8j
~•9U A ~fli±.tl: 0022FF48 , rm arr ,PffH~U)i8jt8~@1~11I±.tl: 0

~~~)lOftl? .L~ prog9_14 ~f~tl, ~o•fm.L~ r%p_J Poit:ii!\!§*9UE0•9U8j=8:fm , fmM~OJ~~m,

EO~*~~-~~•~~mhl,~~~~~m:

01 /* prog9_ 15 , EDtl:l!lf9Ue'il1lI:tll: */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define S IZE 3
05 int main (void )
06
07 int i , A [ SIZE ) ={20 , 8 ,1 3} ;
08
09 for(i=O ;i <SIZE ;i++)
10 printf ( 11 A [%dJ =%2d , {u:tll:~%p\n 11 , i , A [i J, &A [iJ);
11 pr in tf ( 11 !lf9U A e'Slf1z:tll:=%p \ n 11 , A) ; I* ED tf:l!lf 9U A e'Slf1z:tll: * I
12
13 system ( 11 p ause 11 ) ;
14 return 0 ;
15
------------------------;,..,A--------------------------------
/* prog9_15 OUTPUT----
A [ oi =20, 1.u:t.1t=oo22FF4 s
A [l] = 8, {u:t.Jt=0022FF4C
A [ 2i=13,1n:t.1t=oo22FFso
~9LJ A ~ju:±Jt=0022FF48
-------------------- ----*/

0 t~it~~~~ ta
15~$WU cj:i · 9~ 10 fiEP t±:l J' !lf9U A l~H~-@:71;*8~1.u±ll: · 11 fi~UEP t±:l J' !lf 9U A s~tu
hl 0
~~~~-t±:lcj:i·~U•t±:lllf~A~ffihl~~llf~~m-@:7I;*~ffihl 0 ~~

~9io · fi1FH.±1®B!lf9UB~ · tE!ilif~~~~µ,:t~_t!lf9U8~:g#§ · ~·...tlilif~,5ff1®B8~ ·

~$M~~~~~·lili•t£mB!lf~~·ffimB~~•...t~llf~~mhl 0 ~~~~·
~D~tE!ilif~~~2~J'!lf9U~~:g · ~U±t~~~!lf9U8~1.mtt~;~~~1$~2~ 0 fi1F9$-1~
•1~U*~~BJ3 °

Tfil'.i8~i81~U~1.tf±t~~~1®B-1~!lf9U*B add2() lilif~ · ?.:/\1~tt add2() 1'~~!lf9U:f,a­

@:7I;*WM 2•ffiUUM±~~~llf~:7I;*®~~~0 $~M~~~-~~T:

01 I* prog9_ 16, JJ'S:@Jl~P<g~~:\1:~9U:7I;*~{ll[ *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 #define SIZE 4
05 void show (int arr [] ) ; /* @J~ show () ~~:rui *I
06 void add2 (int arr []); I* lillll~ add2 ( l ~~:rui *I
07
08 int main (void)
09
10 int A[SIZE]={S,3,6 ,1);
11 printf{"0¥01ladd2{)lW,~9U~P<g@'.~: ");
12 show (A); /_* O~Olj@J~ show () * /_
/
13 add2 (Al; I* OPO~lllil~ add2 ( l *I
14 p r in tf ( "OPO~ add2 ()1~ , ~9U~P9 '.§1.i!i : "l ;
15 s h ow (A); /* OPO~llli!~ s h ow () * I
16
17 syst em (" pause ");
18 retur n 0 ;
19
20 void show ( int a rr [))
21
22 int i ;
23 f o r( i =O ; i <S I ZE ; i ++)
24 pri nt f (" %d ", ar r[ i) );
25 print f(" \n ");
26
27 vo i d add 2 (i nt arr [ J)
28 {
29 i nt i ;
30 for (i= O;i <SIZ E; i ++)
31 arr [i)+= 2 ;
32

/* prog9_ 16 OUTPUT------------
OPO~ a dd O mi, ~9U~ P9'.@1.ili: s 3 6 1
opa~ a d d 1l 1~ , ~9U~P9 '.§1.i!i : 7 s a 3
- ------------------------------*/

0 f~~jij~~)t ~
1i'.S: /.$:{9~cp • §!% 10 fi'§~ 3-1~Mf~~9U A· TIEB~Af'.fJJ{i 0
ti§!% 12 fff0t±l~9UB~~

~{i;L1~ • §!% 13 fi:H~~9U A {~ J\ add2() lllilf~ · TIEEB add2() lllilf~~B!J arr ~9UPJTHJ:
W)( ti add2()
0
@f~~ ' §!% 30- 31 ff;fLlffl for 3@~M~ arr ~9U~BJ{~~~~~1JO 2 ' ~

§±~~- ·§!%15ff~Mffit±l~~A~~g 0

1tff~~8!1$MJ'*6~0J!kD ' ti~9Uf.~{1~2~3 arr ~9UB!J~~{j' 1i'.S:±f~~~~9U A B!J

~~1itB~~;L1$~2~ • ~1~~lllilf~ ' {~tt!:_J 8!ltlifitlpfT~ 0
~1.m add2() lllilf~~~

8~~~9U A {v:±.t!: ' tlt1i1$ arr PfTHl: ~ ' ~tlt~Mli~ main() i?]Jf~~8!1~9U A' ~~
----------------------~~--------------------------~
add2() [?]Jf~1!8'J~9U m • ~jt_t:j:~B'Jl'l~~fg-1~~9U • ~JltJ)~*Wtl1!~2~J' arr~

9U~~B~J1i ' ~9U A B'J~~{i-\B~M;:L1JS'l~2~ 0

•!•

tt*H1JcpfH9~fUffi-*i~9U*}~~*rn~ml=ff;)t (bubble sort) B'Slf~it 0

~)§~!=ff;$~

••@AB'JM~mmttE~·~•tt*~B'J~~k~--·~~M~ 0
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5 26 7 63 81
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 •
H~T31H~~j 26 ~ 63 ' ~ 26<63 ' ,Eiffl-~/f"i~' ~UJJ:t§g= ;;~j~fim65R 0
;f§[q]B'SJ 'm=;;~j~
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5R 0
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5 7 26 63 81

llilitt~ft1P9m~~Fjj';B'SJm5~ 0
rn_tl§l8'SJ:t1HtDJ9iD · SID~~ n ~l~t~•mff; · ~U*t5fif~F
)j';)zd~-1~8 n-1 ;;~ 0
Tl§JB'Slf~it~l\l§litt~J:ix:t~_tl§l~F)j';B'SJ)~~)t~~B'SJ :
01 I* prog9_1 7 , *t51\\11~ff;)t *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h >
04 #define SIZE 5
05 void show (int a[]), bubble(int a[]); /* :\E'~lllill!l:~~ru1 */
06 int main(void)
07
08 int da ta[ SIZE ]= {26 ,5, 8 1, 7 , 63 };
09
10 printf ( 11 11~ff;§U . .. \n 11 ) ;

11 show(data); /* fPt:l:J~9Upg~ *I
12 bubble(data ); /* O~O~ bubble ( l lllill!l: *I
13 printf ( 11 11~ff;1~ . .. \n 11 ) ;

14 show (data); _ _ I* EPt:l:J~9U17<:@ */-----~-

15 system ( 11 pau se 11 ) ;
16 return 0;
17
18 void s h ow (in t a []) I* El ~Jlllill!l: show () *I
19
20 int i;
21 for(i=O ; i<SIZE;i++)
22 printf ( 11 %d 11 , a [i]);
23 printf( 11 \n 11 ) ;
24
------------------------~-Nfl---------------------------------

25 vo id bubble (in t a []) /* §~JIIBll~ bubbl e () *I

26 (

l
27 int i,j,temp;
28 for{i=l;i <S IZE;i++)
29 for {j =O ; j< ( S IZE -i ); j++ )
30 if(a[j] >a [ j +l])
31
32 { temp=a [ j ] ; ~D~ a [ j l >a [ j +1] • ~U7L~~®:§J~
33 a [ j J =a [ j + 1 ] ;
34 a [j +l ] =temp;
35
36

/* prog9_ 17 OUTPUT---
~~~lfilj . . .
26 5 81 7 63
m~1~ . ..
5 7 26 63 81
---- -- -----------------*/

o f~:ct~~~>t e
~1~U'.fE~3~@@1~ show() ~bubble()' 53'53UFF.l*~fiffi~9U8isl~'.@J.~J~l=~1~]~ 0

f~i'C 25~36 fi~ bubble() lllill~Bisl'.fE~ 0

bubble() ~H~~~-1~-ff.t£8isl~·~9U ' ~:ftt
iifi~9U.:7G~ffi'J'tU7':8isl~I=~ 0
i± 28~35 ®lf1lcp , :9~~®1f11Bisi ~• i
fisisimwt for
}g;gi!JLlt~~sisJ:;;~f~ , m¥AfiiE- /~:9~~®1f11 , tlP1-~~1fil~@- :;;~ ~9Ur7'9'.@ ; ~~®if11

8isl ~I~ j FF.l*iifi~1~1El~~~9U.:7G~8islttlQ · ~~1=9U8isJ:;;~~ C§1Jl§J8isll~7':1.i~:fttl§J8isl

·)~ti~·~~~.:7G~®~M·m-&®BisiM~@~5~M~Bisi•::*:®m~~~

lil~1~ 26 , s , 81 , 7 ~ 63 ~1~U • Tlil~J!ffi 5 bubble() 8isl~l=~@f~ :

 ~9 .3 .3
I 26 I s I 81 I 1 I 63 ImtM:lil11l9u
;g-:tl;'.11@' i=l 'j=0- 3
-------------------- -
a[O] a[I] a[2] a[3] a[4]
: a[O] a[I] a[2] a[3] a[4] :
j=O 5 26 81
I 63 I 7
j=O iI 5 I 26 I 7 I 63 ltf:@l i
j= l 5 26 7
81
I 63 I j= l : 1 s 1 1 1 26 1 63 l@@l :
j=2 5 26 7
I 63 I 81
j=2 : 1s I 1 I 26 I 63 I~ :
j=3 5 26 7 63
I I.
---------------
81
I
'--------------------~
I

~MJ'7B 30- 35 1T ifilZiill.:Lft;B'il*aW:

: a[O] a[l] a[2] a[3] a(4] : ;---------------------,

j=O :
I
I 5 I 7 I 26 Wf,Jf@jj : I
j=o :
1
I

I I1
a[O]

s
a[ I] a[2]

r%~~%1 :
a[3] a[ 4] '
I

j=l :
\
I s 1 26 I I Wifil%1@ :
____________________ _ ~----- ---------------- '

rn~f9Lls'J¥Atrm6~DJ~o , B?.tum~e'Jm6~LElit · 1§~tt~Fjj';8'J@flEcj::i , /f~~*~~

~8:¥Ef.&~Fjj'; , l!l~!.ID ~W/f~ifu~fit~lQ, ]1[~Ll.ffi*i~ffitlH1l8~~8'J9~~~1f!1¥AfiiG

-~~ 0
~~ffik~~~~DJ~•~·m=~Ma:¥Emm·H•~e~:¥Ef.&~~~
lb1'i= , 1§~6P!.ID~W~~Ll9~~~1f!1¥AfiiE::t~~f~l'* , &iffi5R~ 3 ~q: ~ e'JB~W~ 0
·:·

~329:3.i prog9_ 17 B'Jffi~!ll.~' l'l§l8'J'8f9Ll~l3.i3-f~filit~~f~ flag' .ffi*iggffitliil\9~~

~lf!lifil@B'JB~'.H~ , ~Dl'l§lB'JflEn :

01 /* prog9_ 1 8 , ~ro5§:11~ff; )t,;L2:\Z&MN */

02 #inc lu de <stdio . h>
03 #inc lu de <stdlib . h >
04 #define SIZE 5
05 void show(int a[]) , bubble2 (i nt a []);
06 int main(void)
07
08 int data[SIZE)={26 , 5 , 81 , 7 , 63} ;
09
10 printf ("Before process . .. \n ") ;
11 show (da ta) ;
12 bubble2(data) ;
13 printf (" After process . . . \n ") ;
14 show (data);
15 system ("pa use");
16 r eturn O;
17
18 void show (int a [)) I* §5Ji?J5!19: show () *I
19
20 int i;
21
22 for(i=O;i<SIZE;i++ )
23 printf (" %d ", a [ i ) );
24 printf (" \n");
25
26 void bubble2 (i nt a [])
27
28 int i,j,temp;
29 int flag=O; I* ~~:IE: flag ~ o *I
30
31 for ( i=l; ( i<SIZE) && (!flag); i++)
32 {
33 flag=l;
34 for(j=O;j<(SIZE-i) ;j+ + )
35 if(a[j)>a[j+l))
36 {
37 temp=a[j ];
38 a [ j J =a [ j +1 J ;
39 a [j +l)=temp ;
40 flag=O;
41
42
43
 /* prog9_18 OUTPUT--
Be f o r e p roces s ...
26 5 81 7 63
Af ter p rocess ...
5 7 26 6 3 8 1

---------------------*/

o f~It~~~~ '@;\
ffl~M ~·rrM •~~~~~~~~@~~w~~·W~fl~®~~O·~~~~
!~ft8~~5~~1~~~~ffll1~8~!M'I= · flag 1m:f.B 1 · ~m~9UB5GJJX;:tm~ · JltB~iitt/f~
=~m~-~g~Mft~~·W~U00®~ 0

j:ijL;,1_ 26, s, s1, 7 , 63 .n@t~:f.BfJU. 'S'flE~iiAm-:;~ Ci=3) 1~•®~ cm 31

li) J!ul.lU8~ • 8315~ flag 8~1m::f.B O( !flag 8~1m:li'..t~ I • 1~~ true) • _§ i<SIZE ( i 1m:~
3) ·ragiil\®~~•#·~ftrrm33ff~fl~~m~~~··El3ffl~~~Mz~
~ff1~8~~1~!M'I= • ~Jlt flag B~1m:~-.§l~ 1 • ~~U~¥Aff~~~f~-8~ • :il::fz/f{tj=

g31fi®~~ff~•#·WUOO®~·~m~lli8~~5GIJX; 0

m -~m~ I i= I I j=0- 3 ~ 9 .3.4

~Mf:Jt 33 fi;Li~ttl *a~ ~ flag ;L*t)§JJrff;

I
1 a[O] a[ l] a[2] a[3] a[4] flag
'
1
m=~m~ . i=2 • j=o-2 ttl@f~

:,I_______________________
26 I 5 I 81 I 7 I 63 I 1 : ~J\1T:Jt 33 fi;Li~ttl*a~
:-- ;[01- -;[i1- -;[21- -;61- -;[41- -n.1~ ',
I / I

: I 5 I 26 I 7 I 63 I 81 I 1
I
:
I
'-----------------------'
j=O 5 26 81 7
I 63 I 0
I 63 I 0
I
j=l 26 81 7
5
: j=O I 5 I 26 I 7 I 63 IWJ@l 1
j=2 26 7 81 I 63 I 0
: j= 1 I I 7 I 26 I 63 IW}]l
5 0 :
j=3 5 26 7 63
I 81 I 0 : j=2 1 s 1 1 I 26 163 IWfill o :
---- --- --- ----------- I I
________ _______________,,,________________________________
.,,_

m=::tR.m~ . i=3 • j=o-1

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,- -.[o] - -.(1] - -.(2] - -.~] - -.(4] - ii~- ~
I I

: I 5 I 7 I 26 I 63 I 81 I I :

j=O iI I 26 I 7 !IB@~ I l
5
·=1 : I - I 7 I 26 lffWJ@;filCD_:_ ~ flagffi]j~_f.01 ·31 fi*ulllll1'1*.rr'
J 1 )
0 " ' : tiiHiitiW for ®1¥!1 • *MH~n
'------------------------

~fflfl~··*~~~~~mA·~M*~~mmM•~~~·~Mm~a~~~
M~~~ 0
§~ffi~m~a~~~~~-·~~~~~~~~·~~~~~~~~

9.3.4 1~H~=*tE~~*tE~'9U

~-~·~•lli~Um*••=•~=•uk~~--~ 0 u••=••~~~-~
m·~~~~3•B=•·~~M~:

~©Jiirui~ lllilf9:gm c~*3trui~l ~9u:gm l 1 [fi'B'sJilQJl91 i ; 1* ~rui */

int main(void) i
!.ih~W~.7\fiffili~I~ ~it9.3.2

~*3trui~ ~9U'8WJ l 9UB'sli!QJl9 l l ffB'slilQJl9 l ; ~~=*llllll9tl~t>]JI~

ffil~xt

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i
!.ih~W~J\ fiffil@~
/
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~~~~clli~~m - mMM)~u~mA~~~m•·m~•~m~~~~~w~
~~mAf~{.m ' ~~~ 3'~il~~i.f¥i'C~~~'gj&IE!!.9U~&~~B~{ui[ 0

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tt~~B~.f¥i'C~ ' fiiF~
M~=mtE•9U a W-ff.tE•9U b -~~U search() @m~ • illztt search() @f~P'J~:ti'i,•9U a

e~~/\:1.mw~'J'1m · ~f~H~a~ue~~/\:1.mw~'J'®~~*B•9u b G:n'X 0

4i8i?ue~.f~tcm
~~D~:

01 !* prog9_19, @t~=*-tE~9LlfB~A.1~W~1J11~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #def ine ROW 4
05 #define COL 3
06 void search(int a[) [COL),int b[]); /_* search() tllii~~ffil:ru' *I
07 int main(void)
08
09 int a[ROW ) [COL)= { {26 , 5, 7) ,
10 {10, 3 ,4 7) ,
11 { 6 ,7 6 , 8),
12 {40 , 4,32));
13 int i , j,b[2);
14 printf ( 11 =*-tE~9Ll~fB7L~: \n 11 ) ;

15 for(i=O;i<ROW;i++)
16
17 for(j=O;j<COL;j++)
18 printf ( 11 %02d 11 ,a[ i) [j]);
19 printf( 11 \n 11 ) ;
20
21 search (a, b) ; /* 0¥0~ search () lllil~ *I
22 printf ( 11 ~9LlfB~A.1~= %02d\ n 11 , b [OJ); /* EOt±l~9LlfB~A.1~ *I
23 printf ( 11 ~9LlfB~1N~= % 0 2d\ n 11 ,b[l)); /* f0t±l~9Ll~~1J1f~ *I
24 sys t e m( 11 pau se ");
25 return 0;
26
27 void search(int arr[] [COL], int p[)) /* El~Jtllii~search() */
28
 29 int i,j;
30 p [OJ =p [lJ =arr [OJ [OJ; /* X~p[OJWp[lJ.1'38~~arr[OJ [OJ */
31 for(i=O;i<ROW;i++)
32 for(j=O;j <COL ;j++)
33 {
34 if (p[OJ<arr[iJ [jJ )
35 p[OJ=arr[i) [j);
36 if(p[l) >arr [iJ [j))
37 p[l)=arr[i) [j);
38
39

/ * prog9_19 OUTPUT---
=*-i~9U~8j.7I;~:
26 05 07
10 03 47
06 76 08
40 04 32
~9U8j~Aim=7 6
~9LJSj~1Nm =o3
----------------------*/

0 ff~~~~~ ~
1i~-*19Ucp ' search() [>]]f9qJH~W~ji.0{~5119 ' ~-{~511N~-1~ = *illf9U arr' search()
[>]Jf9qJ:J::t~~1~=*illf9U arr :f!8~®A1~; ~=1~5119~-*illf9U p, '8,Rfiji.0{~:7G

* , 53'55U~ b[OJ W b[lJ , fi1P~M~fu!tl'81P~*f5:J))(tt~U8~®A1~~D ®1N~ 0

JJ~ search() [>]]f9~' 30 iTM~ p(O] W p[l] :!'2B~~ arr[O][O] ' 31- 38 fifU!tl~/it)@~

~-:tf:\=*illf9Ucp8~BJ-{~:7G*~D p[O] wp[l] ~§t~ 0 1ll~fi{P~~fum p[O] w p[l]

*f5:1i)(®Af~~0®1J'{~ , ll!Jlt~D~ p[OJ 1J'1i~=*illf9U8isi:7G*1~ , ~U:t~B~:7G*8~{~
B~*8 p[OJ C34~35 iT) ; ;t§f6_18~ , ~D~ p[l] A1i~=*illf9U8~:7G*1~ , ~Ut~B~:7G*8~

{~B~*8 p[I] ( 36~37 fi) ' ~DJlt-* ' ~l@~*a5R8~' p[O] Jlit~=*tEilf9U:f!8~®A
{~' ffi] p[I] jji,t~®1j\{~]' o
 /
• 81~~8~J~~~U, E815~•9U1~M~UIIBJIHH:J
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9-45

IIBll91'8~•9U p ?JTH~U9:~U8~~±f~i'Cl~•9U b 8%1±.tt ?JTl:J search() IIBJIY~i~B:*:

0

{§[Wft1J,1.§l~~U•9U p 1' , ~-_t~,t~f6_JJJ~~:*:1.§1WB1J,i.§l~~U±f~i'Ct'8~·9u b

-8 , ~Jl:~JJ~ ±f~i'Ct'B~ 21 ~22 fi~Jl:JfPlliB:*:WB1J,i.§l , ~.t~@@&i:~ •!• 0

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mtJ:f&HH~$ (string) @@:g~~~~~1'~8~J 0

fM~m@fuffl printf() iIBJl9EPlli~$,

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$~E1S~E1:J~j[;•~cw•~~j[;•~~j[;)ffi~~,mu~w~E1S~•_tlli~~tJ:
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19~1:J~s15!Jt c·) rJTm~ , ~~E1SmtYl'lU~1:J~1~~s 15m c") m~IIB* , ~oTrJTYR :
'a I
I* ~~~:lC'.%~9 a *I
11 a " /* ~~~$'.% ~9 a *I
" Sweet home " /* ~~~$'.%~9 Sweet home *I

~~ffl~$WM 1 ~~~~~:7[;-~ 0 ~~~~-~-,W~~~~:l[;·~~:ga~

1.%i~E!SWM*~ffl 0 ~~~:7[;·~~~i'CW~~~E~B2•~~~~-8,@~~
~@ char ~~m~*~~ , ~OT[§]8~8g)t :
----------------------..,~------------------------------

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c ~g~~~~21Sm1~16~H=r±~5:c;1i~9us~, ~r±~1itl§l~~9~1Jo_t~$ ma5R~7T; 1

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char ch_ arr [ 10 l = { I s I' I w I' I e I' I e I' I t I' I I' I h I' I 0 I' Im I ' I e I};

®M~-~~·_tl§l~~~-~c~rr~•m~~~$ 9R·~1.B~$~~~~$~
5Rffi5m'W_J*~~ 0 @~~-~_tl§l~~W~1.B

char s tr[ll]={ ' S ', ' w', ' e ', ' e ', ' t ' , ' ', 'h', ' o ', 'm', ' e ', ' \0 ' };

~U~~-9U str i?.t~l~;g~~-1~~$ 91~ 3 • ~1.B~~-9U str 1!~1it-1~~~~~

$m65Rffi5m ' \O_J 0
§S9~' {:E_tl§l8~8~cp ' El31.i~fi1F~B*~~~~3~~-9UB~W1m' ~

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/ • llf9UW32$ 9-47

char str [l l]= "Sweet home "; /* §:15.+$ ~1Q s t r' !11~~'.AE'Wi~~ Sweet home*/

fj'.$: __tl§l8~ *~ifilcp • Silt~ Sweet home R~ 101~3251; ( e;gga ) '1§~igi~~El~bi±32$

*6~~1.JO...t32$*65R3251; r \o_J , l2S!Jl:~!0~Jt~b ~-1~11I~m832$m65RH5.1ft'~W, ?!Tl:f str

!lf9U~ .7':;N!l~'§~~ 11 f~ 0
m~ , ~1P9lliCTI"l~JJ~}i/f~i~l\ !lf9U8~:t:1J\ · ~tigi~ft<
Wil32$8~ :t:1J \*~2~~i3t~ ggrs~ · ~D~l§JB~~g )t :

'§~5r;3251;!lf9U str • Mz~~~fD1.~H~ , tigi~1~tg~2~CTI":S:W 11 1~3251;e~~i3 1l~~ggr~ *:S:

1J~32:7[;!lf9U str • ~~2~~D~ lil ?fTTR :
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO ~ 9.4. 1
str
I~J, 1.1I ~ l;l:Ct}
I:l;.l:_ h
*18Jg§~i±~7Lll!l1 9U
;L t~JJo _t_
*5~
r \ 0 J j~~/.%,

~$*55Rrtr~

~1P9l:f-@~Ji~8~,B1~U * ~~Bf.l3251;W32$8~/ffg · Mz1Hf'3~D1~l:f sizeof ~mit32*9UEP32

$,6!T1~8~11z:7[;*§. :
01 !* prog9 2 0, EPt±l .+:lI;R.+$~ ~~ */
02 #inc l ude <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 i n t main (void )
05
06 char ch= ' a ' ; I* '@'~.+:lI;~~ c h *I
07 c h ar str l [ ]=" a "; /* '@'~.+ $ ~1Q strl */
08 c h ar s t r2 [] = " Swee t h ome "; / * §~.+ $ ~1Q s t r2 * /
09
10 pri n tf ( 11 .+:lI; c hi~]' %d 1~1ll:.7I;*Il \ n", s i zeof (c h)) ;
11 pri nt f (".+$ strl {~]' %d @jli:.7I;*Il \ n", s i zeof ( st rl));
 12 printf ( "~$ str2 1~ ]' %d f[Q]fi:'I:la.§\n", sizeof (str 2 )) ;
13
14 system ("pause ");
15 r eturn O;
16 }

/* prog9_20 OUTPUT---
~:71; ch 1~ 3 1 f~H1I:7I;*.§
~$ strl 1~ ]' 2 f[Q]fi:'I:lI;*.§
~$ str21~3 1 0 j[Q]fi:'I:lI;*.§
-------------------- --* /

0 f~:rt~it~~ ~
1.J~:$:19tlcp~l-~~~U , Sl.tt?.'t\~7GWI~ ch W~EISWI~ strl e~~g~.1% r a_i , ~.Pff1ti8~
1li7G*.13.6P::f1E!RI , ~$WI~ strl 8%~1.m~l-~~515JftffililCm 7 iT) , ~Jl:t~~J~tg
Elib1JOJ:.~$m6:5RH5Jft r\o_i , .PfTl-~ strl B~ftM•W~ 2 @l1li7G*.13. , rm327G~l~8~

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----------------------------~--------------------------------------
01 /* prog9_21, i®l\.& EPt±:l~$ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <s tdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char name [15];
07
08 puts("What's your name?");
09 gets (n ame ); /* ftlffl gets () ~l\~$ • Tift~l\~:7Gllf9U name f~ *I
10 puts ("H i !");
11 puts(name);
12 outs("How are vou? ");
13 system( " pause ");
14 return 0;
15

/* prog9_21 OUTPUT---
What ' s your name?
David Young
Hi!
David ·Young
How are you?
------------------------*/

0 l~I'C~~~)t ~
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01 !* prog9_22 , N~+$~1N~+t~H51.~JJX;J;::M; *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 void toUpP.er (c har s [] ) · /_ * §:§IIBJIJ( t ~per () ~@:ru' *I
05 in t main (void)
06
07 char str[lSJ; /* §:§CIT'.§~1s@+:7I;fljj®9U str */
08
09 printf( "~~fftlil\-i~+$: ");
10 gets (str); /* fftlil\+$ */
11 toUpper (st r ); I* 0¥0~ to Upper () !IBJIJ( *I
12 printf ( "f5~JJX;;l;:'.M;1~: %s \n",str); /* EPl±lstr+$flj179'.§ */
13
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16
17
18 void to Upper (char s [] )
19
20 int i=O;
21 while(s[i] !='\0')
22 {
23 i f (s [iJ >=97 && s [iJ <=122 ) /* 9D!l!H~: 1J1:M;+~ *I

24 s [ i] =s [ i] -32 ; /* :fe1J1:M;+~flj ASCII~~ 32 • ~IJ)Zj;:~ *I

25 i++;
26
27

/* prog9_ 22 OUTPUT---------
~~f,®l\ -!~+$ : Happy Birthday
f5~)JX;j;:~1~: HAPPY BIRTHDAY
-----------------------------*/
--------------------;+«---------------------------
0 f~rt~~~)t ~
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char ~j(;~9u:gfilJ [~$~@1~J [~$~~] =
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6 @~$·~-~$~ 15 @~7(; */

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c ha rS[3 ] [ lO]={ "Tom "," Lily "," JamesLee " }; /* §'.~~$~9U S• .IT!!:8~'.IE'f)J{l[ */

~$m65R~5T;) • Tifz:'.CTl.5tl~~'.\EfJJ1i1.ili "Tom" , "Lily" & "James Lee" 0

---------------------------~------------------------------------

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01 !* prog9_23,~$~9U */
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char S [3] (10] = {"Tom", "Lil y ", "James L ee "} _,__.
; ~-~-------'
07 in t i;
08

10 printf("S[ %d]= %s\n ",i, S [i]);

11 printf("\n");
12 for (i =O ; i<3; i++) /* EPC8~$~9U:7I;~B'il{ut1t *I
13
14 printf("S[ %d ]= %p\n ",i,S[i]);
15 printf("address of S [ %d ] [0]=%p\n\n ",i,&S[i] [0]);
16
17 system( " pause ");
18 r e turn 0;
19

/* prog9_ 23 OUTPUT----------
S [OJ = Tom
S [l] =Lily
S [ 2]=James Lee

S[0]=0253FDB8
address of S[0] [ 0]=0253FDB8

S[ l ]=0253FDC2
address of S [l] [ 0 ] =0253FDC2

S [2]= 0253FDCC
address of S [ 2 ] [ 0]=0253FDCC
------------------------------*/
 •9UW32$ 9-55

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o f¥n~~~~ m,
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1
8J§C, l:~MHV:±ll: 0 ffitlt~l)( 1 l:~)~ij • S[OJ ,5ffs1.i)(8J~i6~s32$ "Tom" ;L•9U8J11I±ll: ·

1EJigaJ . sr11 ?trs1.i)(aJ~i6~s32$ "Lily" ;L•9U8J1u±ll:. rm sr21 ?trsmaJ~i6~s

32$ "James Lee" ,:L•9U8%'.I±ll: 0

~~M&~...t~~m~~~~~?~•-·R~~·~~ffihlffit:±:l*~~U3 °
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S [ O]

s [1]
0253FDB8
-- T 0 m \0
~ 9.6. l

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-
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s [2] 0253FDCC J a m e s L e e \0

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----------------------------~,~~;---------------------------------------
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01 !* prog9_24, '3$~9UB'ilm@! */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 #define MAX 3
05 #define LENGTH 10
06 int main(void)
07
08 char arrl[MAX] [LENGTH]={"Tom","Lily","James Lee "};
09 char arr2[MAX] [LENGTH];
10 int i,j;
11
12 for(i=O;i<MAX;i++) /* ~ arrl B'il~~m@!~U arr2 cp *I
13
14 for(j=O;j<LENGTH;j++)
15 if (arrl [i] [j] ==' \0') I* :\10~1\lrnu ' \ 0_) , 1-~f.Hl~U'3$*65R *I
16 break; I* Jl:tfi8%reak t$(i!J!~l!J~~LJ§g 191)'¥,i:\fi *I
17 else
18 arr2 [i] [j]=arrl[i] [j];
19 arr2[i][j]='\0';
20
21 for(i=O;i<MAX;i++)
22 printf (" arr2[ %d]= %s\n ",i, arr 2 [i]); /* fPc±:l~9Uarr 2 8'il~~ */
23 sys t em( "p ause ");
24 return 0 ;
25

/* prog9_24 OUTPUT---
arr2[0]=Tom
arr2[ 1 J=Lily
arr2[2J= J ames Lee
----------------------*/
/
0 f~it~~~)t ~
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(a) int arr={l,2,3 , 4 , 5,6);

~) int arr[5]={1,2 , 3,4 , 5 , 6};

(c) int arr[lO]={l , 2,3,4 , 5 ,6 );

(d) int arr[lO]={l , 2.2 , 3 , 6 . 4 , 5 . 5);

(e) int arr[]={l,2 , 3 , 6);

int array[]={3,5 ,0, 3,2,4,1 , 6 , 8,5,4 , 3 , 2};

(a) 8itt~~-ffn ' fLlffl sizeof IU!m~5t~!lf9U aITay ~.7I;*8j1~19 °

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27. ~m~-15J5JIQ void reverse( char str[]) • '8DJ~~$ str &_!j';EPtl:l3R ~i9U3R~lt • '®l\e'Sl~
0

$4%" Hello" • filutl:J ElP&.li"olleH" 0

~$8jfii4jJ\~~m gets() @IQ • '®tl:J~~m puts() @~ 0

28. ~m~-15J5JIQ void toLower(char str[]) • '8DJ~~$ str ~:;*::~~fa2:1!:/JX.1j\~EPt±l 0 ~$

~'®l\~~ffl gets() @IQ • fii4jtl:J~M3 puts() @~ 0

char arr[] [ll]={ " C language", " C++ ", " Java"};

(a) '"""F1Eil~!lf9U arr ~~C.t~~i'!j[,]![~ • 1'1Eil8~l\ ]' 00:53'~~:7(; • @~*~007t/JX. 0

-~~~8ITT~~C*~m~~~~•m~•*~~>:
--------------------------1...,~·--------------------------------,.__,

J a v a \0
~ ~ ~ ~ /;~ ~
w, ~ ~4
~ ~ ~-%

(c) ~9U mt'• ~~i~il'.I7a§fl'SJgi31~~F.!J)~:~U~3?

(d) j~9_~~ arr[O][O] e'il{l'.Ittl:~ 10 • arr[O][I] 8jjl'.I:t.tl:~ 11 • J,;J_Jlt~ttE ( @J-j~:7[;~iB1c5

3 -i~il1:7(;*fl) , 8J\:HUI (a) e'sl~ · ~m-i~~9U:7[;~fl'SJil'.I:t.tl:~Bt~_t 0

(e) }~*fll (d) ' :51-;1_

for(i=O ; i<3;i++)
printf ("arr [%d] =%p\n" , i, arr [i]);

3HUED · 1m~iH®~U1tl§f§~? ~illd3~&1~~1f ~)j~?

(f) 8Jl:MM;-f~it · CTI9UEDt±l~$~9U arr ~PfT~e'sl~$ 0

30. 8Jt~:)(M; prog9_24 ' 1~1®1~~~$~9Ue'sl!bf!=~Z±lllill~ string_cpy() ~3ifi' 0

string_cpy()

~l~e'sl~~~~§'.§1.:li

void string_ cpy(char arrl[MAX ] [LENGTH ] , c har ar r 2 [MAXJ [LENGTH]);

for(i=O;i <MAX ,i++)

for(j=O;j <LENGTH;j++)
arr2 [ i] [j]=arrl[i] [j] ;
chapter

10
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 •
01
02
/* proglO _l, EOt±l~~15S:~21~!mP9E8{u:tlt */
#include <stdio. h>
t~t~ 10-5

03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a , b=S ;
07 double c=3 .14;
08
09 printf ( " a=%4d , sizeof (a ) =%d , {ll_:tlt~ % d\n", a , sizeof (a ), &a);
10 printf ( "b=%4d , sizeof (b) =%d , {ll_ilt~ % d\n", b, sizeof (b), &b);
11 printf( "c= %4 . 2f , sizeof ( c ) =%d {ll_ilt~ %d \n",c,sizeof(c),&c);
12 system( " pause ");
13 return O;
14

/* proglO_l OUTPUT------- -- ------

a=42 0 3 , s i zeof (a) =4, {lI:tlt~ 22 93 612
b= 5 , sizeof (b) =4 , {ll_ilt~ 2293608
c=3.14 , s i zeof(c)=B , {ll_:tlt~2293600
-----------------------------------*/

0 f~Lt~~B~ ~
MMk·~••~mhl~N+~~m*~ffi·@$~mm~·~3~~*~••m
1c!=i~G'l~~• eisiA:1J\
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0
I I

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2293609
2293608 - ~l~ bB'illl'I±ll:
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 :t~• 10-7

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1.i'.S:...tl§J8~;IBitcp , Z±•l98~§tll§J1JO...t:t~f~f-ff5!Jt r* _J , §PDJ~~--'§§JJ)Z:t~~-19 ' fffi
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int *ptr;

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t~f~-· ptr 2itz·~D~~t8t~f~ ptr f~~Ul9•m num( llill'.,t~g1.J'.X•l9 num 8%1±11: ) 1

DJUfUffl~D~8~if.9:~ :
int num=20; /* '§§~19~19 num' !11~~1.lll~ 20 *I
ptr=&num; /* ~1~~ ptr ~~~~19 num B'sl{ui.tl:' JW~ ptr 1~~ num *I

]'j'.$:__tl§J8%'S/:~cp '~D~ num 8%1±11:~ 1400 • ~U__tl§J8~~§)til'..t1Elm1.i'.S::t8 num 8~1.I'z±lt 1400

~~'.\Emfi ptr g1.J9: , ~Jlt~B~11~ ptr 8%1rnP~ 1400 , ~o~~PfTTR :

~ 10.2.1

int value=l2; /* §§~19~19 value '!11~~1.lll~ 1 2 *I

int *ptr=&va lu e ; /* §§1~~~19 ptr '!11~'81~~~19 value *I

_tl§J~~M~Ulli~••~m•~M*m~m~~•m 0
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m1~U*~~ · ~D~§§-~l~Wl9 num •
1
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int num=20; [iJ I 0.2 .2

~lY num I 20 s J
1400 - - - &num CIT@t±:J~~ num
ill:±.Il:l.'l~-:f r &~ CIT@i~
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(2)

1:&±it:@111lma.::r '* _J ~f!szi~J:~•rM~~•1~e~~g 0

m1~U*~~ · 1~~~~§§ 3-~
tirui!Wa~J:~C ptr • ptr ~pfigfilZB~{I'.I±lt:~Wl9 num C{~~~~ num=20) 8~1I'.I±lt: 1400 •
~U *ptr {~~f!SZi~ num B~{il[ ( num {11[~ 20)

int num=20; [iJ 10.2.3

int *ptr=&num; ii\:±.Il:@i.l1ll.'l~-:f r* ~ CIT@i~

~lY num J'~~ffifEl ~~lY~ ~g

fM9U-1~'i'1~U*~~Bf.l{I'.I±it:ma.:Y '&_J W1?<±lt:f!SZ111lma.::r '* _J 8%em 0

Tl§'j8~i81~U
§§ 3~mWl9 num WJ:~8Wl9 ptr' MlM~ ptr j:~~ num B~{I'.I±lt: • ~irtJJ~f~itcpfP~W
198~1I'.I±lt:WWl91i :
 :t~~ 10-9

/
01 /* prog10_2, :J:~~~IQ~§'§ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdl ib. h >
04 int main (void)
05
--''--
06 int *ptr,num=20; /* §'§~~numW:J:~~~ ptr */ - - - - - - - '
07
08 ptr=&num;
09 printf("num= %d , &num= %p\n",num,&num);
10 pr intf(" *ptr=%d , tr= %p 1 & tr= %p \n",*ptr ptr 1 &ptr );
11 system ("paus e ");
12 return 0;
13

/* prog10_2 OUTPUT-------------------
num=20, &num=0022FF68
*ptr=20 , ptr=0022FF68, &ptr=0022FF6C
---------------------------------------*/

0 t~~~~~~ ~
f~it~ 61]''§~ 3'.t~loJ~l~B~:t~~ ptr • 1;.IJsz~~~I~ num • MzM~ num ~~1.m.f.B 20 °
*~~'§~~~ • ~cl'l:~~11I±ll:8~1!i~~~Dl'PfTYf\ :
~l~mun lil 10.2.4
1~~~1~ ptr I 9i1fi ]j ·
*M:r<JB~ 6 m~ ~c.mlll£
tEillic!l'
0022FF6C

f~it~ 81]' ' M~ ptr ~~{f[.f.B num 8~11I±ll:' ~DJlt-* 'ptr B~~@t.W.f.B num 8~11I±ll:'
lliiJiX~M~t~~ ptr t~loJ~~ num:

~t~ num lil 10.2.5

~~~t~ ptr 0022FF68

00 22 FF6C
20 .J
0022FF68
*MJ''JB~
tEJIJiG!l'
s fi'1~ · ~c.mlll£
 f¥it~ 9 fi • EDt±l num 8~~'§ 20 EHl'.I±ll: 0022FF68 ° f¥it~ 10 fi • EOt±l ptr pfft~ro.l
8~Wf~1@. 20 'ptr B~~'§ 0022FF68 • B. ptr 2js:.~8%'.I±Jl: 0022FF6C 0

El32ls:.1JUDJ1~1®W · ptr ~t~8WI~ · 8DJffl*H:~Wl~8~1:u±ll:; *ptr ~m*®tl:l ptr

rm~ro.ie~w~1.m · rm &ptr ~U~1~1~Wl~2ls:.~8~1li±ll: 0
·:·

~m•mro.i¥oo•B~m·R~~~DJ~~~~~8mro.ig-oo~~~n~•B·~
l'lffi8~'81JU :
01 /* proglO 3, :ti'ii~~i~eisJi~m *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 i nt a=5,b=3;
--~
....,
0_7 _ _ int *ptr;
08
09 ptr=&a;
10 printf ("&a=%p , &ptr=%p, ptr=%p, *ptr=%d\n", &a, &ptr, ptr, *ptr);
11 ptr=&b; /* ~ b 8%1!11:~~*8:J:i'ii~ ptr 8-$. *I
12 printf("&b=%p, &ptr=%p, ptr=%p, *ptr=%d\n",&b,&ptr,ptr,*ptr);
13
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16

/* prog10_3 OUTPUT------------------------------
&a=0022FF6C, &ptr=0022FF64, ptr=0022FF6C, *ptr=5
&b=0022FF68, &ptr=0022FF64, ptr=0022FF68, *ptr=3
--------------------------------------------------*/

0 t~it~fti§)t ~
f¥it~ 6 fi , §'§~BWI~ a W b • fill5-HlLJ~~@f.ws W 3 ° g9~ · ~ 7 fi§§ 3
mro.i~B~m8~ 0 ~~§'§m·~mmmhl~~~~l'ffiffi:
 t~t~ 10-11
/
~ 10.2.6

¥MJ'7B~ 7 fi1&· ~2.~!l;

1i§t~~I~ ptr I
w 9.Ml. = fl 0022FF6C B'iJ l§[,l![
0022FF64
3
~

0022 FF68

flfit~ 9fi · M~919 a 8isJ1.U±1U~mil ptr H-n7- • t35't~MU~H~ ptr :1'~~919 a· ~DJlt
-*•ptr~~gw~a~ffihl·~~~m•~~-~~Bffiffi:

~ 10.2.7

¥J.\fi7B~ 9 fi1&' ~[,~I!;

B'iJ l§[,l![

0022FF68

~ 10 fi~U:53'55Uf0t±l 3 a 8isJ1.U±.l!:, :l'~t~ ptr 8isJ1.U±.il:, ptr 8isJ1~fi ptr l'JT:t~~2 9 19

m·~~u~~1ofi~mt:Bwkmm@tt~·~~U3Mm••~~~rt ·

flfit~ 11 fi • m~fT~~~ ptr BJ1~ • 1~1~'8:!'~~ - 1~ b • ~DJlt-* • ptr 8isJ~giJ't

• ~3b~ffihl·~~~m•~~-~~•ffiffi :

~ 10.2. 8
11§ ~~1~ ptr
1
0022FF68
0022FF6C ¥MJ'7B~ 11 fit& · ~2.1~1!;
00 22 FF64 B'iJl§[,l![
3 11 ~IH
0022FF68

®ittflfit~l\1§~ 12 fifDt±:l 3919 b fi:l'~t~ ptr BJ1.I'I ±.il:' tJJ~. ptr BJ1~fi'8PfTt~~2
• •m · ~~m~~u•~~·R~~ • •~~•w~·m•~~u~~'8~
lli~·~'8lli~g-@ • •· ~
__________ ,,,,__________________~1....------------------------------------

m•••~~Bm~2••~~u~@·•~~~•~m•••~~~W~4@ffi~
m 0
N~~~~~~m·$~rtcp~~§~3m~MEW~~~mcwm·mm~m
sizeof() >.Kt±lt~C•l~PJT1ti~11I~*§ :

01 /* prog10_ 4, :j:~~~l~~.A1J1 */
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (vo id)
05
int *ptri; /* §'~:j:~~~~fB:j:~~ ptri *I
char *ptrc; L* §'~:j:~@J~JI;fB:j:~~ ptrc *I
08
09 printf("sizeof(ptri)=%d\n",sizeof(ptri));
10 printf("sizeof(ptrc)=%d\n",sizeof(ptrc));
11 printf("sizeof(*ptri)=%d\n",sizeof(*ptri));
12 printf ("sizeof ( *ptrc ) =%d\n", sizeof {*p_t_r_c~)~
)~; ------~-
13
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16

/* prog10_4 OUTPUT---
sizeof (ptri) =4 } fl§~W~~~1c53 4@
sizeof (ptrc) =4 1l'.I:7G*.§
sizeof(*ptri)=4
sizeof (*ptrc) =l
-----------------------*/

0 f~it~~~)t ~
1.i:S:~f?tlcp · m6 fiWm 1fi~55LJ§~3:t~~M1~w~~e~:t~• · i::B1.i:S::t~c:s:mze~~
~~•~ffihl·Wffihl~smz~m~~u=~·ffiNR~B~m~@•~&·m•
Wl~~1ti 3 4 i~11I~*El · ~JJU~rt11'®~§g 9 fiW§g 10 fi8~*®t±l~~ 41~11I~*El 0
 :t~~ 10-13

/
fifLlffi sizeof() >.K t±:\ *ptri PJT1~8'9fli7I;*£~ El:JJ)~~ 6 fi88~ 3 ptri ~
§S 9~ ' ~ 11 0

:t~~~f98'9:t~~' PJTl;,l *ptri tBiJiX~ ptri PfT:t~~B'Sl~f9' ~J.t~ *ptri 1~ 3 4 {lQJ1li::lI;*.El.

0

~3~~~m~2m·H~~ * ®-@•~·mu~~mhlm•~r&~W~hlwmm
•~r*~~m~ 0 T~~-@R•~~M·H~~~3aWb~@~B·~~~~3
:tl§~ ~l9 8'9:tl§~ ptrl W ptr2, illz1H¥it1~1JO J\ -@*~~ ' ffi*~29:~198'9~@, ffil;,l
~~~ :tl§~8'9HHi= :
01 /* prog10 s , :r~~e'sH~fi=**~ */
02 #include <stdio. h >
03 #include <stdl ib.h>
04 int main (vo id)
05
06 int a=5 , b= l 0 ;
07 int *ptrl , *ptr2 ;
08 ptrl=&a ; /* ~ ptr l ~~~ a fl%'.Ii.tl: *I
09 ptr2=&b ; I* ~ ptr2 ~~~ b ffiHliJ!I: *I
10 *ptr1=7 ; I* ~ ptrl :t~~ffilpg'.§~~~ 7 *I
11 *ptr2=32 ; /* ~ ptr2 :t~~ffilpg'.§~~~ 32 *I
12 a=17 ; /* ~~a~ 17 */
13 ptrl=ptr2; /* ~~~ ptrl=ptr 2 *I
14 *ptr1=9 ; /* ~ ptrl :l~~ffi]pg'.§~~~ 9 *I
15 ptrl=&a; /* ~ ptrl ~~~a ffil{lii!I: *I
16 a=64 ; /* ~~a~ 64 */
17 *ptr2=*pt r1+5 ; /* ~ ptr2 :l~~ffi]pg '.§~~~*ptr1+5* I
18 ptr2=&a; /* ~ Rtr2 ~~~a ffil{lii!I: *I
19
20 printf (" a=%2d , b=%2d , *ptr1=%2d , *ptr2=%2d\n ", a , b , *ptrl , *ptr2 );
21 printf ("pt r1=%p , ptr2=%p\n ",pt r l,ptr2) ;
22
23 system ("pause ") ;
24 return O;
25
---------------------------~~----------------------------------
/ * prog10_5 OUTPUT------------
a=64 , b=69 , *ptrl=64 , *ptr2=64
ptr1=0022FF6C , ptr2 =0022F F6C

-------------------- ---- ---------*/

o f~:tt~~~~ ·
JJ~*fJUcp , ~ 6 fi'B~ J'~1~~1~ a W b , ~ 7 ff~U~'B~ J'~1~t~loJ~l~8Jt~t~
ptr l Wptr2 ° 8- 18 ff1~~ ]'-®~~~ ' 1?U :SZD~~t~~t~~§5 -1~ ~1~ , §JZ~~~~9:tm~
,6JH~~ 2~1~8JP9'.§~ 0 ~itt~~it~Ji§ 20-2 1 fffOCl:l J'~I~ a 8%~~ 64' b 8J1.m~ 69'

*ptrl W *ptr2 ~~ 64 ' §59 ~ ' ptrl W ptr2 8J1.m~ ~ 0022FF6C ~®~~8J1.m~~ 0

~1~*8JD~?

1' ~~7±¥Aff 6- 18 ffB~, ~¥Aff:J'G-ff , ~I~ a , b Wt~~ ptrl , ptr2 21.m8J~1 ~

1 l~ffj ' ~cp ~f~ a 8J{u±l1:1~~~~~ FF6C ' ~I~ b 8%1±11:1~~~~~ FF68 :

~ I 0.2. l ¥J\fi' 6- 18 fi'~ • ~l9~1 t'..8'M~% ( &a=FF6C ' &b= FF68 )

fi'~ tlf~li,\§ a b ptrl *ptrl ptr2 *ptr2

06 int a=S , b=lO; 5 10 ~ ~ ~ ~
07 int *ptr l, *ptr2 ; 5 10 9jHm 9i1!§. 9i1!§. 9i1!§.
08 ptrl=&a ; 5 10 FF6C 5 9i1m 9i1!§.
09 ptr2=&b ; 5 10 FF6C 5 FF68 10
10 *ptr l =7 ; 7 10 FF6C 7 FF68 10
11 *ptr2=32 ; 7 32 FF6 C 7 FF68 32
12 a=l7 ; 17 32 FF 6C 17 FF68 32
13 ptrl=ptr2 ; 17 32 FF68 32 FF68 32
14 *ptr1=9 ; 17 9 FF68 9 FF68 9
15 ptrl=&a ; 17 9 FF6C 17 FF68 9
16 a=64 ; 64 9 FF6C 64 FF68 9
17 *ptr2=*ptr1+5 ; 64 69 FF 6C 64 FF68 69
18 p tr 2= &a ; 64 69 FF6C 64 FF 6C 64
 :t~• 10-15
/

~~i~~ll!1?<iJ§...tiill8~ti7~ • -ti7ti78~f;R~1~Po~8~1~ijj~~D{~i~*8~ • f6J8~~~

~~11~29: prog1o_s · 1§Ei~e¥A1T7t-1T · f~:nli~t!1~fJ~EPt±l?ff~~l~8~1.~ · m*~
~_t~~~-fio ~

EB prog10_5 OJ9iD' ::p~~tum•l~§17,~:t~•' ~~OJJ,;Jj!:!29:Wl~t!B%~' {§~:p~~D

@·••~mhl~~-~~~~·~~s~rn•~~m~•~·~~a•~~••
e~ 11I±l!: · iN OJ §~1' 'J \/[} ift 1~ m ~u 11= ~~*ft e~ 11I±l!: · iffi 3.§ PXi/f' OJ r.l~U!~ e~ ilil§ ~~ 0

~~~rn•••~·tt~~••~rn•mrn~~-ft~0°-am~rn•••mrn~
~-ft~O~m·tt~~/f'~~~~~S 0
~~~A~O~rn•rn~B~O~•··
~-~~-~~•Bt±l=~~~·~~~rn•~rn~••~~n1'~·~~@:na1T
~~-B~-ft~/f'~MB@~~B·~iffii§/JXilli~~--~g/f'~m 0

fi1P~-~~1~FJi~8~1~U-3'.-*~)tBJ3 ° l'iillB~f~:n5-HlU~~ ::H~l~WI~ al ' :t~~~l~B~:t~

f~ ptri ' )3'.lli.~l~WI~ a2 ' UEH~icB)3'.llf.~l~B~:f~8 ptrf' Tift~I{ ptrf:t~lcB al ' ptri :f~lcB a2 '

~15~f~:ncj:iEDtl:l81P~8~{_m :

01 /* prog l0_6, *~8:RB'il:t~~rui~ */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <s tdli b .h >
04 int main (void )
05
06 int al=lOO , *ptri;
07 float a2=3.2f, *ptrf ;
OB ptri=&a2 ; /* *~8:R · N~ int rui~ls~:t~~m~ fl oat rui~ie~~~ */
09 ptrf=&al ;
10 printf( " sizeof (al)= %d\n",sizeof(al));
11 printf( " s i zeof (a2)= %d\n",sizeof(a2)) ;
12 printf( " al= %d,*ptri= %d\n ", al,*ptri) ;
13 printf( " a2=% .lf,*pt rf=% .l f\n",a2,*ptrf);
14
-----------------------.;.JI~-------------------------------
15 sys t em (" paus e");
16 re tu rn O;
17

/ * p r ogl0 _ 6 OUTPUT------
siz e of (a l)= 4
siz e of (a2 }=4
a l=lOO , *ptr i = - 1 7 17986918
a2=3 . 2 , *pt r f =O.O
-------------- - -----------*/

0 t~~~~~~ ~
J)~$19tlcp · ptri '§§!J)i;J~~ int ruigsJJ~f~ · {~~ 8 fi'fiP~SJ~~ float ruigs~Wl7 °
~Elf6JBJ • ptrf '§§!J)i;J~~ float ru'~JBJJ~• • {~~ 9 1TfiPJ~'8f~~ int ruigs~Wl7 °

~m•'§§~ruigw~mm~2••~ruig~f6J~·~ittt~~mft~~&~~m
~ 0
ffiUtt~mm•~·~ruig~~ffilli~~ ••ruig-& 0 +

~§~~~·~·~8~MMMmm•••~'§§BitJ 0 ~~~'§§-@lli~M•
~m•••~·~mT~~Bit*'§§:

int *ptr ;

).!~tt_t~sJ'§§cp · '*
J 5m~~~~t~t~Wt7sJ:tS#li 0
ftiF~~1;iJ~_t~sJ~g ;~~il~~mz
ptr ~-1~f~•Wl7 ( ~~'§§8~ 'ptr ~~~-j~ ' *J '!fm ) ''8,PJTJ~~2•178~ru'g
~ int ( ~~~BJru'g~ int) 0

~if-3 _t~8J'§§Bit29~ · ft1F~t8~l:Jtt'§§t~•Wl7B~ · f~ '*J '!im~H~~~g21~ ·

:izDT~BJ'§§Bit :

int * p tr;
 tl~H~ 10-11

/
ti_tl§l8JR)tcp ' f.H~CITl~.lJI:\ rint* _J ~/JX;~-~Jffi8Jrui~J' t!?,fj';t~ rf~~~ft;::Z.}~g_J
8Jrui&·mm~m~@ruiU*~~--~ 0

_t~~~rn8WM8J~~Srt·c~~wm~ 0 *W8J~rt~W~~mm-••~*~
~rn•••·fil~®W~«crrn••mm=••~~~~m 0
m~~mm=••~~
~~·-~Rn~~-@rn•••·~~~Tl§l8J~~i:p.

int* a,b;

int *a , b;

~~·~~~-~~~•@rn•••·crr~mm-•srt*••,~~~m=•s~·
~~~~PX;Mff*~~ 0 ~9~·m=•R~llicrrUmti~M8J•~m~-@rn•~·
~1~H~~~~u lo.3.2 nfifijiiffM~ 0

t~*~CITl;Jti~m2rs~-~ · lliCITt..Z1l£~1~1t~:t~• ti~1f~ 1 ~)5GT · ~1~8Jsll~:rnrn

0

:t~f~BJ{!~ · ::f{§CITU~Ji1~f~rtlil®8JMR , ±~1.JOf~rt¥AffBJ~)($ · f5J8~~CITtl.~~ )~­

®f~rtg~~t1~lH!~Ot~/JX;8JJi~U~ !

fl~i~llil~ llliJ~=8fil:l (~~rui~ *:tl§~~l~l

( ~it 10.3.l
------------------------~-..;p.-----------------------------------
19U~D ' ::5;l~J~~~~t-@lllill9 address()' '8DJH~W5Z-1~t~~~l98Jt~f~ ' .§5~ ~{i@]{]'[ '
~Ulllill9 address() OJtUE'~IJ)Z~Dl'BW-9:~ :
vo i d a d dress ( i n t *ptr ) /* ;E'~@t~ address () *I

§?i9~ ' ~~lllil l9 address() ®:ru!8j15511E~/f(l2>±~_ts 119:fS#!J ' pfT J..;)j55JJE~,R 1~&U~t~PfT
rn~ ••~ru!g · NN-@~5J1Er • ~ ·~~®A ~~-mrn~~•~rn•WOJ :

vo i d address (i n t * ); /* §'15@t~ address ()~~~ *I

1±0~0~ address() B~' Ei:JJ]~ address() (12>j~rnW5Z-1~1~~~198j1~:t~' ~itLflt{F~OJJ..;.lj~~

19BJ1.v:±.tt ' §1/,~~f~~~l98Jt~f~~IJ)Zslf9® A lllill9~ ' ~Dl'l§JBJ$)Z~ :

i nt a=l2 ;
i nt *ptr=&a ; I* )!~-:!~~ p tr :t~ ~ ~t~ a *I
address ( &a ); /* ~ }\a ~ffI±.!l: * I
address (pt r) ; /* ~l\:t~~ ~~8j:t~~ pt r *I

l'l§J~tllill9 address() BJ~~i819U 0

JJ~ ltLi819Ucp ' address() DJ1~.IJ~W5Z-1~t~~~l98j1~

• c w~•••~ffihl ) ·~mr±lllil•~~ffihlW~nhl~~$~••m~mlli*:

01 /* prog l 0_ 7 , ~~ilH~~~tl@t~~ */
02 # i nclude <std i o .h >
03 # i nc l ude <stdl i b .h >
04 vo id address (in t * ); /* §15 a d dress () @t~~~~ *I
05 i nt ma i n (vo i d )
06
07 in t a=l2 ; /* ~~~~t~ a ~111l.1.0 1 2 *I
08 i n t *ptr=&a ; /* )j~f:t~~ p t r t~~ ~t~ a *I
09
10 address ( &a ); I* ~ a ~{u±.!l:~ l\ address () @ t~cp *I
11 address (p t r ) ; /* ~ p t r ~}\ address ()@t~cp */
12
 :t~• 10-19
/
13 system("pause");
14 return 0;
15
16 void address(int *pl)
17 {
18 printf ( "n~{uilt %p i7'J , i~llf3:~~~17'J'.@~%d\n", pl, *pl>;
19

/* prog10_7 OUTPUT----- - -- -----

J'j~{u±Jt 0022FF6C i7'J 'j~{lg~~l917'J'.@~ 12
J'j~{u±Jt 0022FF6C i7'J 'f~llGB~~l917'J'.@~ 12
- ------------------------- - -- - ----*/

o 1~rtPl~~~ <~
JJ:S:4-1~tlcp ' 16-19 fi~~ ]'@ti address()• '8DJrnW:9J~lcD~l9lli!~81Jt~f~ ( -t:Bli't
~DJNrn@ - @gm~ti~ffihl) 0 ~~~~cp·~7fi ~ ~~ti9tia·~~

111[~ 12 ' ~ 8 fi~~ Tt~fCD~l981Jt~f~ ptr ' ~M~'8t~lcD919 a 0

l~~~ 10 fi0¥0~@19 address()' ~fll\919 a B'J{v:±.11: • fll\8%:l±.1l:Ei3~ 16 fi81J

mC9tip1ffirn®·~$~l8fiffit±:l~l\~ffihl·UR~ffihl~~-ti® 0

EBt~~B'J~®t±:lDJW• 919 a 81Jf.Ii:±.tl:~ 0022FF6C • ffiJJltfli:tJl:~ • 1~~g81J9191.m~

12 · ~~llili't~9ti a 81J1.m · ~DT~PfTm :

:i~~~fl~ptr ~ r 12 I ~1~a ~ 10.3 . l

- = ~ 0022FF 6C progl0_7 179 , :!~~ ptr W

(······························;=====;: ···: ~ pl :t?J:t~~16J-@~I~

i:t~~~fl~pl ~
·· .......................................................................·

§59~' ~ 11 fi0¥D~@ti address()• fg8~fll\t~C ptr 0

8 fiBM~ ptr t~fCD
831.i:S:~

919 a• ~Jlt ptr gm81Jii[l;-ft.t li't~ a 81J11I:tll: • pfTl-~@19 address() 81J¥J\1J'ma~tB

li'tfD ~ 10 fi81J¥J\1'fm6~;f§fg 0
•!•
-------------------------~--------------------------------
prog10_7 g~Bf.l J'~Dfq]"®~JLU~t~ ( {u±lt) ~Ulillll~f~ 0
~~lilllEDJl;.l_mffiI~t~B'il1®31ilB!~1~
0
~WMB'ilffihl 1 ~~fi~lli~DJU~lilllM~~~ffihl*~·~~~WMB'il~~ U~
l§i8Jl'B19U~19U, 1.i~l~itcj::i~~ J' -1~ addl oo lillll~, '8DJraU9:-1~~EWI~ 0 .R~ addl oo
lilllln~ogzo~ , ogzo~~®l\ ad<lIOO 8JWl~1ffHgz1Jo 10 :

01 /* prog10_ 8, ~~j:~~B'ilfl!ffl *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 void addlO (int *); I* addl o () IIBJl~B'il®:rui *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a=S;
08
09 printf ( "0¥0~ addlO ();:?_;rt], a= %d\n", a);
10 addlO(&a); /* 0¥0~addlO()IIBJ~ */
11 printf ( "0¥0~ addlO () ;Zf~, a= %d\n", a) ;
12
13 system("pause");
14 return 0;
15
16
17 void addlO (int *pl)
18
19 *pl=*pl+lO;
2 0 _,.._ __

/* prog10_8 OUTPUT--
0¥0~ addlO ();:?_Ifill, a=S
0¥0~ addlO () .::?.1~, a=15
----------------------*/

o ~~:tt~~~~ m
1.i~*19Ucj::i , ~ 10 fii~WI~ a 8J1I'I±lt1®~mfilillll~ addIO() , illzrn~ 17 fi'BJI~t~W
Ep1ffim®'~~~m•B'il~•~~~ffiffi:
 :t~t~ 10-21

/
~ 10.3.2
tt addlO() @1~179 •
~G flll!G!i ~ ffll!j

~ 19 fi~~'.\E *pl=*pl+IO; ffiJ)~ pl ~:t~~~l9 a• l~lllt~ 19 fit!:i,i]i,;UEJmn~:t~

~19 a 8isJ1i1JO IO•~~ 15 • ,5ffl;,l¥Ji15')JiEflf@l~U:±:tlfit8~ • Il fi{~~EOtl:l a 8isJ{i

tE c ~i!?i~t' • ~lftdii~!0~~W®:t~t~8isJi®~:tt:i~w~ 0
~1JU*~R: · ~;fLlffl~l9M~~l9 a
W b BisJ{jgj~' {~ffll;)tJ.,;,l{®{i (pass by value) BisJ1-Jit*m~' fffi!0~~t)j~~BisJ{!~ (pass
by address) *.iG~ l'l§i.ff.ii~~g~:flfitBisJffiiB :
0

01 /* prog10_9, ~a W b 1~1:/J~ (~~~~fiWBl *I

02 #include <stdi o. h >
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 void swap (int, int) i L* swap ()@Jf~.=B=
~=~= tl -*~/_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
' ru!
=
05 int main (vo id)
06
07 int a=S, b=2_0~;~---------------~----
08 printf ( " 3Z 1~§1I ... ");
09 printf("a=%d,b=%d\n",a,b);
10 swa2 a, b); /* llPO~ swap ()@if~'~ a 0 b ~@l~~~{~g
11 printf ( "3Z1~1~. . . ") ;
12 printf("a=%d,b=%d\n",a,b);
13
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16
17
18 void swap(int x,int y) /* )E'.~ swap () @]~ *I
19
20 int tmp=x;
21 x=y;
22 y=tmp;
23
-------------------------~----------------_,, ________________
/* prog10_9 OUTPUT-------
~!~§1] ... a=5,b=20
~i~1:l't. .. a=S, b=2 0
--------------------------*/

0 t¥it~~~~ ~
t~rt~ 41]''§§ 3 swap() ~19&i:ru! ' '8)~~{W@J{~ ' 1S!curnu~~{~~l9 ° t~rt~ 7

fi ' '§§~{~~19~19 a ' b ' TI:fz5.rl.lU~~{~~ 5 ' 20 ° ~19 a El b ft~i3 1 1~~\;cp8~jllj2![

szo~~?fTm:

!;] 10.3.3
~~ a 5
f-----1
~MJ''JB~ 7 fiitl • ~G~~
~th 20
'"====!.I llG~trilffltfj

f~rt~ 101]'0¥0~ swap() ~19' TI:fz{IJ\~19 a W b 0 Jl:tB~t~rtB~)fitt~~~U~l9 swap()

~ • a W b 8~{~5.rl.lUE8~19 x W y ?JTrnU~ · Jl:tB~~i3t~!;8~jllj2!i:QD~~PfTm :
/

!;] 10.3.4
~i~a 5 ~l~x
)il\ swap() @I~~ '
~l~b 20 ~t~y ~G1~~llG~trilffltfj
'"====!I
~ swap() tlEtrsl~~

!;] 10.3.5
~i~a 5
lJ:\fijG~ 20 fiitt '
~IH 20 ~G~~llG~trilffltfj
 t~~ 10-23

~l~x
~l~ y
§0 20
~ 10.3.6

¥Jlfi'JB~ 2 1 fifrt
8G1:ffi~1!iG]![B'iJffllfj
'

~I~ tmp
---s

f£J:t§g 22 fi8~;E' y=tmp' 8i13'DJ~~I~' Z± swap() 1!8~91~ x W y BJ1]1[81RZ~1~

3·~~9MZ±~~-¢~~-~T:

~ 10.3.7
~l~x 20
I----< ¥MJ''JB ~ 22 fifrt ,
~l~y 5 8G l:ffi~1!G]![B'iJ ffllfj
1----l
~l~tmp 5
'"====i

m~I~ swap() ¥Afim55R , Z± swap() 1!8~~±~91~ x , y W tmp ~1RZ~~W , f£it¥A

fi)Jitf£@l~U main() ~l~P9 ' 8113'0] l-~~~rn, ' Z±±f£it1!8~91~ a W b B~{~j:Jz )~~
1fil~j~ffl) 0

1.%i1t~91~ a, b 8~1.[[Mz)~~1RZ~~!X~Uo~? Z±~I~ swap() ¢ , tt1P~::f~lli~M~ x , y

8J1f[~ffll1~0,\!§? @~.;t~)tll~U91~8~~*&Fo~fill3 ! 1i~~U swap() ~1~1!8Jq_~ a' b BJ
1.m , mH~WSI: a , b 8~~~1~P98~~±~91~ x , y , 9l.~~ 20~22 fi¥Afi 3 ~d~8~i.1Jfi: ,
{~@1~ .~d~Mz::f~9~~U main() ~l~P98~91~ a W b , ~JJ:tm~l~¥Afi7'Gm , a

wb 8~1f[Mz)~~1f1DJ8~9i.IJ 0

ilitUf£it progl 0_9 8~~~8~ ' fi1P~M~f£it11U!i(JJ)Z prog IO_ l 0 ' fUltl1®~t~f~B~D'Lt*~!!

~l~r-7'9~8~)(1~ :
-------------------------~----------------------------------
01 !* prog 1 0_1 0 , fmaWb{~gj~CiHTUG19~l */
02 # in c lude <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 vo id swap (int *, int * ); /* lllil~swap()ffii:ruiB'iJ§'~ */
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a=5,b ~=
~2~0~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---'
08 printf ( "~i~§U ... ");
09 pr i n tf(" a= %d , b= %d\n ", a , b );
10 swap ( &a, &b ) ; I*0"0~ swap () IIB!J~, !ttfil\ a W b B'il{liht *I
11 printf ("~i~1~ ... ");
12 prin tf(" a= %d , b= %d\n ", a , b) ;
13
14 system ("p ause ");
15 return 0 ;
16
17
18 void swap(int *pl , int *p2 ) I* swap () lllil~B~'..\E~ *I
19
20 int tmp=*pl;
21 *pl=*p2 ;
22 *p2=tmp ;
23

/* proglO_lO OUTPUT----
~i~§U. . .
a=S, b=2 0
~i~1~ ...a=20 ,b=5
------------------------- * /

0 f~it~~~~ ~
f~it~ 4 fi'§~ 3 swap() lillll~&i:ru! · '85~~1®@J{~ · 1.~CITt~W)(~1~11§~~~8'iHI§
~ 0
~ 1 fi§~~@~l~~I~ a , b • Wirti19tl-flg~{.m1.%i s , 20 ° ~I~ a EZ b t£gGil~~
~cp8~j1lj2~SiDT!il,6JTTR CgGi!:~~8~fil±lt:1.%i1~~g~{_m) :

~ 10.3.8
5 1404
~fi''JB~ 7 fi1~ · ~G1~~
20 1400
!lie]![~ ffl H~
/ •
flETC~ 10 :(TO~O~ swap() @if~• Tit11l\Wf~ a W b 8j{u±ll: 'llt8~3.i~U
:j:~~~

swap()
10-25

@if~ '
Wf~ a W b 8%1±11:'.:i:HlUffi:J:~~ pl W p2 mW:SI: • Jl:t8~8G 1:~~8ji1!JGm9Dl'~PfTm :
1

Iii 10.3 .9
1 404 - :rg~pl
~l~a ~ 1404 iil\ swap() lillll~~ '
1400 . :rg~ p2
~t~ b ~ 1 400 gG1:ffilm~~B';J~Jt;

flETC~ 20 :(T'§~ tmp Wf~, Tit~~{.m~:J:~H~ pl rfT:J:~~8jWf~{_m · Jl:t8~8G 1 l:~~8ji1!JG

m9Dl'~PfTm :

Iii 10.3 .10

~l~a 5 1404
1404 1 :rg~ pl
¥.MJ'7B~ 20 fi1~ '
1400 :rg~p2
~t~b 20 1400 gG1H~~G~B';J~7fj
5 I ~J~ tmp
I

~:rc~21:fT~m~~mm~Bj•mm~~~p1mm~BjWBg$·~~~s
~8ji1!JGm9ol'~rfTm :

Iii 10.3.11
1404 :rg~pl
~l~a ~l 14 04 ¥.MJ'7B~ 21 fi1~ '
1400 :rg~ p2
~l~b ~ 1400 1 - - - - - << gGl:ffi~~~B';J~Jfj
5 ~t~ tmp

flETC~ 22 fi:j:~ tmp 8j{_m~~~m8 p2 pfT:j:~~e~•f~g$: ' Jl:t8~WfH±8G 1 l:~~c:pe~

~-~l'·~~~cp··~~-lli~@JB~BjWBaWbBj@B~~M:
--------------------------~-----------------------------------

~l~a ~
!!!Ii! b *
~1~1~B*~1~c~~
1404

HOO
14 04
1400
5
:ti§~ pl

:ti§~ p2

~I~ Imp
~ 10.3.12
¥.MJ''J'E~ 22 1T1:l't '
~C.~~~ii'tril~if~

flEit progl0_9 WproglO_IO ~:A.8~/Gfg • Wt~{il\ swap() lilll·B~slf~ • prog10_9

~l;J,~f9 a' b B~{i{il\lilllf~c:j::i • @~•1.i~ 'f®{iO~O~_J 8~1Jit • ffiJ proglO_IO \=lU

~~~•a,b~ffihlf®l\lilllm·~•~·•hl~~_J ·El3~m~~·~mf®hl~
o~ 8~1Jit · EIP~1~J~~~1®l\lilllf98~~19 a , b ~'.§~25( 0
·:·

E13M~1~1?U-3'.-~~o' t~t~~~::r~,:L-~i£1.i~'8~l;J,~2iX1il\B~slf9{i' fLlffl@{~~~ 1l'i '

n~~u~M~ffim•m~~:ct·rn~*~•-mm-3'.-*~~m•~•m·~~~~
it~~5t 3-@llilllf9 rect(x,y,area,length)' '8~fflW9: 4 {~5119' 5.Jl.5U~~E7f~B~3Jift x WY '
l:~.JJsz~1~5.J55Ut~~~f9 area W peri a~t~;t~ mrect() lilllf9¥.M'J:¥rHtt · ~f~ area ~131.J)(
0

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0

01 /* proglO_ll, 1®[QJ3'@1~1a8'illillll~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 void rect(int,int , int *,int *); /* IIB!~ rect () B~ml~ *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a=5,b=8;
08 int area,peri;
09 rect(a , b , &area, &peri);
10 printf("area= %d,total length= %d\n",area,peri);
11
12 system("pause");
13 return 0;
14
15
 f~~ 10-27

/
16 void rect(int x,int y,int *pl, int *p2)
17
18 *pl=x*y;
19 *p2=2*(x+y); ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
20

/* proglO_ll OUTPUT---
area=40,total length=26
------------------------*/

0 f~it~~3H: ~
l~itm 7 fi' · §'~~{~~l!Z~l!Z a, b • TI:fl:B55U~~H~~ s, 8 • m8 fi'§'~ 3~1!i: area
~ peri • Jl:~8~~1H±~2Jl:~\mcp8~i!!iG~~DT~,6ffffi :

a ~ 10.3.13
5 )
b 8
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peri 9j{@. 1

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mfliit~l\ rect() ~l!i:¥Afi8~( fliitm 16 ff)· ~l!Ztt~2Jt.~\mcp8~i!!iG~Jl~ff~~DT~ :

~ 10.3.14
a 5
1404 }~~pl iii;]\ rect() lllill~~ '
b 8 ~i:l~l!l£1!G~B'ilfflm
1400 m~p2
area

peri 9j{@.
______________________...,,_;_____________________________

~ 18 fiM~ x*y CtlPJ.§%l§lffi) 8J1i~~~m1H~H~ pl .PJT:t~/oJ8J~f~:S:J55Z , 19 fi~U~;3t

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~c]i[~Ol' :

a 5 1 412 ~ 10.3.15
1404 }~~ pl
b 8 rr.
408 1 - - - - - - - - fl

1400 m~p2
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area 40 1 404 1~!!!~~8~ffl~

peri 26 1 400

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••~mhl·~~ffli®@l~ffihlffi~~mhl~:S:J55Z~® 0 ~~m~it~MR~l':
 t~f~ 10-29

/
01 !* p ro g 10_12 , ffilIBllQ1~[~lN~ *~ */
02 #i nc lude <stdi o . h>
03 #i nc lud e <st d lib.h>
04 in t *max (int * , i nt * ); -~,.__
! * §~@]IQ max () ffil/El~ *I
05 i nt main (void )
06
07 i nt a =l 2 , b=17 , *ptr ;
08 pt r =max ( &a , &b ) ;
09 pri n tf ("max=%d\n ",*ptr);
10
11 system ("pa u s e");
12 r e tu rn 0 ;
13
14
15 in t *max (int *pl, int *p2 )
16
17 if( *pl >* p 2 )
18 r e tu r n pl;
19 e l se
20 re tu rn p 2 ;
21

/* prog10_ 12 OUTPUT--
max=l 7
-----------------------*/

o ;i;~:rt;~~~>t m
1.i~419Ucr
· ~ 4 fi'§'~ 3 max() [5]Jf~8~®:~ · '8CITtfZW9:f011Qlt~~~l~B~t~f~ · 1i@J
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0

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J
1

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ptrl ~d 1 400
~ 10.3 . 16

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!llU!G]j[ffil~~
-------------------------"'~--------------------------------
~ 8 15'0¥0~ max() IIBlf~ ' JJ:tB~¥.MJ')JiH¥3i~U max() IIBJf~P'9 ' •t~ a 8%1±11:831~~
Pi rnw:IZ , •t~ b 8%1±11:831~~ p2 H~W:IZ , ¥MJ':¥G~ 1s 15'1~ , ~2 11~~a8~~G]![~o--r- :

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ptr I 93H!1[
1408

1404

11 1400
14os

1404
m~ p1

m~ p2
iil\ max() @I~~
821~111rnc'liB'ilfflff~
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~~••b~ffihl·~~~sfi83m~~mrn®·$~~~~m~••b:

1/;\11 10.3.18
a ~J 1408
¥.MfiG~ 8 11'1~' 82
b ~~7
1404 ~~!le]![ B'ilfflff~
1
ptr 1404
1400

~fPt!J max=l 7 °

04 int* max(int * ,int * ); /* §:~@Ill( max () ~@~ *I

tBli'it~~ '* _J ~~5~~~&' ~DJJ:t~i~{~DJJ..jJ~ max IIBJf~~~~~@l 'int* _J ~~J' tB

li'.t~1~@l 't~~~f~8~1~~_J ~-I~ 0
~m15~@w~)t' ~-~DJU~~ 10.2.4 ~rrn~~~Bf.l 0
 / •
10.4 :NiH~~-ff.tE~9U
:t~• 10-31

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§)IG~~~:t~•~•1i1t1•• 0

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•
0
:t~t~~Afi1JO)t~)~)t3i•B~ · ~lfiH1'8.6ff:t~~2~*~rui~&8~7':1J'*~I~ ~19U* 0

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{ti 3 1 @1li7G*.13. · ~u ptr-1 ~:t~:t~•s~1fil)~:t:;;-1~1li7G*.13. · 1§Ei®:t~•:t~~~$1~8~fill-
1~~7G 0

rn•~=~•=~*~m~:s:w•~7G~~~~_t·~~ltSl~•~~~u~•~~•
R~~*~•~•~7G~:S:m·mu•~7G~~mhl~~2~~~m:~n•tt·ltSI~
*13m®g*Llffl:t~8*:S:E!S2 ° §59~ • •9U~1~J59'J1 8~B~5t · lli~t~

m~fi~B~mR··~~-@7G~~ffihlW~~3·~~ffihl 0
ltSl~™~-M•~
rm~ · -*t•9us~1n±Jtmm~.t~-*t•9u:t~ · ~-1~7G~s~1n±Jt · rm=*t•9us~1n±Jt
~U~•9U1~ · ~-fi~-9U27G~8~1li±ll: 0
---------------------------..,:i.....-----------------------------------
§5:9~ ' ~9U:tjWJ~,PJT1:JJ~-1~:t~8ml9 (pointer constant) • ffi)~~t~8~19 • ~~!!I~
~9LJ:tjWJ§~~-@:t~*~ · '8:t~loJ J'~9U~1-U±lt · {§~fi1P~::f§~~~~2:9:~9U::(jWJ8J:t~loJ ·
~~'8~-1~ml9 • :\ZDT~PJTJT\ :

int a[S]; ~ 10.4.1

a [4] l ~9U=8fi!J a ~-1~1~~ ~9Uftil=8fi!.1~-@1~~m

a f 31
~
I
m~ · ;\;'l;l.fil/f§~:/$~~ll: I~ · '81~~~9Uftillli±ll:
1------111 I
a [2] l a

a [l] l m~mi~ftilln:±.Jt~n~
a [OJ j
' 1~~mi~ftil1.fil

~@R~~ • 15'.$:J:~cp • ~9LJ:tjWJ a §~~~-1~t~t~m~ • {§~:\ZD~t~t~t~ml9 a 8%1±.t!:

~~*·m•gma~1-Uhl~$'8*~ffi~m~1-Uhl·~@~5~~~~~$~lli8
ml98Jil!Ftli~~~U=ff.tH~J:8J~9U · IU115'.$:~1~11B5.J · fi1P~f~fft¥ij1~~~'1~ 0
Tl§J1~FJi~
8Jf~it~,~*~~~~~9LJ:tjWJ a ~-1~:t~loJ~9Ufu±.t1:8J:t!§8m~ :

01 I* prog10 _ u , :tg~mt9B'91.l!:WHu±.tl: *I
02 #include < stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i , a [ 5]={32 ,1 6,35 , 65 , 52 };
07 printf( 11 a= %p\n 11 ,a); /* fDtlJ:tg~'m'f9at[J{l!:[ * /
OB printf ( 11 &a= %p\n 11 , &a ); /* EQl:±:l:J'g~""' a f8 li:±lt *I
09
10 for(i=O;i<S;i++)
11 printf ( 11 &a [ %d] = %p \n 11 , i, &a [ i] ) ; I* fDtl:l~9U a fil-j[QJ.7I;~8$11li:±lt *I
12
13 system( 11 pause 11 ) ;
14 return O;
15
 f~~ 10-33

/
/* prog10_13 OUTPUT-----------
a=0022F F38 -- :l~ ~ :\lm a B'iJ{~
&a=0 022FF 38 - - :l~~"m'I~ a B'ililiill:
&a[ 0 ] =0022FF38
&a [ l ] = 0 022FF3C
&a [ 2 ] =0022FF 40
&a[ 3]=0022 FF 44
&a [ 4 ]= 0022 FF 48
----------------------- - --------*/

0 f~Ltl§*B~ ~
J]~:zjs;f?Ucp , m6 fi<§~ 3 ~~ s f1Q1:7I;*8J~l~~9U a , m7 fifPtl:J 3 a 8j{§l , 1t§j~LJ

0022FF38 ' ~ffei a ~t~~~m~ ' '8t~[DJ 3 ~9U a ' ~JltCITW~9U a BJ{u±ll:~ 0022FF38 °
33:9~ ' m8 fifPtl:Jt~~ml~ a 8J1:u±ll: , ~i~CITl-;J_fi~~U , t~~ml~ a 8%1:±.tl:fDt~~ml~
Bilii~§fg ' ~~ 0022FF38 °

f.~it 10~ 11
fifPtl:J 3~9U a m-flQJ:lI;*BJ{u±ll: , fi1F9t~~!tt:7I;*W:1:u±ll:m~~15~ ~1il ,
1jfliJcp~i~CITUU ~ ~U , -mtE~9U a 8%1:±.tl:lE~~9U a :f!m-f1Q1:7I;*8%J:±ll: :

int a[5]={32,16,35,65,52}; ~ 10.4.2

a [ 4] 52 prog l0_ 13 ml ' ~9U a

~9U '8ff!l a ~ -1~1~~
1.i~~El~~ cj:iB'iJg§G]![~
a [3 ] 65 "m'I~ , ~i.i1l/f'§~.J~~~~
a [2 ] 35
I
a
a [l] 16 ) 00 22 FF3C

a [O J 32 0 0 22 FF38

-*IE~9U a
------------------------~oNtJ---------------------------------

m:ttft1P~B*~!kDili~9u:gwH~:-@J~8ml~ ' '81~M~3~9U§g-j~:l[;~B!J{uttt 0

~;t~

~~:gm~-@m•m•·ft~llim~~~m'8~§m•~=~••*:S:®~~~:l[;
* •~DT[§]B!Ji819tl :
01 I* prog10_14, fLll'fH~~ml~3RgfllZ~9UtriJP9g */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a[3]={5,7,9};
07 printf("a[0]=%d, *(a+0)= %d\n",a[OJ,*(a+O));
08 printf("a[1]=%d, *(a+l)=%d\n",a[l],*(a+l));
09 printf("a[2]=%d, *(a+2)= %d\n",a[2],*(a+2));
10
11 system("pause");
12 return 0;
13

/* prog10_14 OUTPUT--
a[OJ=S, *(a+0)=5
a[l]=7, *(a+1)=7
a[2]=9, *(a+2)=9
-----------------------*/

0 f~i'C~~~~ ~
~*~~·§g6fi~~3~:S:m3@M•~~~a 0 ~~~~:gfi*~~-@ma
m• · pff.L.;iJ~9LJ:gfi a lli~~*11i~J~88!laVFiJma 0
831.i~~~i~!kDili~9U a 8!11~'.*~
~~~int' i]JltlD!kDiliB:f-j~:l[;~ic!J 3 4 {~fu:l[;*§ ' Pff .l.;,ltEf~it~ a+i tlD1~~ a[i] B!J

{uill: , rm *(a+i) ~U~~ffi:S:1.i~11Iill:~ a+i 8!JMl~1.~H!SZtl:J · lliil'X~ a[i] ~7t;~1i 0

~mma~ro•~•=·~~~•m•~m~·mrm~~~~~&@:l[;~·~T~
pfTjf\ :
 f~~ 10-35

/
int a[3] = {5,7,9};
!;] l 0.4.3

progl0_ 14 t! • ~9U a

EB
* (a+2) a[2] &a[2]
J'i$:~G~ ~ cp tG !JG]i[i;J
* (a+l) a[ l ] - a+ l &a[l]
* (a+O) a [ OJ -a+O &a [ O]

~9U7G~

:f~t~H~if\)Z; ~~ 11.lll~if\$

E8$19U0Jl~~Cl:J · fLlFl'H~t~t~loJBJ!lf9U~'§ • WfLllf.l~§l1il1SZ1~8J!lf9U:7I;~{~J~:tEl

~BJ ; lliil'X~~)t' *(a+l) W a[l] ~~~t~loJ!lf9U8J§g 2 @)[;~ ' fffi &a[l] W a+l ~~

IW~~ J' t~t~Wllf9UBJ~1*~ i:fz • :ft1P~*1~~ -ill!~Ji~BJ**~ ~lEiieJ:f~rt1~fLlffl:t~~BJ

0

~ff(on ' ~t~ -!lf9U~,6ff~:7I;~BJ*~fD 0

01 ; * prog1 o_1 s, tUm:t~~*:ili9UK;~fD *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a [ 3 ]={ 5 , 7 , 9};
07 int i,sum=O; - - - - -
for(i=O;i<3;i++)
sum+=*( ~
a+~i~)~;_ _ _~/-
* ~B~D~
~~~
~9~U~
K;~~
~~ B'J
~,~ ~~
·fIB0_*~/----~~~------'
10 printf("sum=%d\n",sum);
11
12 system ("pause");
13 return O;
14
 /* prog10_15 OUTPUT--
sum=21
-----------------------*/

0 t~it~~~R; ~·
JJ~f~n~ 9 ficp • ffiJJ~ *(a+i) ~t~JJ~~ a[i] 8j:7G~1i · ~Jl:~DJl.jM~f~nM;/JMDT
l§l8jt.9.311t :
sum+=*(a+i); /* Jltfi'1§m1.i~sum=sum+a[i) */

1i1~).1~8j~ · JJ~ prog10_ 1s cp · ~9U a 8%'.I±J.t~ffi~~i~PfT);l(;E · fM~W.fol~tEf~nf!

{1U9:'8 ° ~Jl:~~?.~~9u:gm a DJ~/JX;~-{~f~~ · {§~fi1P~::f§g~29: a 8j{i C~29: a
~m~ffim$W~3-~a~ffihl) 0 El3$-~a~ffihl::f~~~~·~~~~:gma
D]l.jl~/JX;~-@f~~m~ ' tMt~~~ ' fi{P~::f§gt£f~nni~~M;t!J~DT8j~3J1t :
a=a+l;

ptr=ptr+l;

Tl§l8j,8{~tl{1~29:El prog10_ 15 · 2:5/:l.jlf~~-~ ptr *f~~~9U a· .\l:tr;fuffl'8*3ifi~9U:7G

~8j1JO~S~ :
 t~~~ 10-37

/
01 I* prog10_16, fUffl:J:~ml>.K~9U:lG~;fO *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 int a[3 ] ={5 , 7 , 9};
07 int i,sum=O;
08 int *ptr=a; */
09 for(i=O;i<3;i++)
10 _ _-.:s=um+=* (ptr+.._+_,_)_...;_ _ _ /* ITT~~9U:7G~1~B~L JJD _*.....,/_ _ _ _ _______.
11 printf("sum= %d\n",sum);
12
13 system ("pau se ");
14 return 0;
15

/* prog10_ 16 OUTPUT--
sum=21
-----------------------*/

0 t~it~~~)t ~
$~m~·~~msfi~~3lli~M•~m•~·~~~~m~•~a~m-m~
~ 0 f¥~ 9~ 10 fifum for ~lll3JUr•'.9U~~1~8~~1JD JJ~m 10 ff~ I~~ ptr++ 1§
I

~)'j~ pti=ptr+l • PJT1~Bl$Ji1j'jG-/j(~llJB~±R' ptr 1~~t~~T-1~~9U~~' ~

Jltfum for ~lll1~~M~•'.9u~e~~~1lo*im 0

sum+=*(a++);

E8JJ~•'.9U a .L~t~•e~1J~~ffi8~ • a ~tRZff~~t~*~m• • a++ iJiU§~)'j~ a=a+ 1 • 1f1

~ a 8~1~/f~~tRZ~2:\I: ' pfT.l~tEKi5i8~~t8I~~i:!J~~ ' 1E!~t~•~IY ptr il'.X/ff6J 3 ' EB
----------------------L»'~----------------------------

*~El3lrtl~~P8~~1~ · IJ?,:f:Efi1P9B*~!kDili:J:~~W-9U;LFs~~tJJ8~~m1~ 3 ° f¢.l!:f-fi1P9\llil:t~

&·~~~-~-~~~-~·m•~~~•...t~•~~mhl·rm1'~•~m-@~
~~{_m 0
fLlffl~{~tftt;K; • fi1P9DJ1-~tl:l1®~-ff.i•9U8~~f)(;L~g)t · ~'.X:~l-;i_M~:J:~t~~
D"rt3KM~ · .\zDTl§iB~~rt :

.Pc;i\; I 0.4 . l
DJl~451-*-tEil1119U.:Zlillll~
t8'.'E¥i.Pc;il;

WU.lzD • ~~~~t-1~DJHl:W~-ff.i8~~1)(•9U • .§.)~~M@J1]1[8~~f)( func() · ~U func() 8~~

~DJl-~t~~~.lzDTB~~rt:

void func(int *arr)

IIBJf)( func() ffi'H.~M8~'§§9l1t1'!0:t~...tslf)(8~=8fl'l.J • @tE~f)(J5l:ru!B~:tC5~~~~~1!f:~~

*~ru!!l~W-1~~~ '* _J • Jtll-~§!kO~~i~~{~sJf)(~-{~:j:~~ · .lzDTl§iB~~.)(3.ill :

void func(int *) I* lllilJ9 func () J5l:rui~§'~ *I

ttD~O~~f)( func() 8~ · ~1.%i func() !0~.m~W~•9U8%1±.tl: · rm•9U=8fl'l.JLJs:~g)))(8~JW~

•9U8%1±.tl: · ,5fftJ func() 8~:tcs~~R~:t~...t-9U=8fl'l.JIWDJ • .lzDTl§iB~if.)(3.ill :

int A[)={l2,43,32,18 , 98}; /* §'~!,H~~9U A' ~~~)'.f'f)J{g[ *I

func(A); /* 03'0~ func lllill~ • ~~l\~9U A *I
 :t~~~ 10-39

/
fflT*fi~U-@D•~~m·*~~~@umam•-••~ 0
T~~~~~-3
replace(a, n, num) []JI~ • ~~~~1~•9U a 1! • §g n {~.:lG~e~{i~c~~ num :

01 I* progl 0_1 7, ~!lf9U§g n {~jI;~B'sJ{~@{~~ num *I

02 #include<stdio.h>
03 #include <s tdlib.h >
04 void replace (int * ,i nt ,int); /* §'~replace()@l~e'il~~ */
05 int main (void)
06
07 int a[5)={13,32 , 67 ,1 4 , 95};
08 int i,num=24;
09
10 replace ( a , 4,num ); /* O'flllj@]~ replace () ~
*/~---~
11 printf( "JiI~f:tt' !lf9UB'sl'79'.§~");
12 for(i=O;i <S ;i ++) /* fPt±l~9UB'slP'9'.§ */
13 printf( " %3 d",a[i));
14 printf( " \ n");
15
16 system (" pause ");
17 return 0;
18
19
20 void replace(int *ptr ,int n,int num)
21
22 * (ptr+n-l)=num;
23 _,'-_ - - -

/* proglO_l 7 OUTPUT-----------
'iii~f:tt • !lf9UB'sll79'.§~ 13 32 67 24 95
--------------------------------*/

o f~rt~~~~ ~
J]~;t{J~cp • 20~23 1T~• 3 replace() []JI~ • ~~~-9U§g n {~.:lG~e~{i~c~~ num 0

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*(ptr+4- l )=*(ptr+ 3) • 'Bf\;;~ 3 •9U§g 4 {~j[;~ • ~Jl:~:te:;'8~~1i~ num ( num B~{j
~ 24) • !1.t113mn~•9U§g 4 1~7G~e~1.m1E1l~c~~ 24 1 ° ·:·
------------------------;;;JI---------------------------------
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0

1IBJmm§lli8°~~~~~~~m1IBJmm§lli8~~~·•§•~~•m•~~~~
~ffihl·~~m~ffihl·Wlliffihl~~$~®:

01 /* prog10_1s, lillll~~&Ha;;%:t~~ *I
02 # in clude <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdli b . h>
04 #define SIZE 5
05 int *max imum(int * ) ; I* '§'~ maximum () lillJ~eJffii:~~
' -*"---
/ --~-~
06 int main (void )
07
08 int a[SIZE]={3,l,7,2,6};
09 int i, *pt r ;
10 printf( " array a= ");
11 for(i=O;i<SIZE;i++)
12 printf ("%d ", a [i]);
13 ptr=ma ximum (a); /* O~Ol.j maximum () lillJI~ • M!~l\~9U a *I
14 printf (" \nmax imum=%d\n ", *p t r);
15
16 system("pause");
17 return 0 ;
18
19
20 int *ma x imum(int *arr ) /* JER ma ximum () lillJ~ *I
21
22 int i, *max ;
23 ma x=arr;
24 for(i=l;i<SIZE;i++)
25 if( *max < * (a rr+ i))
26 ma x=arr+ i;
27 ret urn ma x ;
28

/* prog10_ 18 OUTPUT--
array a=3 1 7 2 6
maximum=7
-----------------------*/
 :t~t~ 10-41
/
o uit~~~ft ~
15'.S:$19Ucp ' ~ 5 fi§§ J'lllill~ maximum() 8~®:~ ' '8CIT:t~W~-1~:!'~~!&1~8~:t~•

cJttig~-1~!&••9U8~1.u±ll: ) , §1!@l1itB~:t~loJ!&•8~:t~• 0
20~28 fi~©JI~
maximum() 8~~ ~' *~~ 24~26 fi8~ for ~!ll~t~1rt ' :t~• max {~9J~~·9U a~'
1~1.m~:7':: ~7G~8~1ll:±ll: · 15'.S: 21 1:r1!@JJJ:t1.u±.tl: 0
15:S: ±f¥it~ , ~ 14 fi1~DJ1t< Jtt1.u±ll:
EOt±:l.9U~8~~ /\:{i 0

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-~ffihl 1
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0
,

.PJT*§.PX; , l!!Jtt:t~•rr~El51!.PJT:t.BJ~~113§tBiitt~~m8~~~ $H1J~:t?Rg1f~••1~w~ 0

$~Fs~8~1Ul1~ 0

rr~h•~m~~~~*~~,w~~§§-00~7G•~·~• ~~~$~~~oo~
7G•9U 0 19U~D ' ~$ "How are you?" C!JljfLlffl~7G~9U *18~g , ~Dl'l§JB~,819U :
char st r [ J = "How are yo u ? "; /* §:~~51;~:9U s t r ' Tit~~)Ef)J{l1[ *I

sa...t,c~~~~mJ'~-•~~~it · tB~~~~-oom1oJ~7G~m•,~•~
~oom•m~-oo~EIS,~l'l§l~~w:

cha r *pt r ="How ar e you? " ;

------------------------~··--------------------------------
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~ str /1'~9j~ 'ptr ~-j~:j:~

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3~$,~~lf.llliClliloJ~$~=~~~8'SJ~~ :

char str[]="How are you?";

~ 10.5.1

L
~Hl o l w l lalrlel l y l o lul \o ~ J..~.Cfl::r:~ffil:5tc 3R
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1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

str ~-@fEH-~*I~ • ~ifil::r:~~1~~c:l!:

char *ptr="How are you?";

ptr 1200
H o w a r e y o u \0

L 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

ptr ~-1~11il~~I~ · :!'tifilOJtJ.1~~c:l!:

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ptr=ptr+4; I* ~~~ ptr 8'91.lll , i~'8:tl§~§f?; s 11§1~7C ( IW~7C a) *I

puts(ptr); /* EDl±l ptr ,5JT:tl§~e'il~$ *I
/ •
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$ ~rt~·~m~~•A-@•~~~·~rt~
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01 /* prog10_19 , tJJ!il~~l9J:til~~$ */
02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <std li b . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 char name[20 ];
07 char *ptr= "How are you? "; /* ~j:lij~j:lij~~$"H ow are you?" *I
08 prin tf(" what ' s yo ur name? ");
09 gets (name ); I* ffiitM~l\~$ *I
10 printf ("Hi, %s , ",name ); /* EPtl:l~$M!9U name~~'.§ *I
11 puts(ptr); I* EPtl:lffi ptr .PJTJ:lil~f8~$ *I
12
13 system (" pause ");
14 return 0 ;
15

/* progl0_19 OUTPUT---
what's your name? Wien
Hi, Wien , How are you?
--------------- -- --- -- --*/

0 t~itl§~~~ ~
1.i~:t19U~ ' ~ 6 fi'§~ ]'~71';~9U name• ~ 7 1]''§~ ]'-@:t~~~:ll;8~:t~8 •~
~~):E'8:t~~~$ "How are you?" 0
~ 9 fi~rnm~8ifl5Z~$ • ~:t~'8:S:JR1:E~71';~
9U name f' 0
~ 10- 11 fil'lU53'55U;ftlffl~7[;~9U name ' ~H~~~$8~:t~8 ptr *fPtl:l
Fo~11~~;g 0

1.i~:t19U~ I name ~:t~•m1~ I '88~{j::flj~~2:5i I rm ptr ~:t~l~ ~I~ I fU~~l.~~25(

'8~® 0 81 ~~~~~·1:E~rt~~~l2fi53'~rok
----------------------~------------------------------
puts ( ++ name);

puts (++ptr );

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int *ptr[3 ];

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char str [ 3 ] (10] ={ "Tom ", "Li ly ", "James Lee"};

~$ma5R~:7C) • Mz5-T55U~~~W{.m~ "Tom" ' "Lily" & "James Lee" 0

/ • =!=~$~ 10-45

char *ptr [ 3 ]={"Tom ", "L ily ", " James Lee"};

JIU~ ptr[O] tlP~:t~~~$ "Tom" 8j:j:~· • ptr[l] ~U~:t~~ "Lily" • ptr[2] ~U~:t~~

"James Lee" o

0
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str[O] T m \0
0 Iii I 0.5.2
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:Oil'.;
str[2 ] - J a m e s L e e \0

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~ 10.5.3
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t~ ~Ml 9U B'il i~~ 13=
p tr[l ] L i 1 y \0 :Qi\'.;

ptr[2] J a m e s L e e \0

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1i~l~~~ · fH~~~ '3=t~•-9U ptr • TI:fzM~'81Fb3'
~lli~~~~M~~$·~mm~~®~$~~8°~~~~~~~~T:
-------------------------~----------------------------------
01 !* prog10_20 , :tl§~~:9U */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int i;
07 char *ptr[3)={ "Torn ", "Lily", "James Lee " } ;
08 for(i=O;i<3 ;i ++)
09 puts(ptr[i)); /* EPt±l1l§~ptr[i]pJT:tl§loJ~~$ */
10
11 system ("paus e ");
12 return O;
13

/ * prog10_20 OUTPUT--
Torn
Lily
James Lee
---- ------ ---------- --* /

0 :f~J:\:1§~~~ ~" .
J)~;;fj9LJcp ' ~ 7 fi'B§ J':t~•~9U ptr[3] ' !tr~~'.i'.E'. ptr[O] t~~~$ "Tom" ' ptr[l]
:t~~~$ "Lily" • ffiJ ptr[2] :t~~~$ "James Lee" 0
8- 9 fil"lU~fLlffi for ifID~fOtl:lm
-1~:t~•.Pn:t~~eJ~$ 0

JJ~:tf~LJcp • ft1P~~tE'B§:t~•~9U9JB~11~1~-1:1Hl:t~•:t~~~$ 0
~S_t · 1@.HBOJ
~~s§m•~~·~•~--~'.i'.E'.m-@m•mm~~~as·~T~~~~:

char *ptr[3) ; I* §'~:tl§~~:9U ptr *I

ptr[O]= " Torn "; /* ~B'.'.(Eptr[OJ1l§loJ~$ " Torn " */
ptr[l)= "L ily "; /* ~B'.'.(Eptr[lJ1l§loJ~$ " Lily" */
ptr[2)= " Jarnes Lee "; /* ~B:'.(E ptr [2J1l§loJ~$ " James Lee " *I
 f~f~ 10-47

/
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~~ 10.6.1
------------------------~--------------------------------
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T~~~W~§~••rn•~~m:

int **ptri ; /* §§ -fl~l:H~loJ~l98j~:~IH~~ ptri *I

char **ptrc ; /* §§-f~:t~loJ+7CBj~mJ~~ ptrc *I

L~~$)(W:B.8U§~ 3-@gf~~~B~W•:t~8 ptri • J,;JJ~_ ~j[;~~B~W•:t~8 ptrc 0

fM~lli~Ntt~f~:t~t~m~;.ZFs~1JDk15~ · 1~'81P~~~~DT8~$)(W :
int * (*ptri ); I* §'§-f~:t~loJ~f98j~~H~~ ptr i *I
c har *(*ptrc); /* §§-f~:t~loJ+7eej~~!H~*~ ptrc *I

HITTm-@~•~m~*~~••rn•~~ffl 0
T~~~~§~•••mn,lli8WE
p RW•1~8 pp ' Tiftg~~ p 1~~ n ' pp 1~~ p ' Tift1.i~f~~f!fOt±:\'8fP~B~~gRf1z±.tl: :

01 !* prog10_21, ~m::t~~Bj~Bf9~ *!
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int n=20, *p , **pp ;
07 p=&n ;
08 pp=&p;
09 printf( " n=%d , &n=%p , *p= %d , p= %p , &p= %p\n" , n , &n , *p ,p, &p );
10 printf( " **pp= %d,*pp=%p,pp= %p , &pp=%p\n ", **pp , *pp ,pp,&pp);
11
12 system( " pause ");
13 return O;
14

/* prog10_21 OUTPUT------------------------
n=20,&n=0022FF6C , *p=20,p=00 22 FF 6C , &p=0022 FF 68
**pp=20,*pp=0022FF6C,pp=0022FF68 , &pp=0022FF 64
- - -------- ------- ----------------------------*/
/
0
• f¥~~~~~ ~
f~· 10-49

tt~~~~~~·w~••~u~n•m•·wm~m~~gw~m•P~ffihl
0022FF68; ITT.I *pp 1-t~ 3 pp ,Eiffi~~ -~J~•·f~ p B~~g 0022FF6C 0
ffiJJ:S: **pp OJ
t.Uif~*nx; *(*pp). (*pp) e~1.m~ 0022FF6c. ~lit *(*pp) lf.t1-t~11:Hu±ll:~ 0022FF6c

~·•®@lli·lli~~n~®W 0
~DJU8~T~~~1•~• :

~ 10.6.2
pp ~ p ~ n I 20'* ]1
~ "---. ~ ~ 0022FF6C

ffilltDJ~D I **pp 8~1ilf.t~D•1~• pp ~1~Pfft~~~-I~ ( !W WI~ n) e~~g I pp

B~{i~t~*~ p 8%:'I±.tt: I p e~1.m~•1~ n 8~1li±ll: *pp ~{iif.t~•·1~• pp ,Eiffi~~e~
I

••cwW• p )~~g 0
o

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1~ I lf.tDJU~&g~e~~n~=ff.tE•9UWD•1~*~.;LFs~B~~m1* 0 fi1P9U 3x 4 e~=ff.t•9U num
~m·~~~@~m••m•*~ffi•~~• 0

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lliif.t~~~~{~&i:~ • tt'§~ num •9UB~ • ~~~i~~§!M2m-1~ '1~*~m•_J
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 ll!ll9U'8fl!J mun ~j~~
num[O]- num[2] lli ~ m~ ',% ~ 10.6.3
I~, '8ir~53'73UiB~133~-@ -
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ff.ltll!ll9Ut!, 515-i~7G~B'il{i'.i:±.tl: 3 X4 B'il=#ttil!ll9UDJ1~
:t~~B'ilm~ ~~~EE 3 i~-#ltll!ll

num
I 9U!n*§1*.
12 23 42 18
1000 1004 1008 101 2 515-9U

43 22 16 14
101 6 1020 102 4 10 28 515=9U

31 13 19 28
1032 1036 1040 1044 515-=:9u

J]~_tli]cp •num ~-1~D~ :H~H~t9;1~ • ~~'8:j:~~ ]' §5-j~:j:~*~ 0

llt9 ~' num[O] ~num[2]

~m•m••~·'E'~ft~lli~-••~ 0

~~-~~~m~m*••~=••~oomcp·•~~•oom~-@nmmamm·
'E':J:~~ ]' §5-j~:j:~*~ num[O] • f6J8~Hl?i~n~~ ]' num[O]~num[2] ~:J:~8ml~•9U • '81P~ft
8U:J:~~-ff.tE.9U :
01 /* proglO 22 , EPt±J~9Uffil1lI±.Ll: *I
02 # in clude <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h >
04 int main (vo i d )
05
06 int num[3][4];
07
08 print f("num= %p\n ", num); /* EPt±J~UIHl§~numffi){j */
09 printf (" &num= %p \n ", &num ) ; I* EPt±J~~IHI§~ num ffil{u±.Ll: *I
10 pr in t f{" * num=% p\n ", *num); /* EPt±J~~Jl§~numPJTJl§~_;L:j:l§~B%1i */
11
12 printf ("num[0] =%p\n ", num[O]); /* EPt±JJ:l§~m"l~num[OJB'SHi */
13 printf ( " num [ l] =%p\n ", num [ l] ) ; /* EPl:±:lJ:l§~m"I~ num [ l] fGii *I
14 printf("num[2]= %p\n ",num[ 2] ); /* EPt:l:JJ:l§~m"l~num[2 JfGm */
15
16 printf (" &num [0] =%p\n ", &num [O]); /* Ept:l:Jj:l§~m"l~nu m [OJB~{u±.Ll: */
17 printf (" &num[ l]=%p\n", &num[l ]); /* EPt:l:Jj:l§~m"I~ num[l] ffil{u±.Ll: *I
 :t~• 10-51

/
18 printf (" &num [2) =%p\n ", &num [2)); I* EPtl::lJ'~~"""~ num [ 2] 8~1.l7Jlt *
19
20 system( " pause");
21 return O;
22

/* prog10_22 OUTPUT--
num=0022FF38
&num=0022FF38
*num=0022FF38
num[0)=0022FF38
num[l)=0022FF48
num[2)=0022FF58
&num[OJ=0022FF38
&num[l)=0022FF48
&num[2)=0022FF58
-----------------------*/

0 t~~~~~~ tl
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~®Wffihl•UR£ffilli~~m-~®··~~u·~·l0.6.4·~~UJ'M~tt
~~=~8J{~f~~~ 0022FF38 J' ( ~-8%1!.ll::t~~lll& J'~l~1l1Jt!:BJl'i1J 4 @JI~~) :

~ 10.6.4
lllllTI
progl o_22 ¥A fi
*6*B'il8~8,EI

f~~ 12-14 fiEOt±l J':t~f~ml~ num[O]-num[2] BJ@. • 16-18 fifOt±:l J'}~f~ml~

num[O]- num[2] BJ{uill: • 1.tff~~~,\!§BJf®tf:lcp • ~i~lli~lj~:®~:t~f~ml~BJ1.mJ]tt~)]'2
£~ffihl· +
_________________________,.,.,________________ ______________ ..,_

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fr c ~g~:f~ I :l~~:~IH~*~ml~
num 8~1m1Jo 1 5't1El~JJ~:I~ num B~t~~f~~m~*~ml~~
I

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3 9U 4 fi8~=ff.i~9U §~IHJ:i3 4@1I'I~ff.§ ~Jlt$-9U1ti3 4*4=16 @1I'I~ff.§ pJT

I I I

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I O

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1000+8*4=1032 . mrDJlj({tfT~s~1n±.ll:*~1~~~1tt~t~ :

~ 10.6.5
num+m ~1l1H\C~ 3 ~
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:f~~~:ff'~~*D~? lj(~9U8~m 2 9U~1?~ • num+ 1 :I~~ 3t~f~ml~ num[l] • ~Jlt9D~i±
(num+l) 2~1JD...t-@~5m ( *) • t!D"DJE!SH® (num+l) ,6JT:l~~21I'I±.ll:8~P'9g ' ~Jlt
*(num+l) 'l'~...tf!SZ1®8~~:t~~ml~~9U num[l] ~17'9g • t!D 1016 • 9DT~,6JTm:
 t~t~ 10-53

/
~ 10.6.6
*(num+l) ~ll.Qi® num[l]
t!JP9:§

lli~1f1@.\8*~):±~~U • num+l W *(num+l) 8j1.@IPJ~ 1016 • ~1~ C ~g~~ffl::fp]BjfZYf\

1-l~*fZm1§ Pl 8j1.@f Dft\ ? ~-_t ' '81F~.:Lrs~Bj::f PJ~{EJJ2RM ( scale) _tflj::f PJ num+1 0

~t~~t~~mf~ num[l] 8jj;~;t~ • ~D~J~ num+ 1 8jj.@I~/JD 1 '~U~1~?®'8t~~l'-1~t~

;t~mf~ num[2] • ~Jlt~:t~~ 1032 @1~1.u±l!: pff J.,)j~ num+l 8j1.@1~1JO 1 • ~-_t~j;~
0

num+l 8j1.@1~1JO_t 4*4=161~1.U.7G*.§ • ~~ 1032 °

~fffi • *(num+l) ~U~1-\;;fZ 3m=9Um-1~:7I;*8j1.U±lt • ~D~t~ *(num+l) 8j1.@1~1JD 1·

~U1-\;;fZ3m=9um=1~:7I;*8j1.U±lt C 1020) · ~rt~:r~ *(num+l) 8j1.@1~1Jo I· ~-_t~

m1.u±it1Jo_t 3 4* 1=4 1~J.U.7I;*.E1. · ~ol'lil?trm :

*(*(num+ I)+ I)
*(*(num+ I )+2)
*(*(num+ I )+O)
~ 10.6.7
*(num+l) ~ll.Q:±lJlt1.fil *(nmn+m)+n 1~~ 3
§g m+l 9U '§g n+l fi
tiJiu±li:

*(num+l)+O
*(num+l)+2

*(num+l)+l

rn_t_I§i8j~1~DJ~D · *(num+ 1) ~U1-\;;fZ 3 m=9U · m-fi8j1.U±lt · fffi *(num+2)+ 1 ~U1-\;;

~3m-9U • m=fi8j1.U±lt · E!:JJt~DJtl)~H® · ~Imtf:l~9Ul~ • m m+l 9U · m n+l ff8j
i~J'.§8~ • DJ!tll'9U8j~g)t :

* (* (num+m) +n); /* @l±lll!9U num1' • ~m+l 9U' ~ n+l fi'B'iJ{ll[ */

--------------------------~-----------------------------------
' :SZD§IH~fflt~~3K~m!lf9U.7G~ num[m][n]
-t:Biil;t~g)t • CDt.JJ~'8~1JX, *(*(num+m)+n) •
:IZDl'lllDBSJgg)t :

;j:§it 10.6.2
* (* (num+m)+ n ); /* lf.J:ri§~~mllf9Ll:lC* num[m] [n] */

i±l'[§JB~f~~f~ J llt1P~§~ 3 3 X 4 e~=ff.tE!lf9U num J illzfPctlt~t~ml~ ' t~~mf~pfft~

~8Sl~l~1.fil · l.;,(J.SZBJ-1~.7G~8SJ1:U±it: · 1@JCDl.;,(Hff.HJU~f~~¥Afi8Slff.6* · illzW~ 10.6.3

1~Ht;lQ:

01 /* progl0_23, fPt±:l!lf9UB'ilfu±ll: *I
02 # i nc lude <stdio . h>
03 # in c lude <stdlib .h>
04 in t main (vo i d)
05
06 int n um [ 3 ] [ 4 ] = { { 12 , 2 3 , 4 2 , 18 } ,
07 (43 , 22 , 16 , 14) ,
08 (31 , 13 , 19 , 28));
09 int m, n ;
10
11 for(m=O;m<3;m++)
12 for(n=O;n<4;n++)
13 printf ("num[ %d] [%d] =%d , fu±.il:=%p\n " ,m, n, * (* (num+m) +n), * (num+m) +n );
14 ~~
15 printf ("**num= %d\n ", **num ); num[m][n] ~1~ num[m][n] ~fV:±.Lt
16
17 system ("p ause ");
18 return 0 ;
19

/ * prog10_23 OUTPUT---- --- ---

num[OJ [0]=12 , f:U±ll:= 0022FF38
num [O] [1]=23 , f:U±.Jl:=0022FF3C
num[O] [2] = 42 , f:U±ll: =0022FF40
 - j~t\'{ 10-55

/
num[OJ [3] = 18, {vJtl:=00 2 2FF44
num [ l] [0] = 43, 11I±Jl:=0022FF48
num[l] [1]=2 2, 1lz±Jl:=00 2 2FF4C
num[l] [2] =16, 11Iill:= 00 2 2FF50
num[l] [3]=14, 11Iill:= 0022FF54
num[ 2 ] [0]= 3 1, 11Iill:= 0022FF58
num [ 2 J [ 1 J =13, 11Iill:= O02 2FFSC
num[ 2 ] [2]=19, 11Iill:= 0022FF60
num[2] [3]=28, 11Iill:= 0022FF64
* *num= 12
------------------------------*/

0 f~~~~~)l ~
?.t£:$:~1JBjf;R~\jDJ'.*D •~1n~=*ill*9U num ffi] ~ • *(num+m)+n 1~~ J'll*9U7C~ num[m][n]

8%:1tll: • ffi] *(*(num+m)+n) ~U1~~J'll*9UiC~ num[m][n] 8%1! 0

l'~m~t:l:JJ'$19U

~·ll*~iC~~~@Wffihl·•~DJW:tM~~fi~~W-@~~~~:

0 ~ 10.6.8
-....
12 23 42 J.~.f · .... .,. *(*(num+0)+3 !lf9UJ(;* i7'J g .L~
FF38 FF3C FF40 FF44 .. :l!"l~~ij'\
....,.. *(num+0)+3
43 22 16 14
FF48 FF4C fFFSO E:F54
*(num+m)+n 1~~ J'!lf9U7L* num[m][n] BJ{uill:
31 13 19 28
FF58, FFSC
.. . FF60 FF 64 *(*(num+m)+n) 1~~ J'!lf9U7L* num[m][n] 8'91~
,;.t.;..-..-~-----

§5:% • f~it§@; 15 fifOt±l ]' **num 8%~. [!]~ num ~~~t~H~ml~ • .Pff .L.j_ *num ~'8.Pff
0

t~loJ.:Lt~t~8%1! • lliil'..t~ml~t~t~ num[O] ,;L{l1[ • ffiJ **num ~U~ num[O) .PM~~~l~.:L

{~ • l:!P 12 • ~Dl'lil.Pff~ :

**m11n 8'91~ ~ 10.6.9

fITTJ2' *num BJ@
mun 0~113. I
**num BJ1~1lD.f.8
num ~ num[O] IFF38 12
num[O][O] 9'91~
~ FF38 FF38 FFJ C FF40 FF44
----------------------------~------------------....----.... ------------
Ei:L.tlil~W • **num 8%~H!P~ num[O][O] 8j1i • ~Jr_t • ~D~f~ m=O ' n=O 1-1CJ\:Po"it
10.6.2 cp '~i® num[O][O]=* (*(num+m)+n)= *(*(num+O)+O)=**num 0 Ei:JJlt~!kD' num[O][O]

fflT*li~~-~-@~m·mNM~~@~•~~~Nm•*~ffi 0
T~~~it~
~=··~cp·ffi~~ffl~~~~®~N~*®~:

01 /* prog10_24, fLll'!'H~~~::*::J'j~ 40 fB~9U7e*~~1i,f.?,, 40 */

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 int num[3] [4]={(12,23,42,18),
07 (43 , 22 ,1 6,14 ),
08 (31 ,1 3 , 19 , 28)) ;
09 int m,n;
10
11 for(m=O;m<3;m++)
12
13 for(n=O ; n<4 ;n++)
14
15 i f ( * ( * (num+m) +n) >4 0) I* '#Ll55U num [m] [ n] fB1i~~:*:J)~ 4 0 *I
16 * (* (num+m) +n) =40 ; /* ~D*~ • ~tl~7C*1i~~,f.?,, 40 *I
17 printf(" %3d", * ( *(num+m)+n)); /* EPl±l7C*num[m] [nJfB1i */
18
19 pr i ntf( " \n ");
20
21 system ("pause");
22 return 0 ;
23

/* prog10_ 24 OUTPUT-----
12 23 40 18
40 22 16 14
31 13 19 28
--------------------------*/
/ •
o f~n~*~>t ~
:j:~· 10-57

' TI:tr~215:J:~f~*~Ll53U•9U:7I;~ num[m][n]~~j\:JJ~ 40 °

~1~tll-~-1~~M*Bisl for ~Ill
~D~~' ~U§g 16 fi~~ num[m][n] Bisi1®~~~ 40 ° §g 17 fi~U~EPt±l J'm-1~•9U:7I;~

8isl1® m~~rt¥MJ'iG~1~~M*~lll.:L1~ , •9U1~,6ff~Bisl:7I;~1itBJJ1UB1$~tl53U@ , §

0

8~WEmMkJ' 0 +

••·~E~-@•~eisi•~·•~=••~~umw•rn•*~ffi·©~~•rrtr1'
~m~u••rn•eisi~rt••=••~ 0
lli~~~·~~m~M-@•@m~u~
void , § ~t~W)(=ff.i~l~•9U8isl~I~ func() , ft1P~1'fJ~~~'8~~~~Dl'BisliPort :

ffiU~~m•B=m~=mUkeisJ~m•~~~-~·~~~~§g9Cffift~~~~
*•Bo

rn•eisi•UE~'8Bisi~tt~:t:·'8~UMMft~~~-®~rt~MkeisJB& 0 •5G~
=·~B~m1'~~·~~«~~$·W~umrn•*~ffi'8~eisi~g 0
Emmeisic
M~·fl(;~--~mrn•*~fi~~Bisi~rt~M·M~C~~~--~W·~~~1'
J':J:~•aisJM1tOfi !
.. 1. ;§=:J:g~~l9 ptr :rg~~l9~~ a ' a ~{u±Jt~ 1300 ' a~{_®~ 12 ' m*~~l9 ptr ~{u±Jt~

1360 • §it{f.rn??,~ 10.1.2 *it:l::l:J:g~ ptr W~l9a i±~G'l~Gcp~1fiG]~i'!'~ffj 0

float num=4.2f;
int al=4, a2=12;

§itJ]~f~rtfi~t~EPt:8~19 num' al W a2 BJ{.li±Jt · TI:tr{JJ~liUil 10.1.4 *~t±l~l9JJ~~G'l~Gt~8J

1'iG]![ 1 ~ffj 0

double bl=3.14;
int num=5;

float num=l2.6f,*ptr;
ptr=&num;

5. §it{l~~:\I: progl0_5 • f~i~i±f~itfi~ 6- 18 fi'cp • :§J~JJ.fj'jG-fi' • {~l'i~EPt:8~19 a' b ' ptrl '

*ptrl ' ptr2 W *ptr2 BJ{_® 0

... 6. JJ~T~cp · 1m~ a ~{.U±Jt~ JOOO • b ~{.U±Jt~ 2000 • §it{JJ~.??, prog!O_s • {1X~~T9U8J

~~~~·TI:trm•-~rt·EPt±l~~-w~~~•·mua~mm~~~~m:
 :ti§~ 10-59

f1Eittii\!l a b ptr *ptr

1 in t a=l2 , b=7 ; 12 7 ~~
2 i nt *ptr ;
3 ptr=&a ;
4 *ptr=l9 ;
5 ptr=&b ;
6 b= l 6 ;
7 *p t r=l2 ;
8 a=l 7;
9 p t r=&a ;
10 a=b ;
11 *ptr=63 ;

7. $T ~ cp • 1m~ a fl'SHli±.il:~ 1000 • b ~1li±.il:~ 2000 • ~{JJ~.~ prog 10_5 • {t<)j;~T 9U ~

~#3~iW.i · MH~~ - f1Eit • EDl±l ~:Po1'1§~m~ l~1f · ffl l.j,~~1.2\l'JT~l\ fl'9 ~ill :
f1Eittiil§ a b ptrl *ptr l ptr2 *ptr2
1 int a=28 , b=l6 ; 28 16 ~ ~ ~~
2 in t *ptrl , *ptr2 ;
3 ptr l =&b;
4 ptr2=&a;
5 *p tr l =4 ;
6 a=l6 ;
7 *ptr2=12;
8 ptr2=ptrl ;
9 *ptrl=l 9 ;
10 ptr l =&a ;
11 a=7 ;
12 *ptr2=*ptrl ;

f l oat n um= l 6.4 f;

i n t *ptr=&num ;
---------------------------,.....+/'~-------------------------------------

float pi=3.14f;
float *ptr=&pi;

~11.rn~ progl0_7 i'.Jjj~Q)~ • M~ &pi W ptr 1il\ address() lill!fQcj::i' ffl3K9UEP~IQ pi 8%1Wi~

1.u±J.t. Mdf.rn~~ 10.3 . 1*i~:±l62.1:~~8jjljjGiJ'~ 0

10. ~m~-lillJl9 void count(int *) • crrt~U9:-1~~19~19 num Bj1u:tl.t Cnum i'.Jj:W1~g~5~~

0) 0
am count() lillllll$0'¥0~ -/?;. • :t:f1£i\;1~8j num ;L1~lli~f$1JO I • mz1J~:t1'1£i\;~

§fi' )~IJ~;:?_ o

'* 11. ~1~~9:~J\~Bj prog8_ 19 • 1~1~m add!O() lillJl9:/$0'¥D~B\¥ • 1il\ add!O() .f~Bj~fh :W
b Bj1~~~1$1JO I 0 °

12. ~m~-lillJIQ void square(int *arr) • i'±O'l'O~ square() lillJl91rt • -~lf~9U arr ~Bja-1~

01 I* hwl o_13, '*

.J W ' ++ .J l'.U~:-:r-1t5t;:;;?;.ff;Bjttf.Q *I
02 #inc lude <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 in t main (void)
05
06 int num[]={l4,23,32,62,19};
07 int *pl,*p2;
08 pl=p2=num;
09
10 *p l++;
11 printf ( "*pl= %d\n ", *pl);
12
13 (*p2) ++;
14 printf("*p2=%d\n",*p2);
15
 t~~ 10-61

/
16 system("pause");
17 return 0;
18

(a) ~D~¥MJ'JlUlE~ , ~U~ 11 frW~ 14 fi8'9~t±J~1DJ?

int arr[5]={34,76,33,42,76};

int arr[5]={31,17,33,22,16};

~§'~-1~:J:gloJ~l~B'il:H~*~ ptr :j:gloJ!lf9U arr ' f..MtzfUffl:J:g~B'iJ~jifiJ~~ ' ~!lf9U arr 1'

m-1~:7I;~B'91~:1JD__t 1O , :Afz9UEP t:l:J*5~ 0

16. ~f1U:9:~tL~B'9i819U prog9 _5, tUm:J:g*~'*'I~ A 8'9~1i1L1~~3lU:!<i~!lf9U:f':7I;~B'iJ~:A:f~

.&~1jlf~ 0

17. ~1~~-flE~, tum1g~B'iJ~ti1L1~~*t:!<it±l-*l~•llf9Ucp, :7I;~~:A:f~B'9~s11~w~

1J\f~B'9~slf~ ( -*l~l~!lf9U8'9:7I;~{a~~Elfi~~IE) 0

char *ptr="We are best friends.";

(a) ~m~-flE~, 5t~ ptr pfT:J:gloJB'iJ+.$1', ::t:tJ~~0'f~+:7I;C ::fa+c$*55R+:7I;) 0

Cb) ~m~-flE~ , 5t~1J\~+BJe'9+:7I;• 0

19. ~j~~-lllill~ int length( char *ptr)' ~!tl3R5f~El3:J:g~~I~ ptr pJT:J:gloJtlj+.$1'' PfT~B'il
+:7I;•C/f@a+c$~5R+:7I;rw~) o

,.. 20 . ~m~-flE~ , 5t~ prog10_20 cp , EJ3:J:g~!lf9U ptr pfT:J:gloJtlj=f~+c$~fc!J J' ~0'1~f:U

:lI;m§ ( §a+c$*55R+:7I; r\o~ ) 0
--------------------------..,~----------------------------------
21. §ltm~-llliJI~ void display( char *ptr, int n)' '8CITi~~51:-1~:1'1§~~$8jj:~~~lhtr' l.~

R-1~~~ n, Mz1:f2llliJl~P9EPl±l ptr PfT:t~~Bj~$cp, ~~ n @~~~yg' ~Ll~$*65R 0

char str[2] [20]={"Time is money","Have a good time "}

24. §i\;11~~'.X:~ 9 ~Bj,81:9~ prog9_19 ' M~ search() llliJl~P':l ' ~9U an- Bj~*~'.X:l.~j:~~Bj1-JJ:t3R
m~o

int arr[2] [4]={{2,3,4,5),(6,7,8,9}};

1m~ an-[O][O] Bj{u:±.1!:~ 1200 ' §it[QJ~T9U&!HI :

(a) arr Bj1a~1~?

(b) an-[O] !M: an-[1] Bj{ae~§;j;'?

(c) arr+! Bj{a~1~?

(d) *(an-+O) W *(arr+ I) Bj{a~1~ ?

(e) *(arr+l)+O' *(arr+!)+!' *(arr+l)+2W *(arr+1)+3 Bj{a&~§;j;'?

(f) *(*(arr+l)+O)' *(*(arr+l)+l)' *(*(arr+l)+2)W *(*(arr+l)+3) Bj{a&~§;j;'?

(g) §ltm~-~itli\1l, ffl3R~~ (a)-(f) 1J\!HitllH~-I.l'l:Bjl~ili 0

(h) §Jt{J]j§iiJ 10.6.4, $~1±l:t.1:9Llcp , ~9U arr ~*JJ~~2'~.~GP':JBji!li2]![~ 0

~2t.~G1:u:±.1U~
ffl (g) 1J\!H1tlll?JT>.Kf~Bj~'1Uu±ll: 0
 chapter

ll!9URJ:i~ltl*i315)(-{lf;t§f§J~~~B~i~]~ ' 'ma~_J jjl;t)~~~1~~NillLl 0

~§lQJ'j~fl!
9U · tum '*5*M_J tiPDJl~JJ~l'f§Js~•*~~~~*.El.-&:r±->re · ffj!JX;-1~¥JTs~•*~~
~·~~~,~~_J~¥*M~ 0 ~9~· '~•_JDJm-m~~§~~-@~
-m~mmm·u7'5~~rt~~ 0 *~fim3'~~_JW'~•_J~§fil~•

11;1! ~~mMMW~MtmafM
11;1! ~~m5~1!!9U8~fiti1§Eltl7'5)t

Qi ~~9U•8~1§Eltl
ai ~~1§EltlEl~J~~~-typedef
-----------------------~------------------------------
=Y.l=t¢-Y.±f~
11 • 1 01~1 osx, mo 'I~

5fLlffl C~g~,5JT:t~ttt;8~ rAf6:mi_J (structure) • CTI"M~-fi*ru!lW::ffg · t\Dxt§li~mJWPa~i~]~

~~~-m·%~-~~~•~%lW 0 *E~~~M•~•*m~u&£~@fflDn'
§% · R1P9*~H~Af6m1Wf~8~~§fi'§'~Dn °

~~mrg~·~·~~~:gw••~··~~~~~-~~lli!-~::fWrg·W~R~
~~@m~@::frglli!rw~••*R~£~·m~~U~CTI"u~mc~~m~m~M•·
~~®~HJWPtt·lli!lWOO::frg~-~~~~rg-@~n~-~~-~ 0

~@mM:mi2~·~~%~B~•~~@·~m~~m~B~Mml*'§'~9M 0 ~:mi
a~~•& '§'~mn:tiol' :

struct *5~~#l.l
{
~;pi.ruirm PX.~~ m1 ; ;Pail'.; I I. I.I
~;pi.ruirm PX.~~m 2; *B~i'M'il'.JE~:Poit

};

Af6$M8~~-l~~mm~ struct ~§ • struct ittllil.PJTHIJl8~~55U~ · ElD~.PJT~Af6$M8~:fSfm ;

m£ -~*~~mm~m*~~@·m~M:mi~llil~8@~~·~$m@~~~lli!rw
~n::frg·ffiU8~~m~rg-e9m'§'~~Dn-•·•m~Hffi~~• 0 l'llil~
Af6$M~B8~i8f9tl :
 struct data

char name [10];

char sex ;
int math ;
};

_t~8~*)(iffi~~ J'ma*M data • !"t!JX;~ffi:t5 J' ~~8~P1=3 name[lO]

C~7G~9U) '1155U
sex ( ~7[;~8) Wl~~JJX;~~ math (~I~~-) ' *~i&!J:~B~~~;L.1rt ' m~*M data {~ffi
a~ name[lO] 'sex W math -1@ i~U~JJX;~ · SIDTlilJ5ffm :

struct data ·:~

name[IO] ·i ~:7G~9U _li!_lI_.l_

. I_ __
char name[lOJ; ~ mafM data 8'9~:¥4/Jt~
char sex ; matM data fJ'iJ
~~pt~
int math;
};

~~u~~•m•JJX;~-•§fil~•~~- · ~•m~~m~•§fil~m~~•·~
~~%'§§~•ma•~-B~~I~ 0
~'§§ma*M~•s~~I~' ~fLlfflT~B~~B)t:

.t§it 11.1.2
struct *6fM'8#1l ~~ 1 , ~I~ 2, ... , ~~ n;
§:~*6~~~

.L;.!_%mJ~~Hmam data ~1~~ · SID~'§§ studentl W student2 ~~@ data rui88~mam~

I~ · ~fflSIDT8~'§§J5it :
struct data studentl , student2 ;
mefi~B~~m·~~m~•••2~~~~~•~•·mm~m~~•*~~~
0
••• ••k·fi~lliDJ~ffi~~@mm~m~-@·lli~~e~•~2m·rrw
~~*6*'-'•1~ I ~Dl'llilB~.Poit :

~:Fl-~~ 1*~:gfllj 1;
~:Fl-~~ 1*~:gfllj 2; J:E'~Jt7t*6#Jf!;Lt~ , rum
'§'f5*6tlii~I~
~:Fl-~~.] 1*~:gfflj n;

} m5*11i~t~ 1, m5fflll~t~ 2 I • • • I m5fflll~t~ n ;

~o~ufle~•*M'-'~:g21tt1u~~~~~*a•~•1~ · li'tDJ ljl_f§E.Poit 11. u . ~ol'llils~~e

WU :

struct data

char name [ 10] ;

c har sex ;
int math ;
}student l,student2; /* §'~m5ffll!~I~ studentl W student2 *I

ttkllil~~8f?Ucp • :b/\:t55JR11'tllilt~8~~55U~ student! W student2 • {f~fif P~Pff~~~m5

*'-'•I~ 0

ftfP~DJljl;ftlffi '*6*'-'~~s@l.ia-3'.- _J ( ~#IJ~lM5ml.ia-3'.- 1

. _J I dot operator ) *13
®••~~~~·ttU5ml.ia-3'.-2~~~•••~~-·~5ml.ia-3'.-m~~~sffQ~
ma•~~~• . ~ol'llils~.Poit :
/

;j:gJ:t 11.1.4

.L;JJ~1Jl§i,6ff'§~8~maml•I~ student I C~ student2) ~19tl · ma*~P98~~~DJ.L~fLlffl ~Mmii

~-:7-*:S:EISI ' .SID studentl.name ' studentl.sex :&_ studentl.math ~ 0

Tl§i8~i819tl~~Bfa.l 3 student m6*~8~1§Effl 0

~ 3 ~Ji1ljf~it~,I§ • fi1~~1B3n 3 student ma*~f.~8~

~~~ 0 ~@~mDJ~MUMAm@~~~=~·~~~~M•••~~P':lg~m~

*:
01 !* prog11_1 , *a*M~l~fBWil\WWi Cl:l *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdl ib.h>
04 int ma in (void)
05
06 struct data / * '.IE~*a*M data *I
07
08 c h ar name[lO];
09 int ma t h;
10 student ; /* §:15 data
11
12 pr i ntf ("8~'® J\g1=8: ");
--~--
13 gets(student .name); / * '6~7\~~~:g *I
14 printf ( "8~'®7\/JX;*~ : ") ;
15 scan f (" %d", &student.math._.,_
) ,,,
; __
16
17 printf("~1=8: %s \n ", student .n ame );
18 printf ("/JX;*I : %d\n" , student.math ;
19
20 system( " pause ");
21 return 0;
22
---==-------------------=---;,a.1!11~-------------------------------
/* progll_l OUTPUT-----------
~IU®l\t&:g : Tom Lee
~IU®l\P.lZ«;: 89
~1'8 : Torn Lee
!J.\Zmi= sg
------------------------------*/

0 f~:rt~~~~ ~
1.f/.$:19Ucp • 6- 101TJE~~lL3'mM~ data• illztLlfflJIU6:tM'§'§ 3 student ~I~ §f?; 13 fi'fLl
0

m gets() [5]Jf~1f£~}t~~J\~$ · illz:t~~$~7\~$1l!9U student.name 1~ §f?; 15 fi'~U

0

CITfiltrl\1~~1*~~ • illzM~V8B:1.J9:tE student.math 1~ )1~i:E§f?; 15 1TtLlm scanf() [5]Jf~

0

%filtrl\1*~~8~ •student.math 2M~1.Jo_t-j~{vJtJJ15m r &_J 0

~1~ • f~it§f?; 17-18

EOtl:l 3 student.name :W: student.math ~~1~m6:tM~l~21*~8isJ1i 0

1i1~-l~8isJ~ • l!l~§f?; 8 fi't~m6t~1*~ name '§'§1*CITB:1.59: 10 @~:7I;B~ll!9U' ,5ff N

:tE1.m.ms~~~J'.Es~ · ~$sisJ~jI;f~/f§~~1.J~ 10 1~ ca~E!Sma.sR~:lI;) · ~~u~~/f
CITr~lt~BisJ~~~~ 0

m6t~?ff1tiffl8~~i3t~R~~::!/D~? 1-JJ~it progl l_l ~,5ffJ'.E~8isJm6t~ data ~19U · fi1P9tLlffl

1
sizeof() >.Ktl:J~~mam?ff1tiffl 8~~i3 l~~R~rs~ :
01 /* prog11_2, m6~~::*:1J1 */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 struct data /* J:E'¥im5~ *I
07
08 char narne[lO];
/
09 int math;
10 } student;
11 printf ("sizeof (student) =%d n", sizeof (student)); _ _ _ ___.
12
13 system ("pau se ");
14 re turn 0;
15

/* prog11_2 OUTPUT--
sizeof (stude nt)=l 6
---------------------* /

f~~~it~~ t:a
Z:E student ma*M~~a~c:p · ~:7G!lf9U name 1c!J~ 10 1~1li:7t*.§ • ~t~•t~ math ~U1c!J~ 4
1~{11:7Gm.§ · 1!::L~;fLlffi sizeof() lllilf~.PJT@i®9jjU~llil~JH~~60~ 16 f~1I'I:7tm.§ ~1+~ 0

sizeof() @]}!19j~~ 10+4=14 a~ ?

••k~~~~-~HZ:EM~~~~·8U~*M~~~·ffi~ffi:7tmB~9j~~llil
~~~1li*r!iG!i~C:\ 1 l~~~rs~;Li!i)( 0
iltt:$:19U*g~ · char 1c!J 3 1 @1I'I:7tm.§ • rm int 1c!J 3 4
@·ffiU¥:$:~ffi~4@ffi:7tm·~~~•••ffi~9jffi:7tm~~~49j~m 0 $
~ student ma*M•f~:f~9j~~~ttR 1c!J 3 14 1~ffi:7Gm.§ ·1§Mg!H60r!iG!i 161~1li:7tm.§ma

~~@~~~~~••m9jW~~?$~~~•••m·u~~-=~r=~*~~~
1M•f~9jW1.~ 0
•1~179§'1-;,1_~ ' :6"7':155.Jn C{}) ffi~iIB* · ¥ijf£<~~m61MP'9%t9j~~llil
~I 53'8Umaf.e1~~~W1~ 0
UTl§i9jf~ith-rn~19U I fr~~ data m61M;Li~ I :Qo~~~

~matM•m student 9j:f1H~ • cu;fLlffiTl§i9j~g)t; :

------------------------~ ....-------------------------------
struct data

char name[lO];
int math;
};
struct data student={"Jenny",78);

f±_t[§J8~*)(3lttcp ' fi1F~~~AE ]' ff.51~91~ student 8jf)J{~ • ~cp name ~~ff'~ "Jenny" •
math~ 78 o

~~~lli~~rrff'n~•~m·~m~~••~mm·~_t[§j~~n~~~m·~•
8~AE'B~fJJ1i8j~~AE'~ 1jJ~~f.&SzD1'[§]8jt,)(3ltt :
struct data

char name[lOJ;
int math;
student={"Jenny ",78);

H~l'* · tt1r~*~~t:H~ncpSzof~~~AE'mam•1~a~m1.m 0 1'[§)8jf~ni1~~9:Ei prog11_1 •

~cp~~---~~~AE'W®~~n%~AE'fJJ® :

01 /* prog11_3, *6ffii~l9B'ilfJJ1.§l.5~JE' */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 struct data /* '.kE~*6ffii data *I
07
08 char name[lOJ;
09 int math;
10 };
11 struct data student={ "Mary Wang", 74}; * ~'.kE*6ffii~l9fJJ{.§l. *I
12
13 printf( 11 ~:E_~i'8: %s\n ",student.name);
14 printf ( "19~JJ)Zr;': %d\n ", student. math);
15
/
16 system("pause");
17 return O;
18

/* prog11_3 OUTPUT--
~'.1!11'8: Mary Wang
l~~)J)(J;: 74
---------------------*/

0 f~It~~~)l ~
J'j~:zjs;{~LJcp • 6~1015''..\E~J'mafl'§data • ~ 11 fifijl;J_data3!Z'§'§$6fl'§91~student • Mz
~~'..\£'88jfJJ{m~ {"Mary Wang", 74} 0
)1~tt~~'..\EmafM~~8'TW1mB'\f • PJT~B~~~

~$~~8j~-~~m~~~~8j•~~•·mu~~~W~8j~-~~u~~••
~B~{l[~~mB§?i-@JmMM91~ 0
t~rf3!Z ' fM~fij*~~~D{DJ~~-@lmafM91~8~{l[~~'..\EmB

33-1~*El~~~~8~mMM91~ :
01 /* prog11 _ 4, m5m~~~1i */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 struct data
07
08 char name[lO];
09 int math;
10 sl={"Lily Chen",83);
11 struct data s2; I* §'~~m~~ s2 *I
12 s2=sl; !_* ie*5m~~ s1 ~1i~~~*S*5m~I~ s2 * ;_
13
14 printf("sl.name=%s, sl.math=%d\n",sl.name,sl.math);
15 printf("s2.name=%s, s2.math=%d\n",s2.name,s2.math);
16
________________________;;;;________________________________

17 system ("pause");
18 return 0 ;
19

/ * prog11_4 OUTPUT-----------
sl . name=Lily Chen, sl . math=83
s2 . name=Lily Chen, s2 . math=83
------------------------------*/

0 t~it~~~~ ~
E8:<$:19UB~f~it~,1!§0Jl;J;gt:±:J ' 'SmC!H1M~JJX;~Jmif§f6J8~' ft1P~l¥..tDJl;J{@(5~'.lE'-f.J~~IYt.1~

mm~mDJu~mTf6J~•~~g·~T~~DJutt:~•~•~~-@~•~?~•
~~~8~ ! ~~tEma11!H~xB!a~-1~mams~mMM · fi!J~ r~Jtl\matMJ (nested
structure) 0
~Jtl\mMMB~~~Poit~D"T :

struct mam 1
;Poi\; 11.2.1
};
struct mam 2
{
I* mMY:! 2 ~f.£~ *I
struct mam 1 ~J~:gm
};

JJ:S:...t[§Js~Poxt~ · ffiJJ:S:mam 2 ~1~m~u 3 matM i s~~IY · ?n umatM i 10~1'['.lE'~tt:matM 2

~~[§j·~~-2~-$~Jtl\~-~~go
/
f.M~~-f~!i'1~U*~~BJ3~ll7\*5;fM9~1§eltl 0
l'l§i9~f~~'.iE~ 3 -@~lll\ma*M data , ;a;@z~

B!J§ 3 ~$ ) ' ~IY~IY math ( P3Z*i) Wma*M~IY birthday (~El ) '

name ( ~~91::g
ffttj:i birthday ~ma*M date ~~e~~IY • ffi~IY~IY month ( F.:HB-) Wday ( B~f.l) =f~
JJ3Z~.Pffmf:!JJ3Z :

01 1 * prog11 s, ~il7'*ame~H§Em *1
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib .h >
04 int main (vo id)
05
06 struct date /* ~~*am date * 1
07
08 int month;
09 int day;
10 };
11 struct data /* ~~~il7\*Bm data *I
12
13 char name[lOJ;
14 int math;
15 struct date birthday;
16 sl={"Mary wang",74, 10,2}}; /* ~~*51'H.~~s1~1.JJ{tli */
17
18 printf("~j:_Yi:tj: %s\n ",sl.name);
19 printf ( "j:_8: %d F.j %d 8\n", sl .birthday .month, sl .birthday .day);
20 Rrintf ("~~JJ.\Zm: %d\n ", sl .math);
21
22 system("pause");
23 return 0;
24

/* progll_S OUTPUT-~

~j:_91:g : Mary Wang

j:_B: 10 F.l 2 El
t~~P.\Zm: 74
----------------------*/
-----------------------!~--------------------------------
o f~~~~~~ m
JJ~41~Ucp 'f~it 6~10 fifE:5J'm6® date• ffi:f6 month W day =@JJJ)Z~ • ffl*g[3t-J
~B 11-16 fi~5mafM data• ffiaJ' name' math & birthday -{IQIJJ)Z~ • ffl*g(3t-J
0

~~1~U~ · ~cp8isJ birthday ~ma® date ~~~ 0

tEfE:57'Gm6® data ;:LArt · m16 ~8~'§~ J' data ~~8isJmMM91~ sl • Mz~~~~fE:fJJ

{~ 0
El:JJ)~f.&~ birthday ~ma*M date~~ • Pff NtE~~{.@IB~~M~~~m6*MNl2, :t:J/\::f65JJE
§5:9~:f61IB* 0
~irtf~itm 18-20 fi · fOt:8mafM91~ sl 8isJ,Dff~r~J'.@ 0

tEt~itsisJm 19 fi · ~~OJ.l-~)±'.W:~U · ~D~f!SltBmafM•I~ sl 1! · birthday f.&~1!8isJ

month Wday • ~U!lb~.~t:il8U1§EFl3 sl.birthday.month W sl.birthday.day BisJ~g)i;: J,~J]t~
0

•·~@tB~mm~~•••~mz~oo·~~-~~-·~10~~-m~5m••~

n~ progl 1_5 cp · m6*M91~ sl 1!8isJJJ)Z~~tEfE:57'Gm5®;Lirt · 1filfifJJ1~8isJ~~fE: ~o~ 0

~25(ffi~}UU®l\ • ~Utt sl t!BisJ birthday JJ)Z~ cp • month W day JJ)Z~~~f®;fLlffl

sl .birthday.month Wsl.birthday.day 8isJ~g)i;:*f:ff!Q'8°4~1JBisJ~~M~~~*1@.U~ progl 1_ 5

cp · ma®•I~ sl 8isJf.&~25(.L-~m~*f®l\ 0

~·••W-6~••-•·R~f:f~---~·~~m~oof:f~~-·~·~OJN
~m~•-~ 0
~~~~--~~'§~~it:

.j;git 11.3.I
/

struct data sl[lO];

:5~~H:fl5lm6tM!l!9U sl :fll:i~{~~~8j!J)Z~B~ · .R~;fUffl~5l{m~c±:Jil:lii8jllf9U~~ •

~mrnkP>Z~~mw~·~T~~~~:

sl [ 2 ] .math=12; /* ~~ )E sl [ 2 ] .math=12 *I
strcpy (s1[2] .name,"Peggy"); /* ~~;Es1[2] .name 8~1~18"P eggy " */

JJ~k~f0{~~&ill!cj:i · m-{~~&ill!~:t~ sl[2] .math 8j{]'[~~~ 12 ° m={~t.)(IB!~M~~$

"Peggy" fUffl strcpy() ~fyj~~~ sl[2] .name cj:i • ~{~!M'F~11klliJJtt1§~JJ~ }~~$1l!
9U sl[2].name 8jl79'.§~~{]'[~ "Peggy" strcpy() 0
~ C ~g~mHJ:l;8j~$~1Y • '88jffi'l~'§
§tt: string.h cj:i 0
strcpy ~string copy 8j*fa'~ • ~ffl*M~:t235ml79m={~511Y8j~'.§j~~
~Ll~-{~511Yf.ll:i 0
~MS: strcpy() 8jffi )t • ~S=?§-~~~11{1~-R C 0

m6t-Mll!9U~12Jf:l3'0'~~G'i:~~~Fs~Ofr\? l;,ll~it progl 1_2 ?JT~~Bj data m6t-M~{~~ · T~

8jl~it'§§ J'm6tfli data ~~8jllf9U student • ~~8j{~fy~ 10 • TI:HUffl sizeof() M~ll!

9U~~?JT1c!J8%1~*El · ,&~{~ll!9U?JT12J8%1~*El :

01 !* prog11_6, mat~~9U~;;;1;:1J' *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 i nt main (void)
05
06 struct data
07
08 char name[lO];
09 int math;
10 }student[lO] ;
11
12 printf (" sizeof (student[3 ]) = %d\n ", sizeof (student [ 3] ));
13 pr in tf (" sizeof (student ) = %d\n ", sizeof (student));
14 system( " pause ");
15 return 0;
16
----------------------~~---------------------------------
/* progll _ 6 OUTPUT----
sizeof(student[3])=16
sizeof(student)=160
-----------------------*/

0 flf i\:~4~'.lt t:8.

rn~rn~~fi~~~~·~~-·~~~-~~m~~m~~lli~16·~~
progl 1_2 ¥.MJ'8~*5~-;f~ 0
§59~ ' ~D~~;fLlffi sizeof() ~t~tl:EM{~•'.9UB~ftmf8~ •
sizeof() P9,R~t~__t*5:tM•9UB~:g#l.} fipffif\ ffi1l:S:•9Ucj::i m-{~~~1~
I ~Of;g 13 0
I

3 16 {~{V:~*§ I §~9U~~ 10 {~~~I ~J]:~~{~-9U*~~1~ 3 160 {~1I'l~*§ •!• 0

l'iHi~-1~1~ffi*5:fM•9UB~'819~ 0
Jl:~,819~'..\E~ 3-{~*5:fM data ' ~~~ffi:f5~·~~i
:g&E•~•·~~~~3~•ct~~o~~--~ 0 ~~~fi~·~m~~ffiEM
•Att:g&E•~··~fi~~~~~ffi~~--~~~1798:

01 I* progll _ 7 , *a~ll!9UeisJ{§fffi *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib . h >
04 #de f ine MAX 2
05 int main (void)
06
07 int i;
08 struct data /* JE'~Us~ data *I
09
10 char name[lO];
11 int math;
12 student [MAX];
13
14 for(i=O;i <MAX;i++)
15
16 printf("~'.:ttt'8: ");
17 gets(student[i] .name);
18 printf <"i~~mzm: "l;
19 scanf (" %d", &student[i] .math); /* ~l\~'.:ti~~~m *I
20 fflush(stdin); /* )~~~liJ~V9~j1i~ *I
21
/
22
for(i=O;i<MAX;i++)
Rrintf ( " %s ffilll!~P.\Zm= %d\n ", student [i] . name, student [i] .math);
25
26 system( "pause ");
27 return 0 ;
28

/* progll_ 7 OUTPUT--
~j:_tt::g : Jenny
ll!~P.lZ*;: 65
~j:_~!J:::g : Teresa
l~~P.li;*;:
88
Jenny ~l~~P.\Zm= 65
Teresa ~l~~P.\Zm= 88
----------------------*/

0 flit~~~~ ~
ti~~Wtlcp · s~ 12 fi~~J'Mm data· TI:fz.§t.l!IUa*M'§'~ J' ~~~1~71;~8Jmam~9U
student 0
m 14~21 fi • ;fLlffl~lllf®l\91:fj.&f~~JJX;*Ji · 23~24 fi~U~fPl±l J'mafM~
9U student 8'9,5ff~~@ o

1.~H~-t~BJ~ · l~itm 20 fi;fLlffl mush() ~'~*;~~mfm~1~8J~*~ · ~~~~tE

scanf() ~f~EfSZf~f@l\{iiit • ~~~Enter msJ{i~l' • :\ZO~)~~)~~mfm~ ' ~Um=

:;;);'.~l\~lll8~' Enter msJ{i{~~f.~ gets() ~f~?trmU9:' rtlffiH§/JX;J'$J\1J'BJ~~~~

-------------------------~----------------------------------

0
rn•DJ~rn~c~~mmm~•~~~·~•~·rn•lliDJ~rn~~- ~mrn•lli
~J~•a~-~ · R~8~:t~~mmMa~:t~• · ffi'i~l=:t~~-liill'.a~ •1~ 0
m5~M:t~•a~'§'15tfl
it~Dl' :

Pait 11.4.1

struct data /* '.l'E~*6*M data *I

char name [10];

int math;
}student ;

struct data *ptr;

ptr=&student; /* ~ti§~ ptr t1~H~*6*M~iQ student *I

m~i&i'§'15,&~~1i1~ I :t~•·f~ ptr !Jt~:t~~m5mWf~ student I ~Ditt-* I 5'..tDJl-YfUJ=!'H~

•*g@~•••~~g3°mm~•~~·~@mrn•g@~•••~~-~·~
fUfflfill5m r - > _J *iiHrn~gf!QB~~· I ~Dl'[§JB~tflit :

Pait 11.4.2

J§Emm~smimat~~t~
B~M~
 •
.L.;JJmf§l.Pff'§~8~mMM~I~ student EH~8 ptr !.BW~ · ptr->math IW1~~ J':t~~meHM~I~
student 8~ math JJ.\Z~ o

0
Tf§l~~~~~•m•~•~ ~~~~~m~•m••l\•~~~~,••~&~
~~P.lZ•·m~~-~~~~~®·Mmmlli~=~~•:

01 /* p r ogll_B , 1§Effl1~iH~*afMB'il1~~ */
02 #inc l ude <stdio.h >
03 #in c lude <st dlib.h >
04 int ma in (vo id)
05
06 s truct dat a /* :AE:~Uam *I
07
08 c har name[lO];
09 int ma th;
10 int eng ;
11 student,*ptr;
12
13 ptr=&student;
14 printf ( 11 ~j:~1:g: 11
);

15 gets(ptr->narne);
16 printf( " f9~JJ)ZS : ");
17 scanf ( 11 %d 11 , &ptr->math); / * i®l\!&~*8 student 8'iJ math JJ)Z~fl:fil( * I
18 printf ( 11 :5$:>z:JJX;«S: ") ;
19 scanf ( " %d 11 , &ptr->eng); /* i®l\!&~*8 student 8j eng JJ)Z~fl:fil(* I
20
21 printf ( 11 19~JJ)ZS =% d, ", ptr->math) ;
22 printf ( 11 :5$:3ZJJX;«S= %d, 11 , ptr->eng);
23 printf ( 11 SJZJl353'19= %. 2f\n", (ptr->math + ptr->eng) /2. 0) ;
24 sys tem( 11 p a us e ");
25 r eturn O;
26

/* progll_S OUTPUT----------------

~j:~1:g : Jenny
19~JJX;«.a: 78
:5€3ZJJX;S: 89
19~JJX;«S= 7 B , :5€>z:JJX;«S=B9, SJZJl353'19=B 3 . so
-- ---------- --- ----------------------* /
------------------------~--------------------------------
0 t~itfij~~~ ~
l~it§g 6-11fi;E§3m5tM data• Mz§15 data ~~~BJmatM~I~ student• .tJJQ.:t~~ data
~~BJ ptr 0
§g 13 fiM~:t~8 ptr :t~~m5tM~I~ student• 14- 19 fif®l\~~~1~ • tJ.
&l~~fD~>z:B~~*; 0
81~ CIT tU!~iU • ;fLlffl scanf() lllill~f®l\'.l.~n~B'\¥ • ~#-3 ~J..;J.
Wt15m '- > _J IW1~~~;L9~ · ~tlb~J[f§effliU{u±ll:ii~:f '&_J 0

f¥it 21- 22 fifDt±ll~~' ~>z:~*;iit · 23 fifDt±l 3~~f~B~SfZ~1i tfl¥itcj::iCITfi 0

~iU , ~D~@t±:l~{~m5tM~l~BJ~~8'\¥ ' Z±m5:tM:t~•~WJlfill[§jMz~~~~~53UJJD...t1t

EEJJ~m5tM.9UCITJ..;J.~~~j~·BJ-fl , pfTJ..;Jm5tM•9U~WJtBCITJ..;Jff~~:t~t~~WJ , fffi•

9Ucp8J.7G* ' tlPCIT;fLlffl:t~•a~~Vfljii~*13IUZ 0
~tJ.1'~t~BJ1-Jit~ffima:tM•9U8~ , CIT
fflTl§JB~~g)t :

.mrc 11.4.3
tJ t~ ~ ffiJ n i'C £Uf\
*Bmll!ll9U

ffiT*fi~aM-@m~·tJ.lli88J~ffi1-Jit1'3®~:fM-~8J.7G* 0 Tl§l8J~it;E§
3 data matM , f6JB~E1315 3m5tM•9U student, Mz~~7Ema:tM•9U8JfJJ{i , ~i~;fLlffl:t~88J
~ffi1-Jit:J:~t±lm5$M•9U student f~ • math ~~BJ~/\:{i :

o1 I* p rog 11 _ 9, l..).:Hil~31G.~:il'\*5~~9U *I
02 #inc lude <stdio .h>
03 # in c lude <stdlib . h >
04 #define MAX 3
05 int main (void)
06
/
07 int i ,m, index=O ;
08 stru ct data
09
10 char n a me [ lO ];
11 int math;
12 student[MAX]={{"Mary",87},{"Flora",93},{"Jenny",74}};
13
14 m=st ude nt- >math; /* M~m6~H@~ st ude nt[O] . math */
15 for(i=l;i<MAX;i++) I* l~8:l*5~i!f9UB$Ji~J'.§ *I
16
17 if((student+i)->math > m)
18 {
19 m=( st udent+i)- >mat h;
20 index=i ;
21
22
23 printf (" %s ~)J)Z~~~' ", (st ude nt+index) - >name );
24 printf ( " 53'JQ~ % d 53'\n", (stude nt+inde x ) ->math) ;
25 system("pause");
26 ret u rn 0 ;
27

/* prog11_9 OUTPUT------
Flora 8$])J)Z*;~~, 5.J'JQ~ 93 53'
----------- ---------- -- ----*/

o f~n~~~~ ~
l~it 8- 12 fi'.kE~::HMM data' .![z'§~ data ~~B'SlmafM~9U student' ~9UA'J'~
MAX( MAX~ 3) ' f5J8~ll~'.kE~9UB'SJfJJ{@I 0
f!Eit§f.; 14 fiM~ m lj~{@I~ student- >math'
llt!SIE student->math jji;t~§~J]~ (student+O)->math ' {Bjji;t~ student[O).math 0

15- 22 fiftlffl for ~!llatl::l student mafM~9LJcp, t~lH~~A;L math ~~B'SJK;~, MzM~
;i:t~sl{il-~ index ~l~*~Gili>-R 0
:f~~U~sl{i;Lirt · 23- 24 fifOtl::l 3 ~~~~:BB'SJ~
~~1=8 · 1-~EHElUIJ!B'SJ~*~ 0
·:·
------------------------~'!ING--------------------------------

~~*a*~~~slf~j~IH~~U[)]Jf~cp' ~-~t;fD1®Wf~'8B~~*~~~;LJ5:rttEl16J 0
tt~~j]cp '
fH~M~1-;,!.fl£:rt~819tl*~~BJ3~D1~M~*a*~1®B~U[5]Jmcfi 0

~~•••••~[5]J•~·~~rmm~~75:LC*~ff·lli~~~--~[5]J•cfi~~
•••·~~~-A~~---~ffihl·~~'8~® 0
T~~W~~---~[5]]Rcp
B~~:rt:

~[QJ{~~r& IIBJl~'8fll.I (struct *Ei~:t';fll.I ~~:tjfll.j)

;IBit 11.S. l
(
~*Bm~~?tU@~
cpB'iJ;j:git

fH~1-;1.T~B~flE:rt~19tl' tt main() [5]Jf~cpM~*a*M91~ sl ~~511~1®A~R display()

1~ • tt display() 1~EOW*am91~ sl B~~g' :
01 /* prog ll _ l O, {~!fJ!*a#U~LltIBJl~t! *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04

~*am ~~fr ~
05 struct data
06
07 char name[lO]; data main() B'il9HM! •
i~*6ffijJ¥,tJJ)Z 3 ::E:i~B'il*B*lli
08 int math; }
09 );
--
10
11 void display(struct data}; /* §'151IBJI~ display () l'Dffi'i.~ *I
12
13 int main (void)
14
15 struct data sl=( "Jenny ",74); /* ~~'.l:E*Eitj!ij~fhlB~f}J{J1[ */
/
16 display(sl);
17
18 system("paus e ");
19 return 0;
20
21
22 void display (struct data st) I* ;E'~ display () @119 *I
23 {
24 printf("~'.i:J1=8 : %s\n ", st.name);
25 printf( "l9 ~/J)(,~: %d\n",st.math);
26

/* progll_lO OUTPUT --
~'.:l:.~1=8: Jenny
19~/J)(,mi: 74
-----------------------*/

o f~rt~~8)t ~
l~it~ 5 ~9 fi • '.1E~m61M data• ~m61M~~ffi:f6J'~:JI;~9U name' l;l.,&~19~19
math i~~H~~~ 0
~ilfoJ)±~~U · m61M data ~'.IE~tt main() llliJl98~:9~l§i · 1§Ei~'8~
-{~ 'iE:i~_J (global) B~matM • :\ZDJlttE±llliJl9 main() ~llliJl9 display() :fl!1:;;f§~{§E!tl
~U'8 0

l!Eit~ 11 fi8§ J' display() llliJl98~1*rui 0

~.ffltt display() !*ruifl!1t~B]3J'51198~rui

~.ffl data 8~m61M · ~Jlt display() llliJl98~1*rui'B§!0~~15'.x:tEm61M data '.IE~B~Htt® •

:\ZDJlt display() llliJltt~9iDilim61M data 8~'.IE~.ffl{~ 0

§f; 1515'8§ J'm61M~l9 sl • fil~~'.1EfJJ1.fJl 0 ~1615'0¥0~ display() llliJl9 • !fz{il\ sl •

JltB~l!Eit8~¥.MJ')fiEl!E~13J~U~ 22 fi · ffim61M~l9 st 31U~U5( sl 0
~1tt 24~25 fifOtl:l J'
m61M~l9 st :f~B~ name~ math ~~;:'.2_1.fJl 0
E8¥Afi8~m6~DJ9iD · mMM~l9 st rlTH~U5(
----------------------------·~--------------------------------------
11.s.2 1i~mat~8~1:u±it

tt progl 1_ 10 tj::i · mam1®B~U display() ~~L~ r1®@._J B~~ffiLl*~fi 0

tt~@l~ffiU[I;

T · ~o~:ttl]Jl~~~c9:31i~*s~sll~1.§l · :tt±l]J•~*a*M••s~1m:Mz/f~:fm~29: 0

~~mS±l]J•~M•••~®ili~~~~·~~~•BMm~mhl 0

Tl§J~~~i\:~1®~iUam1.U±.!l:8~'81Jtl 0
1.i~~@HJU-3'.-tj::i • fi1P~~~~t 3
l]J. · ~mu~
swap()

~1~ma*M91~8~ffi±.!l: 0
tt¥J:ifiiG swap() ;:zJtt · ~~1~mMM9•8~1.§l~:fE'Z:9J~ :
01 !* prog11_11, f~!Himam8'9fu:t.tl:~Lli5JsJIQ:fll1 *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04
05 struct data
06
07 char name[lO];
08 int math;
09 };
10 void swaP. (struct data * , struct data * ); /* swap () (fl@.~ *I
11
12 int main (void)
13
14 struct data s l={ "Jenny", 74 l; / * §'~mam~IQ sl • Mi:~~~tJJfi1l *I
15 struct data s2= { "Teresa ", 88); / * §'~mam~ s2 • Mi:~~tJJ® *I
16
17 swaP.(&sl , &s2 ); /* ~ll).j swaP.;;....J..l)-""15Jsl
""(IQ
""'---
* "'-
/ ~---------"
18 printf( "O'fOlj swap() !IBJIQ1tt: \n ");
19 printf("sl . name= %s, s l .math=%d\n ",sl.name,sl.math);
20 i:irintf("s 2. name= %s, s2. math= %d\n",s2.name,s2.math); ---~
21
22 system("pause");
23 return 0;
24
25 void s wap(struct data *pl , struct data *p2 )
26
27 struct data tmp;
28 tmp=*pl;
29 *P.~l~=-*""""'
2~ ; -------------------~-~--
/
*p2=tmp;

/* progll_ll OUTPUT-------
0~0~ swap () @1~1~:
sl.name=Teresa, sl.math=88
s2.name=Jenny, s2.math=74
---------------------------*/

0 f~it~*~~ t!
JJS:LfJ?LJcp , 25-31 fi;E~ ]' swap() lilllf9 , '8DJH~U:9:i~l~i1~:t~~ma~M data fill~B'SJ:t~~ 0

~$2~3ofire@~@m~mm~~~-•~2m~figM 0

i±:±f¥~1', 14-15 fi'§~]'~{~ma~M data ~~Js'SJ•~ sl W s2' ~~~J'.Ef)J{~ 17 0

fiO~O~ swap() lilllf9 • 1®J\@~{~•198%'Ii_t1: • ~rn:t~~ pl W p2 mU:9: E!315S: pl W 0

p2 ~j~~mMM•f9 sl Ws2 fifTU28-30 fi~J:8 sl Ws2 8'SJ{~gj:~·~i~DJ1j(,ftf_ 19-20

1

·~-~~lilll~~,lli~1®J\~-~~ffihl 0
mT*·H~fi~M@~~--~-~
sl~{~~~Lllilllf9cp 0 Tl§ll819U{1~29J§J progl 1_9 • ~cpfi{P~~~~t J'-1~ maximum() lilll~,

DJffl*1i@:lmam•9U~ ' ~*~~!5J2:7I;~B'SJ~sl{g[ 0

f¥~8'SJM~.SZDT :
01 I* prog11_12, -li~*a*Mlli9U *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define MAX 3
05
06 struct data
07
08 char name[lO];
09 int math;
10 };
--------------------------~.._ _________________________________
11 int maximum(struct data arr[)); I* '§'~@]~ma ximum () 8jffil.~ *I
12 int main (void)
13
14 int idx;
15 struct data s l[MAX) = {{"Ma ry ",87), {"Flora",93), {"Jenny" ,74));
16
17 idx=maximum(sl); I* 0'!10~ maximum () @I~ *I
18 printf ( " %s Bj!JX;S~~, ", (sl+idx)->name); I* EDtl:J~F='i:BBjif:l::g *I
19 printf ( "53'1~.;% % d 53'\n", (sl+idx ) ->math) ; I* EDtl:J~F='!:'.73'8j!JX;S *I
20
21 system("pause");
22 return 0;
23
24 int maximum(struct data arr[)) I* maximum () @1~8j;E~ *I
25
26 int m,i,index;
27 m=arr->math; /* ~m8~1.§i..;%arr[OJ .math */
28 for(i=O;i<MAX;i++)
29 if((arr+i)->math>m)
30
31 m=(arr+i)->math;
32 index=i;
33
34 return index;
35

/* prog11_12 OUTPUT------
Flora 8j!JX;*i~~, 53'1~.:% 93 53'
--------------------------*/

o 1~rt~~~~ ~
1:f4W~cp · 24-35 fi~~ J' maximum() lilil9 · '[;cITf~W)(-1~m~tM data ~rma~~9U 0

lilif9B~{®[§Jf~.ffli~l9 index • '81-~~ ]' ~9U7[;~cp ' }mf~B:*:B~ math ~~;Lj[;~B~

~511i · @1~~511i1®[§]±1?1Jl9;L1~ · ffi~ 17 fit!~ idx Wl9~~W)( ·~DJ.It-*· 18-19

fi~~~@@•~·~mm•~=~~=*~m~•~~~~•·u&~~tt~~
 /

11.6 9UiH~M~

9U•~~J (enumeration) ~-~t~9*8~ml~~-1-J~ ' WEl39U•~D8~'§~ ' JWDJ;fLl

m-m~••~~R * ®~~~~~·~-mu•m•·~~~~~DJ~tt~~·•

enum 9Umrui~~#!l
{
~It 11 .6. 1
9Um'W;IQ 1 ,
9Um"W;IQ 2 , 9U~~~8~:<E~W
~i~ ~§~~It

} ;
en um 9Umrui~~#!l ~191 , ~IQ 2 , . .. , ~IQ m; I* §'~~IQ *I

9U-~08~~Bl.j!mjt~ enum ~§' enum i~iHipfft~mi8~~55U~' ElP~El~J8~9U•~

D~R;~~,~~~~m@~~*~~~·~~M~~-~m•·~TiHi~~OO:

e num color

red,
blue,
green
};
en u m color shirt , hat; /* §~9Umrui~ co l or ;:L.~IQ shirt What *I
----------------------~------------------------------
_tl§J8J$)(3fil~'.i:E'~ 3 9U•rui~~ color • ~cf:iBJ/J)Z~ ~J5 3 red ' blue W green =@J9U•m
I~ (enumerated constant) 0
9U•ruiU'.i:E'~iGIH~ ' !ID~W§§9U•rui~~BJ~f~ ' :;t§~{~

ffl9U•ruitmf.':11,5JT'.i:E'~BJmf~ 0 1?U~D1:i'.2_L{?Ucf:i · i&1~-fiffi)(3fil§§ 3 color 9U•ruitm8J•

I~ shirt What 0

Pon 11.6.1 ~}~9U•ruitmBJ'.i:E'~ifD•l~8J§§5-}'m.J31H~R 0

~*31~m~f11-Jn9~' 1m
lli~~rr'.i:E'~iG~•ruirmm·rrW§§~•ruig~••·~Tl§J~~m:

enum co l o r I* §'§9Um~~ co l o r *I

red , }
b l ue , 9Um'mt~
g r een
l s hi rt , h at ; /* )E~7B9Um~~1tt • 1fJ1§0§'§~~ s hirt Wh at *I

m~ · G¥~~~~ · fi~lli~~~_tl§j~~3filRJJ)Z - fi · ~~0~n~fi•·~T

l§J BJ $)(3fil :

e num co l o r {red ,blue, green} s hi rt, ha t; /* §'§ 9Um~~ • !l:fzf:E ~ 9Um'ml~ */

§§~•ruirm•mm·~m•m~m~H~~~•m•~~~cti-@ 0 ®mrr~~~
1-lUt~'.i:E'BJ 1 ~)5GT 'c ~g~~El!:bm%W9U•mt~-1~~1~1.m' 9U•mt~ 1 BJ1~f.0 0' 9U•
mt~ 2 8J1~~ 1 • l;,I_li:t~tl l;,1_ Tl§JBJ9U•ruitm color ~1?U :
0
/ •
e num color

red,
blue,
green
}shirt ,h at ; /* '§'~9U~fill~ color ~ ~I~ shirt What *I

_tl§J8~t&~~~ 3 9U-~lrn color ' Tifz§'~~~9U-~lrn8~·· shitt W hat 0

tt5~1='M~.8U
t~~B~ ' 9U•mt~ red 8~{~~1RZ~~~ 0 • blue 8~{~~~~ 1 • green 8~{~~~~ 2 ' §~®{~

::f~~~Q1~1RZ~29: 0

~m~•~lrn~•••~~~~tE$~~~~~m& 0
•m*~·1:Em&~~~M~
8~Ttnm~8~M~ll'X~Fm~~{JJ9U•~~ 0 19tl:SZDT~XiWTR 3-{~Ttnm~'11l§JR~ red'
green Wblue -flg&§c~:rn:i;mm :

~ 11.6. 1

Windows ffi}~{!1'e'ill'trl
~~ ' ~oo~w enum
~§1~

J'j~_t~8~Ttnm~cpR~ red ' green W blue CIT{;l:tm:li , ::f~~¥!'88~{~ , ~{~M~ 1l'Ei

:SZ:JW9LJ.1§{t) , 19tl:SZD15~§1J19tlcp ' fLlffi color *§~ shirt •t~21~ · ~U shirt 8~1~ll'Xx~~
~red ' green W blue =fi;Z- • ffij::f~~¥!'88~{~ 0

Tl§J8~i819tl~)tBJ3 3 9U•~~8%effi 0
tt~1~1¥~cp • fi1F~§~ 3 -{~9LJ•~~ color 8~
•t~ shirt • 15~1¥~1!EPtl::l~~~l~.PJT1c!=i~1li:TC*.§ , TifzfPtl::l9U•mt~8~1~ :

o1 I* p rog 11_13 , 9U~fill~B~1§Effl *I

02 # in c lude <stdio . h>
03 #inc lude <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void )
05
----------------------------~--------------------------------------
06 enum color /* ~~:9Umfill~ co l or *I
07
08 red ,
09 green,
10 blue
11 };
12 en um color shirt; I* 11H5:9Umfill~fB~I~ shirt *I
13
14 printf (" sizeof (shirt ) = %d\n ", sizeof (shirt) );
15 printf( " red= %d\n",red);
16 printf( " green= %d\n",green);
17 printf( "bl ue= %d\n ", blue) ;
18
19 shirt=green; I* ~shirt 8jf~~~.1$.li green *I
20 if(shirt==green)
21 printf ("1~.H~JJ~H~§ 8j :(:(fl&\n ");
22 else
23 printf ("1~H~JJ3~~*3R§fB=i'.XH&\n");
24
25 system( " pause ");
26 return O;
27

I * progl l _13 OUTPUT - -

sizeof(shirt)=4
red=O
green=l
blue=2
!~~Ii 3 ~0'R§8j:(:(fl&
----------------------*/

0 f~rt~~~~ ~
~~~Mfi~~~~~~~·~-~~~ -~ffi ~~ffi~~WM~~~W~·W~
4 @1-11~$§ I ~~12Sl~9U•~~'°'~B~-f~$~Jii..t~Mft2~9: 0
Jlt9~ I tE )~~ 1~5SU~~AE
BJMJ\)5?,T I~ I @9u•mt~ red B~r~~~1i~ 0 I~ 2 @19U•mt~ green BJr~~~1i ~ I I

~ 3 @9u•mt~ blue 8~r~~~1i~ 2 °

/
:IE~9U~H!1Hm8'Sl9:1~1'±J5~mM;f£il:_L8'SJ1-J1.~ 0 19tl~D:t~ shirt '§~~9U•~~8'SJWI~~
1rt. ' shirt 8'Sl1.mii'..ti:!J t..l.~~'.IE~ red ' green ~ blue ' 1§effl IIB*t~!IB~~'.IE shirt~ 0 ' I~
2 *8'SJ1-J{~~q:~, f£il:~~Jl!IB*llili:1JDS1[i' 1l~El 0 Wtl~D~ 19 fi'~~'.IE shirt=green ~1rt.,
shi1t 8%~.ii'.tW~ I • ]]~~~ 20 1T
if ( shirt==green) I* ~Ll55U shirt ffil{§iJ~i§.f.0 green *I

if(shirt==l) /* ~U55Ushirt8'91!1i:~i§.f.01 */

~•mm~m~-:IE~~o~~,~~u~:IE~•m•~m~ff§R~~,m~,~

~:IE~ 3 T9UB'SJ9U•~~ , ~U red B'SJ{~~ 5 , green 8'Slr~~~1~~ 6 ' blue 8'Slr~~~1~~ 7 :

enum color /* ~~9U~rui~J color *I

red=5, I* 8~~ red 8'91!1[.f.0 5 *I

green, I* green ffilr~8~1!1i:.f.0 6 *I
blue /* blue ffilm8~1!1i:.f.0 7 *I
};

•~·ft~lli~U~:IE~~~mmm-@~•mm,um~•~_t~~~ 0 ~9~,t±

~~~-~~~••~·lli~u-m~:IEW®'m~T~~mm~,~3~~,~~
:W blue ~~~~~B'SJ{m~9~ ' ,5fT'§~8'Sl9U•W• shirt lli~~:IE~W1~~ blue 0

enum color /* ~~9U~rui~J color *I

red=lO, I* 8~~ red 8'91!1i:.f.0 10 *I

green=20, /* 8~~greenffi){l1[.f.020 */
blue=30 /* 8~~blue8'91!1i:.f.030 */
}shirt=blue;
-------------------------~~----------------------------------
@m~•~~~••~·~3~n~DJMtt·na~R~~-~~~••~m~~•
mlQ I ffiFF~iifi~M~B~~~~ 0
•1?um~>G I J]~ progl l_13 c:p I 9U•~~ color ~~JJ)Z
enum co lor /* ~~9Um~~ color *I

red, I* red 8'il1.mti'l5B'.:f.ili 0 *I

green, I* green B'il1.mti'l5B'.:f.ili 1 *I
blue /*blue 8'il1.mti'l5B'.:f.ili2 */
};

fi'§§- 3shi1t ~9U•~~& color 2WIQ2fft • shirt DJ~~~~ red' green §JZ blue• §JZ~~
0-2 2Fs~B~~IQ • @m~>~Fo~ml ; {~~~D~M~ shirt ~~~~'88~1i • 1±J'!1~1ttmlili~i~f.~DJ
~~~~~~5~~~~ ~D~l§JB~i'B1?U :
I

shirt=blue; /* '6$ 'Jlt~ shirt B'il{f![:f.ili 2 *I

shirt=l; /* '6$ ' ~11QJ5B'.J:Etl3~J]~:f~ shirt B'iJJ.m5B:~ green *I
shirt=S; !* shirt 8'il1.mBJEB.t±J:§5HB~ , ~lfJ;;~ffli8i~/f'.§51f~~~~ *I
red=l2; /* /f-6$, ltsl red 8~9Ummt~' ~1.m/f~~~t.&z~c!X *I

!Rtt~:t~
shirt B~{i1[5~JJ)Z 0-2 2:9~B~IQ , 1.i~ Dev C++ :f!lliDJlEmB~~~i , 1~~'88~~i~i~
DJ~~~/f'H~~@fl~>t . ~Jt~~~~~~;1~1u•~~e~•IQ5~1.m~1u•m1Q · tu~
~f¥ns~DJ}J8!'1'1 °

fH9~--1~1?U-:Y.m5>GBJ39U•~~B~lllm 0
@1~i'B1?UDJlj~1§Effi~fifrrl\ r' g W b@-
@~}t • 5J'55Uf\;;~~J, *lRw~=1~~~§. f¥n~tifrrtJJ~u~mtJJ1EJ~1JJ1s~~~§~fl,~, 0
~o~

!ifrrl\B~/f' ~@ -1~m · ~m~n~~>JUl~J~ITtifrrl\ :

01 /* prog11_1 4, 9Um~~B'ili§EffliB1?~ */
02 #include <s tdi o.h>
03 #include <s tdlib.h >
04 int main (void)
05
06 char key; 1* mmiurs:~mB'il~ffil * /
07 enum color /* ~~9Um~~ color *I
08
/
09 red=ll4 , /* ~9ummtQ red 5~'.iE.1f.li 114 ' IW~tft d!'Sl ASCII 111§ *I
10 green=l03, /* ~9ummlQ green 5~'.iE.1f.li 103 (g 8'9 ASCII 11\§l *I
11 blue=98 /* ~9umm1Q b lue 5~'.iE.1f.li gs (b 8'Sl Ascrr tl§l * /
12 shirt; /* '§~9Umrui~B'Sl~IQ shirt *I
13
14 do
15
16 printf ( "~~~ l\ r , g §JZ b: ");
17 scanf ( " %c ", &key ); /* ml\-1~~7G *I
18 fflus h( stdin );
19 wh ile (( key!=red ) &&(key!=green ) &&(key!=blue ));
20
21 shirt=key ;
22
switch ( sh irt )

25 case red:
26 printf("f&mmr:HJ:E9\n"l;
27 break;
28 case green :
29 printf ("ftm~1i3*3RE9 \n ");
30 break;
31 case blue:
32 printf("ftm~113~E9\n");
33 break ;
34
35 system( " pause ");
36 return 0 ;
37

/* progl1_14 OUTPUT --
~~~l\ r , g §JZ b: h
~~~l\ r, g §JZ b: k
~~~l\ r, g §JZ b : b
1~~1i3~E9
-----------------------*/
----------------------P/J'------------------------------
0 f~Lt~lt~~ ~
f¥it§g 6 fi' §'~~7C~IY key' ffi*16ilB::t3'ZmsJ•~R 0
f¥it§g 7~ 12 fi' )E'§J'9U
~~-color, !fl~~?E'J'BJ-@9U~mlY8Jf}J{]l 0
)E'§jG1~, §g 12 fit8Hf~§'~9U

~~~J8J~IY shirt 0

f¥it§g 14~ 19 fi, fLlffi do-while ~lllEl3m~f®l\~7Cmfi~IY keyB:'/59., 1915'~1~~

f®l\BJ~j[;~~~ red ' green~ blue ~-j[g]{]l ( §P~B r ' g W b BJ ASCII ~)\1§) ~

cp;L- :QO~:::f~ , ~U~~>JU~*M®l\ EliZ1~ key 8J1!121~ , f31it§g 21 fi{~J~ key

0 0

8J1!1~~?E'mfi~IY shi1t B:'/59. •1~ , 23 ~34 fi1~1Nfj shi1t 8J1.~f0t81§~1ff!BJ~$

0 0

11. 7 f~ J=FH~3 ~J 8~ ~~-typedef

typedef~ type definition 8J*m~ ' ilHs,~,§ ' il5t~~~j8J;E'§ 0
fLlffi typedef D]J.,j~~B

~~BJ·~~--~;E'§~-~~-·lli~~~·£DJ~}E'§g~§~BJ·~~-·
:QOJlt-*OJJ.,jj§Ef31it8J§'~~1~!Q~)~~ ' lliDJ1jj~~f31it8JOJ6i11 ° typedef 8J1§Effi
Poit:QD"'F ?fTTR :

~itll.7.1

El~J~88J?E'§1j~mm~ typedef~§ , typedef 1~l§l,5fT}~misJ•*~~~J , il5t~®:% c

M~ffi?E'§8J~B·•ml§l8JB~~·W~ElfilBJ~B~R 0 ~"f'l§l8J~m?E'§&~

~i81'.9U:
/
typedef int clock ; /* :<E'.~ clock 1.ili~I~~~ *I
clock hour, second ; /* §'§hour, second 1.ili clock~~ *I

~-fi$!Zill!~AE'.~ clock ~~f~~~j' *~~AE'.~21~' clock il't1~ C ~g~cf:iP'9AE'.B~~*~

~--~' §Pq:JM~·~'§§~ clock~- §g=fi$!Zill!~fUffl clock *'§§•f~ hour W 0

second ' *~'§§1~ ' hour W second~ clock ~~j ' i)]l§p~~f~~- 0

typedef ~~1£1'F=ffl ~~±~ ' ~~;a;AE:~8%'t!l'ffiJAE'. ' ;§~J]'.X'!l'tE@f~2 cp ' ~UfLlffl typedef
AE'.~B~~•il't.R§~tE@f~2~1§Effl ' :S~JJ'.XtE main() @1~2§1] ' PJTAE'.~B~~~Jil't"@r~
~~·;a;£~@~mq:r~m~@~AE:~~~-·~-6•~~i:t®amw~~~~~
~~AE'.~1§f5JB~ 0

HfT*ft1P9*~-11QlfUffl typedef *AE:~~*~~~JB~~WLJ ~1~i819LJ29:~El progl l _ 10 ° 0

"!5'2progl1_1 o cp ' Bl/~~fUfflm61~ data *'§§m61~•f~B~ ' 1!;~10~.W~.L~ struct data*'§

§m61~·~' 19LJ~Dt~n~1®§8 15 fi§§ sl •f~§p~ :

~J]:~ffllEB*~ill!/f1~ 0
JJ'S:TllilB~~ncp ' ;a;cpft1P9:t~m61~~~j
struct data 25/J~ typedef
AE'.~~¥fTB~~g:t;#!} SCORE ' ~~q:J.L~t~lQTlliJB~i819LJfi progl 1_10 8~~[5_] :

01 /* prog11_ 15, fLlffl typedef 31<:'.<E'.~!\HU'f~~ */

02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 struct data
05
06 char name[lO];
07 int math;
08 );
typedef struct data SCORE; /* ~ struct data :<E'.~JJ.11,Wf®~~J *I
void dis pl a y,--'(>=Sc.=:
C-""ORE / _
'-=-")_,_; _ _ _ _,_ (~
* --=§=c§'='-'=@j"-""'-""'
d..;;;.
i ""'s p~..;:l:;..:;:ac.,.
Y..>.(,_, , >-=
) ®,_,,,',,, '~s!l-*_,_/_ ____,
11 int main (void)
12
SCORE sl={ "Jenny",74) ;
 14 display(sl);
15
16 system("pause");
17 return 0;
18
19 void display(SCORE st) I* )E~@Jll( display () *I
20 {
21 printf ( "~'.:Ett:fS: %s\n",st . name);
22 printf ( "19~JJX;~: %d\n ",st . math);
23

/* progll_ls OUTPUT--
~'.:Ett:fS: Jenny
ll(~JJX;~: 74
----------------------*/

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01 /* hwll - 18.c, 9U~~~8~**~ */

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 enum boolean
07
08 FALSE,
09 TRUE
10 }test;
11 test=5<20;
12 if(test==TRUE)
13 printf ( "5<20 f.&l:z:\n") ;
14 else
___________________________.,,,____________________________________

15 printf ( "5 >=2 0 /f}J)6lI\n") ;

16
17 system ("pau se ");
18 return O;
19

12 i f (test)
13 printf("5<20 }))61I\n");
14 else
15 printf("5>=20/f}J)61I\n");

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size t fread (voi d *p , s i ze_t s , s ize _t cnt,FILE *fptr);

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S*4fflElB'il*~~s@m~m·M@m••~B*4B'il@M

size_t fwri te (canst void *p, size_ t s , size_ t cnt , FILE *fptr);

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~ cp·M@®•~m-l\ S*4 B'il@M

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welcome.txt 0
welcome.txt B!J~g~O~ 12.2.1 pfffR 0
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1!1 welcome _txt - ~'** GJ[Q)['g)
~ 12.2.l
Helco[lle to the *ll:>Z:~m welcome.txt ~
world of C language
~g

{~~~~ll:t welcome.txt :S:JJ~tE § ili>~ c:\prog t~ ' ~i§iB!J~{~~g~B,Ej 3 ~D{DJ~f[Q~@ti* ' ~~t
~~1~*i*8!J~j[;- :
----------------------------~--------------------------------------
01 /* prog12 _ 1 , rulmti~P9'.§ • !l::t~t~~.lI;~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 in t main (void)
05
06 FILE *fptr; /* '§i5ttil~m~ffirttil~ fptr * /
07 c har ch; /* '§i5~7I;~f~ c h • Jf.1 3Rt~U5Z~Ime'SJ~.7I; *I
08 int count=O; /* '§i5!H~ count• Jf.13R~t~m~e'SJ~.7I;f~* I
09
10 fptr=fopen (" c: \ \prog\ \welcome. txt", 11 r "); /* OOlliiti~ *I
11 i f ( fptr ! =NULL ) I * ~D* fop en () e'SJ{W@Hf1Ff'.~ NULL • {~£_Hj~mJllii~JJJ *I
12 {
13 while ( (ch=getc ( fptr)) ! =EOF) /* ~Ll!Wi~i§~Lli~Hi~ *I
14 {
15 printf( 11 %c 11 , ch ); /* -:tKEPt±:l-i!QJ~jI; */
16 count++;
17
18 fclose(fptr);
19 printf ( 11 \n ~;l:!;:ij" % d j!QJ~jI;\n 11 , count) ;
20
21 else
P.rintf ( *i~mJllii~f& ! ! \n
11
---~------------
11
22 ) .._
;

23
24 system( 11 pau se 11 ) ;
25 return O;
26

!* progl2_1 OUTPUT--
Welcome to the
world of C language
~;!:!;:ij" 34 j!QJ~jI;
----------------------*/

1i'.~ *i9tlc::j::i • ~ 6 fi'§~-m~*i*B'SEr~~ fptr 0

~ 8 fi'§~~l~~I~ count • !rnt(E

:W@.~ o · ffi3K~Gili>~~ ~0'i~~7G 0

~ 10 filjf.j.@*i* welcome.txt • Tiftj~'.JE~S:J:r.Q
-~~r·~~ffiljf.j.@~•*~~m•w~M* 0
~w09M~-@m~•*~m
*~ · fiiP9M~'8~~miH~~~~ fptr 0
 -~&fRl~ 12-11

/
f¥Itm 11- 22 fif.0 if-else ~&lltt
• ffl*B~~OOtilJXiJ}J!M~®,6fT~¥MJ'8>sl!M'F :5~ 0

fptr!=NULL • ~mti~OO.@IJXiJ}J · !W¥MJ' 12- 201T • &.;LJ~U¥.MJ' 21 -221T8J*~lltt 0

~D~ti~OO.@IJXiJ}J · ~Um 13 fiBJ getc() CIT1.t£ti~'+1~Ef5Z-1~~7I;

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1.0 34 · ~o~~?fTm :
~ 12.2.2
Welcome t 0 t h e \n
*ll>Z~*i welcome.txt ~
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 i~~ffiat

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• ffi15~ fopen() IIBJf~:f!:l~BJH:Efszmitf.0 r • ~Jl:t~* J'~~~,6Jlm.J.@8Jti•!0
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0

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~~llifi·~~-*WCIT~~--~~OOW·~i'C~][ffl~5R~~- 0

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BJ-1~~1~1i ( ;a;{if.0-1) · 1~~ti•*a.E§ (end of file, EOF) • ~ getc() ~~me

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---------------------------•-ll'J-------------------------------------
rn~*ft1P~j:ij*~-1~*i~i~~8~i819tl 0
~1~i819tl~**~M~~:SZ:~*i~ welcome.txt 8~
~'.@j~~1tl§5_:__1~¥ff~:D.:8~~:SZ:~fi output.txt cp :

01 /* progl2_2 , 1~~*i~~giLl~'8~fi~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h >
04 int main (void )
05
06 FILE *fptrl,*fptr2 ;
07 char ch ;
08
09 fptrl=fopen("c:\\prog\\welcome.txt","r"); I* m.l~OJ~®~fi~ *I
10 fptr2=fopen( " c:\\prog\\output.txt "," w"); I* m.l~OJ~l\~fi~ *I
11
12 if((fptrl!=NULL) && (fptr2!=NULL))
13 {
14 while ( (ch=getc (fptrl)) ! =EOF) /* ~Lll!fli~i§iLll.ififfi *I
15 putc (ch, fptr2) ; I* ~~:7[; ch ~ULl fptr2 Pfltlil~~fi~ *I
16 fclose(fptrll ; !*rm~ fptrl Pfitlil~e~ti~ */
17 fclose ( fptr2 l ; /* rm~ fptr2 Pfitlil~e~ti~ *I
18 printf ( "*i~1~~:J'G/J.IZ ! ! \n ") ;
19
20 e lse
21 printf("*i~m.J~~~~! !\n");
22
23 system("pause");
24 return 0;
25

/ * prog12_2 OUTPUT--
*i~:f~~:JB/J.IZ ! !
--- -------------------*/

~~n~ 6 fi · '§~1~~fi ~ B~ tl~rn~~ fptrl "& fptr2 • ~~n~ 9 fi · OOW welcome.txt •

~gijQ~n~ r' t~BJ3pJlmJ@B~fi~~{ft;~ijQ • [q]8~~i.U~~ fptrl t~~'8 ° ~ IO fi
mJg~ output.txt • illz~~~SffQ~n~ w • {-~~00.@B~fi~~-1~R~l-;J~J\i@'.*~8~
/
0
•*·~~•m•~~m~£ fr6~~~~w~~~T·~~•*B~6fr•
~u~~*i*8~~§M~H&~~:t~ 0
:6'~ti*~6fr . ~u*~Jt~Eifi~rrittti* 0

:6'~ welcome.txt W output.txt ·~l~H~ti*~m.J.@JJ.)ZJ;IJ ( fptrl W fptr2 ~~~NULL) •

~U¥Mi 13- 19 15'8~$)(~ l~~~ 14-15
fi · -/'.J:.1tf. ~trl ti~cp8ifflZ-@~:7I; · ~u
0

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I I I

8~~:7I;Ml\ ~tr2 · 1l~U8iff.Q~Uti**a5R~ll 0

=1~~7t1~ · 16- 17 fi53')5U~mF:J.Jti* ·
~$~1sfiru~•*~~JJ.iZ~~~m 0

fmDJLjlfLJ!t.l~G$~1}¥J.@ti~ output.txt
welcome.txt
I J,j(~~8~ti* 8~~'.§Bm~=l~~~u

output.txt cp 3 ° T~~l,j(~G$~1}¥J,8)( output.txt 8~ff~~ml§i :

----- --
~ onlpol.lxt - ~'lji;;t;: ~~(8)
~ 12.2.3

\olelcmne to the *'ll::SZ~ti output. txt ffil

world of C language 179'.@

E13~WUDJ~D · tum getc() t>]]f~~-8ifflZ fptrl ti*cp8~i@]~ · j:ij~-{§E!t.l putc() t>]J

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~

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~~:Qo1~tum fwrite() t>]]f~ · -/'.J:.Ml\-{~~±l~U;ti~cp 0

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I I Enter ~}t I

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-----------------------------..,,~--------------------------------------
01 /* prog12 _ 3, rnm~•l\±$ • M!:llirrJJD~Ll*i~ output. txt ¢ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <conio.h>
04 #include <stdlib.h>
05 #define ENTER 13 /* Enter m~ ASCII li,\§f.0 13 * /
06 #define MAX 80
07 int main(void)
08
09 FILE *fptr;
10 char str [MAX), ch; /* '§'~±~ri!9U str • ffl*iBtl13rnm~•l\~±$ *I
11 int i=O ; _ __
12 fptr=fopen ("c: \ \prog\ \output. txt" ,_".:::a._""- ; _ _ _ _~------'
) c'..
13
14 printf("~~•l\±$ 't~ENTERm*65R.l\:\n");
15 while ( (ch=getche () ) ! =ENTER && i <MAX) I* ~T"l'.Bm::r;~ ENTER_§ i <MAX *I
16 str[i++]=ch; /* -1,J(~JJO-f~±~~tl±~fl!9Ustr~ *

putc ( '\n', fptr) ; /* ~l\~fi±~ *I

fwrite(str , sizeof(char),i,fptr); /* ~ ~±~ilj9Ustr */
20 fclose (fptr); /* ~mF:flm~ *I
21 printf ("\n ti~lli1JJD7B~! ! \n");
22
23 system("pause");
24 r eturn 0;
25

/* prog12_3 OUTPUT----------
~•l\±$ ·~EN~RM~5R•l\:
I love the C language best!
*i~llirrJJo:JB~ ! !
------------------------------*/

o f~rt~~~~ ~
~¥it~ 5 fi' )E~ ENTER e~@.~ 13 ' m*~m ENTER £.lie~ ASCII~,\§ 0
~ 6 fi)E
~MAX e~1.m~ 80' 5~'.JE'~:7G!lf9U str 8~j;::1j\ 0
~ 12 fi' OOB9:t~~ output.txt' MI~~

:i:E'~:S:@mrt~ a , 1~~~*~~lj\l1rt1JD:5it*~l\ 0
:\ZD~OOB9:8~t~~::f:S:tt , ~U~
*3t~Elfi~J1Jl:~t~~ 0
/
ffEnm 15~161T, -/}(1.trnHUltrl\-{~327[;' *Ll!Wif®l\{i~~~ ENTER m' :E'~
i~l' ENTER msJZ~ str B)f\0 ( ~9U str AIJ\~~'.JE~ 80) l:Witllm:I while ~Ill , ~~u~~
327Li3$'.tt str cp • ~~U~l' ENTER ~~§JZ~ str B)flffi~ll ~~/fll~illitz • ~JJOBJ i
0

{i£W1-t~327G'®J\8J*~I~ 0

m18fi~J\-@~fi327G•mt®J\~32$~U~~~-fi™~~--~ 0 ~Wfi
{§Effl fwrite() lilil~~~~9U str cp8J1~]~ • l-;,l sizeof(char) ( l {~{.Il:l[;*§) f.%,~{Il • ~fly
l±l i {~]~]~I~ • [l{~JJDJJ:S:&F~P'9gB]itzl§J ffEn¥Jt1TiGi:ft • ~D~mJg)(t~• output.txt •
0

~U-~tt~~~P'9g~m·tt~ffiBIT~32$8~™~~~3·~l'~ffiffi:

~ 12.2.4

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world of C language >z:~:ti output.txt ;L.jrt
I loue the C language best!

{ii~~h±l&BJ~ · fwrite() lilil~BJ;f§ncp · ~ 1 {~~11~!0~~~~~~1\~~*~BJ{I'.Ii.tl: ·

JJ:S:~i±Jlttffe!_t 3 str • 1-t~~9U str BJ{I'.I±lt m 2 @~ll~~~~n; fwrite() lilil~ • -{~
0

~~ffl~~ffi~~~ffi7Lm·~00~~1\327G·ffiU~~31@ffi7Lm 0
i±~•~
/fltl 1 ~ffi· fffi~{§eltl sizeof(char) BJ~)t · !R~?.~~~BJJ&~;j'§lg · aP~l-;,l±~JJDffE
nsJ~6i11 ° m 3 {~~11~~m*r~'.JE~~J\~0'1~1~n~1~ · rnJJ:S:m 16 fitt1P9B*~

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lli~!f6i~B*~)±l&~U 3 , prog12_3 illz)~~~~rgH~-~~mJg)()J3ZJjJ , tE}§Z*iBJffEnj8{~U

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~~ 0 fil~B~6i«i±B~rm~~n~·W~~~_tw~••~~rmg)(JJ3Z~~~n~·
u~~~m~a1T~n~~~m~~~m1°
--------------------------~----------------------------------
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§u-@,8{~Uf~ ' output.txt 8~*i~r7g§ :
01 /* prog12_4, j§EJtj fread(li5Jsil~~IWm~P'9'.§ */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define MAX 80
05 int main (void)
06
07 FILE *fptr;
08 char str[MAX];
09 · n
_ _i....'""'t bytes;
10 fptr=fopen("c:\\prog\\output . txt "," r ");
11
12 while ( ! feof (fptr))
13 {
14 bytes=fread(str,sizeof(char) , MAX , fptr);
15 if(bytes<MAX)
16 str [bytes]='\0';
17 printf (" %s\n ", str );
18
19 fclose ( fptr); /* ~~~i~ *I
20
21 system ("p ause ");
22 return O;
23

/ * prog12_4 OUTPUT--------
Welcome to the
world of C language
I love the C language best!
----------------------------*/

f~it~~~)l ~
f31i'C§i%; 9 fi ' '§§~f~~f~ bytes ' ffl*f315!X~f~ fread() pfT8i:EISZB~~:7Gf~ 0
§i%; 10

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EISZiG' IW¥Afi 13- 18 fi' {~ffl fread() ~f~M~*i~cp8~~*~' l~ sizeof(char) B~Alj\
 ti-~!! 12-17

/
( 1 {~1.U71J§) :#.li~1.U • ~37llQi:B MAX {~jU~I~gJ'j)(~Uil!9U str :f! • fg8~~tl!Wi,6ff~i
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E[y~Utii'¥.' _El str ~~~~Fs~ ' JltB~M~ str[bytes] 8%11 ( ~1tt-{~7C*) ~~:#.li~$*~

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~\;~&~~·~$lli••·~~M~m·E•@~RA•~~@~~~~itaff~
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sys/stat.h a:t6~Ut31itcp · ~D~l§l8'SJ:t~~$)(iill :

#include <fc ntl.h >

#include <io.h>
#include <sys/stat . h >
----------------------~---------------=---------------
:smilt-*ElPDJ:tEf31rtcp1§EfflM-~fm~8~1~~~I'IIBJl9: 3 ° fLlffl open() IIBJl~E!PDJOO.@M­
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it 0 - RDWR ~fil18Jti~DJ {~-~W~l\~*~

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it 0 - BINARY mlfil1-{l~l=li1.um~ (binary file)

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0 WRONLY /* l~~-mziim' JlUi.R1:J:!;~l\' 1'§~-iji( *I
0 - WRONLY I 0 - APPEND I* 00.®iifi ' Jl:tfi~ l.~JJll11.J01~uoi ' {§.1'f:lrnilm *I
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O_RDONLYI O_TE XT /* 00.®8:f3:t£~)(: ~fi • §.R{:J:!;~iji( */

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welcome.bet B~ti.1J~i®•*;i ' DJ1JMt±l:9Dl'B~t&iill :

int fl;
fl=open("c:\ \prog\\abc . txt",O_WRONLYIO_CREATIO_TE XT ,S IREAD);

_t[§)8~$~iillDJOO.@sfilU'.i~!~~'*;i~ c:\prog tll'rn~:SZ~ti abc.bct • TI:tr~~ti.1-\;;~,ll§~~AE'mfi~~

~~ fl SD~ 0
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int open (const char *filename, int oflag[, int pmode]); '

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int close(int handle);

~~~JHi~
u~mJ:EB'SJ•~,u•~~•[Q]o,um~i&•[QJ1

int creat(const char *filename,int pmode);

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int read(int handle, char *buffer,unsigne d count);
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int write(int handle, char *buffer,unsigned count);

~l\-~ ~f:U:tll:~ buffer fl!)~~QP9@'.~l\li*¢ • -~~-~~l\ count f:U~

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t~T3!0i1P9~-1~i81~U*~>lBJ3~~1ti~1i~8~!~11=:Bit 0
Tl§JB~i8WUW progl2 _ 2 1§
l6J • ~~~5tiBif!l2 - 1~1i~ • ~M~'88~~%t~~~~U -1~WT8~1i~ · 1§~JJ:S:$1~Ucp · fi1P9
~'8~N~~m~~m~@•*m~:

01 /* prog12 _ 5, ~~*i*P9@'. */
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include < fcntl.h >
05 #include < io.h>
06 #include <sys/stat . h>
07 #define SIZE 512 / * a~~ read ( -:tR.~Wi.@fl!Jfi~f1zja.EJ.~ 512 * /
08 int main (void)
09
10 char buffer[SIZE];
11 int fl,f2,bytes;
12
fl=open( " c:\\prog\\welcome . txt" , O_ RDONLY IO_TEXT) ;
f2=creat( " c:\\prog\\output 2 . txt" S !WRITE);
15
16 if (fl! =-1 && (f2 !=-1)
-------------------------~.._ ________________________________
17
18 while ( ! eo f (fl) )
19 {
20 bytes=read(fl,buffer,SIZE); /* f;f f l ~I!Q~;jSI. *I
21 write(f2,buffer,bytes); /* ~~;jSl.~J\*i~ f l c::j:i *I
22
23 close(fl);
24 close(f2);
25 printf ( "*i~j~~jGP.\i; ! ! \n ") ;
26
27 else
28 printf( " m~m.i.rut~~l;(! !\n"l; ~~--

29
30 system("pause");
31 return O;
32

/* prog12_5 OUTPUT---
*i~j~~jGP.\i; ! !
-----------------------*/

t~~~~~~ ~
$*M~·4~ff~g3~~~•~m~~n~·m11ff~~••••fl,n&
bytes• •I~ fl R fl ~m*~G~-'RmJJ:l)lfi~JJ>ZJ1J1~B~ti~1~~ •bytes ~U~ltl *:S:JJ!X read()
lllill~1i@lJJ>ZJ}J8i.J:f.IZB~l@'.*41~ 0

m13 fffum open() mJW>z:~ti welcome.txt I OOW~n~ O_RDONLYIO_TEXT I

1~£Z,5JTOOWB'Slt~~~R1:J:l;~®B'SJ>z:~ti~ I open() ~{i@J-{~Ml~{m I n1P9~'8~~
:\E:mfi•I~ fl • Jlt8~ fl JW1~£Zti~ welcome.txt 0

1§fg8'SJ Im 14 fffLlltllllili~ creat() oow output2.txt I OOW~n~~~ S_IWRITE I 1~£Z

rnoows'SJ~ OJ u~l\l@'.*4a~ti~ :szo~ti~Bm~:S:iE · ~u~~*i~s'SJ P'9'.§~~~t$11~
0
/
f~ 0
:5~fi~Tfi1± ' ~U~*3t9§fi~:U:Jltfi~ 0
creat() lli@J®@l-{~~191~ ' fl(;
1P9J'~'8B~'.\Emi5~f9 f2 • JltB~ f2 JW{~~*i~ output2.txt 0

:f~LC§f-; 16~28 fi • ~if-else tr,)(3.ili • :5~ fl W f2 T~J]'.$:-1 • ~mfi~m.JB)(~J}J • &

~~Um.lfi~W;i: 0
fi~m.l~~JJJB~
• ¥.MJ':f~LC§f-; 17~26 fi8jtr,)(3.ili · ~cp~ 18 fi;fLl!t.l
while ~lll~Ll53Ufi~~~~~U?Kiliffi 3 ':\(O~j@)~' §0$.Afi:f~LC§f-; 19~22 15'' j§EJt.l read()
IIBJf9M~Hi~ fl ~f!Q~~ SIZE 1~1lI:7aEJ.8%iU~ • m1~fl:J]~~U~9U buffer t~ • ~M~~
9U buffer N bytes (read() @J~Pffj®@l~J(f!Q~J}J8j]~]~f9) {~{li:7a.EJ.Bjji!*~M.7'Ai~

f2 cp 0 Tlil~l-;!..~2:rJ~m.J~ output2.txt 8j~~@~[§j :

!!I outpul2.txt - ~lj!;;fi: GJl§rg)

~ 12.3.l
flelcoroe to the *1l3Z:'.:ftlil output2.txt
1•rn 1·ld of C language
~[7']'.@

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:5~ft1P9,6fTt~'.(E8j].~]~I~::t1J\ • :\zD...t[§J:f~LCcp,6fTj§EJt.l8j SIZE• lli@~~~~U:f~LC¥Afi

8j~M • JL;~~Jm~fti~Bjfi~~I~IIBJf9 ° lliJli.t~~~ •~ SIZE 1N1J\8~ • ~11itili~8j

ffi~'ffiA~~~-~~~S·ffi~Bj~@~~~~~mMA&•~~~~·~~
------------------------..,,~-------------------------------
12.4 =~1:U:*~~8~1~ffl

::nffii~~mfti~§-1Z~)~~mfti~8~*i•~I!llliJI~ · ~DJ1;,l~I!=3.i1:u Cbinary) *6rt8~

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0 0

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rt 0
T~~~m~~ollliJ•~~=iimm•~~~~art:

I S:IUWJtct {~jj,\lj §~ 8)3

=m1ilti8'981nlZ rb ~m-1~li!H!:t81m1~*48'sl=ii1ilm~ (binary file)

=ii1llti8'9El\ wb ~m-@~mEl\~*48'sl=mmm~

=ii1ilti8'sllli11JD ab oom-@~~~~~*48'sl=mmm~ !1
'

~WU*~~' E~Afl~~-1~DJJ,;,lll{11.JD'!f~]48~=3.i1:Ufi• test.bin'~ fopen() lllilf~D]l;,lf~

~~~DTl§JB~~Siill :

FILE *fptr; /* §1$ fptr ;%-j;~~ti~B~:t~~~i&~ *I

fptr=fopen( "test . bin" ," ab"); /* OOB)(~1:!:tlli11JD~*48'sl=ii1ilm~test.bin */

Tl§JB~f~it~tum fopen() llliJl~~~-1~~*JT8~=3.i1:U*i• ·tum fwrite() lllill~~l\=

1~ double ~~JiB~~I~' l;,l&-1~~~=j~:J1;~8~~1~~9U :

01 /* prog12_6 , !ilul\~*4~Ll=ii1ilm~ */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 double a=3.14 , b=6.28;
/
07 in t arr [ ]={l2 ,4 3 , 64 };
08 FILE * f ptr ;
09
10 fptr=fopen ("c: \ \prog\ \number . bin ", " wb "); /* m!~fi~ */
11 fwrite ( &a , sizeof (double ),1,fptr) ; /* ~l\~IJia ~{~ */
12 fwr it e ( &b , s iz eof (do ubl e ),1,fpt r ); /* ~l\~IJ(be~H~ */
13 fwrite(arr , s i zeof (in t ), 3 ,fptr ); /* ~2', ~9U arr e~ jI;~ */
14
15 fclose ( fptr l ; /* mmiIB*i~ *I
16 printf ("*i~~l\:l'EJJ)Z! !\n");
17
18 system( " pause ");
19 retur n O;
20

/* prog12_6 OUTPUT--
fi~~J\:l'EJJ)Z ! !
--------------- - - - -----*/

0 f~i'\;jij~~)l ~
15~$:{9~cp ' ~ 6 fi'§~ 3 ~{!ID double ru!~JlB~ ~I~ a W b ' illz~~~f)J{~ ' §g 7 fi'§~

3 -{~~,~~9U ' ¥!~ -{!ID:lI;~ , fg8~lli~~~ 31JJ{~ 0

o
~ 1 fi~uffl fopen() lillll~OO

.@:number.bin ' illL~~~ mlW:~it~ wb ' 1-~~,6ff00.@8~ti ~~~{~~ J\ 8~= 3i{lim 0

1¥it~ 11 - 12 fiM~~~ a W b ~{~~J\ti~ number.bin P9' 13 fi~U~~~{!ID~9U

arr ~J\ number.bin °)!~~ 13 fiB~~g)t' '8~{~ffl fwrite() lill!f~M~~9U arr~~*~'

l..~ sizeof(int) ( 4 {!ID{li:lI;*§) ~~{li ' ~f!Slt:±:l 3 {~~t~t7':1J\B~~*~ ' ?.MttMW8~J\m

~c:p 0
fr~ 13 fi fwrite() e~~g)tcp , ~~fHH~J~~{IID~9U arr ~l~~J\ , ?!TU~

- {!IDs ll~tffe!J\ 3 °

~~double 1~ 3 8 {!ID{li:lI;*§ ' int 1~ 3 4 {!ID{li:lI;*§ ' pff l..~~J\ti~ number.bin P98~

~*l;*;::1j\~1~3 8 X 2+4 X 3=28 {!ID{li:lI;*§ fr Windows XP ~

0
' .R~J~)~fil~tJli}~f~
------------------------------..,~---------------------------------------
~U number.bin lilm_t_J5 ' tE)lM~'t51?~~ i±lrnJ~ ~*'J'~ 28 1~111:51JE!BJ~~Bf.l • :i!Dl'
li]pfffR :

~ 12.4. 1
~l\ number.bin OC)j;t*31;1:!;
lll&l: Blll!i~
flJ~ BM: 2004/4AI J:'f 12:27 16 28 @ili:lL*.13
7',J,:28 l!!lfll:>f.lll

~~i ff9=3i11Iti · CITffl fread() ~I~ 0

l'l§i8Ji819UH~*i progl2_6 • ;\'tcpfR,83:i!D1~~~18~
13$ti~ number.bin c:j:i8J l~1~ff9i±l 0
2Js:.i819U~ M~YD 1' :
01 !* prog12 _ 7 , ~mz=~11Iti~~~'§' */
02 #include <std i o . h >
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 int ma i n (vo id)
05
06 double a,b;
07 int i,arr[3];
08 FILE *fptr ;
09
10 fptr = fopen( " c:\\prog\\number.bin "," rb "); /* !m.@ti~ */
11 fread ( &a , sizeof (double ),1,fptr ); /* Je~mlB~~*'l~~:IE'*8agfil{ */
12 fread ( &b , sizeof (double ),1,fptr); /* Je ~ml~~*'l~~:IE'*8bgfj~ */
13 fread (arr , sizeof (int ), 3 , fptr ); / * ie~mz~~*'l~~:IE'*8 9Uarr gfj~ *I
14
15 printf( " a=%4.2f\n ", a );
16 printf (" b=%4. 2f \n",b);
17 for ( i=O;i <3 ;i++)
18 printf " arr[%d]=%d\n ",i, arr [i]);
19
20 fclose (fptr) ;
21
22 system ( " pause " );
23 return O;
24
/
/* prog12_ 7 OUTPUT--
a=3 .1 4
b=6 . 28
arr[0]=12
arr [1] = 4 3
arr [ 2 ] =64
------ ----- --- ----- ----*/

f~It~ 10 iT , OOIDt number.bin , TI:tr~~~ooruta:rt~ rb , 1-IC~PJTOOrute~m•~11tl~

~i ®'!@'.*~e~=ii11Hi 0
fitum freadO @l~M~Hi•cpe~1tu~1~1¥~it±l , !tr
~ 11 ~ 13
~~~m~•f~gfilt 0)1~J'j~ number.bin cp' §U~~'!@]~B~ru! ~lH~: double' 7~=~~ int'

~~~•i:mm•OO·lli~~~~@~l¥·lli~ffi~ru!M~ •-*:S:filtB~ 0

~~~~M·•~~ugm~w••~=~m~~~~~m:rt·H~~~5:rtW~­
•~·~-~~~~R~~••m.irutoo~:s:i:ma:rt0

0
~I~ open() ~EJ'i:SJm~im ~~*i•~l~@I~, '8lli~Uffl *Z3 EISZ=~1lz*;li1; ~J?tl*~~ ,
:5~~~1~=~1:U8i'CMA'!@'.*~~tl-1~ ~1Hi• test.bin ' ~fuffl~Dl'B~5It :

int f l ; !* '§'~~l~~I~ f l 3R}~USIJ~~f1C5JJE *I

fl =open("t est . bin ", O_WRONLY IO_C REATIO_BINARY , S_ IREAD );

J:[§J8~~3J.ttcp ' open() @1~8~~ 2 f~sl• O_WRONLY I O_CREAT I O_BINARY' ~TR

moom~••RmMA· ~•••~:s:~·~8oorut-@~•·•A~~Ie~=~m
~It·§~~~@••~Ett~~-ru!M·lli~~~·l'~~oorut~@••oo·B{i
m• Elsz , ~~~~MA'!~'.*~ 0
-------------------------------~-----------------------------------------
~Bm•=•~~~=~m•• ~@~mm ·H~B~®@•M 0
~~~~~~~~
*M~f~8isJ~g~l\=~11I~~c:p :
01 /* prog12 s , ~'lil\~*4iLl=ii1.vJi~ */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include <fcntl . h>
05 #include <io . h>
06 #include <sys/stat.h>
07 int main(void)
08
09 int fl;
10 stru c t data
11
12 char name[lO];
13 int math;
14 }stu dent={ "Jenny ", 96) ;
15
16 fl=open (" c: \ \prog\ \score .bin", O_CREAT IO_WRONLY I O_ BINARY , S_ IREAD );
17 if<< fl! =-1 ) > /* *i~OO.@/JX.J.b *I
18 {
19 write (fl, &st udent , sizeof (student ));
20 c l ose (fl);
21 printf (" ~*4 B~l\*i~! ! \n" );
22
23 else
24 printf ( "*i~OO.@~l& ! ! \n ") ;
25
26 system (" pause ");
27 return O;
28

/* prog12_ 8 OUTPUT--
~*48~1\*i~ ! !
------------ - --------*/
 ti~~I! 12-29
/
0 f~~~4~~ m,
n~+wuc:p · 10~14 fi:IE~3ma~ data· PJB~'§-§m6tM~I~ student· !fz~~:IE:fJJ1~ 0
m
16 fifum open() lllill~OOW score.bin· ~c:pm=@lsll~~~:IE3

O_ CREAT IO_WRONLYIO_ BINARY

'8{-\;;£Z,5JT~OOW8~ti~ score.bin ~-11QJDJl~JJ~l\~rrn~=~1.Uti ' :QD~ti~l'B:

ti • ~U~~ff~-1~ti~ §S9~' IE~OOti~~c:p~ O_CREAT @1~1~§ '
0
,5JTl~.JJ~1F~

DJt,Zti open() lllill~t!/JDJ\m=1~511~ ' tilit/JOJ\

S IREAD

f~~ I 7~24 fi~ if-else t.)(illt ' :5~ fl l'~JJ~-1 ' £Zif4i~OO.IN'*J.1J ' &;L~UOOti
~w:i: ' ¥Afi 24 fi 0
:QO~ti~OO.IN'*J}J
' ~U¥Afi 18~22 fi ~~~)SU)±~e~~m 19 fi
0

fUffl write() lllill~M~mMM~I~ student 8~179'.@ 'l;l. sizeof(student) ( 16 @{ll::7IJ§.) ~~

{lz , - :t~f!SU:!J 1 1~~*~1~~7\ti~ fl cp 0

1~1~-t~e~~, ti+WUcp, fi1F~~~'.IE3 score.bin ~lliHiHi C1mDJl;l.ti score.bin ti~

~m...t~P:mrr1Emmmr179g_J3Kli~'.IE'8~01t~ti), m-:;~¥AfiJIU~nB~, score.bin

::t:fm~~ ' IEJIUMJ'B~!fzl'~~rCJ~~ • ?.t\fffi¥MJ'7titz , ti~ score.bin BB:ti , §~

01t~i ' :QO~Jl:U~~¥Afi+,8WU- /~ ' 1mM~~~~I5Mi~Bl'f:i~~oow ' ~~IE~tif~
~li,~t! , fi1F~t~:IE 3 00ti~~~D1t~;L~9: 0

~~~);!(~1~rCJ~~' 1mDJl;l.J~®:5M~ score.bin ffilUt.rj[~m:~ff¥Afi-/~' §,\Ztf~J~ open()

lllill~t!B~m-1~ s I~29:'*
S IWRITE
-------------------------~~--------------------------------
:t~T"*' ftjp~j:ij:t~f~J:\; prog12_8 PJT9irre~=ii1ll:~~~ ' ;rum read() l?Islf~81E!Slt±l3K 'f~
It;e~m~~o-r :
01 !* pro 9 12 9 , ~f!5C~1.Um~a]~:g */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include <fcntl. h>
05 #include <i o.h>
06 #include <sys/stat.h>
07 int main(void)
08
09 int fl;
10 struct data
11
12 char name[lO];
13 in t math;
14 } student ; /* '§~*6*~~~ st udent *I
15 fl=open ( " ~ rog\ \score . bin", O RDONLY O_BINARY );
16
17 if ( (fl ! =-1 ) )
18 {
19 read(fl , &student , sizeof (student )); /* ~f!Q~;jGJ.TI!*8studentg$ */
20 printf (" student. name=%s \n ", st udent . n ame ) ;
21 printf (" student .mat h =%d\n ", stude nt.math );
22 close (fl);
23 }
24 else /* m~fm@~l& *I
25 printf ("*~~fm@).t::l& ! ! n");
26
27 system( " pause ");
28 re turn 0 ;
29

/* prog12_9 OUTPUT--
s tudent .n ame=Jenny
student.math=96
------------------------*/
/
0 f~it~~~~ ~
f~~m 10- 141J'J:E~3*6*M data• 14 fril:ft'§'~ data rui~tl~*a*M~I~ student 0
§g 15
fi • mJ@m• score.bin• ~Im@~~~ O_RDONLY I O_BINARY • {~~fif:J:l;8ilf.Q•

*48~=3i11I*i• 0

m19 fifLlffl read() i?Isil~M~*i• score.bin cf:i8~1~]4 · l:;,i_ sizeof(student)( I611Q111I5a§)

~~ill '- :tR~If.Ql±l I {IQli@]4I~gJ)~~tl*6*M~I~ student f' ' i3:lEPl±l~I~ student cp
gfil~~@ 0 ~~~~Ml:±:lcf:i·~~~ugm2o~Ififfiml±l~•m·~~$
progl2_8 cf:iRJ\fi• score.bin B~f~{j 0

~~~e~~•M2m·~~~-~~••&~••=~@•~~-~~?1m@m•
S'jf · R~'.M;_t r' b' w' · ··~IW~~)t8J3glf.QB~~~o@ ! ~-~fl*i•@l~e~9:1fflB~tfu
7'5 • ~9D~)t • ~alm&B~i?IsiEtt~:lI; ' .f&~1t~ printf() ' scanf() i?Isil~~~f,@tt,3to
~·ill~~m•am&~@Em~-®&m~•~·~·~~@~aJ3:l~·~am&

~@••~~~g~mR·@~•••&~l?IslE®mn~~~~~~~~~fi~·~
Jit,5JT~~8~¥Afifi@~1J\ · ¥Afi~MtB~ 1rR 0
-------------------------~----------------------------------

1. ~~~tt~~~••?£~tt~aa?

- 2. §rt~~~gmE28~8W@•·:ttm@m~~·figooEli~Bj~~ 0

- 3. §rt1~~-~rt · .L~BJ s i~~::71';;%~fui'lj.1-Jrt · m@ prog12_1 cpfiffi~ffl i'JjjU'fti

welcome.txt ( tlll:m : CITfLlffl fgets() @193Kt~~) 0

- 4. §itfl~2~ progl2_2 · i~f®8~tt1~~~ · ilif:i~~'QJ5t~l±Ltt~~g,'f~~:7I;:f/JZ1~~ 3 ( a:I.~

fi~jI;) 0

5. §itil~2~ progl2_2 • i~f®ti~:ftj~~~ • ~.L~ fgets() @193Km!151ti~ • §.L~ fputs() @19

3K~l\jUUU output.txt cp 0

6. §rtf1~2~ prog12_3 • 1Jol\m*l~mi~~JJX;JJJ8jflfrtl1\ll · .L~utAE'ti~~lEmsj~fil'. 0

7. §itilU~ progl2_4 Bj§g 17 fi • ~ printf() @192~1JX;fLlffl puts() @193Kiii4il±l~$ 0

8. §rtml~-flfrt • ~:>Z:~ti aa.txt ft bb.txt Bjpgf§El{l::j:JJX; cc.txt 0

.. 9. ~o~:t~ progl2_5 f~' §g 7 fi SIZE BjAE'~fl~2~;% 16' ~rt~~CIT.L~lElii¥Afi? ;%tt~?

IO . §itfl~2~ progl2_5 • f~f®ti~tt:1~~i'ljf6J~ • iliCIT.L~1:!S:~l!t.t.EDl±l1~~8jpgf§ 0

11 . §rt1£1<1'9U8jti7~3BIJX;flfrt5~5t :
(a) §it/¥~ 10 @J 1-64 2Fs~Bj~f9JILl9 ' TI!z~'8~l\*11J:>Z:~ti "rand.txt" Ps 0

(b) m~ - flErtwU!51*11l:>Z:~ti rand .txt BjP9f§ · Mz5t~@ 101~19{!1i'ljSfl~1.!1l. 0

/

int arr[] = {12,4, 5 ,6};

int a=l2,b=1 6;

14. ~fl~29:~Jm 12 • ~~i§Effl fwrite() i>3sil~ • M~~~ffilifl.29:1-~=lii:U:ti~e'il;IBJ:t~l\ti~

hwl2_ 14.bin cp o

(a) 8it~~ 10 flQJ 1 ~ 16 2Fs~i'El~~ll,I~ ' TI:fz~'8~7\=l.i1:Uti "rand.bin" ~ 0

(b) !~~-flfit8i@=li1:Uti rand.bin e'il ~'.§ 'TI:fz:t:JW:J~ 10 flQJl~1fl.8~~::*:1fl.WSf ~jfl. 0

17. ~1:lX1'°9UB~ti7~7BJJX.flEit5~~t :
(a) f1U9: progl2_8 • ~~rr 3 flQJ struct data ~~24?!l1!+~9U student• TI:fz~'8~7\=li

i:Uti "student.bin" ~ o

int arr[] = {11326,4445,15589,23740,76840};

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01 I* progl 3_1, :*:ruif£~trsliB1~~ *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #include <math.h>
05 #define PI 3.1416
06 double area(double r);
07 double peri(double r);
08 void show (double r);
09 int main(void) /* '.if'.~ main () @~~ *I
10
11 printf("area(2 . 2 )= %5 . 2f\n",area(2.2));
12 printf("peri(l.4)= %5 . 2f\ n",peri(l.4));
13 system ("pause");
14 return 0;
15
16
17 double area(double r)
18
19 s h ow ( r );
20 return (PI *pow (r,2.0)); /* pow(r,2 . 0)0J6t~rtrsl5¥1-J */
21
22
23 double peri (doub le r)
24
25 show(r);
26 return (2 *PI*r ) ;
27
28
29 void show(double r) /* §6Jlilll~show() •0Ji.!.l'.lffi"*-1l"l!: */
30
31 p ri ntf( " "*-1l"l!:f.0 %5.2f, ",r);
32
_________________________...,~----------------=----------------

/* prog13_1 OUTPUT--------
-*1~.f.0 2. 20 , area (2. 2) =15. 21
-*1~.f.0 1.40, peri(l.4}= 8.80
----------------------------*/

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01 /* prog13_2.c, ;*;::ru1fll1J:t8jiQ:f9~ (±fli1nl */

02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 double area (double r); /* IIBI~ area() ~ffil:ru1 *I
05 double peri (double r) ; --~L-*~IIBI=
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06 int main (void)
07
08 printf("area(2.2}=%5.2f\n",area(2.2));
09 printf ("peri (1. 4) =%5 . 2f\n " ,peri (1. 4)) ;
/
10
11 system("pause");
12 return 0;
13

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01 /* area . c, §~J@Jl~ar ea (), ·~rnt~l§l[§j~ */

02 #include <math. h>
03 #define PI 3.1416
04 void show (double);
05 double area (double r)
06
07 show (r);
OB return (PI *pow (r, 2 .0));
09

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01 /* peri.c, §~J@J~p e ri() ··~rnt~l§J~~ */

02 #define PI 3 .1416
03 void show (double);
04 double peri (double r)
05 {
06 show (r);
07 return (2*P I*r);
08

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01 /* show. c, El5J@lhhow () ' ~i'.li'R#1~ *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 void show (double r)
04
05 printf ( "#1~.ff.ii%5. 2f , ", r);
06

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3 #include <st dlib.h>
4 <loul11e acea (<louJ1J.e r);
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5 doul1J.e peri (clo uhJ.e r); ii\!l.&i
6
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8 {
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9 print f (" area(2 . 2) =%5 . Zf\n" ,area( 2 .2));
IO print.! ("pe ri ( 1. 'l) =; s , Zf\ n ", peri ( 1. 4));
({
12 system ("p a use" ) ;
13 return O;
14 )
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#1!l!_:fflli 2 . 20 , area(2.2)=15 . 21
#1!l!_:fflli 1.40, peri(l.4)= 8 . 80
-------- ---- -- --- --- --- --- ---* /

1
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01 !* prog 1 3_3 . c , ~±9-.1Z~l~8~1~ffli'B19U (:J::~i'Cl * I

02 # in c lude <st di o .h >
03 #inc l ude <stdl ib .h>
04 i nt c nt; / * §~ ~±9-.1Z~I~ c nt * I
05 void coun t (vo i d ) ; I* §'~ count () lilll~~ffiUW *I
06 i n t mai n( vo i d )
07
08 pr intf ( "~~ '®l\ c nt ~f)Jfg[: ");
09 sca n f (" %d ", &c n t);
10
11 count(); / * m-»'.0¥0~@1~ count<) * I
12 count(); / * m=:t\'.0¥0~@~ count() * I
13
14 c n t+ +; / * ~ c nt ~fg[,lJO 1 *I
15 p r intf(" c n t =%d \ n ", cnt); / * EPlli c nt B~fgr *I
16
17 system( "paus e");
18 re t urn 0;
19

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01 /* coun t. c , M~iE:i9,,\\~l98'iJ{§l1JD 1 , j]::fz9UfPt±:l* *I
02 # in clude <stdi o . h>
03 void cou nt (vo i d )
04
05 extern i nt cnt ;
06 c nt ++ ;
07 print f(" c n t = %d\n ", cnt );
08

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~~'® l\ cn t B'il:f.JJ{§[: 10
cnt=ll
cnt=l2
cnt= l 3
----------------------- */

o f~rt~~~~ b1i
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#endif

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#else 0

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01 /* progl3_4, j§!:ilf.j#ifdef' #else~#endifj;~~ */

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #define STR "Hello C language. \n" I* '.Af'ji STR ~-1~~~ *I
05 int main (void)
06
07 #ifdef STR
08 printf(STR);
09 #else
10 printf("STR )~~~'.Af'ji\n");
11 #endif
12
13 system("pause");
-------------------------a:J."--------------------------------
14 return 0;
15

/* prog13_4 OUTPUT--
Hello C language.

-----------------------*/

f~it§i?; 4 fi'.\'.E'.~3 STR ~ "Hello C language." ~$•I!! STR 8'.\'.E~~ • t.i~~§g 7

fiBJJ!Llil\~ffe! ' ?!Tl.~§f-; 8 fi8J$)(31.JH~1$*i~i ' fPc±:l "Hello C language." ~$ 0

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3•1!1tt$~m~··~~~-~~~-~~~~rtR~T[§]~~rt~:

01 int main (void )

02
03 printf( " Hello C language . \n") ;
04 system( " pause") ;
05 return O;
06

0 #if ' #else ' #elif ~ #endif m~

#if' #else ' #elif W #endifj;~~tDi~:Ui11$)lizl! ~BJ if-else t~ ~i~~1tJ • ~m~~~[§j- IJ®:
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~U #endif ~l.C • ~.Port~DTP!Tif\ :
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#elif ~·it 3

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#else~ #el if !Q}~~W #if' #endif tl§~gji2'6' • ~§~~~§llj~,Et.J'81~~ • jg;f.t1@H:!::J,D.Jl~/JDJ\I~

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01 /* prog13_ 5 , j~Jtj #if '#else ~#endif :j:~ ~ *I

02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib .h>
04 #define SIZE 1 5 /* ;\E~ S IZE ~J'jS: 15 * /
05
06 int main(void)
07
08 #ifdef SIZE
09 #if SIZE>20 }
10 c h ar str[S IZE )= " Hello C language.";
~m!H§JJE:~ SIZE ' i:iu
11 #e l se Ni~@ l~f~i\:l~:±.l
12 char *str= " SIZE too small ";
13 #endif
14 #else
15 char *str= " SIZE not defined ";
16 #endi f
17
18 printf( " %s\ n ", str );
19
20 system (" pause ");
21 return 0 ;
22
______________________..,,,______________________________

/* prog13_5 OUTPUT---
SIZE to o small
----------------------*/

f~rt~~~~ ~
1f2 progl3_5 q::i J 15 ° ~ 81TJ!u55UJ' SIZE ~~1$'.!E~@ ;g:~
~ 415''.!E~ SIZE 1.?!i J J

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0

15~~ 9~131]'8'SJ$!(3filtH$tigJ ~ 9 fi'J!u~ SIZE ~~AD~ 20 ;l:tm6~1.?!i::f~rr J'j~

0
J J

~ 12 fi'tHRZ~igJ • ~Jlt:r~~ str ~:j:~~ "SIZE too small" ~.$ ~1tz • 18 fi~EPt:±:l
0

o #undef ~~

#undef ~~~ ,:L§1J;E~@B'SJg~55U~EfSU~;i::t;E~ · 1~f®~i<~55U~r:ttt1tzB'Slf1Eitc:l=iJW,)t~M

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Poi\; 13.3.3
#undef ~llLl~

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~~r:tmR~it~·l'~~mB~*1f?!i~:ct~ro®~B'SJ~tt·~~~~~it~~•~
~5$:*: · rmf~B'Slf1Eit~~~t~~JJ~?.Z\lli~~~~7J<~~I !
/

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0
•·~u~mm~m@•~•~w~~m~•#nEm ~WH~~~m•#nEm
~010Jmmrr Aruif~neJm~...t 0

ti§i'F\~~i'i3f9~ prog8_28 I H1F9~~]'-{~ area.h am~Hi I ffll-jl_Bf~,g.:f!R{DJ%M7\BJ

l§iffi 0
IYltt~U*~~*i area.h *fil);{$ I 3iITTisl?Jtfm~o{OJtt8~*i1,m~11*{4ntigiBJf~
nnlll§ 0

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r*J 0
area.h r*Ja ]' -lftBt~R1DJ%Ml\,::?,l§iffi~lillll~~~ I ~r*J'.@~DT.Pnm :

/* area.h~~~m */
#define PI 3 .1 4159
#define CIRCLE(r) ((PI) * (r ) * (r))
#define RECTANGLE (l engt h, height) ((length)* (height))
#define TRIANGLE (ba se , height) ((base)* (he i g ht) /2.)

H~T*• g~~~n-1~*~~*i volume.h • f'l§i~~3~UBt~nGR1DJ]fjMJl\,::?,Gffi8J

0n ~~~:1 ]' ,::?,1tt llig~fmM~'813~tt c:\prog BJ~*~~r*J :
I I

/* volume . h ffil~~f~ *I
#define PI 3 . 1416
#define SPHERE(r) (4.0/ 3 . 0*(PI)*(r)*(r)*(r))
#define BOX(length,width,he ight) ((length)*(width)*(height))

m~a ]' ,::?,1tt I ~D~Bt~~l§jffi I R~i~*~R~*i area.h a:f53i* l:W~ 0

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~~lil<Gffi • R~a:t5 volume.h §.p~ 0
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?§~l-jl_fg8~a:t5 area.h w volume.h -~*iU~? mrrH1F9*!1l~8it8it I ~OTl§iBJf~nnlll§

rnm:
-------------------------~"'---------------------------------
01 /* progl3_6 , fg~§;:f::S area . h W volume .h t~ffi'Hi (~~5~iiW8) *I
02 # in clude <stdio . h>
03 # in c lude <stdl ib. h>
04 #include " c: \prog\area . h" I* §;:f::S~illlti area . h *I
05 #include " c : \prog\volume .h" /* '§;J'::S~ffi'Hivolume.h */
06 int ma in (void )
07
08 printf("CIRCLE(l.0)= %5.2f\n",CIRCLE(l.0)); /* ~t~!§Ji§jffi */
09 printf (" S PHERE (l.0) = %5.2f\n" , SPHERE(l. 0 )); /* ~t~!§Jl)J(~ffi */
10
11 system ("pause " );
12 return O;
13

/ * prog13_ 6 OUTPUT---
CIRCLE(l . 0)= 3 . 14
SPHERE(l . 0 ) = 4 . 19
----------------------*/

o l£n~~~~ ~
*i81?U§trDJ¥Afi · 1.~~•~:~~n ,1~u±:Jm · ~~fftt1P9:tEe~1! · PI 1mmm~~ 3 1
@~H~W:~Dfrl? ~D~t~H~ area.h Wvolume.h @~1~t~m!t~ ' ~~-~~I.~:81P9i~~~
3 PI • ffi]_§~{~ PI {filBJ~~ .SZ. ~lftt~:::f[6_] • ~Jl:tf6J8~ a:f~~~{~~~t~ • PI llilitt

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•·Af•~~W@fEg~~~~~~ 0 ~m~·~~~U$~~E~@~mm~•~
M%~m~?••k·R~~mk-Mffi~~~r•~~•m~m~·W~fj~~~
m.J@ill'Fo~m 0

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/
01 I* vol ume2. h 8j~Hfiti *I
02
03
#ifndef PI
#define PI 3.1416
Pr ~ow 5~W!E~
·
} ~U!E~ PI 1i0 3.1416
04 #endif
05 #define SPHERE(r) (4.0/3.0*(PI)*(r)*(r)*(r))
06 #define BOX (length, width , height) ((length)* (width)* (height))

T'l§JB~f~i\;~,ll§~M~ progl3_6 f~i\;cp • §g 5 fiB~~lffit~ volume.h {1~2:9:.f.%i volume2.h • W

L;JJm•f~it8~¥Mi*6~ :
01 /* prog13_7, fg8~6:16area.h~volume2.h~Hflm(fl~.i::EM&) */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #include " c:\prog\area.h "
05 #include " c:\prog\volume2 . h" /* 6:16J\~mlmvolume2.h */
06 int main (void)
07
08 printf( " CIRCLE(l.0)= %5.2f\n ", CIRCLE(l.0)) ; /* ~t~[§J[§]ffi */
09 printf("SPHERE(l.0 )= %5.2f\n ",SPHERE(l.0)) ; /* ~t~[§JJ:*!mffi */
10
11 system("pause ");
12 return 0;
13

/* progl3_7 OUTPUT---
CIRCLE(l.0)= 3 . 14
SPHERE(l.0)= 4.19
----------------------*/

o f~It~~~'.lt m
JJ~:<fi?Uc:fi ' ~1P9~i.f§g 5 fii~~-{IQJ1N~2:9:
• M~~\ffiti1.te progl3_6 B~ volume.h 2:9:/JX,
a:f6J\ volume2.h ttf~it¥MiB~ • §g 4 fia:f6J\ area.h B~ • PI {_miji;t~lgzff>~ • ~
0

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~m~ff'~ 0 mt£•~~-•~mi.f~it•~u~m~Mfi·~§/f~~=~~~
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----------------------·~.....----------------------------
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0

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:t~~1~B~1B~i'I~Jm1f~1~ 0

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01 !* progl3_ s, ®~9U51198jf§tiffl */
02 #include <s t dio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (int argc, char *argv []) /* JE'~DJHM~51~8j main()@~ *I
05
06 int i;

pr in t f ( "argc t@1.lr[:#.li%d \ n", a r gc) ; /* fPt±:l argc 8~1.lr[ *I

for(i=O;i<argc;i++)
printf("argv[ %d]= %s\n",i,argv[i]); /* fPt±:l argv [i] t@1.lr[ *I
11
12 system("pause");
13 return O;
14

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---------------------------~~-------------------------------------
/* prog13_8 OUTPUT-----------------------
c: \Documents and Settings\wien>:;d-;~ \_p;;g.-:-- ~~§j~tJJJMU¥Aff.fi
~ - - - - - - - - - - -: - - - -.- - - - - - - ----,- - - - - - - - - - - B'iJpfTfri:Uii
C : \prog> ' prog13 8 Time is money! ,
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argc 8j{m~ 4
argv[OJ=prog13_8 1± DOS {~i1Cl'¥Afi' progl3_8
argv[l)=Time
argv[2J=is
argv[3J=money!
-------------------------- - --- - ------ - -- - ---*/

0 ~~it~~~)l ~
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p r og l3_9 wel come . tx t ou t put.txt

-------------------------------,~~----------------------------------------
~U~:t~3Z~t~ welcome.txt e~~'.@'.illS~:f~~ , m~~U3Z~t~ output.txt 1-~ 0 1'±¥Afi~[§]f~

:i\:~J\§~§1]' ~~~~i'.\E welcome.txt t~~BgZ±' §W prog13_9 ~J]~t~Z±[g-{IQ]~*~~f!:

01 /* progl3 9 , ~~m~~'.§ * /
02 #include <stdio .h>
03 #inc lude <stdlib . h>
04 int main(int argc , char *argv [])
05
06 FILE *fptrl,*fptr2 ;
07 char ch ;
08
09
10 {____
if (argc==3 )

11 fptrl=fopen (argv [ l], "r") ;

12 fptr2=fopen (argv [ 2 ] , "w") ;
13 if((fptrl!=NULL) && (fptr2 !=NULL))
14 {
15 whi le(( ch=getc (fptrl)) !=EOF) I* ~Ll!fi~i§~Llitm~ *I
16 putc(ch,fptr2); I* -:;)(HH~-j~~:l[; *I
17 fclose(fptrl);
18 fclose(fptr2);
19 printf ( "m~:l~~j[;JJ)Z ! ! \n") ;
20
21 else
22 printf ( "t~~OOE)(~l'& ! ! \n") ;
23
24 else
25 printf ("3~~¥ff~1'1!:1-f®l\! ! \n");
26 system ("pause");
27 return O;
28

/* prog13_9 OUTPUT-----------------------
c : \Docume nts and Set tings\ wien>r cd c·~··\·p;;g )__ ~~§1~tJJJMU~J\1J'm
C:\prog>prog13_9 welcome.txt
···· · ···
output.txt
mZ£ il'ilJ:u]i[
*~~:l~~j[;JJ)Z ! !
--------------------------------------------*/
/
0 t~it~~~~ ~
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Hello kitty!
Hello kitty!
Hello kitty!

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Welcome to the
world of C language
____________________,__,.,____________________________
 chapter

14
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01 I* prog14_1, ib ~~8G1~R!!iG'!i'.~i'B19tl */
02 #in c lude<s t dio . h>
03 # in c lude<stdlib .h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int *p t r , i;
07 ptr= (in t * ) rnalloc (3*sizeof (int)); /* !!iG'!i'. 3 flQF(~fili~~~~Fs~ *I
08
09 *p tr= 1 2 ; I* :le~'!i'..:L8G1:M~%~~§!% 111QJ{u'!i'.~~111l~ 12 *I
10 * (ptr+1)= 35 ; I* :le§!% 2 1lQH1I'!i'.~~111l~ 3 s * I
11 * (ptr+2 )=140; I* :le 3 flQHli'!i'.~~m~ 140 *I
12
for(i=O;i <3 ;i++)
---~ printf (" *ptr+%d=%d\n ", i, * (ptr+i)); /* fPt±l:S:fili~{~ *
 15
16
17
18 sys t em (" pau se ");
19 r e tu r n O;
20 }

/* prog14_1 OUTPUT- - -
*pt r+ 0=1 2
*ptr +1= 3 5
*pt r+2=14 0
--- -- ----- - ---- - ----- - */

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01 /* prog l 4 2 , lolG~l§G1:~~Fs~*3*eitM~IQ *I
02 #include<stdio . h>
03 #include<stdlib.h>
04 int main(void)
05
06 int num , i;
07 struct student /* JE'~HM!! student *I
08
09 char name[lO];
10 int score ;
11 *ptr;
12
13 printf( "Number of student : ");
14 scanf ( " %d ", &num) ;
15
16 ptr= (struct student*) malloc(num*sizeof(struct student));
17
18 for (i =O ; i<num;i++ )
19
20 fflush (stdin ); /* )~~~ftJ~B'sll~J'.§ *I
21 printf("name for student %d: II f i +l) ;
22 gets( (ptr+i ) ->name ); I* ~Sl\ffiJ~$~7\ name ~~ *I
23 printf (" score for student %d: ", i+l);
24 scanf (" %d ",&(ptr+i ) ->sco re ); /* ~117\B'sl~IQ~l\ score ~~ *I
25
26 for(i=d;i<num;i++)
27 rintf(" %s: score=% d\n ", (ptr+i) - >name, (ptr+i) - >score);
28
29
30
31 sys tem( "p ause ");
32 return O;
33

/* prog14 2 OUTPUT---------
Number of student: 2
name for student 1: Jenny
score for student 1: 65
name for student 2 : Teresa
score for student 2 : 88
Jenny: score=65
Teresa: score=88
----------------------------*/
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' ~*OI- 1~~ ( ~*OI- 1~~ ··.. ~*OI- 1~~ \ $9U8~l!Gii~

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12 H--
j 30 I I J 1-;+1i•I
l'i""' 64 I Iii
NULL

'··. jj~~o a flll(li:ltl: ·· ........................................ ··

01 /* prog14_3 , ~n 3 no~oB'iliiU6$9U */
02 #include<stdio.h>
03 #include<stdlib .h >
04 struct node
05
06 int data ; /* ~~~~ */
07 struct node *next; /* m*B~~' :S:fili}~loJT-1~HO~oB'iJJM~ *I
08 };
09 typedef struct node NODE; I* ~ s truct node ~fi~ NODE ~~ *I
10
11 i nt main(void)
12
13 NODE a , b , c; /* '§'~a, b , c :!ft!, NODE ~~ffiJ~fQ *I
14 NODE *ptr=&a; I* '§'~ ptr , !l1~'8t~loJnol!l.o a *I
15
16 a.data=l2 ; /* 8~~no~o a 8j data ~~:!ft!, 12 *I
17 a.next=&b; / * ~n'iJ~o a 8'iJ next ~~t~loJT-1~n'iJ~o · l:!P b *I
18 b.data=30 ;
19 b .next=&c ;
20 c.data=64;
21 c. next=NULL ; /* M~no!!!.o c 8'iJ next~~~~~ NULL *I
22
23 while (ptr ! =NULL) /* ~ ptr /!'~NULL~• ~UfJ\fiT9U~lfil *I
24 {
25 printf ( " address=%p, ", ptr); 1 * EP.'::l::lno!!!.oB'il1.u±it * /
26 printf ( "data= %d , ", ptr- >da ta); 1 * EP.'::l::lno~oB'il data ~~ * /
-------------------------"""'~--------------------------------
27 printf("next= %p\n ",pt r-> next); / * fPtl:lT-f~a!J:Jli8'Mut1t */
28 ptr=ptr->next; /* ~ ptr fEl~T-f~aP:ll.~ *I
29
30
31 system(" pause " );
32 retur n 0;
33 }

/* progl4_3 OUTPUT----------------------
address=0022 FF 70 , data=12, next=0022FF68
address=0022 FF 68 , data=30, next=0022FF60
address=0022 FF 60 , data=64, next=OOOOOOOO
----- ----------- ------------------------*/

o ~~:rt~t~~ m
tt progl4_3 c::p • f¥it 4-8 1-J-JE:~J'mafM node· P'9~~1~PX;~ data W next, ~s~m
9 fiJE'.~3 struct node ~NODE :@I~· U:0{~1ttmlf¥itli~8~m~ )l~tt::$:1~Ucp ,
0

fM~:tl:~mafM node JE:~tt main() [?]Jf~8~9Hffi , ~Dllt-3K • mam node ll'.t~PX;-1~~

t§ll8~JE:~ •lltB~tt main() W~8[?]J~P'9~~0J.Ljl_ '@'~NODE :@1~8~~1~ ~D~ffi 4- 90

fif~~U main() [?]Jf~P'9 • ~UJ5~~8[?]Jf~P'9ll't::f1:J~<§~ NODE :@l~j8~~f~3 ° 12SJ~::$:

1~UMI5~ ~1§Effl~U~8[?]Jf~ , ,6ff 1)JW1§Effi 4- 9 fif~~U main() [?]Jf~1~ · f~n1~?.:t\DJ.Ljl_

lEMUJifi 0

m13 fi'§~ 3 =1~ NODE :@l~~~f~ a' b W c • m14 fi~U'§~ 3'.t~ loJ NODE :@I
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0

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' }'tcp{il±J.t
ptr ~ ...~12_J FF~~_n......- -
FF70
!·1".30 _1~-~~~,~ ----.+1·1 .FF ~~ ~~~LJJ
~-. FF68
.,. .,,___ 60 J
. 1
*5 ~
Rl1lH~l§i 4 {i'I.

··...................................... ................................... ································ ......··

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~~~B~~a~m~~~m-@MU 0 ~-~~1-JIC@~@~~·~~-~~~M
~·~~m-@M~~~@Jtl~·~~ffi~~~~·~~lliM~~® 0

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Z:El~i'Ccp • 1§EJtl~~
umAMU~•§·U.&m-@w~2a~mz~~® 0
*~m~~~--~l':

01 /* prog14_ 4, .L.~!JJ ~~G1~G~G~iiU5$9U *I

02 #include<stdio .h >
03 #include<stdlib.h>
04 struct node
05
06 int data ; /* ~*'f!J.\Z~ */
07 struct n ode *next ; I* iiUiSIJ.lZ~ · §:J5~J~~~-1~&1Hlc5®:t~~ *I
08 };
09 typedef struct node NODE ; /* ~ struct node AE'~IJ.\Z NODE rui~ *I
10
11 int main(void)
12
13 int i, val ,num;
14 NODE *fir st , *current , *previous; I* ~ll 3 @:f~[CB NODE ®t~~ *I
15 printf( "Number of no des: ");
16 scanf( " %d", &num);
-------------------------------..,,~-----------------------------------------
17 for(i=O ;i <num ; i++)
18
19 c urrent = (NODE * ) malloc (sizeof (NODE)); /* ~lIWi'B~IIDlM *I
20 printf ("Data for node %d: ", i+l );
21 scanf (" %d",&(current - >data )); /* '®7\lfolllM~dataPX;~ */
22 if (i== O) /* :QD.ll!U~~-{IQJn1Jlllo *I
23 first=current; /* :ti:!:}~~ first :}~RJ§lfill~g1Jl!;1o *I
24 else
25 previous->next=current; /* :tt:!§u-{IQlniJlllo~ next:}~RJElllilB~a1Jlllo */
26 current->next=NULL; /* :tt:!§§u~n1J l!lli~ next:}~NULL */
27 previous=current; /* :tt:!§u - flQla1Jl!l.o8~1JX;§§u~a1Jl!l.o *I
28
29 current=f ir st ; I* 8~>E current /.ili~-flQla1Jl!lo *I
30 whil e (c u rrent ! =NULL ) I* :QD~ii)~~~tl$9U*Wll • ~tliifi5Efill~~1'!= * I
31
32 printf ( " address= %p , ", curre nt) ; I* EPt±la1Jl!l.o~flz:ilt *I
33 printf( " data=%d , ", current - >data ); /* fPt±laDlM~d ata PX;~ */
34 printf( " next=%p\n ", current - >next ); /* fPt±la1J!o~ne xt }J)Z.~ * /
35 current=current - >next ; /* 8~>E current t~Rll'-flQJnUo *I
36
37 system (" pause ");
38 return 0 ;
39

/ * prog14_4 OUTPUT----------------------
Number of nodes: 3
Dat a for node 1: 12
Da ta for node 2: 30
Dat a for node 3: 64
address=003D3B70 , d a ta=l2 , next =003D2430
address=003D2430 , data=30, next = 003D2440
add r ess=003D2440 , da t a=64 , next=OOOOOOOO
----- -----------------------------------*/

o f~n~~~~ ~
1.i"S:::$:{~Ucp •~ 14 fi<§~ ]' 3 {~t~~ NODE ~~B~t~~ first ' current W previous •
5.J.8U{-\;;~U~~c$9U~~ -{~~1Jll!.~ ' HU£iE~~I,8~1fo!M ' tJJszfili-{~jfo~~~f~*~ 0
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n~l®8'9m:g 0

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~~.L~s15~-11Qlfl.1JmM'9~G'l:~ g;grs~ · MI:t~Jl:t~G 1l:!tg;grs~8%'.IttU~~mt cmTent s15~ }~ 0

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0

nx;~ 1~~~~fi1F~filtrl\ 12 • ~~~~m- :tx~3il\ for 3@111 · rff Ni= o · 15~ ~m 23 fi

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rnT*~~ § §tJR ~ -11Qlfl.1Jmo • pff .L~m 26 fi:t~ current 8'9 next /JX;~~~/JX; NULL • 1-1(;

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m free() ~l~n~~J]~t8{P~ 0
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51~1~miflErt~,l§~ma :

01 /* linklist.h, ~iU5$9USjmifill;fi */
02 struct node
03 {
04 int data; /* i~]'tJJx.~ */
05 struct node *next; 1* mmaJJx.~, s~t~loJT-f~Nolll.~Bjt~ml */
06 };
07 typedef struct node NODE; /* M~ struct node ;E'~!J)Z NODE llilfiJ *I
08
09 NODE *createList ( in t *, int); /* $9U~:U:~~ *I
10 void prin t List(NODE *); /* $9U9UEP~~ *I
 11 void freeList (NODE * ); /* fffilZ $9U 8G1:~ggFs~ IIBJ IQ *I
12 void i n s ertNode (NODE * , int ) ; I* fElll\Hn?.!.6@'.JQ *I
13 NODE *searchNode (NODE * I i nt ) ; I* i~~Hn~6@ '.JQ *I
14 NODE *deleteNode (NODE * I NODE * ); I* llll~~~H1J~61IBJ IQ *I

1~s:utt~~1~~~mst& tinklist.h cs.JZ~'8~@meJ:glffl ) , ~~ttM~ '8filFi'±~D±f¥n~EI

~BJ~*~~ ~ , 1§Effl8~.R~ fLlffl
#include " lin klis t.h"

2's:&IJ1Hl5 3 - 11~llllill~ , 53'55U~$9U~lIIIBll~ createList() ' $9U9UfOIIBI~ printList()~U~

filZ~G'i:~ g;gF~BJIIBlf~ freeList()' TI:fzM~JJ~ progl4_5 cp{§Effl'81P9 ° ~~Z± progl4_4 cj::iB*~ ml

a~~rr$~~~n~ · ~~'8~f.&IIBl~ · .R~~w~~~n~~~m-~~~~J o
$ 9U ~ lIIIBll~ createList() BJmla~o~ :

01 /* createLis t () • $9U~illllil lQ *I
02 NODE *create List (int *arr , int l en )
03
04 i n t i;
05 NO DE *first , *cur r ent , *p revio u s ;
06 for ( i=O;i<len ; i+ +)
07
08 c u r r ent= (NODE * ) ma l loc (siz e o f( NO DE ));
09 c urre nt- >d a t a=a rr[i); /* ~~HIJU~~)jGtP.li;~ * /
10 if (i==Ol /* l#Ll55U~~1.M!%-i!QJHIJ?.!.6 *I
11 f i rst=current ;
12 e l se
13 p r ev i ous - >next=current ; I* :felfilj-j[QJHIJ?.i.MisJ next j~~ §fil!Hn?.!.6 *I
14 c u rrent - >next=NULL ;
15 previou s=curre n t ;
16 }.
17 re tu rn fir s t;
18
------------------------a:,ws--------------------------------
o f~n~4~~ m
createList() [>]]f90Jl;,!J~~~-1~~19~9U ' l:JJ~-~9U:7I;~8~@19' fl@l{i1[.f.B$9U~-
1~fi1Jll!.M%1±lt ( )!~ createList() B~fl@lrui~.f.B NODE * • {~~'88~{1@l{_m:t~j~loJ

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progl4_4 cp · 9UEPB*i5$9U~flEitnlElD~jEIDJ8~-19tl 'l'19tl 0
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Tf§i~$9U9UfP[>]]f9 printList()B~t~~ • ~f~[>]Jf90Jl:JJ~~~-1~t~loJ$9U~-1~fi1J~M~

1~*~ , !tfuffl5:EIDJ8~~flEJ~fi1J~M~m-1~ data JJX;~~~9UEPl±l* :

01 /* printList () • $9U9UEPl?Jsl~~ *I
02 void pr i ntL i st (NODE* first )
03 {
04 NODE * node=f irst; /* ~node :j:~~~ -1~e1J:!lo *I
05 if(first==NULL) /* :9D!i1'!$9U~~~ • l'lUEPt±J List is empty ! *I
06 printf{"List is empty ! \n ");
o7 else I* i~Hltl:i:EIDJ$9U • TI:rzEPt±Je1J:!lM'il data P>Z~ *I
08
09 while (n ode !=NU LL)
10 {
11 printf (" %3d ", node - >data );
12 node=node- > next;
13
14 printf( " \n ");
15
16 }
0 f¥rt~~~~ ~
tt$9U9UfDtIBJ!I~ printList() cp • ~D~IU~~§i%-1~Hof:ilMJt~Hl~U~ NULL• 1-\;;~~@$
9U5~~ff1~BJHof:il~ • ~U§i% 6 fifDtl::\ "List is empty!" ~$ · i§~U¥Afi else t.~ifil · ¥A
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ggrs~~I~ freeList() 8"-lm'.M; · fii~DJtU±~~U~i3'1:~ggFs~BJff1.i~lli~~LlfflRo:¥.~~~8J1J

it·~~~m-@rau~~1gg~mm:

01 /* freeList O • ~1JJSZ~G1:~ggFs~lllill9 *I
02 void freeList(NODE* first)
03 {
04 NODE *current,*tmp;
05 current=f irst;
06 while (current ! =N ULL)
07
08 tmp=current; I* %!is El irtl~!fiJ:ll.~ * I
09 current=current - >next; /* M~ current :j:~~l'-{~jfp:JI.~ *I
10 free(tmp); I* M~!!is8jJ11J:ll.M1JJ)Zl~ *I
11
12 }

0 f¥rt~~~~ ~
tt~i3'1:~ggFs~*i1.i~BJ~f~cp ' §i% 5 fi)!Gt~ current t~~§i%-1~RO!M ' ?.M~§i~U while [Q]
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-------------------------~....--------------------------------
01 !* progl4_5 . c , ~M $9Utril~ rr' 9UfDWilG1:~~tril *i$ */
02 #incl ude <stdio.h>
03 #inc lude <s td lib . h>
04 #in c lude "lin k l is t.h" /* £13~illiJ~ li n k l is t. h *I
05
06 in t main (voi d)
07
08 NODE * fi rs t;
09 int a rr [] = {l 4 , 2 7, 32 ,4 6} ; /* ~rr~9U arr [ l *I
10 fi rs t =create Li s t( a r r , 4 ); I* 1jJ~9U7i:;~~U~il*6$ 9U *I
11 p r in t Li s t(firs t); /* fDtl:liilM$9Utrill79'.§ *I
12 f r e e List ( firs t); - - - - - I* *i$§G~ggFs~ *I
13
14 syst e m (" paus e");
15 r e turn 0;
16
17 /* ~~~~ createLis t () @l~fil(tEJl:t~ *I
18 /* ~~~~ p r intL ist () @Jf~fil(tEJl:t~ *I
18 /* ~~~~ free Lis t () @l~fil( tEJl:t~ *I

/* progl4_5 OUTPUT--
14 27 32 46
---------------------*/

0 f~rt~~~~ ~
fr~ 4 ficp • fi1F9:t~~m!f!~ linklist.h a:t6ii3K linklist.h 1'~~~ NODE~~ • l;J,
0

R~HPPfT~Fl'EfLl2l]Jf98~~~ , pfTL.;J,~~'8iXJ\ 0
~ 8 fi'§§ ::rn~~ NODE ~~e~

:t~~ first' fr~ 9 fi~D:~9U an- 21~, ~ 10 fiB~ createList() m~)l:~9U arr• l;J,R
~9U::ll;~B~1~19@i~~i1~~119 ' ~{~[Q]{j~pJT~rr.::ZiliiUs$9Ucp ' ~-@lH'PlllM%1

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 /

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;j;§~~8j!~Ht= 0 Tl§i~ searchNode(first, item) lllill~C:Uffl31U~ @O]~ - i~HO :ll.M~fili~I~ item'

il@li~~u~m-i~:S:JJ5z item 2H'P lll.~~{u±.tl: :

01 /* searchNode () IIBJ !i~ ' qJfi [QJ§g-@gfilZ i tern 2-eo ~6~ill:±.l!: *I

02 NODE* sea r chNode (NODE* first , int i t em )
03 {
04 NODE *node=f i rst ;
05 whi l e (node ! =NULL )
06
07 if(no d e - >data== it e m) /* ~O~ n ode ~ data ~ti~ i tern *I
08 r e turn n ode; I* fi[QJ n ode ' l:!D ~~eom6~fut.l!: *I
09 e l se
10 node =node - >next ;
11
12 re tu r n NULL;
13 }

0 f~n~~B~ ~
searchNode() lllill~t!~J~ftlffljEM8j1.Jit • i.tf§g-i~Ho i.llMf.IPf5~- 1~@~~~0]~-i~
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~o•~1~$9U~~:t~l'~Llf-tt-&8jH1J lll.~ • ~Ui®@l NULL 0
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-~~~~-S~~M~~~R·UD"~~it~~~M )

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--------------------------1_..,~-----------------------------------
Hlf~ttH1J111.i5 38 .:Z1ttftl3J\-f~¥fTB'9H1J111.i5 46 • fi{P~DJlj$1GJ~H1J111.i5 38 8'9 next t~loJ¥fTB'ilH1J111.i5
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0

01 /* insertNode() '~tEnode.:2.1tt/JOJ\-@]¥JTB'iJg1Jj!l6 */
02 void insertNode(NODE *node,int item)
03
04 NODE *newnode;
05 newnode= (NODE *) malloc ( sizeof (NODE)) ; /* f!lZ~®lf.fTgj)j!l6B'iJfu±ll: *I
06 newnode->data=item; /* ~¥.ITHUM'SJ data ~~:f.ig item *I
07 newnode- >next=node- >next; I* ~¥fi'Ml!l6B'il next ~~:f.igffii.g1J~6B'il ne x t *I
08 node->next=newnode; I* H~ffii.g1Jj!JM'SJ next j:~~¥fi'g1J~6 *I
09

t~~~4Bft ~.
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t~~¥ff~318'9H1J~i5 newnode iil.tDJtl ]' ~mJJ~H1J111.i5 node W newnode .:ZFs~8'9~mf* ' ~i
0
Hfl'3!0i7,1P9M~l~-1~W1~LJ3R~~Bf.l searchNode() W insertNode() ~~{~lillll~B'sl{§E.Ft.l:o
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~1Jill~ 46 • ~Jl:~10~W%3¥Llffl searchNode() :f~t±l~'rJJM 38 B'sl{LiJLt: •?.·M~~fLlffl insertNode() M~

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01 /* prog14_ 6.c, fim!!.M~Hfil~:WJml\ */

02 #include<stdio . h>
03 #include<stdlib . h>
04 #include "linklist.h"
05 int main (void)
06
07 NODE *first , *node;
08 int arr[]={l2,38,57};
09 first=createList(arr,3);
10 printList(first);
11
12 node=searchNode(first,38 ); /* j~t±lfi'n~o~~{fi~ 38 ~{il±Jl: *I
13 insertNode(node,46); I * ~fi'n:\M 4 6 llHatEfi'n~o 3 8 ~ 1~ *I
14 printList(first); I* fPt±lfi'p~li~r~J'.§ *I
15 freeList(first);
16
17 system("pause");
18 return O;
19
20 /* ~~~createList()@f9fill:tEJl:t~ */
21 /* ~~~ printList () @19fill:tEJl:t~ *I
22 /* ~~~ freeList () @19fill:tEJl:t~ *I
23 /* ~~M~ searchNode () @f91J!il:tEJl:t~ *I
24 /* ~~~ insertNode () @19fill:tEJl:t~ *I

/* prog14_6 OUTPUT--
12 38 57
12 38 46 57
---------------------~/
----------------------~-------------------------------
0 f¥itl§~~~ ~
tt~11Ucp · ~ 9 fi~J1-@l~l.U5$9U · ~ 12 fi:t~t±JN.1Jf!l~i~1*~1.~!.%i 38 e~.J1li±ll: · MzM~
'8~~'.IE*ii:tl~H~~I~ node gJ))(. 0 ~ 13 fitEN.'iJf!l~ 38 2i~IB3.l\N.1Jf!lo 46 ° itf~ 14 fi'B'Slfiltr

).±~ insertNode() R§~~~tE¥1~N.1Jf!l~2i~IB3.l\-1~*ffB'SJN.1J~~' '8Jm)ttE~1~$9UB'Sl~-

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~N.1JB'SJ~JmM~~>J<:1~H~~-1~*ffB'Sl@I~ inse1tFirstNode() ' D]ffl

*~~m~~@Fo~lm 0

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~3 _tf§is~oo;~;Litz · mf±t~~IHl~~*R'iJlll.M~lllilf~i?t~~~ 3 ° Tf§i~ deleteNode() llliJ

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B~t~~~DT:

01 /* llH~t~ node • fi@llHH~ node ~Att • $9U§8-i~J11J~oe'SHu:t.Lt *I

02 NODE* deleteNode(NODE *first , NODE *node )
03
04 NODE *ptr=first;
05 if (first==NULL) /* 9D~$9U~gge'i] • ~LlfPt±:l Nothing to delete! *I
06 {
07 printf( "Nothing to delete!\n ");
08 return NULL ;
09
10 if(node==first) /* 9D~fllllW#-e'SJ~§8-@110:M *I
11 first=first->next ; /* :tel first t~l<BT-i~H.D!M *I
12 else I* 9D~fllllJ!l#-e'SJ~§8-@!11J!!loL~:9~®Jt'8!11J~li *I
13
14 while (ptr - >next ! =node ) /* tULl~llH~ll*~H.o!!lM~§u-@H.o!!lo *I
15 ptr=ptr - >next ;
16 ptr- >next=node - >next; /* ~¥/T~~)E ptr ffiJ next~~ *I
17
18 free(node) ;
19 return first;
20
--------------------------~------------------=-----------------
0 f~it~~B~ ~
{± deleteNode() lllill~cp '~D~Pfi~ffl!U~#-B~li~.IHl.Ml~{vJJl:~ NULL' 1~~Jl:~$9U~gg
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0

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9U ' ?.:t\irtffl!U~#-$9Ucp8~~1lli:7I;* ' fflljfi~ deleteNode() B!liifF='~lf~ :

01 /* prog14_ 7.c, :§'rl~olllltl~B'ili'B~tl */

02 #include<stdio.h>
03 #include<stdlib.h>
04 #include "linkli st.h"
05 int main (void)
06
07 NODE *first,*node ;
08 int arr[]={l2 , 38 , 57};
09 first=createList(arr , 3) ;
10 printList(first) ;
11
12 node=searchNode(first,38); I* t:\7.t±l:§O:M~*'lf~f.0 3 8 l'Bf:uill: *I
13 first=deleteNode(first,node); /* 1¥-t:§'rJ!!lo 38 lffitl~}~ *I
14 printList (fi rst) ; * EPt±l:§'iJ!oB'iJ~g *
15
16 first=deleteNode (first, first); /* lllltl~}~§g-@:§'rl!o* I
17 printList (first); / * E t±l:§'rlmMj g *I
18
19 first=deleteNode(first,first) ; 1* lllltl~1~§g-1~:§o~o* /
20 printList(first); 1* EPt±l:§o!oB'iJ~g
.,,,.
' _*-""1_ _ _ ___
21
22 freeList(first);
 23
24 system ("pa u se ");
25 return O;
26 }
27 /* ~~~ cre a t e Li st () @191:i\ii''±Jtt~ *I
28 /* ~~M~ pr i ntL ist () @IQJ':i\ititlt~ *I
29 /* ~~~ freeList () lllill91:i\i1'±Jlt~ *I
30 /* ~~~ searchN ode () lllill91:i\ititlt ~ *I
31 /* ~~~ delet e No de () lllill91:i\i1'±Jlt ~ *I

/* prog14_7 OUTPUT--------------
12 3 8 5 7 - - ~fj'j[;~ I 0 fi~*a~
12 s7 fJ\fr5r;~ 14 fi~*a~
s7 fM:r5r;~ 11 fi~*a~
List is e mpty! - fJ\ij'j[;~ 20 fi~*a~
--------------------------------*/

o f~It~~~)l m
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12Sl~ deleteNode() ~~1®Att~

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~ilttE§g 13 ffM~'8{iA deleteNode() c:fJJ~'81ffiU~* ' ftf§g 14 fi'8'9,®tl:lc:fJ ' ~~

CD ~u~rn.1HJ6 3 s 1' ~ 3 °

J~T31Ut1F~Af{lffiU~*§g-{~R'Pl!!.6 · lliiJiX~R'Pl!f.6 12 · 12SJJlt§g 16 ffc:p · deleteNode() 8'9

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Bf.istllffiU~;f-J!I! 3 · .~Ul~UTR'Pl!!.6 57 ° n~ 19 ff j:ijJ~§g-1~RU61ffiU~$J!I! · ~~JltB'\¥$9U
1!81m{:f{CTI"RU6 ' ,Pff l.~§g 20 fffDtl:l List is empty! ~$ 0

~~-~~~m·Lf;:•1mffi~•tl:lffi~fi8~$~W~~~• 0 ~'8Mm~~•~
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-------------------------~----------------------------------

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ft/!!'.f.0 length BJ~9U arr r:j:i ' ~§ 1{!§:.f.0 pos E!J1l'.z~ • {i@]ji1[.f.0:1El3)\1tt • ~9U arr ElJftl!!' 0

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8. ~M'.M;-@19 int deleteElement(int *arr, int pos, int length)' DJN~ft!Jtf.0 length e'il~9U arr
cp , ~511.m.f.0 pos 8%'.Ii[B~:lG~llllLl~* , 1i[QJ1m.f.0:1El.ll\1~ , ~9U arr B~ftm'. 19tl"SID · ;§'~
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fr..tl§ie'il~fiif~jfilcp • ffin~~-fiB~~~~ 3 strnct node.:.% NODE ill!~ • its1Jlt}~l'3R

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typedef NODE* NODEp; I* JE'~WfTBJruiJ1ll NODEp *I

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 chapter

15
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----------------------~----------------------------

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0

1* · i¥t~3-1~-1~~t!~BJ~t~5it-~ · o 1~~~t!~B · 1~6 53'1.lU~m~t!~-~U~t!~/\ ·

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 •
831.i~ +•ffis~ 7 ML::fi:Et•1.ue~~~Jtcp ' g~~D1DJ~ffi~1~ 7 u~? 1NFJi~ ' ~LlFfH~1li~
B~·~~+•ffi~7i:Et•fficp~Ul0(~~~-0)~ffi·+•ffi~8W~t•
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I

- - - - - I
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53 6 7 = 5 x 72 + 3 x 7I + 6 x 70 = 272!0

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T"lil*~~B}3 :
/ • 2 1 s 9
1lz~IJIEI~ 15-5

89/2=44W,1 21 4 4 ~ 15.2.1
~+ ~i:U:B\J~I~ 89
44/2=22W,O 2 I 2 2
~j~/J>Z=~iil
2212=11§*0 2 I 1 1
1112=5§*1 2 1 s 1
512=2 w. 1 2 1 2 1
2/2=1W,O 1 0
+~iil~I~ 89 B\J=~iil
~ir<oit

0 I 2 3 4 5 6

=•m~•m~·m-@m•~mR~~o~1·~~~~m-@m~*•~ 0
-~*
~~ I ~1·1t.t I ~:b~8~ 11z~)E ~f.&~1f.t1lz~ I ~li:318~1lz~~u~~~8~1lz~ O

~~~=•m•m••~+•m·R~~=•m~m~®~k~n~m~~~®·~
1~¥§1Jo*~£m~ 0
19u~o . ~:r~=•11z 1011001 tiu~~+•11z . ~ffl~oTs~8t~:oxt :
l 0 11 001 2
6 4
=l x2 +lx2 +lx2 +lx2 =89 10
3 0

m:tEJ~1P9ll'..t11Xlil 15 .2. l ~m~*m~-lfilll~ show_bi na1y(int num) I ~~+ii11z~I~ num

~m••t.&=•mm·$m•k~ffi~* 0
~~~~xt~:m~~T:

01 !* prog15_1, ~+l:i11I~IH~=l:i11I3R*m */
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #define SIZE 8 /* ~~SIZE~B·1~*.L.~B1~~~11mm=l:i11I */
05 void show_binary (i nt ) ; I* §'.~ show binary () IIBll~~~~ *I
06 int main(void)
--------------------------~·--------------------------------~
07
08 printf("89ttsl=iifu~ : ");
09 show_binary (89); /* mi.TR 89 ttsi=ii{u* I
10
11 system ("pause");
12 return 0;
13
14 void show_binary (in t num) /* @ti! show_binary () ~~~ *I
15
16 int i,b[SIZE] ={O} ;
17 for(i=l;i<=SIZE;i++)
18
19 b[SIZE-i]=num%2 ; I* /m num %2 e!JH*ll!~~*8 b [ s I ZE- i J gfil{ *I
20 num=num/ 2 ; I* Im num/ 2 tti]{§[~~[QJ*S num *I
21
22 for(i=O;i<SIZE;i++)
23 printf(" %d",b[i]);
24 printf("\n");
25

/* prog15_1 OUTPUT--
89 ttsi=iifu~: 01011001
----------------------*/

0 f~rt~~~~ ~
1J~~f9Ucp
' ~ 4 fi'..\E~ 3 SIZE :#.9 8 • {~~f~itt!M~l-;J 8 {~l~~*Mffi=~ilI8J{m 0

~ 5 ij'§~ 3 show_binary() @I~~~~ ' ITT.i@l~8J'.AE~~fr 14-25 fi ' '8DJH~U)(

-1~+~{li8J~I~ num •iULlffl l 7- 2l 1T8J for ~lllM~ num%2 8J1m:S: J\!lf 9U b[SIZE-i]

~ • ~1~~M~ num 8J{~~Jil-;J 2 • ~B~@lm% num T31R • ~Dtlt-*' m~@ SIZE /)(8]3.i
W;L_•·~~b~ffi:S:1R~mW:#.9wm=~m~~ffi~J:tcp·m-@m•~•m 0

1J~~f9Ucp • fM9)~1J~ 89 ~=~11I;L_~ffi)t, i~~U 01011001·1'6W~ 15.2.1 ?ff>.Ki~

8]1~*§[6_] 0
~'l'...t' R*?l<i1-T~ 15.2. 1 8J~~~~W show_binmy() @I~• li'.XOJ~Di~

;t~A?'<1M~it1i!\!§ 19-201T~;'&P.!~t±:l*~ o
 fv5I;/liEI! 15-7
,/

§?i:9~ ' 4-1~rtDJ:fLlffl SIZE 3K~ffiLl=B{ill~{~9UED21~3'8~f~I~ 0

~{?tl3K~~ ' ~D~
~I~ a e~=B{il{~~ l l {il 1 {~J~;w,M~t®t±1m6~EDIJ)Z~~ 16 f~fill~B~, iittDJl-~lJ~ SIZE

f1~2'.X1* 16 ' ~DJ1t - 3K , 1~rt~tt=B{fflil®8~§1Jlliifl1Lt 5 {~ o , f~1~9UEIJ~m~fill~~

16 fil 0

ABffiW+~BffiW~2~~-,~~~-3'~&~•·*~'ttm+BffiW3K m~
~~tJJ 0
4-H1Jcpft{P9~~fi?,~~i\B{ilW+~B{il8~f~ffl 0

F\B{ill~3'~~Jt~l-J 8 ~~~8~1~3'~& , '8~83 o, 1 ' 2 , 3 , 4 , s , 6 , 7 ~i\1~1~

~Pffm1* 0 ~~~A•m•M1*+Bffi~,R~~ABfficp&@•3'~km ~ ~~~
® 1 ~Bfi~~WDJ 0 ~~ABffi~3% 1 DJU~ffl~T~Af·~~~'8ftMIJ)ZIOB
{il :
2 I 0
3468 = 3 x 8 + 4 x 8 + 6 x 8 = 230,0

fl61P9-t3DJl-JM~i\B{il8~m1~1~3'~1*~ 3 f~ff'!!IJ{il8~=•1ilPffm§.1*' :fLlffl~:fl~1Jl!l~~H~ '

~crruwg~~ttABffiW=Bffi2~®Ma3°T~~t±13ABffi~-3'~-@•
fil8isJ=Bfil;t§~11!18~1~ :

F\~{u 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

=~ill 000 0 01 01 0 0 11 100 1 01 11 0 11 1

----------------------;,a.4-------------------------------
~WU.*~~ , i\BfuB'SJ 62 DJJ..~•JJX;~ 6 8'SJ=B11I 110 w2 8'SJ=B11I 010 pJT.g.JJX;e'SJ , llii¥.X
~ 110010 • ~DTlill'JTffi :

~ 15.3 . l
/\ lJi iil ~ = lJH'.I B\J
~~j~F.Ji\'.;

l ~i 1i 1
.I 0
l!L:J ?]---+ 1i 1_i, I_ ?I l_ i L~_ 1 0

62 B\J=lliiil

rrc~~~·~m~-@Mmmm~ABffi·R~rr~mm2Mrok-@m~om

DJ 0
{~U~o • 062 JW1-\;;~/\B11I8'SJMl~ml~ 62 ° lit:9~ · i\B11IMl~fflJJ~ printf() 8'SJ9U
Ep}ggffiLJijl®WfflJJ~ scanf() 8'SJ'® J\ }ggffiLJij,\UB~%o C1J\~B'SJ~BJ o · 9.\Z~::*:'.M;lliDJU) 0

T®~-@ABmumrr~mk~~m :

int num,a=38,b=062; /* §'~ ~IQ • !l:t!:~~}E a=38• b i'J'i]{§i.f.<iiF\li{uB'il 62 */

printf( " %ct ",bl; !* ~~IQb~1§iJ...ji_+Ji11IEPl±J */
printf ( 11 %0 11 ,a) ; /* ~~lh~1§iJ...jl_/\Ji11IEPl±J */
scanf ( 11 %0 11 , &num) ; I* ~@.lHHitA-i~i\Jiii'.IB'il!HQ *I

+7\B11Il~~**1tlJi.X~1~ 16 ~~Jffi8'SJl~~**1t •'8~83 0- 9 WA-F l'JT *.13~ •ffiJJ~ 10- 15

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.g.)t{§effl.f&it CSD 8'SJ1~~ 10 B11I8'SJ 93 ) 0
T~~+B11IW=B11I ' F\B{li;fD+7\B

m~~~~·fil$m0Ju®-@~~·••~®~~~•~*m2~·~~@~ffi­
@1EJ~e'SJ1~:
/ • 1.U7C~I' 15-9

+ii1l.I =ii1l.I i \ii1l.I +7\ii1l.I

0 00 00 00 0
1 0001 01 1
2 0 01 0 02 2
3 00 11 03 3
4 010 0 04 4
5 01 01 05 5
6 011 0 06 6
7 01 11 07 7
8 10 00 10 8
9 10 01 11 9
10 10 1 0 12 A
11 1 011 13 B

12 11 00 14 c
13 11 01 15 D

14 1 11 0 16 E

15 11 11 17 F

~~~+~mm••~+mmm·R~~+~mm~&m•~~kffi ~ ~~~m·~
mfi~~WDJ 0 ffl~ · +~mffi~SD•DJUM~~~~~~:

5D 16 = 5xl6 +13 xl6° =93 10

1

+~mm~••~=mm~·lliDJU~+~mm~mm•~·~~4m•m~=mm
1.@·~ 3A DJL~•~~ 3 e~=m1.u 0011 WA e~=m1.u 1010 ffi-EJ~e~. lliiitt~ 00111010·
rm 9E2 ~uDJu•~~ 9 e~=m1.u 1001wEe~=m1.u1110. L~R 2 ~=m1.u 0010 rff-EJ
~. ~lit~ 100111100010 ° ;fum~11~1!l!~m1~ . iittDJL~1N.~~e~Z:E=m1.uw+~m1.u

~Fs~i~~ 0
--------------------------------~----------------------------------------------
~m•~~~~·~~m~-@~•m•~+n~ffi·~~~~m•2~mkox
c19~ o ;fD-1~1J,R8~~BJ x) 0
i~U~o · ox6A tlP1~~+n~1I'I8~~•m19 6A +0

n~1I'I~l9ffln~ printf() 8~9UfP}~ffitl~J\IH~ffiJJ~ scanf() 8~l®l\}~ffitl~,l!Hm~%x C:?€:><::

~BJx·~~~-lli~U) 0 T~~ -®+n~ffi~ti~@ffik~~m :

int num , a=25,b=Ox6A ; /*§'§~I~• !l:fz~~;:E'a=25 • bB~H~:fr.li +/\~1.UB~ 6A */

printf(" %d",b); /* ~~l~b~1~1-~+~1.UEPl:±:l */
printf ( " %x ", a); /* ~~I~ a ~1~1-~+7\~1.UEPl:±:l *I
scanf( " %x",&num); /* tfmfill:'®J\-@1+7\~1.U~~I~ */

c~~~m1rm~•u~wrm~m~~~~•W3·~~~ffi~~•uw~m~m
W 0
W~~mE•ffi~~~•umW3·~Mffi~~rm~•u~ma3WmE•ffi
~&~•uma3~~w~~ 0 •uma3~~~@•m~~~-@~ffi·~~~~
ffi~U'81P~~ L I ffjj r1I'I~•*&~ mW3\"lU~1'Fffi~U~l9f.'8~m-11nl1I'I~ 0

c ~g~8~1I'I~•*&•W3;!=!;~~~ I 53'1-lU~ NOT' AND' OR w XOR ••3 ° ~®·

W3R~~--~~~-~-~~~@ffi 0 T~~~3c~~~m~m~•uma3·
lj& '81P~Pff1~~8~~~ :
 1.u:7C~l~ 1s-11

' - _J iia:t-IEJJ~ -:7Ciia:t-sj-~ · '8.R\W5~-@1iia:7C 0

'-_J iia:t-m3RM~1li:7C

~~1~tl · 1§E1il:7C1i~ o~~~ 1 • 1 ~~~ o · ~Dl':lZ?ffffi :

~ 15.4.2 NOT Ji~.:Y r ~ _J ~Jl!!f.!1J.~

a
0 1
1 0

~J9tl3R~~ ' E~I~ a 8j=3i1lIJi~ 01101001 ° -a lfX~JJ~ 100101 lQ ' I - _J 3_i.-j'.-pff3_i

alli3R~M•H•ili~~®l~M• 0

AND iia:t- '&_J ~m*M~ii•:t-~, :5~31iia:7C:t~sjm-@Hn:7C~-ttl.Q · ~~

~~l~HM•~~l·~l':lZmffi :

a b a&b
0 1 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 0

~19tl3R~~• 1~~~~~1~ a=105 ( =ii1il1i~ 01101001) • b=26 ( =ii1il1i~ 00011010 ) '

~U a&b 8j*6•~ 8 C=ii1il1i~ 00001000) Hiia*cs•~Dl'~Pffffi :

------------------------~~-------------------------------
IoI1 I1 IoI1 IoIoI1 I +ii1ne'iH~~ 1 os ~ 15.4. 1
jj'zjG AND ji¥):,;;z_iBJ9tl
IoIoIoI1 I1 IoI1 IoI +ii1ne'iH~~ 26 1\\lBfl
a&b
IoIoIoIoI1 IoIoIoI +ii1ne'il1~~ s

01 /* progl5_ 2 , {lz:ll; AND Ji~.:Y r &_J e'i]~@J9~1\lt8J3 *I

02 #inc lude <stdi o . h>
03 i nt mai n (vo id)
04
05 in t a=1 05 , b=26 ;
06 p r intf ( " %d &%d= %d\ n ", a , b ,a&b} ; /* ~t~ a&b e~H~ */
07
08 sys t e m( " p a u se " );
09 retur n O;
10

/ * prog15_ 2 OUTPUT- - -
105&26=8
-- --------- ---- --------* /

0 t~itl§~~~ ~
JJ~ :$:{~tl cp , ~ s fi''B~ 3 a 8~ {~~ 105 , b 8~{~~ 26 ° tE{~{u5I;8~ 3~U1Hi•B~ , fi'.I
5I;•U••~~~fi~-~-·5I;~~m - @ffi5I;®mW·~~l05@W••~
01 101001 , 26 •1m~~n~~ 00011010. ~1~i::i~n~-•1~m-{~{li5I;, ~ Jtt~11:ortw

~li-~r&& _J m•~~mw:ortmz~~~ 0

®M~m~~·~••maWb~ = ~m®~~~32@ffi5I;C4@ffi~m) ·@~

EBJJ~ !Wiill 24 {~{li5I;~~ O• mz~~j mm•ma~ ( tE AND e~m•c:p ' a W b B~ {li~
m~~~ 1 ·••~~~~~1)·1:E~mz~~~~®o~~·m~•~~mm•~
~~~~®O~~tEo ~
 /

{St OR ~~-:f r 1.J

1§Effl OR 3.i~3- rl_J 8~, '89M~3.i~3-~, ;EJ~Ji3.i~:7Gt,B'J@J-1~11I.7I;~ - tL~ '

R~~-@ffi:7G~l~~~-~-~l·~T~ffiffi:

a b a I b
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
1 0 1

~19tl*~~' :5~1~ a 8'J=3i11z{.§[~ 01101001 ' b 8'J=3i11z{.§[~ 00011010 ' a I b 8'93.i~

*5•~ 01111011 '~DT~B'J~~BJ3 :

I0 I1 I1 I0 I1 I0 I0 I1 I +~11I~j§j~ I05 ~ 15.4.2

Jl17T; OR lU~:;Lii119U
IoIoIoI1 I1 IoI1 IoI +~11I~1m~ 26 ~~Bf.l
alb
IoI1 I1 I1 I1 IoI1 I1 I +~11I~1m~ 123

1§Effl XOR 3.i~3- I A _J 8~' '89M~3.i~3-~ \ ;EJ~ Ji 3.i~:7Gt,B'JBJ-{~{1zj[;~-tL~'

H~R~-@ffi:7G~l~~~-~-~l·~~~~O·~T~ffiffi:

a b a " b
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 1 0
1 0 1
~{9LJ%~>l, ~D~~;~ a 8J=~{l'.I{fil~ 01101001 , b 8J=~{l'.I{fil~ 00011010 • ~U a"b BJ
ii•m5~~ 01110011 ' ~DTliJBJ~)lBfa.l :

Io I1I1IoI1IoIoI1 I +~1u8'91~:% 105 ~ 15.4.3

iu;l(; XOR Ji~;L~8i9tl
IoIoIoI1I1IoI1IoI +~1u8'91~:% 26 rotBJl
a"b
IoI1I1I1IoIoI1I1I +~1u8'91~:% 115

~~~••~ffi7GBU••~~~m~~~~-~~m-@ffi7G·~frmE~~m•
~UBJBfl~Ei•~ , 90 r&&__J ' r 11 _ J ~' ffe.t1'Fffl~1~~U~{li7G*J3. , §Ji~ti~1l~;t§Qi ,
1§~ffl)t/fl6J 0

c~~~m3r~~__Jwr~~__J~@ffi7Gffi~••~·m3K~m•7G~ffi7G~~~~

f~ 0
T~9Ut±l 3 {li7G{lif~m•~ · 16J~BJ · ~illd··~R~fr~l~~~ltt~~·· :

num << n

num >> n

~~··~r~__J~~~ffi7G~~n@ffi7G 1 ~@•~•~ffi7G~~~~·m~8ffi
f~~Ut~...t 0 ° l..~ Tlil~i9tl , lil~m.te~1c!J~-i~ffij[;, ~D~tum~f~ii•-3'.-H~{lz)I;loJ~
~-1fi·~·~-~ffi7Ga@~~~t±lffi7GWW~W~~·B~a~ffi~·-~~8
mt~l\O:
/ • 6 5 3 2 0
~
1.UJI; ~ HI~

15.4.4
15-15

a b c d e g h 1:il 7G <'.Cf~~ffel: :T-B'il

~mi'B19~ IDlsf.I
;'.Cf~-~
7 6 5 3 2 0

b c d e g h 0

~@~le~B'il{il;G-j' Uffll~i:;; g;ga1n1~t~J\ o

fi~ •~• -@~•~m~*•~~~ffiJI;m•~ ~m ~ 0

~~~~ ~~ffl *~~-
89 ~~- @ffiJI; ·~ffi lli~~ ~fi~~- ~=~mm · m ~~ ~ ~~••~ ~~m 0
~i81~tl f~ ~ 8!J t~~~D ~ :

01 /* prog15_3 , Zi::f~3i~-3'.- r «_J ej J~ffl~'Bi~tl *I

02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #define SIZE 8 /* ~~SIZE 1i?!i 8I1-~~J.,~ 8 {~l~~*~iR =~{lI */
05 void show_binary (int); /* §'i5 show_binary ( ) 15Jsil~~®:lli1 *I
06 int main(void )
07
08 int a;
09 a= (89«1 );
10
11 pri n tt ( " 8 9 =~1ne~HlliJ\~ : ");
12 s h ow_binary ( 89 ); /* ~TR~~ 89 ~ =~{ll *I
13 printf (" zLf~ -@{1I:lL1rt: ");
14 show_binary (a ); /* ~fR 89Zi::f~ -{~{1I:lL1rt ~=~ilI */
15 pri n tf (" zLf~ -j~{lI:lL1rt~+~{lI{fit?Ji : %d\n ", a );
16
17 system( " pause " ) ;
18 ret u rn 0 ;
19
20 vo i d show_binary(int num) I* show_binary () IIBll~~'.JE~ *I
21
22 int i , b[SIZE]={O} ;
23 for(i=l ;i<=SIZ E;i++ )
24
-------------------------,~----------------------------------
25 b[SIZE - i]=num%2 ; /* ~ num %2 8jf!;f,f~8~fE:*8 b [ SIZE -i] 73-rR. *I
26 num=num/2; /* ~ num/2 ~1.lll8~ @1*8 num *I
27
28 for(i=O;i<SIZE;i++)
29 printf("%d ", b[ i ]) ;
30 printf( " \n ");
31

/* prog15_3 OUTPUT-----
8 9 =n:HV:~1.lll~: 01o11001
l2f3S-1!QJ1ll:7CAk: 10110010
l2f3S-11~Hll:7CAk8j+J.i1ll:1.lll~: 17s
---------------------------*/

0 f~i'C~fi'.~)l ~
~$00$·m9fi~M•89~~~-@ffi~·~m~~~••a~~ 0 m12fiw
14 fi53'55UEPl±lJ'MI~ 89. w 89 t±:~f~-1~1:u:~1rta'SJ=~1:u~m1.Ji'C. ~1ttm ls

fi~U~Eol±l J' 89 ~f~-1~1n~1tt a'SJ+~1n1m 0

89 B'SJ=~1lz~ 01011001 1
~f~21tt•~ 10110010 1
:t~'8i~~+3i1lzB'Sll~1i 1
DJ]._~

~~~u
7 4
2 + i + 2 + 2' = 128 + 32 + 16 + 2 = 17810

~i.~DJNfi~~u · n1r~~t~a'SJ*a~Wf~i'Ca'SlttiH:BtElf6J 0
T~m~l±l J' •1~ 89 ~f~­
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Iii 15.4.5
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struct {li:7I;ff';;i!{li*am8~F8fil.i
{ fgit 15.5.I
~~rui~ ff'!lil{li:f!ifil.l 1 : {lzjI;~ffl!; §' ~ il'.z :7I; ml il'.z *6 *Ill
~~rui~ ff'!lil{li:f!ifil.i 2 : {lzjI;~ffl!; B'iJfgit

};
------------------------~--------------------------------
_t[§]B'J'.kf'§~itcp • :~]~~~!0~~~!&1~ (int) §JZ~M5m!&• (unsigned) ::t1T • ®m
~~B'J~$ffi:TC•ffiB'J~itcp·~mffim~NM5m!&•*~~m:TC•m~~~ 0

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(marriage • 1 @Hli:TC) L~JJsz.$®~ (age • 7 @Hli:TC) • ~L;JJ~~t±:l-SZDT"BJ'.IE§ :

struct status

unsigned sex:l; I* sex ff'~i:u • 1~ l f1QJ1.U:7L *I

unsigned marriage:l; /* marriage ff'~j_U • 1~ 1 j[Q]j_U:lI;* I
unsigned age:?; /* age ff'~j_U ' 1~ 7 j[Q)j_U:lI;* I
};

{±_t[§]8Jm6t~cp · L~ 1 @Hli:TC*1~~1153UW9~~M*)R · ~~'li53URtH~~-~ft~53' · ~

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?ff L~~m15~ age ~i~1lI · fi1P~R \W553'gijcmfi'8 7 1~1li:TC~t~'QJ 3 °

struct status tom; /* §'§ struct status tS*6m~I~ tom *I

struct status tom= { 1, O, 21}; /* §'§!tt8~>E*6m~I~ tom tl'SJfJJ{m *I

t£c~~~·m:TC•m~•B'J••~~4@ffi:TCm·~ttt£'.IE§ffi:TC•m~•~·~
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/
:7G*.§*H=filZfE:neisiri!IJ1li · 1~JJt~m rnJJtDJ1~m1l!J · ma~M~f~ tom 1ti 3 4 1~1.U:lGmEl •
0

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32 31 IO 9 7 6
~ 15 .5. l
o o .. I o o o1 1 1 1 1 o I 1 I o I 1 I o I 1 I
1l17L~00 1li*am tom

age l&'Hl'I
I :ex r~il'I
marriage r~ il'I
P9 · m- J~ 11I 7L ~
l!ic~mm

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m~*uk~ffifE:n~m:lG•m~•~m·•~mM-@~rt•*~~m~•m~•
eisi1~m:

o1 1 * prog1 s_ 4 , 11I:lI;triii!1:u mafM~i§E ltl *1

02 #inc l ude <stdi o . h >
03 int ma in (vo i d )
04
05 stru ct status
06
07 u ns ig ned sex :l;
08 un s ig ned marriage :l;
09 un s i gned a g e :7;
10 };
11 st ru c t sta t u s tom=U ,0, 21); /* '§~Ml5~}E'ma~~l~"'~
""'
't,,,,
YJ""a.._ I _ ____.
* ,_
12
13 i f t o m. sex== O)
14 print f ( 11 11JlU : -f;I:_ , 11
);

15 e l se
16 pri n tf ( 11 11:1.lU: !!15, 11
);

17
18 if (tom .marr i age== O)
19 p ri ntf ( 11 ;;K~~, 11 ) ;
20 e l se
------------------------Mt.#---------------------------------
21 printf( "89~ ,");
22
23 printf(" %d ~\n",tom.age); /* fPl±l age~;i\H:U8~ji1[ */
24
25 printf ( " sizeof (tom ) =%d\n ", sizeof (tom) ); /* fPl±l~t)( tom ~;*:1J1 *I
26
27 system( " pause ");
28 return 0;
29

I * prog15_4 OUTPUT--
11.8Ll: ~, *9~, 21 ~
s iz eof (tom)=4
- ------- ------------ --* /

0 t~~~~~~ ~
.fj~~ 19Ucp ' 5-10 fi~ ~ 31li:7TAfi;\l1li8JmMM status • 11 fiTifz§>~ 3 status ru!~BJ ~I~
tom· ~8¥flli~B'.~TW1~ 0
13- 16 fii:iXf~ sex tf'i;\J 1li8J1~EPl±l1§UJJ!8J1'i55U · 1§~8J ·
18-2 1 fiDJ{:iXf~ marriage tf'~1li8J1~EPl±l1§~1JJ!BJ9~~ljt)5?, ' 23 fi~U~EPl±l 3 age ~ij\J
1li8J1~ 0

~ 25 fi'EPl±l ~I~ tom ,5JT1ti8J1li7G*J3. ltslf.%i c ~g~:f!~1~ 41~1li7rJ§~~1:u*l'li2]![

0

~G 11:~~rs~m81li:7Gtf'i;\J1:umMM · 1.i~~19Ucp · tom ~ltRi§Effl 3 9 @1li:7G · ~)~Jill~ 32

1~1li:7G · ?JTU~~8i~.R~l'li2]![ 41~1li:7Gm.§8J~G1:~~r~m8 tom ~I~ 0
·:·

~o~~ftlffl£}t~f®l\8J1Ji\: ·· ~B'.1~m81li:7Gtf'i;\J1limatM~l~8J~f~IJ)1;~8¥f · 831.i~ scanfO [?]]

l~f®J\J~];j_8¥f ' !JD~Jl:~j§EfflflI±ll:~~-:f I &_J ' 1§.Ju±ll:~~-:f/f§~fflfr{llj[;~~{ll ' itsJJlt

/f§~J§J~i§Effl scanf() f®l\1~m81li:7Gtl1limatM;;?.~l~8JIJ)i;~ 0

 •
~?.t\~OJ]t · ftfP~~IH~:CITU$1GfLlffl scanf() f®J\191imfi-f~~l9~19
{li:JI;~I' 15-21

· ?.t\~~~:tf:H.~1~~19
~198J1i~~'.AE'mfi1li:71Ai~1lim5*M~l9 8J*f~~~ 0
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~m~~e~~~·crrm~~~~~*~'.AE:

int num ; /* §:~~19~19 num *I

scanf( " %d ", &num ); I* ffiiUm"®J\ -@1~19*8~19 num gm_ *I
tom . age=num ; I* ~ num ~1.§l~~t~E'*B*6ttil~l9 tom 8~ age PX;~ *I

1i1~-l~BJ~ • J]~_tl§l8J$!Hz!!cp • ~O~f®J\mfi num BJl91i/FB@ tom .age ~~m8Ji8[;]

8~ • ~U~L~ tom.age BJ~:*:~mi8[;J~~{i 0

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~g ~ :t~f# J fi 55U{li:JI;8J3.i~ · mt% cp lli±~ /JO J '88J llf~/JDf~{i-~1~t\'.~~*li'tB 0

..i.. I. ~~:ij"-@~li11I~l9+**1t ·1§Effl ~19+~ 0- 3° ~~1m.?il~ 15.1.1 •~1'F-1~ +li11I 1- 15

W~li11I~U~.!il~ 0

2. -i:F:ij" 121~!=3 . l'fTt,J_J=3fn~ - 1~+=ll1n~**ft. 161~!=3li'.t*§~J5~ -1:f=x 41~!=3 ° -szo

~+=li11I*m3t~l-~19+o-9W~Y:+BAWB3R1~~ • 8i'C~~iJJ~.?il~ 15.1.1 • ~1'F-

1~+llilz 1-22 W+=li11I~U~.!il~ 0
------------------------~_,,~------------------------------------

'* 8. ~m~-IIBll~ void show_decimal(char *aIT, int n) • ·~m~U~ n fiQJfill~B'SCli{ul~@. • MzJ]~

IIBll~P9EPt±:lJt~=li1ul~1EiiB'il+li1il 0

int a=l59 ;
int b=0147;
int c=Ox618A ;

(a) ~~I~ a B'il1EiiifJ5UtJJ\li1ilW+7\i!i1il9UEPt±:l3R 0

(b) ~~I~ b B'il1EiiifJ5UL).+li1ilW+7\i!ifil9UEPl±l3R 0

(c) ~~I~ c B'il1EiiifJ5UL)./\lifilW+li1il9UEPt±:l3R 0

~ 10. ~m~-~n·~~·••A-@AliffiB'ilgfi·$~nP9~~AliffitiM••~+li

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 11I7ClllEl~ 15-23

,._ 14. n'.S: prog 15_ 4 cp , :ilD~tE status mamP':i1lDJ\-i!QJ{v:7rAf;;IJ{v money , ic!J 3 24 j!QJ{v~ , I.flt£
.L.J.tl:~mam3K§'~~f9 tom , ~U tom ic!:i 33'1-'i!QJili~*EI?1.01+~?

(a) {I~~~ prog15_ 4, E'.S:*atM status P':J1JDJ\~~ height W~~ weight ~i!QJff';;IJ{li, height {c!:i

3 8 j[QJ{u~ ' ~{li:f.0053' ' weight lli{c!:i 3 8 j!QJ{v~ ' ~iu:f.00Ff 0

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1.0:9:'£ , 5K9~ , 9 t.W,, 162 05.TW 50 0Ff 0

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01 11 prog16 1 , 1m ~ eisi C++ f~~J:t_ _ ~--~~

02 #incl ude <ios t ream> I I a 16 i ostream till~
03 #inc lude <cstdlib> 11 a t6 cs t d li b till~
04 using n amespace std; I I ~,Ejj std :fjfill ~-=
fs~,,__----~--.____,
05 int main (void )
06
07 char ch= ' T ';
08 i nt a=12 ;
09 f loa t b=l2 . 63F ;
10
11 cout << c h << "~~:](;" << e n dl ; I I EDl±l~:7G c h B~V9 '.§
12 cout << a << "~~ti" << e ndl; I I EDl±l~I~ a eisiV9'.§
13 cout << b << ";l'E}3'l!loti " << e n d l; II EPl±l~ti b eisiV9 '.§
-='-~-~-
14
15 system (" pause ");
16 retur n 0 ;
17

/ * prog16_ 1 OUTPUT--
T ~~:](;
12 ~ ~I~
12 . 63 ~ )3'.!l!.ol~
----------------------- */

0 f~it~~~}t ~
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02 #i nclude <iostream>
03 #include <cs tdlib >

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iostream ~
input/output stream BJ*ftl~ , .,l(tl,~f®l\lf®t!J$)fiE ' ~.FL C++ 1!~~m'®l\Wf®t!J

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04 using namespace std;

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11 std:: co u t << ch << "~~:l[;" << std:: endl;

12 std :: cout << a << "~~~~" << std:: e ndl;
13 std : : cout << b << "~ )~~li~~ " << std: :endl;

~ITT.i~~{~~tt!~~...tffll!/ii~~ , ~Jlt~~~~1.JDJ\m 4 fi::g#!J~Fs~BJ~~'.\E , l-J3M

~:t~-itt;1'!0~~Fo~lm 0
,_,_____________________~-------------------------------

fi:5J'llU13'§ 3 char ' int W float ~~BisJ~I~ ° C++ :t~1;t1;8isJ~~~~W

~ 7~9 C gg
~~l'~ , {~~ 3-1~ boo! CtlPf5*-*) ~~ , f~1~M~~fl*fl'8~M1§Effl 0

11 cout << ch << "~~:7(;" << endl;

12 cout << a << "~~I}!" << endl;
13 cout « b « "~)3'!1!.61~" « endl;

cout( ~1~~ c-out) DJ~1~1JX;~ C++ BisJt~~f®t±l~]![ (®mt~~-) , mHia-3'.- 1 «_J

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~3 ° -~DJtJU~~UtE C++ 1!Bl'~i~m c gg~1!mmeisi printf() []JI~' ~~ cout
f.~1;t1; 3 ~~1~BisJf®t±lJ}J§g printf() []Jf~tlD~ffi[j~,Ejjj:~ffiU:U,11§ '%d_J ' '%f_J ~*§~0~~9U
0

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a_t, 1BJ-1~ii~-3'.-ePDJm*1~1'1BJsisi~ 1 m, ~~~t:t c++ 1-', iia-3'.- '~~_J

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0 0
 ti~ C++ ;:LlPo 16-7
/
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:90~1m~H~~~ C++ gg~ '§11,~~~~~'8!FJ:!~ C++ BJ~Ji' lliil1f~~~mZ±~mHi

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#in clud e <iostream . h> I I @;j3 iostream . h fi~
#include <s tdlib . h > I I @;13 stdlib . h *ii~

fffi§lli1'~1l~~:gmg;grs~ std' f~itli~~.~H~DJ1;1Si8i!PM.MJ' 0

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!ig&~~~'-lU 0
*fTg&BJ ANSI/ISO C++ 15~ 19971:F£~111J • '8~~ffi1fiBJl~ilUfi=8.h J5~1'
ffl • .§.:tE;ffil:~1.tf c 1Jg~f~t@~U C++ BJ!ilil~~
· tl~f~ffi1fi;:gf,1JJ.~W!1JO...t-{~1J,~8J~
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0

~ c 1Jg~1!8J stdlib.h ~ math.h *~IDHit~f@.fm* ~Jl:t • 1m?JH~~LJBJ C++ ~HfHi!DJ§~

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~.fi~ffi1fiDJZ± C §11,
C++ cpj§effl o

(3) ANSI/ISO C++ *JT~~BJ~ffi1fi : )~~~Ufi;:g • :90 iosteram ~ 0

(4) ANSI/ISO C++ *JT~~t!' 1.tf c f~t@.~*8J~ffi1fi : )~~~um:g '~§~1Jo...t­

@1j\~BJ c • :90 cmath' cstdlib ~ 0

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tl~~~eJ:gmg;gr~ std 179 ' pfTJ,;J_Jm!0~~fLJffl using namespace *il~~:gmg;grs~~ std 0

§ ~lQ*JTBJ C++ ~i8i~~szJ~ 3 ANSI/ISO C++ *IT~~ • ~iffi:90~1m1;i_ !iit~~)t*

m~ c ++ • *JTg&eJ~8t~~*~DJtJJ~~ · 1!:2DJ§~~t±JI~-@ : ~gl\,ifl!, · t~!W1m~il~
:HIEffl*JTit8J1Jg)t*M~ 0
~§~1))$ cout B~~Wil±l · cin C~f~ c-in) ~ffl*1Jf8U~£!.R•*~ 0
W~~D~El3mUcp~£!.Q­

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int num ; I I '.§'.~ num ~~~ru!~~ftl~IQ
cin >> num ; I I ffim~cp~ij.Q-~fQ{!li. • M!tl§~*8~1Q num :(3:))9:

))$__t@i8~$)(32J1cp • r» __1 ~-*~)JiUa~®ii~-Y (stream extraction operator) • 'E'OJffl *

~•D•A•~ 0
R~•~~fflcin~·~~moo~al:±:l-@~ffi~m·•~m~~
mT-~~~m•AttM •~·~ ·~T@i~~~~~ :

cout « "I nput an integer: "; II :f~mafl,\'!!, • ~~1§Eltl ~i®l\~;JSI

cin » num ; II ffi m~ cp ~JEl - ~fQ{~ • M!!l§~*8~1Q num :(3:))9:

T®~~~~rn•D•A~@-~·Hcp-@~•··~-@~~~- 0
~~~-w
~~f~IHE11JD;L1tt 8~ m6~ :
01 II prog16_2 , f Llltl cinf,®7\~;JSI
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 int main (vo id )
06
07 int x ;
08 float y ;
09 cout « "~ '®7\-@!HQ: ";
10 cin » x ; 11 ffi m~~® -~~ • .~l:ttt~~*B~~ x gJDI:
11 cout « "~~ f®l\- 1~ )3'~fQ :";
12 ci n » y ; I I ffi m~~®-B'.lM~ • M!tl§~*B~~ y :(3:))9:
13 cout « x « " +" « y << "=" << x+y « endl; 11 at ~M!f® c±l x+y
14
15 system( " pause ");
16 return O;
17
 / •
/* prog16_2 OUTPUT----
~~f®l\-j[Q]~I~: 12
~(cB C++ ,:L~g 16-9

~~f®l\-j[Q] )3'.l!l~~: 26. 87

1 2 +26.87 =38 . 87
- ----------------------*/

0 t~i'C~~~~ ~
$/.f19Urf:i ' §i% 10 fi;ftlffl cin 8i E!>Z-1~Ml9: ' §i% 12 fi~U~;ftlffl cin 8if!>Z-1~ 53'.llf.~19: 0

~-_t' C++ 8'iJ cin /f'{§6Jl~J.•J\Ml9:W53'.lli.~19:' ~D]J,;J,l®J\~0~7[;W~$~~u

ru!~ll' .§1'101~ffl~D scanf() lllill9:.PJT1~ffl81ill®J\.Poit~~i!JU~,ll§ '~D r%d_J ' r%c_J ~ '

16.2.4 :fbtlt\~~
C++ }~1;t:!; ]' -fi¥/T819i~U;iru!~
' tlP1'5il'ill (boolean) ru!~Jl '88191~R ~ true ( ¥J;) ~O false
0

( 1~~) ~ti ° C++ ~J,;J, boo! mmm~*'§§1'51ill•l9: ' rm true !M false -t3i¥.tJl~I!i5X;~819
DX;]' C++ 81ilmmm~ ~19U*~~, ~'§§.19:=8:00:/f.li status 8191'51ill•l9:, Mz~~{~.f.m true ,
0

DJ UM;t±l~DT81ilif.9:3.ili :
boo l s t at u s=tru e ;

true Wfalse MI/!'~ c ~g~B'ilmmm~, .PJT1;,i,'81P~Mz1'~~1± c 81ilf~it~ll§f!1~m 1± c ~g~ 0

1!' ~F o 81919:DJffl*1-\:;~ true, rm o ~U~ffl*~TR false, c++ .f.m J'loJTif'§'.§)]~ c, ~

Jlt-t3DJ1;J,:fe o 9.JZ~F o 81illn~m8 boo! ~~e19•19: , ~DTffiTIB'ilf819U :
boo l te s t =l ;

TffiD~1'5u••B'il~mrB~ 0
l%:ttrB~r+i·•~DJ~maaJ\-MM•·~m~~m
l®J\81919:1~~*1•~~1~• , TI:fz}~~Ll8U819mM~~~J:Em81'5il'ill~~e19•19: is_ odd 13-159:. :
------------------------~.._ ____________________________ __,

01 11 progl6_3, 1"5t;.!;~1~~1~m
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std ;
05 int main (void)
06
07 bool is odd ;
08 int num;
09
10 cout « "~lU®l\-flQJiE~f~: ";
11 cin >> num ;
12
13 if(num%2!=0)
14 is_o dd=true; 11 ~D~ num ~~I~ • ~~~ is_odd './i0 true
15 else
16 is odd=false ; 11 ~D~ num :l'.E:1ml~ • ~~;:E' is odd 1.0 false
17
18 if(is - odd )
19 cout << num << ":l'.E:~I~" << endl ;
20 else
21 cout << num << ":l'.E:fm~" << endl ;
22 system ("pause");
23 return 0;
24

/* prog16_3 OUTPUT---
~ili*®l\ -flQJiE~I~: 53
s3 :l'.E:~I~
----------- --- ---------* /

o f~rtl§ii'.~~ ~
f£~§g 7 fi'§~ J'1'5H~~8~~1~ is_odd· TI:fz1.i'.S: 13 ~16 fi8~J!tlllU*~~AE: is_odd 8%~

~ tme 9.lZ false 1.i'.S:~11Ucp • fi{P~f®J\ 53 • l!IJlt§g 14 fi~~~AE: is_odd ~true • 1.i'.S:~
0
 / •
16.2 .5 ~1~8~11I]![
31~ C++ ;L~§ 16-11

c ~g ~ s::u1g1f:l•l~'§f5 $ ff-f~it~±)iHl~ mJ~ge~H!r5 J {f::l_ C++ i]i,t )~~~{l~WNffitl ]' °C++

~ u ~~it~ff@~S '§ f5 9 M · m mlli~U~®~~'§f5 ° ~B~~·fr®~~'§

~e~ •l~R§g ~ ~ !i5 JJ~®~P99~~±:siz•;~ ( local variable ) • R~lfj~t!:J®~ • ~{~ -;~

1~1'§g¥§1~m 0
~1r~i.j!_ -{~i81~tl *~>tBJ3®~P9~±:siz•1~e~1~m :

01 II prog16_4 , ~fnl[ ~BJ f:U'ii

02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 i n t ma i n (void )
06
07 i n t i =20 ;
08
09 for (int i=O; i<3 ; i ++ )
10 cout<< "fr for ®l~J:M~, i= " <<i<<endl ;
11
12 cout« " for ®~¥.Mf3'B1~L i= " «i«endl; 11 ¥Afi':J'B®~1~ ' fPl±l i 8J1m
13
14 system(" pause ");
15 return 0;
16

/* prog16_4 OUTPUT--
fr for ®~t~L i=O
fr for ®~tl!L i=l
fr for ®~1!, i=2
for ® ~¥A1T:J'B1~ , i=20
------ -- - - ----- -- ----*/

o 1~:ct~~~>l m
)]~ progl6_ 4 cp' fi<§f5 ]'-@~M•I~ i' 1§.~fr 9- 10 fi~ for ®~:f!lli'§~
~7

3'1§15J :gfme~ •I~ i fr for ®~P9 , • • i ~Hr)~®~~±:siz•i~e~~§ , -ee~~~g

0

i8i;Hifr for ®~ C9- 1ofi ) , R~-~00~{~®~ · ~±:siz•m i 1~;tm)t{~ffl 0

------------------------""~-------------------------------
1§~j8'J • ~ 7 fi,6,Ff'§§8'J~l9 i ~'§§Z± main() -m_i~ge'Jifu:O • [t;]Jlt'88%5!b~8~
1t£~ 1 fim.i~g~u~ 16 fim65R . ,6ff L~~ i2 fi~Eotl:l i a'J1.~4% 20 ° gi~DJ1~;1~~u .

Z± for ~lf!l~~29:J' i 1.mB~, ~ 7 fi,6,Ff'§§8'J~l9 i 21millz/f~RN:~H~~29:, rt;lf.%,@

~1fmffiJ ~ , ~iX Coverloading) lli~'f~@*JTe'J:g~~· {Sl_Z± El m~;3c:p , fmDJ§~.§f-8 ~ 1 1·~

'83 ! )~*t~a'J=~-Jt;, --E1~~1f!t~J~*t' ~*t~D~;j'()~~-I~JjJ§g, @1'3Hr-5
IS J' r ~iX_J 8'J:tft~ ,6,Ff~8'J r ~iX_J ~:tl~HElf5J8'JllliJl9:gfi§ · :\ZD~slf9@119/ff5J , ~
0

~~slf9@11HElf5J , ~~/f PJ8'J~5 , @191f~~/ff5J8'JJJJ§~ 5't1~--E1-~-~8'J)~

0

*1:~ c@19:gm1EJf5J) , R~i~T/f PJB'Jf9:m , ~/ff5Ji~me'Jm§-B c s11~1~19/f PJ ,

~slf9~~'""~/ff5J) · 1f§gJ¥~)~*1:' ~*t~D~#-)~~/ff5J8'JJJJ§g C@19~/ff5JB'JJJJ§~) 0

C++ j}f{~J' r~iX_J B'JJ}J§~, '8~~J}J§g1§1tJ8'JllliJl9 · l~1§f5J:gmBIJ:g, *igi~1f~1N

1~slf98'J1~19W~~ , El!MMJ'1El~11!18'JllliJl9 °

fflT*~-@-~B'Jm~~~~iXB'J@m 0 T®B'J~~'§§J'~@:gm~~~~~llliJ

19 , {S3_'81F~DJ{iXslf9~~~8'J/f[5J*O~D~lE~i8'J@f9 ° l~~e'Jm~:\ZDT :
01 I I progl6_5, lillll!~~IXB'il,8i~~--§l~i~~;f§fq] • 1~rui~J~rg
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 void show (int); I I show (int) B'il!*rui
06 void show(double); II show (double) ~!*,=rui~ Ll ------~
07 int main(void)
08
09 int a=26;
10 double b=3 . 14;
-----~~-

11 show a ;
 •
12
13
show (b_,, ; -~---
) .__
~~ C++ ;L~§ 16-13

14 system (" pause ");

15 return 0;
16
17 void show (in t num)
18
19 cout << num << "~ -1~~l!J:" << endl;
20
21 vo id s h ow (do uble num)
22
23 cout« num « "~ - 1~1§~/!Ui~lMl!J:" « endl;
24

/* prog16_5 OUTPUT--
26 ~-1~~1~
3 . 14 ~-1~1§*11JJ!!'.)3'.f,\:~f~
----------------------*/

O f~~~~~~ ~
n~:zls:{9Ucp · 17- 20 fi'.AE~3DJH~U9~1~8~@1~ show()· 21- 24 fi'.AE~3DJ!~U9ifH~
M5~:¥.~1~8~ show() 0
~~@ show() ~t!f.t:fj#l.);f§fg ' {~H~'8{P9DJ;fN1!!511~~~8~::f

P.J C -@~~-· ~ -@~~-M ~~m) §~~~~~~@m 0 ~~~~•m11

fi{~DSfD~ 3 17-20 fi8~ show() • rmm 12 fi~UDSfD~ 321 -2415'8~ show() 0
•:•

!~l'*fij~-{~ftlffi 511~@1~8~::f P.J*~~@m8~''B{9tl 0

1'[§]8~lillll~'.AE~ 3 star() @
I~' '80Jl;,l::f{~l\{f{OJ511~' lliDJl;,l® l\- @~I~ 0
SID~ )~ ~{~l\slm' ~UEPC!J 5 {~

~sm C*) ; :Ef~{i l\~I~ n • ~UEPC!J n {~~sm :

01 11 prog16_ 6 , @J~~~~,1319~--§11~1~1~/f'~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespa c e std ;
void star (void ); I I '§'El5 star (void ) ®15l:rui
void star (int); I I '§E15 star (int) ~@:rui
07 int main (void)
----------------------------;;i.f--------------------------------------
08
09 s t ar () ; 11 OPD~ )~~~l ~ e~ sta r ( l
10 s t ar ( 9 ); 11 0¥. D~~ - @J ~igl ~ ~ star ()
11
12 system ("pause ") ;
13 re t urn 0 ;
14
15 vo i d s t ar (vo i d ) 11 }E'ji s t ar (vo i d ) IIBI~
16
17 co ut << "EPl±l 5 f~~!Ml:: ** * ** " << e ndl;
18
19 vo i d s t ar (i nt num ) II }E' jistar (in t )i?Js!i~
20
21 cout << "EPl±l" << n um << "f~~!Ml:: ";
22 f or (i n t i =l ; i<=num; i++)
23 co u t << " * ";
24 cout << e n d l;
25

/* pr og16_ 6 OUTPUT- ---

fPl±:l 5 f~ ~!Ml:: *****

fPl±:l 9 f~ ~ !Ml:: *********
-----------------------*/

0 f~ it~~~5t ~
*1~LJ'.1E~3ii;J~H~ star() t?IsJl9' -j~~m.i~1~W)(~ll9' §S-1~!0~JH~W)(-@~fglf9 °
?.tff~~B'SJ'®ct\cp • ·q:Jl;J~~U star() t?IsJl9~;fNjjpJTff.8-¥>8'9~119*0gIO~.LHi8'9t?IsJl9 ' ~
 llloJ C++ ;:LR& 16-15

/
=YJ~*c;i;:::ip
16 •4 01~1 oBX, ~5';! /J '.J

lli~1f1~UH~~55U cclass) a"-lm~iiHElm~a~ · ;!~Jl'88"-l~:$:D~fiP~Elma"-l~J!~ 0

~u El §1J
.f.%ill • 1.filB~~J'~D{~Jl;.i_ struct '.kE'~m5*~ • ~ffiJmElf.&§;fi1.~]j]~~08"-l•I~ 0
~~IlU~~~~~

1tlm5*~ · 1§~'1'.m1'ifiPIB~lill~*5*~ 0

16.4. I ~~IlU!PUatM

-~~-f.&~M·~-~ 0
Mm~UW~~=·m~W~W~·ffiJ§'8~U®~Mm
ffifi~W~~S 0
frMm~·fi~~U'.kE'§~~-~~O~•M·R~lli~~ffi~~
J/Jt:i~ ; ~{f~DJlt ' fr~~IlU1~~~'.kE'~t>]JI~ (function) • 1~1~'8~11i~-~~~'.kE'8"-ll.i~ 0

fi1P9$16*•- l'~D{~ftlffl§8+-~rfT1Hf58"-lm5m*IB3~-@lff!fl@ Cwindow) • ~~t~

~~M·fflm~~~@~~~~f.&UR~~S~*~ffi 0

fi{P9ffi~~;m Windows ~8"-lff!fl@®m~~.§ffj • ~Jlt'.I: (width) ;fO~ (height) El~iittf.&

3ff!fl@~~~8"-1~1'i (attributes) 0
mr,~ •-@~ :$: 8"-lff!fl@~~~'88"-l ~'l'i • ~Dff!fl@B"-1
~i5Jft: Cid) W ff!fl@B"-l~Jm Ctitle) ~~ 0

JWl.!ii~~~ (title)
I ~ 15.4.1
f"iij;,tjijff1a·~ ~~
..............................·
•
iWl.liim~~ 0 :D~~t:±J
ff~(ij~~ (id) : A J'~liim~~ll!tt · tm
height JWl.!ii~~~ , ~W~~

width
-----------------------------;;;..fl--------------------------------------
""f(§J8~iQJ9U.R~)j:ff~@8~~51ft id· ,El:l3~~8U/fl6JB~ff~@ · tt& width fD height @~@lffl

*11E3Zi!ff~@'.l:W/5jB~i.1'1 ° ~ ::HJi1t;IIBYl · fi1P9:te3 id 8~~~~~B~~+n Cchar) •

:te3 width fO height B~~~J~ ( int) 0

1Ntli width fO height @~{~~ 11'1 • ff~@B~l§Jffi {fCIT>J<:te ( area=width*height)

(area) 0

:9D~~L;l.*5®*:t833Zi!JlUo~~ · ~Hii8~1-J )t~:te3 id ' width fD height m!JX~*5®~1JX~ ·

~~¥i-1~1ilif~ area()· ffl*~t~ff~@B~l§JffiiJitCITL;,l. J' 0 1~~.~J.ttO~ • f~its~m~:9Dl' :

01 II progl6_7, fLlffl*5#U!H~ffiW!l'I.~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std ;
05 struct Win I I fLlffl*B~1UIUE'~m~
06
07 char id;
08 int width; I I Win *5#11~ width /JX,~
09 int height; I I Win *5#11~ height /JX,~
10 };
11
12 int area (struct Win w)
13
14 return w.width*w.height;
15
16
17 int main(void)
18
19 Win winl;
20
21 winl. id=' A';
22 winl.width=SO; II 8~'.iE width~ so
23 winl.height=40; II 8~'.iE height ... 4 o
24
25 cout<< "Window " << winl.id<< ", area="<<area(winl)<<endl;
26 system ("pause");
27 return O;
28
 ~~ C++ ,:L~g 16-17

/
/* prog16_7 OUTPUT---
Window A, area=2000
----------------------*/

2!s:19U~~BJ~)tBJ3 J'SID1~fLlfflmaf~*:t83ill!-11Qlff~@ , Mz§5:9~XE'~ J' area() IIB!f~ , DJm

W)Zmaf~ Win ' m*~H~ff~@BJl§i. 0
I~Z±~JIQ]f~it~tt?.~SJZftAm~ ' 1§'80]~~~~~
53U¥2!s:~J&~BJ~=JM=¥~ ! f¢H~ft1r9M~l) '8.f.%i¥nM' iiiffiflmB~~55U8"1¥2!s:E~ 0
·:·

prog16_7j~ area() lilllf~XE'~Z±maf~ Win ,:L:9~·~iffi area() ~m*~t• Win 1?n1¢~l§if~'

~llt'8W Win maf\'ij,\~L'eMElmm ' ,Pff l)SZD~f:i~:t~ area() IIB!f~fD width w height @~j!Q]g 11 1

M~Z±~-@~it~~~·~P~~§~~-o~~®?~ffl-~WDJ5~~--* o
Z±~~53U~/f'1§DJlJXE'~ff~@8J~W• , ~DJU:t~ area() lillllU1~Z±~W55UP'9 , fLlltl'8*
®m~@~~w•~•·MziirmM•HlEii• 0

-~~BH·~.f.%iJ'mmxt~~~~-~~mill!~Bm~~~-~ 0
m~~~~r~
@_J 1fDJfLlffl~~55U*i1Zm 0
llili'.t~~)t , ft1r9DJUXE'~-JIQJ rff~@_J R55U , lJ1J1f:tHiill!
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data members
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U rff~RJ ~~J.lU~i9U 'ff~R~~J.lU8%%]~f.&~~ width W
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class CWin 11 '.AE~ff~§'~l.lU CWin

char id; 11 '§'~~*~~~ id

int width; 11 '§'~~*~~~width } §'i5~~~~
int height; 11 '§'~~*~~~height

int area () 11 AE'.~@19:~~ area () ' J=fB~~t~l§l~ }

'.IE~lllill~~~
return width*height ; 11 ~t~l§l~

};
 1111%"-:t~ · ~~~1·~_t:!.'31.~:*:R c ~m.ml1le~~gu~ c:szo cw in) m~~~gue~:g#!J · u:o
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0

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mi:EH~B•@~@'.AE:B-@Rfil·~§m~wu~~~ 0
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(object) 0
l.~ff~~~~73U*3~ · itf'.(EB•73U~URrr*JTB~t?ll14 · crrtJJ8'8;W{~~ :

~3_t~~m~2m·~crr~~ma~rt~ 0 mmrrE$¥@R~~~~·R•~~

Rfilm~~-~m~~-·~u~m~~-*~~•m~crru1°•m*~·~••
mrrffi!'l~~~gue~t?ll14 · crrm-r9ue~~g)t*mrr :
CWin winl;
/ •
*~~~1~:$M& · 1~DJ~91~ winl • S:Ef5Z~Uti!l1!f1!8~~g 0
~f.t
JI~ C++ ;::;z_~g

· fi1P9lliOJL~~8:;¥'§'~
16-21

~1~~~1~LY...t8~Hl3U91~ :
CW in winl, win2; II [6]~§~ CW in ~~l.lLl~~e'il~J~ winl W win2

~JT~rr~3'8~ti!J1!f winl ( ~ win2) • ~~~EB CWin ~~73U?JT~rr • pfTLY~*tlP~~ id'

width~ height 91~ • ~8'\¥lliBH53 area() ~1~~t~illiffi8~lilil~ 0
l'~~EB '~~@ _J ~~

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lil 15.4.4

CWin
:llili/ttCWin~8Ll
B'il~~~t'± id

winl ~{!j: win2 ~{!j:

:llili/tt CWin ~80 ~*'!-~~ ~*'!-~~

@Ill~~
id='A' id='B'
DJtJJMJ'B'ilifF area()-6f~i§j~ widtb=50 width= 58
beight=40 height=36

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area()-M~i§lfill area()-6f ~i§jfill

titi!J1!f¥J~f¥~~~~t8~Mtn~H! • El3~~73U?JT~li8Mi!J1!fR~ instance 0

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~_J*R~~:tt¥®~g~.fi~lli~U'B~~-~--_J~'9R_J*R~ 0
----------------------~-------------------------------

IB:tt 15.4.2

winl. id= ' A '; I I 8~'.<E winl ~~{!:j:lri] id ~~.f.ili A

win l. width=50 ; I I 8~'.<E winl ~~{!:j:lri)~.f.ili 50
winl.height=40; 11 8~'.<E winl ~~{!:j:lriJl5J.f.ili 4 0

IB:tt 15.4.3

~1~U*8~ ' 9D~~~t~t~J1i:j: winl 8isJl§J~8~ ' DJ;ftlffl winl *O~O~IIBJI~~~ area() ' 901'
l§J8isJ~g)t :
winl.area();

~Ji~8isJM?,g~~~5SU.:Lfrt , fM~M~ftlffl!W~fi'rJPJT~@BisJ~-*~fil~ , Wll~J'U~~-1~a~~5SU

8isJiG!iH~:rt :
/ •
01
02
I I p r og l 6 8 , 58-@l~l.ltl~it
#in c lude <i os t re am>
)I~ C++ ;:L~& 16-23

03 #include <cs tdl i b >

04 u s ing namespace s td;
05 class CWi n II )E'~ff~~~l.ltl CWin
06
07 public: I I ~~JE'~*3lf.i.IZ~~'.'L}~
08 char id;
09 int width;
10 int he ight;
11
12 in t a re a(void)
13
14 retu r n width *h e ight;
15
16 };
17
18 int ma in (vo id)
19
20 CWin winl;
21 winl . id= ' A ' ;
22 winl . width=SO; II ~JE' winl ~width f.i.IZ~~ 50
23 winl.height=40; 11 ~~JE' winl ~h e ight f.i.IZ~~ 40
24
25 cout << " Windo w " << winl.id << ":" << endl ;
26 cout « " Area = " « winl . area() « endl; II ~t¥limffl
27 cou t << " s izeof (win l ) = " << sizeof (winl) << "{~{:U5a.§" << endl;
28
29 sys t e m("p a us e " );
30 r eturn O;
31

/ * progl6_8 OUTPUT------
Win do w A:
Ar e a = 200 0
s i zeo f (winl) = 1 2 @J{ll::lI;*§
-------------------------- */
----------------------~------------------------------
0 f~It~~~~ '$
f~:rt 5~ 16 fiAE'~3 cwin ~~mu· ~tj::i§a31~];iJJX;~8J§'§W@mJJX;~8JAE'~ 0 rn
)]'2 C++ BJ¥MJ'~1.tf main() mm~ •~ll:~f~:rt¥MJ'~Um 20 fiB~ • {f~HN!~ CWin ~55U
.PJT:t.!H!:t;~~~R*~rr winl tillf:J: 0
21 ~23 fi:t~ winl till1!:J:f.~8J~U;iJJX;~5J'55U~~1.!1Htt ·
m25 fifPl:B id JJX;~8%![ · m261J'~i&!t~1!:J: winl opo~ area() @I~ · Titzmm5~9UEP
:r.±~mJ: 0

m27 fifPl:B 3till1!:J: winl rfT168%'I:71J§ • 1~~U 12 f~fu5a.§ 0

lli~f1@x~~~UH~ ·
ti Dev C++ • a-@~1~{6 3 4 {~{lI7Gm.§ • ~:7G~U{6 3 1 1~1li:7Gm.§ • {§_1£ CW in
t~

~~53Ut~ ·width W height ~*;iJJX;~~~~m • id ~~:7G · Jl!~~M~~16 3 9 f~1li:7G~J3. ·

~@Bffi~~-~~12@ffi:7Gm?

@~~~Dev c++ 8JKi8i~~l.j~*;iJJX;~~ · 16•~1li:7Gm.§8J1.i~'.*;irui~;Lf:U:7Gm~

~ffi*~•~#~~l~M 0 $*Mtj::i·~m~•~m:7Gm·mu~U4@ffi:7Gm
~~1li · 0'n'2 4 f~1li:7Gm.§B~l§~PJGJ: 4 f~1li:7Gm.§8J~Fs~ • ~it~ cwin .PJT~rraJt~1!:J:
~16 3 12 f~11I:7Gm.§ 0

•1tt~ -ll!.~8~1§1)1~ • CW in ~~55UAE'~BJflI'l1i[!0~Wn~ti main() @l~BJ!rtll§J • 1§~U

main() @1~1±~818~ • M~~:f~/f~U CWin ~~53UBJAE'~fffi~~ ~ili~~~ 0
•:•

1 6 A. 6 lillJ I~ mz ~ 8~ t§ 110~ o~
ti~~55UAE'~BJ~BB · @l~JJX;~f~ffl>IB*~~1~~-ffi~8J@I~-~~ · i.~it~;LFs~lliDJl.j;J;§li
opo~ · fM~$lG*'@-1~Wi~BJf~:rt :
01 11 prog1 6_ 9 , IIBl l9$.~~t~H~:o¥D~
02 #inc lude <iost r eam>
03 # i nc lude <cstdl i b>
04 us i ng names p ace s t d ;
/ •
05
06
class CWin
~rCB C++ ~~§ 16-25

07 public:
08 char id;
09 int width;
10 int height;
11
12 int area(void )
13
14 return width*height;
15
16 void show_area (void) // '.JE~@Jf~@z~ show_area () • ltl*Mml.EDfl
17
18 cout«"Window " « id « ", area=" «C~F~~]j~ « endl;
19 I
20 }; op D~ area() 15EI~
21
22 int main (void)
23
24 CWin winl;
25
26 winl.id='A';
27 winl.width=SO;
28 winl.height=40;
29 winl.show~rea(); II O~DU show ()@If~
30
31 sys tem("pause");
32 return O;
33

/* prog16_9 OUTPUT--
Window A, area=2000
---------------------* /

o f~rt~~~~ m
JJ:S: ~1JUcp · area() !M show_area() l?Isll~~~~Btt CWin ~~.8U~ • rm show_area()l?Isi
l~~U~~~ 18 fiO~D~~-~~.8U~8~ area() l?Isl~ 0
E8llt1JUq:f~D · ti~-1~~.8U8~~
-~~·l?Isl~~~ffiq:rW~~~ 0 +
16 .4. 7 1~H~ ~in 14 ~U lilll ~~ 1!
lillll~~J;30Jl;.!_ilB-ffi§J'.~~lli!~8~~1·~9~ , -tBOJi!BE13~iU5UrfT~lZ:8~1?lliif: 0
Tl§J8~
wi?Ui1~~9:§ progl6_9 , tE CWin ~~55 UP'9 ~1J03 -i~lillll~~~ set_data() , OJ!tl*~~~~
*~~~8%~ ' 339~f\tiP~:H~ progl6_9 118~ show_area() f~~U~55U~~~9H.5~ ' f§Ei~'8~

-6~lilll ··~~ltl'8*ffiw~@•B~#~lilll·:

01 11 progl6_10, ~WWM*~tli?Jslllt~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std ;
05 class CWin I I :\E'.~ff~~~J5tl CWin
06
07 public:
08 char id;
09 int width;
10 int height;
11
12 int area (void) I I :\E'.~@19$;~ area ( l • ffl*~t~o~iH~
13
14 return width*height ;
15
16
17 void set_data (char i , int w, int h) 11 '.(E'.~ set_ data () @19
18
19 id=i; I I ~~:IE: id PX;~
'2 0 width=w ; I I ~:IE: width$;~
21 height=h ; I I ~~:IE: height$;~
22
23 };
24
25 void show_area (CWin win) 11 :tel show_area () '.(E~IJX;-~~@19
26
27 cout<< " Window " <<win . id<<", area= " <<wi n.ar ea ()<< endl;
28
29
30 int main(void)
31
32 CWin winl;
 )I~ C++ ;:L~§ 16-27

/
33
34 winl.s e t_dat a ('B',50,40); // ffi win1~m{ti=O'l1D~ se t_data()IIBJl9:
35 show_fil§ ( wi nl) ; II ~', winl ~m{ti=~Ll s how area () lllil~fl
36
37 sys t em ("pau se ");
38 ret urn O;
39

/ * prog16_10 OUTPUT-- -
Window B , a r ea=20 00
-----------------------* /

0 f~it~~~~ ~
J)~2Js:1~Ucp • 17~22 fi'.AE:~ 3 set_ data() @19 • l,jl.]{~fi1P~~~t~'.1iU~$;~8]{g[ 0
~S~ •
tE 25~28 filli'.AE:~ 3@19 show_area() ' ~~'8~'.AE:~tt CW in ~.8U8~:9~B~ ' pffl,j
'8filz/f'JllJ)~ CWin ~.8U8~@191JX;~ • ffi]~-ffi~BJ@l9 ° show_area() CDH~~)l: CWin

~~.a8J1?llf:J: · ~1~H~1?llf:J:8] id JJX;~WlffiffiMmt±l* 0

~~ )±'.W 34 W 35 fi8]~.8U 34 fi~El3 winl 1?lJ{!:j:O~O~ set_ data() @~ • *~~'.AE::i~U~

0

$;~8~1g[ • ITT.I 35 fifilz/f'~El3 winl 1?ll14*D~O~ show_area () @19 ( ~JU:' 1.1Elli

lftUt:~mJJ:Uli~) • ~~ show_area () filz/f"~ CWin ~ .8U8~@ 191JX;~ • ITT.J~{i~ winl

1?ll14~U show_area() @191.~ • *~U~~jf\J)~ winI 1?ll148~~*~ ~ ~ ~~8)3 3 set_data()0

W show_area() ~~1~@198J~.8U :

L El3 win! ~miij::0¥0~ set_data() @I~ ~ 15.4.5

tt!Q set_data() @I~~
winl .set_data('B' ,50,40); show_area() @~B'iFffE!l

~~ win I ~m{ij::tU show_area() @l~t!

•~mfr~RM~ffi~&~r~mj~?fr~~~~§~IIBJM~~lli~N~E 0
1IBJM
~-~~~~ &~N •w ~~m~@ m ~~~~mn·~~lli~N •~ ~~ro~ g~
~81 ° fH9N ~l§J8~1Jtl-3'.-3R16~g~ 8J3 °

"$ prog l6_ 1 l cp ' fi{P9fr CWin ~55U~~§ 3 ={~~WHEI~ ' 1E!§ !l91~19~~B~IIBJl9

set_data() 0
§!%-{~ set_data() IIBJ l9 t~ W)(= f~§lf9 • ~ffl 3RU?fT~B~~~~~{~ 0
§1%=1~

set_data() tIBJl9~rnW)(-1~~~ · ffl 3R~~~ id~~ · fffi§l% - 1~ set_dataO tIBJl9~U~t~W)(

= {~ ~19 ' m*~9:~ width ~ hei ght~~ :

01 11 prog16_11 , @19/J)Z~~~~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 class CWin II ~~ff~~~55tl CWin
06
07 public :
08 char id;
09 int width ;
10 int height;
11
12 int area (void ) II ~~@19P>Z~ area () • ffl*~f~[§j:fi
13
14 return width*height;
15
16 void show_area(void )
17
18 cout<< " Window " << id << ", area= " << area () << endl ;;
19
20 void set_data (char i, int w, int h) 11 §!%-{~ set_data ()@Ill(
21
22 id=i ;
23 width=w ;
24 height=h;
25
26 void set_data (char i ) 11 §g=f~ set_data ()@Ill(
 ~loJ C++ .:L~& 16-29
/
27
28 id=i;
29
30 void set_ data (int w,i nt h) 11 ~=jlQ] set_ data () @~
31
32 width=w;
33 height=h;
34
35 );
36
37 int main(void)
38
39 CWin winl , win2;
40
41 winl . set_ data( ' A', 50,40); 11 0¥0~~=11Q1sll~~ set_data ()
42 win2 . set_ data (' B'); 11 0¥0~~-11Qlsll~~ set_data ()
43 win2 . set_ data (80 , 120 ); I I 0¥0~~imi11Qlsll~~ set_data ()
44
45 winl . show_ area (); 11 iFLlffl winHmf!:f:0¥0~ show_ area ()
46 win2 . show_ area (); I I iFLlffl win2 ~mf!:f:0¥0~ show_area ()
47
48 system("pause ");
49 return 0 ;
50

I* prog16_11 OUTPUT---
Window A, area=2000
Window B, area=9600
---------------- -- ----- *I

0 f~it~ii'.~>t ~
J]~~1?tlcp • 411]'0~0~ ]'~ 3 @Jsll~B~ set_data() t?]Jf~ • ltslfffim- @J set_data() t?]Jf~
1$0~0~ · 1.J~~ win! tiZJ1¢8~.PJT~i~U;+ $;~~1$~9'.1m ;t§rge~ · 42 W43 fi53'53tlO~o~ J'
0

~~ I f~W 2 @511~8~ set_data() t?]Jf~ • .PJTt~m=wm=1~ set_data() t?]Jf~fg1$0~

o~ ' ltsl1Jt win2 tiZJ{¢8~.PJT~~*;+$;~t!~,f$~9'.fm 0
-------------------------~~----------------------------------
ffi400DJ~lli·mffi~~~~•·~-~-~~~DJ~~~~~m~·~•~s~
ffiJltDJ~ 0
ffl1td]fF~M~t~~UBJ~~M7G (constructor) 'lliOJ;fU!fl~1i}5lf*j*3-i1T~

~M7GaJ~m 0
~m7J~~~M7GaJ~m . fifF~f~ftzj:ijfli~g1~ 0

§39~ • 8.i:t3'llig1f)±~~U 3 •tE progl6_10 t' •show_area() ~l~~JE'~tE~l'.!55UBJ9~11B •

1§tE4f~Ucp · fifF~M~'8f~~U CWin ~l'.11-lU~ • f§Ef~'8~;;% CWin ~l'.11-lUBJlillll~~~ · ~

]]~ 16.4 ~ppfff'r*i'.SBJ CWin ~55Ucp • ~i:t3'DJ~l1'I~'8BJ-f~'!~U~~~' id' width W height

D]l.jff~tE CWin ~l'.! 55U9~11B~29: ~:jl~~1Jf~' 1§~tE*f~~[§j*~~' flP~~~~~tE
0

BJJB~~ • fifF%~@~Ji~BJ1~U-3'.-*11i~g~Bf.l Ti§iBJ~~~~,l§;fO progl6_9 ~'jlj[;?f:~EI~ • ~*

0

3 28 fi'BJg~JE' • winl tiZlff:BJ width ~~f&zg~~-50 °

01 11 progl6_12 , Z±~5SUAE'~tril~§B0'¥0~llliJt~
02 #inc l ude <i ostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std ;
05 class CWin I I ;E~W~@~5SLJ CWin
06
07 public:
08 char id;
09 int width ;
10 int height ;
11
12 int area(void)
13
14 return width*height; CWin ~ jjLJ17ggfl
15
16 void show_area(void )
17
18 cout<< " Window " << id ;
19 cou t << ", area= " << area() << end l;
20
21 };
/ •
22
23 int main (vo id)
51~ C++ ;.:?_~§ 16-31

24
25 CWi n winl;
26
27 winl. id= ' A ';
28 winl. width=-50; II Jitl~~~ width mz~~~:#.li-50
29 winl . height=40;
30 winl.show_area(); // ~i'lmifliti
31
32 system( " pause ");
33 return 0;
34

/* prog16_12 OUTPUT---
Window A, area= - 2000
----------------- --- --- */

o f~:n~~~>i m
1.i~4:19Ucp • winl ~mi!f8~ width $;~1± CWin ~~8U8~9~H~1JSZ3~$;-50 • ~mH§$;[§Jffi
~am 0
~~~~·WB~9~~@•~'*~~·~-~~-@m~mw~~@~

~--~$;~~~-@m~*W~B~cp$;~~~@·~W~~-~$;E~~-AC~
• :tf'.:\ width 3~~-50) ~::rnoit~f1 1l~)5G~~j:: • C++
~1H~Ucp 0
:t~1#3fb~$;~ (private

member) 8~3~~ • ;!:t3~~~1.Jit~Dl' :

class ~i:mu:gm
{
.Pait 15.5. 1
private: ~l5tlfb~W0~~~
ttJJ:E~:On
11 Jl:t~~~~h~mz~ • m-a~*'}mz~w@t~mz~
public:
11 J1:t~~~0~mz~ • m-a~*'}mz~w@t~mz~
19U-SZD ' Tl§JBJl~:Ltn,ll§~~k 3 id ' width W height 1@'.fi~~~fl\~ ' ITT.I area() tillll9~~~

0~:

class CWin

private:
char id; }
int width; id ' width W height /JJZ~~.f.0flif'l
int height;

public:
int area(void)

return width*height;

};

El31.i2 C++ ~~BJr~~~lll1~~fb~ • l!JJltl:W1~{E_tl§l8J'B19Ucp~lll& private lm~Y!~ ' id '

width wheight ~~~~w~~fb~ :

class CWin

char id;
int width ;
int height;

public:
int area(void)

return width*height ;

};

-szo~~~ '§§~fl\~ · ~Uffl0ti~~~5SU Ccw in) 1~9~8Jtfu1.slH!srnu~~5SU~B~BJ~~ · l!l

JltCIT3i~Lll@'.*~1*~BJE!BJ • ft1P~tJ. progl6_13 *1~9~~Bf.l :
 •
,)
01
02
11 progl6_1 3 , fli~~~8'9i~ffli819tl
#include <iostream>
~lo_] C++ ;L~fi 16-33

03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std ;
05 class CWi n I I ~~ff~~~53tl CWin
06
07 private:
08 char i d ;
09 in t width ;
10 in t height;
11
12 p ubli c :
13 int area (vo i d ) I I @I~~~ area ()
14
15 return width*height; _ fr cwin ~ gu~oo • o)(DJ
13l!llfb~1*~
16
17 void show area (void ) II Lllil~~~show_area()
18
19 cout<< " Window " << id << ", area= " << area () << e ndl;

~gu~oo · o)(DJ~.l!ll
20
21
22
}; L fr cwin
fb~1*~
23 int main(void)
24
25 CWin wi nl ;
26 ,------------------ ,
27 :winl . id= ' A' ; :
28 : winl. width= - 5; f- m~ •fr CWin ~8U:9~llil • ffl\)i;
29 : winl. h e ight=l 2 ; : 11HH~'~fb~1*~
'-----------------~
30
31 winl . show_ area ();
32 system ("pa use ");
33 re tu rn 0 ;
34

0 f~~~4~>G ~
~o~*'~~i~WU · M~~1~~U-fil' ~~~~~ft,~, · ~IDH:H9 id , width !M height f.&~l§'~fb
~ • 1ftl;)t]1[HH.tf cwin ~~z:ius~ 5Hm*smz 0
-------------------------~----------------------------------
class CWin
~ 15.5.I

private: !tifi5SU9~ffil/m )t:ffllll~U

!tifi5SUP9ffil~fli~~&
char id;
int width;
int h eight;

}; 1f CWin !tifi5SU9~ffil • /m)t:lU~

~c:li!tifi5SUP9ffilfli~JJ!Z&
int main(void)

CWin winl ;
CWin !tifi5SU9 ~ffil winl.id='A';
winl.width=-5;
winl.height=12;

16.s.2 91:rr0~~~
~?.Z\~~usu9~gBmi;)tB:EfJZ~u~:;su~f3Ba~fll~F.&~ , ~m~ c++ ~x10~~tHHt:!i§S:9~a%t~ffitl • 1§E
1®fl.\~f.&~1®tU.~~~@~ffitl1;!::!;:9~:1'T-B:EfSZ ~~)5t?:JIUo~@8~1J)t~ --~rr0~f.&~ (public
0

member ) 0
tMX~~~ • tE~:5UB~:9~f3BOJ~1~~55U~~0~f.&~{~gf[S(B~!b1'F ' l!JJltfl(;{P~

f!PDJ3!~0~8~1IBJl~f.&~*~1fl.\~ f.&~ {~ISIB;l~ 0

l'i:§iB~i8WU~tE CWin ~~ 55U~1.JO...t-1~0~f.&~ set_data() ' TI:ft;ftlffl'8*~~'.if'fl.\~f.&~

id ' width ~ height 8%~I 0

01 11 prog16_14, fLlffl:'L}:ij"IIBJJQsmlfb:ij"/JY.~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 class CWin 11 ;iE~.M!i~~5.:lU CW in
06
07 private:
08 char id;
 JI ~ C++ 2~~ 16-35

/
09 int width; I I fb~ ~~/JX,~
10 int he i gh t ; I I fb~~~/JX,~
11
12 public:
13 int area (vo id) II 0~~1Q/JX.~ a r e a ()
14
15 return width*he ight;
16
17 v o id show_ a r e a(v o id ) 11 0~1IBJIQ/JX,~ show_a r ea ()
18
19 c o ut << " Windo w " << id << ", area= " << area () << endl;
20
21 void set_ data (char i , int w, int h) 11 B~!IBJIQ/JX,~ set_data ()
22
23 id=i;
24 i f (w>O && h >O)
25 {
26 width=w ;
27 height =h;
28
29 else
30
31 width=O ;
32 height=O;
33 cout << "i nput error " << endl ;
34
35
36 };
37 int main(void)
38
39 CWi n winl;
40
41 winl . set_dat a( ' A ', 50 , 40);
42 winl . show_a r e a (); 11 ~ffi[§j~
43 s ystem( " pau s e ");
44 r eturn 0 ;
45

I* progl6_14 OUTPUT--
Windo w A, area= 2 000
---- ------- ---- --------* /
------------------------~--------------------------------
0 t~it~~~'.lt ~
J)~;;f1~Ucp • set_data() ~0~lillJl91J)Z~' '8oJt~W:\Z-@J char W~11Ql int ~~8~~19 '
:il::fzJJS: 241T~u~?JT1®7\.:L!&l91.!1H~~.7':JJ~ o 0
:E'::f~ · ~UM~fb~IJ)Z~ width W height

~-~DJ~l±l~~~@0~1J)Z~ set_data()• fb~IJ)Z~ id' width W height ::t1~l;Jj~~9: 0

~~ft~DJurr0~lillJl9}J)Z~~mk~~~~~~·um~mum~al\ 0

class CWin ~ 16.5.2

~~0~~1illi~PlZ~
private: DJ:S:@~tl~55tl~OO~
;fb~PlZ~

CWin ~5Stl ~g{l Public:

void set_data(char i,int w,int h)

{ .... }
}; ~5Stl~00~0~/JlZ
int main(void) ~ • DJ]1[H{El3~5Stl
9~fIB*g!jj(
CWin winl;
CWin ~5Stl9~00 ------
winl .set_data('A',50,40); .~--~

J]~§t 41 ficp · ~D~~tl!iiU~ winl 8~

width B~~-so · ma~@@JIJ! "input en-or" 8~Bf\.
,~, ' _§~{®,7\§g 21fi8~w1i~-50 ' pfTl-~fb~JJ)Z~ width W height ~~fRzB~~ 0 '

~-l:±:J~~-~@~Qo ~

JJ~ progl6_14 cp • ft1P9rr set_data() f.~1JDJ\ ·::Hn:@-8~:¥¥~~,I§ · f'l'HR~u~f®l\~~119~~

~~;9°~@~b~~~~~CW~~@B~~J-~~~k~~~·W~~A::f~~

:t~ width §11, height IJ)Z~B~~~1i · :f¥~lli@El!M~l±l~~Bf\.,~, · ~~~~~:::f0Jr.fiUm8~cp

lliJT 0
~Jlt ' :f¥~B~~t .A~:5~§~~$1Gmlu9:Hi~53U~fm8~0~Wfb~IJ)Z~ ' ~U~§~~ll}
~mm~~~~~·~::fmB•~~~eM 0
 JI~ C++ ;L~§ 16-37

/
1± OOP 8'9Vftng;fll:~ • p,Ff~~B'il 'l1~_J (encapsulation ) • ii'.X1~~~{~'8Wtl-~ • 1~1~'.*~
~-~~-~-ffim~-~~,~~_JW'0~_J ·~§@~1±-@B~~**•~
~~-·~~£1'9~ffi~~9~W8'9~@ 0

16. 6 ~ *¥ij 71::;

~tl§~~l1_' fi1P~p,Ff:ff*i58'9
CWin ~~55U ;Lt?ll{!f:' H1~U~~-t'2~ttt?lJ{!f:~.D:;L1tt' ::tE!3
~I~~-*~~~ ( ~D~-H1JPff1~:&8'9 set_data() ~I~) ~@&8'9~ ' C++ lliCITl-;.l.tt~
0

.D:t?ll{!f:8'9~8~ · -1#~~~£8'9~ *~~- · H:tJ)t~;fLlffl ' ~:fM7G_J Cconstructor ) 0

16.6.1 ~:tflbi::;8~¥:$:5;B~

1±C++~·~:fM7GffiIB~B'il~-~§·~MM~~rr8'9~~~~W® 0 ~m7GCITm~

--~-8'9~•·£8'9~B1-JrtW-68'9~--~·H~~~~:

I ~t1t17G®'8fl!!~~JJ:fo
~i\:16.6 . 1
I ~gu:gfl!!;HJI§_]

~5SU:8filJ(llil~l1 ~lt~1, rui~ 2 ~P~V, . .. J

~it~illt ;
: ~ ~ -. -. - - : - - ~m:lG5~f:jJ®@fi1i.
-------'

~~m·~:fM~B'il~-~~WHffiE;LB~B'ilB~~-~~~~ 0
~~ᤥmR-
1~ ~JJ~ CWin ~~5Stl8'9 ~*M7G • l=JU~*M7G8'il~fil_!lli~~J!~ CWin ° J]t9~ • ~*M7G1'f:i~~~
@Ji.®· ~ll!.~t8W-fiJ~8'9~-1'~ 0
--------_,,-----------------~-----------------------------------
16.6.2 9-tt¥ib~8~1~ffli8W~

~-~~3~~M@®·§~-~~WB~~~fiWP.l29~·£~~~~~lliW-~
B~lllilf~::f:fg 0
-f.J~B~lllilf~~friWS~ffl~UB'ff::tOSJLO~ I fffi~tM~~U~{E~31~?ll1!:fB'ff1~~EI

~~~·~afi~-~~~g·~~~•~::t:\WS~~~mrn~~ 0

¥15-S:~tM~B~~'ff 1 11 • DJ;fLlffl£*~j~?l){tj:8~1~]~JJ)Z~{li~ 1
m~g{t_J (initialization) B~!b
~·®W~~~~~m® 0 ~~~M~~~JBR~~~m~~:

01 11 progl6_ 15, ~fM:7Gffil1~m

02 #include <ios tream>
03 #include <cs tdlib >
04 using namespace std;
05 class CWin I I '.J:E~ff~~:@l53Ll CWin
06
07 private:
08 char id;
09 int width, height;
10
11 public:
12 CWin (char i, int w, int h) 11 CWin () ~fM:JG I crrmu~={lQJ~I~
13
14 id=i;
15 width=w;
16 height=h;
17 cout « "CWin ~fM:7GW0~0~3 ... 11
« endl;
18
19 void show_member (void ) II lllill~/JX;~ I m3R~~m~*'f/JX;~8j{a
20 {
21 cout<< 11 Window 11 << id << 11 : 11 ;
22 cout<< 11 width= 11 << width<<" , height= 11 <<height<<endl ;
23
24 };
25
26 int main(void)
27
28 CWin winl('A' , 50 , 40); II '§~winl1m{!f,.!}1~~'.J:Ef)Jja
29 CWin win2('B',60,70) · II '§'~win2~{#:,M~~'.J:E1.7-Ha
 )l(oJ C++ ;L~g 16-39

/
30
31 winl.show_member();
32 win2.show member();
33 system (" pause ");
34 return 0 ;
35

/* progl6_15 OUTPUT-------------
cwin ~m.7[.1$0'¥0~ 3 ...
cw in ~m.7[.1$0'¥0~ 3 ...
Window A: width=SO , heigh t=40
Window B : width=60 , height=70
---------------------------------*/

0 f~rt~lt~~ ~
J]~~{~Ucp •~ 12~ 18 fi;E~]' CWin ~~.8U8~mm7G CWin(char, int, int)• '8CITt~~5Z­

{~ char ru!~B~ ~I~ i • t.U~.~1~~1~ru!~~e~~I~ w Wh, Tif!:M~~i!J{!f:8~'!~~Vf:~mz~8~1m 0

).±~mf~7G8~=8~W~~.8U=8~1§15J • 'Ill~~ CWin °

®~-~~~·mm7GTif!:~~•@@1@W~~~-@®'B~~~~J:E~•@ru!
~~ void , ~~U?.f~~~B~M~t!Jrn,~~~~ 0

~ 28 fiU CWin ~~.8Um1IJ'~i!J{!f: winl ' Z£mrrs~i5JB~' 12~ 18 fi~~·7G•Eli1J

1J5logzo~ · Tif!:1~il511~~Umm7GP9~fi~*~mz~e~~~J:E mm7G¥Afi1ft , win! ~ id
0

mz~1!5l~~~ 'A' ' width Wheight mz~~U5-r.8U115l8~1m~ so W40 ° tl315JB~ , 29 fimrr

3~~~~ 1 Tif!:m~m•7G~~~*~1E~~mz~~® 0 ~~~~m,mm7G~

Z£mrr~~~~•E1~afi,~~~=~~rt~~ 0
 class CWin
~ 16.6.l

CWin(char i,int w,int h) // CWin()~m:lL

id=i;
widt h=w;
height=h;
cout « " CWin ~m:lLWO~O~]' . .. " «endl ;

int main(void)

CWin winl('A',50,40); ~------~

CWin win2('B',60,70); tt~rr win l W win2 ~i!J/!:t­
~ , cwinO ~m7G{~~ El
'1JO¥o~ · n.rz~~ffi~~e'ilsll~

J.1:~:9~1mDJ1;.U!Y&~u 'J'j~f~it111®c!=i~~1~t~1¢:f.ISZ~rr' ~ffj]~*M7C:f$¥MJ'3~/~' PfTt,l_

"CWin ~*M7C:f$D¥0~ J' ... "~$~l*Jlif\tEf®t±Jmf§i~tx~ ¥Afi7t 28-29 fi.;L-1~ • t~{!f
0

winl W win2 8ji@]~IJ)i;~:i~B:f$5~1i' ~ffj] 31 W 32 fiBj show_member() @f90JlElii

8j~~TRt±l;!::U@]~IJ)1;~8j{i 0
·:·

ffl~fi~~~&·~ft7Cffilli~~~~~§·~•~~~rr~~#~~W® 0 ~
progl6_ 1s DJ1j~t±J · 1:E~rrt~1¢~rgs~ · {~DJ5~:\f:~i@'*~IJ)1;~8j{i 0
~J.1:~®~8j{§Effi

~-7[; I DJ~~~B~{t;FJlf~itli,1§ ' ill:DJ:t~3iUAfi8~~$~ !

15~ C++ :f~· 1'11-ffi~B~lIBJl9DJU~m · ~*M7CtBDJ1j~m tE 16.3 Ji'rH~B*~H~@ · R

0

~lIBlf9;LFa~8j§lf91~19/J'fg · §JZ~~lli!~~/ffg • 1~DJ:\E:n~1~:gWJ;j;§rg8j!IBJf9 , @{~

~lIBJl9~~- 0
~ft7C*~tB~--~*~tIBJl9·~ffi~~~-~·l'&~nt±l~ft
51;8j~m o
/ •
¥ijl;J. CWin ~WU , l'llii9~flfrti1~c~EI
JI~ C++ ;L~& 16-41

progl6_15 ' ~cpfiiP~M~~tfli:7G CWin() ~jXJJX;~

@JM&$, §g-@M&$~0J1;i.mw9:-i~s11~e~~m:7G,OJffl*~~;\E'.rJT~1~'.*~JJX;~e~m1~,

§g=i~k&$=1';w;ff{DJ511~ , IWDJM~ width W height JJX;~~~;\E'.~ 10 , id JJX;~~~'.IE~ 'Z' 0

flfrt~r:M~mg~ol' :

01 11 prog16_16, ~m~~~~
02 #include <iostream>
03 #include <cstdlib>
04 using namespace std;
05 class CWin I I ;:E'.~~~~~3U CWin
06
07 private:
08 char id;
09 int width, height;
10
11 public:
12 cwin (char i, int w, int hl 11 ~=@Jslf.9~~m~
13
14 id=i;
15 width=w;
16 height=h;
17 cout << "CWin (char, int, int) ~m~~IJPOJ.j]' ... " <<e ndl;
18
19 CWin(void)
'2 0 {
21 id='Z';
'22 width=lO;
'23 height=lO;
'24 cout « "CW in() ~m~~IJPOJ.j ]' ... "«e ndl;
25
26 void show_member(void)
27
28 cout<<"Window " <<id << ": ";
29 cout<< " width=" <<width<< ", height="<<height<<endl;
30
31 };
32
--------------=----------.+/'~---------------------------------
33 int main(void)
34
35 cwin winl ('A', so, 40); 11 ~11 win l ~~Wt·• :ITIT0¥0~1'''F@sll~e'sl~tM:lG
36 CWin win2; I I ~rr win2 ~~Wt ' I 10¥.0W)~f'lsll~~~m:lG
37
38 winl . show_member( );
39 win2.show_member();
40
41 system ("paus e ");
42 retur n O;
43

/* prog16_16 OUTPUT---------------
cwin (char, int, int ) ~tM:7GtEz0¥0~ J' ...
CW in () ~fM:7Gf/?Z0¥0~ J' .. .
Wi ndow A : width=SO, height=40
Window Z: width=lO , height=lO
------------------------------------*/

o f¥te~~~}l m
JJ-S:~1-9Uq:ifM~ftlffl~tM7G8~~~' ~~J'~1~~~/ffg~lf7@1178~~$M7[; CWin() 0

~-1~~$M7G CWin(char, int, int) ~~ft 12~ 18 fi 0 ~=1~~$M7G CWin(vciid) ~U

~~ft 19~2 5 fi JJ-S:.±f~i'C main() 1~' ~ 35 fiD¥0~~-1~~;fM7[;' 12Slllt id 1E'Z~~~

0

'A', rm width W height :B53U1E'Z~~~ 50 W40 ° 36 fi win2 ~izl1!:J:1~~)~~m...tfff~J8~~1

17 , rfT l~ '8~0¥0~ )~~~I 178~~$M7T; , lliil'.t~~= 1~~tM7G , 12Slllt id $;~ ~.m:t~ft
CWin(void) ~$M7Gi7'J1RZ~~~ 'Z' , rm width Wheight ~U~~1RZ~~~ 10 °

CWin win2();
/ •
~~~Ji~ffii1NB3 c w C++
~~

8'9:±~=1'f6J2~' lli1NBJ'~iU:lUffil-J!t~~M~
C++ 2~§

0
16-43

~ITT.I
C++ B'Sl,8ffiR~~=1'1iJJ~Jlt ' ~Ef:i~§J5 ]' *J~bJx (inheritance) '2~~ (overriding) WJ!l3
®.~~.8U~~~B'SJU~ ' ~~1~1mn~ll@ U~ !

IDMfrliiM

8. ~*H@lt11a@I~ my_abs() §'>iX • i§E?~ my_abs() ~511~llil~CTI:f.0~1~ • m\~)~fl!ti~ 0

my_ abs()~fl[Q]llil~!0~W~51l~e'Slllil~l§f6J 0

.i. 9. ~m~ max() IIBJ~~~iX • ~c::p max 511~~~~1.0 int ' §qJJ._jl.f'[~@]§.l/,={~511~ ' @I

1~~11@af.0~ill!511~~~*1a , 11@1a~~~l\ili~ int 0

 .,.,
_____________________________ ______________________________________

class Caaa

public:
int a;
int b;
int c;
};

(a) ~tE±@Jl9 main() 1-'~rI-@l Caaa ~.8U~f!J~~l9 obj 0

(b) ~obj ~*°f~~ a ~{lll.5~~ 1 • b ~1.lll.5~~ 3 °

(c) 5t~ a+b ~~k5~m8~~ c 0

11QJ~7C~9U~~*'I~~ title • 1~~ff!Yl~~~!Hl , ?.t\~k~~- set_title() @19 , ffl3K5~~

ff!Yli~W!H!f-tl~~!Hl, .L;.lJQ. display() IIBll9, ffl3K~&mff!i'l~till1!f-~~!Hl, !t:J~U~ set_titie() ~

display() @19 °

12. ~5~5t -11QJ CBox ~i'!.8U ' ~~length' width~ height =f!QJ~l9~~*'1~~' 1!!7'E~"""F

9U~ffn5~5t :

(a) ~~int volume() @19' ffl3Rfi@ CBox t?il1!f-~~~ 0

(b) ~~int surfaceArea() @19' ffl3Rfi@ CBox t?ilf!f-~~igj~ 0

void set (double wg) 11 -~:rn~~ftD~~~~

void set (int w, int h) 11 ETI"5~~ftD~~J[;fD~
void set (double wg, int w, int h) II ETI"5~~ftD~~~~' J[;fD~
 JI~ C++ ;L~§ 16-45

.- 14. Z± progl6_ 13 cp • :SZD~Je@Jl9 area() ffJi:HBlliW±c:li:~ private• i:lU@n~~f;J~liUi~iEu1Wi.

1T? 8it!~~-@n • ~area() B'ilB:@IB1ic:li:~ private • ffl.L.jJ~~~l&;B'iJ~)ii~i§iEui 0

.. 15. 5fr~- CSphere :®l7SU • 0Jffl3R~m-{~l§JJ>J( 0

Jlt:®l7SU~a x 'y ~ z =@J~*'l-/JlZ~ • ffl
3R1-'C~~,l~i'B'il{ll:~ • §59H~~-{~ radius ~*'1-/JlZ~ • 1-'C~l§ll>.l<B'il-*-1~ 0
~HIWi.l'@nt\§1'.J'SJ

!~~SZOT:

class CSphere

private:
int x; I I 1§11ti'B'il x @H~
int y; I I ~,[,,B'iJ y gg~
int z ; I I ~,[,,B'iJ z }¥~
int radius; I I ~l>.l<B'il-*-1~

(b) 8ittt CSphere :®l7SU ~1JOJ\ void setRadius() lllill9 • ffl3R5fr~l§]:f>J(;:L#1~ 0

(c) 8ittt CSphere :®l55U1~1JDJ\ double volume() lllill9 ' ffl3Rfi@J CSphere 4iZJ1tJ::l'.J'Sj~~
( l§ll>J<B'il~~~ f m- ) o
3

(d) 8ittt CSphere :®l7SU1!1JDJ\ void showCenter() lllill9 ' ffl3Ri.m.m CSphere 4iZJ{tj:;:L1§]1[,'

..i. 16. Z±~!m 15 cp · szo ~:te CSphere 5li~55U~B'il ~*'IJJlZ~2~1ic:li:/JlZ public· l§lUU@nl'.J'SJ!~~

~fciJJ¥.j~? SIDJltf09 · U@nB'il5fr~t~{~~m;§X~m;?

----------------------------...;/'~---------------------------------------

class CRectan g le

p rivate :
in t width;
in t h e i g ht;

(a) ~5~5t-{IQJ~~:l(; CRectangle(int w, int h) • ~Jlt~~:lGUPO~~ • {f~§!JJ5~ '.iE

width=w • height=h o

(b) 8~}~*1 (a) B'illMHS • ~!3§:5~5t - {IQJ )~1''EWJ9B'il~~:l(; CRectangle() • {~7~~Jlt~

~:lGUPD~~ • {f~§!JJ5~'.JE width= IO • height=8 o

18. 8~~ ~~lm 12 • M~ length' width W height ={1Ql i~]3.f!J)Z~B'ilsml /U11~:\(~ private• !l:t~

5~5t~{IQJ CBox() ~1M:7G •~-{IQ] CBox() ~~:7(;/l'~~l\1±@5119 • fil'BCIT~ length '

width W height ={IQJ~*3.f!J)Z~B'iJ{.l!lf35~~ l 0 ~={1QJ CBox() ~~:7G~UCITm~5i:={IQJ~l9~

~"'~ e'ilsll9 • 53'55Uff.l3R5~'.JE length ' width W height ={IQJ'.~]3.f!J)Z~B'iJ{.l![ o

 ~1rrili* A 1~ffl Dev c++

A.1 ~~ Dev C++

~ ]' 1~8i~§~~'QJ~:01~~~ c 8B~ , ~~8'.0~1liu*li*~~~U~:IZ~-J ]' Dev c++ ~~~G 0

A.1.1 ~~ Dev C++

ti7'1! 1 HOO~lli1*~~8'.0 'Dev C++5_J ~*~~' lM~ 1

devcpp-4.9.9.2_setup.exe_J

~T·~~@~m-@~m~-·~~~~-fr·-~B~~~~~M~~
8'.0 Dev C++ , ~~/f~M~H~1~M&~~~EfD~Jrn8'.0M&~15J-1~~*~~~ 0

Dev-C++ 5 belo 9 releose (4 .9 .9.2) fRJ

Welcome kl Dev-C+t install program. Pleare do not install this version of Dev-C++ over an existing installation.

ti7-W 2 WT '~!~_J ~;:L1~ ' ~m.-1~ 'Installer Language_J ~18l5:0±.t 0

~~FIHR

~~~~~ffi@ffl~~~ 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ffl·ffiU@fflM~
8'.0 'English_J ~I.~JR~~§pq:y :
Instiller Language (&J
Please setect a language.

I . vi
I OK Cancel
------------------------1;;,ll'---------------------------------
:WW 3 HV~H!H,~~U-11Qlff~~ · ~m1&HID.:@1§EJtl Dev c++ 0
~T '~i~_J ~IHiJ\~~

~~-~ 0
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License Agreement
Please 1evlew the Keose te1ms befOl'e hst ~ Oev·C++ 5 beta 9 r e~ase (4.9.9.2). "'

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Bloodshed Oev-C++ Is dstrb.Jted Lnder the Gt.U ~neral Public lk:ense.

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GNU GENERAL PlllllC LICENSE

Versicn 2, ).ne 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 199 1 Fr ee Software Fo.ndation, Inc.

675 Mass Ave, Carrbri&Je, MA 02139, USA
Eve1yone Is ~urdted to copy and disttb..te verbat.in copies
of tt-is kense doo.ment, but che.ngilg it is not afuvied. _I
If you accept thetermsof" the~e~ , dick I AQfee tocoothle. You must accept the
•eement to nstal Dev-C++ 5 beta 9 release (4.9.9.2).

kJ'S'lft.lr,sta Syste11.-Z.O - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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0., se!e<tthe"""""" 0 Dev·C++ progran ~ H:7Ver YOU" fTIO'J>-e o-.-er
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Completing the Dev-C++ 5 beta 9

release (4.9.9.2) Setup Wizard
Dev-C++ 5 beta 9 1e!ease (4.9.9.2) tm been nsta.'!ed on
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main.cpp I .J - -
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now cick OK lo J)foceed lo h lo~

II you~~ umg Oev.C++. please 1elet to the

Dev-C++ ~~ lie ii the H~ meru You wil al.so fnd
lheie a FAQ (wtith is Ve!)' irpoilant to read ii case
you have a Plob'eml and a C tutorial
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---------------------------,~~------------------------------------

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2 #include <s tdio.h>
3 # i nclude <stdlib . h >
4 int main (voi d )
6 (
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01 /* progA_ 3, f!Eit~*~IMl'il~~ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 int square (int);
05 int main (void)
06
07 int i,sum=O;
08 for(i=l;i<4;i++)
09 sum+=square(i);
10 printf("sum= %d\ n",sum);
11 system("pause");
12 return 0;
13
14 int square (int a)
15
16 return a*a;
17
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4 int square (int);
6 int msin(voitl )
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13 }
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Copyright (c) Bloods he d Software Veuiot1 4.9.9.2
G NU Generalf>l.t&::License-------~

GtlU GEtlERAL PUBLIC LI CENSE

Ve1sion 2, June 1991

~ight (CJ 1989, 1991 F1ee Software Foundation. Inc.

675 Mass Ave, Cambfidge, t.tA 02139. USA

!Im~~ ----------~

BOO!shed Soltwa.e!li!'li hUp://1Yww.bOOdshed net

Mng,., Coo,lier !li!i>A hl.lp:/Jwww.rTW!gw.Clfg
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Please suppo1t Oev·C++ by mak.ilg a donation:

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01 /* progB_l, m-@] Vi s ual C++ iBi~~ * /

02 #in c lude <s t di o . h>
03 int main (void)
04
05 printf( " He ll o Kitty!\n "); /* fPctlH e ll o Kitty!*/
06 printf("H e ll o Wo rld!\n") ; /* fPctlHell o Wo rld!*/
07 return 0;
08

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11 return o;
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02 #include <stdio . h>
03
04
int main(void)
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05 printf ("Hello Kitty! \n) ; /* fDt±:l Hello Kitty ! * I
06 printf( "Hello World ! \n "j[ ....i /*fDt±:lHe llo World ! */
07 return O; '[_~ £]'53-~
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04
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07
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09 sum+= squa r e (i);
10
11 printf(" sum=%d\n ",sum);
12 return O;
13
14
15 int square (int a)
16
17 retur n a*a;
18

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02 #include <st dio.h >
03 double area (double r);
04 double peri (double r);
05 int ma in (vo id)
06
07 printf("area(2.2)= %5 . 2f\n ", area (2. 2 ));
08 printf ("peri (1 . 4) = %5 . 2f\n " , peri (1 . 4 ));
09 return 0;
10

01 * area. c, Elfillililllt area(), 9J~t~l§liffifl * I

02 #include <math . h >
03 #define PI 3 .141 6
04 void show (doubl e );
05 double area (double r)
06
07 show (r);
08 ret u rn (PI *pow (r, 2 .0));
09

01 * eri .c, El~Jlilil P,eri () ' !TI~

02 #define PI 3.1416
03 void show (doub le);
04 double peri(double r)
05 {
06 show (r);
07 r et urn ( 2*PI*r);
08

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02 #include <s tdio. h >
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04
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06
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+ double loglO(double x ); <math .h>

+ double log(double x) ; <math .h>

•:• int abs (in t n); <stdlib.h>

+long labs(long n); <math.h>

•:• double fabs (double x ); <math.h>

•:• double cabs (struct complex z); <math.h>

struct complex

double x; I* jll9ffiHB *I
double y; I* ~19fl~{'.IJ *I

+div t div(int number,int denom); <stdlib .h >

div() lIBJl9DJf5[Q]~~IH§~*,:L1~0Clffll&~*l9 • {5[Q]{~gJJ9:tE div_t OCl*6t~lli!~cp 0

div _t
OCl*6~llil~'.JEjj.i%

typedef struct
{
int quot; /* fflll91quotient) */
int rem; /* ~*19(remainder) */
}div_ t;
----------------------------.,,~-------------------------------------
? ldiv t ldiv(long number,long denom); <stdlib.h>

Ictiv() DJ@[Q]~@:!HHHEl~*~~tt~f@JRfi~~ • @@f.l1H~D5l:Z:E ldiv_t ~*6m~~c::p 0

Idiv_t
~*Eim~~~~,;%

typedef struct
{
long quot; /* f@Jl9 (qu otient ) *I
long rem; /* ~19(remainder) */
ldiv_t;

? double floor(double x ); <math.h >

•:• double ceil (doubl e x ) ; <math .h>

? <type> max( <type> a,<type> b); <s tdlib.h>

? <type> min( <type> a,<type> .QLl__ <std lib. h >

? double pow(double x,double y); - - - - - - - - <math.h>

? double EOW10(int p); <math.h >

·~-------------~

•:• double sqrt (double x ) ; <math.h>

? double fmod(double x ,double Y~)~

; ~-
 <math.h>

53'~~)3'!!1.619lilil9
· ~{g~~)3'!!!.619 x 53'~1.0~19&1J1190053' · ~190053'i8~H:tE:tl~H~~l9
intptr cp • {i@Hm.1.01J1J90053'

•!• int rand (void) ; <stdl ib.h>

I!Qi%\Ll91IBJl9 • 11fj:_-{IQJfi'J5~ 0- RAND_MAX ;LFs~e'Sll®l~ILl9 (pseudo-random number) fffj

RAND_MAX ~U~~fr stdlib.h • ~{m.1.0 32767 ° ~rand IIBJl9,6JT11fj:_~ILl9~~FIH§PJ~:f!
.Yrfil1fj:_ •~JltrJT11fj:_~J9@j>;9U~OJr~)~Hm~~11fj:_/f'OJr~)~Ue'SJl9{.mff;9U · DJffiffi srand
lilil93R~~9:1Ll9~:f!.Y

•!• int random (int num) ; <stdl ib.h>

@IL19lilil9°random1.0-e~ • ~~)]~ stdlib.h cp • ffl3R{i@l O-num-1 ~ILl9{.m • Jlte~

~~SIDT:

#define random ( (num) (rand()% (num)))

•!• void srand (unsigned seed); <stdlib.h>

•!• void randomize (void) ; -~---- -~~~~.-..;

<=.
stdlib.h>

TILl9:f!-3'.- •randomize 1.0-e~ • ~~)]~ stdlib.h • 0Jffi3R1.BILl911fj:_~11fj:_Wf~ILl9:f!

-3'.- • ~e~~~SIDT :
#define randomize() srand((unsigned)time(NULL))

""f"l§JB~f~iti819U1~Uitlffl sin ' cos() & tan() t?I5Jl~53'5SU~t~Pffm8:f>Bj~~;E;Ef3ffl'. 0

).±~~!lli

%3ffl'.8~~1li!!D~W~~~ffl'. (radian) 0

01 /* progc_1, =~IIBJl9~1~mi'@WU */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #include <math.h>
05 #define PI 3 .14159 2654
06 in t main (void)
07
08 printf("sin(PI/3) =% 6.4f\n",sin(PI/3.0));
09 printf ("c os (PI/3) =%6 . 4f\n", cos (PI/3. 0));
-------------------------1;;,iwf'----------------------------------
10 printf (" t an(PI/4)= %6 .4f \n ", tan(PI/4 . 0));
11
12 system("pa u se ");
13 return 0;
14

I* progC_ 1 OUTPUT - -
sin(PI/3)=0.8660
cos (PI/3 )= 0 .5000
tan (PI/4 )=1.000 0
---------------------*/

01 I* progC _ 2 , :Hill~!MUl~lllill~~ j§effl,BWU *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <st dlib.h>
04 #include <math.h>
05 int ma in (void )
06
07 printf (" exp(3 . 14)= %6 .4 f\n ", exp(3 . 14));
08 printf( "log10 ( 3 . 14 ) = %6 .4 f\n ",log10 (3.14));
09 printf( "log (3 . 14)=%6 . 4f\n ", log(3 . 14 ));
10
11 system (" pause ");
12 return 0;
13

/* progC_2 OUTPUT--
exp( 3 .1 4 ) =23 .1 039
log10(3 . 14)=0.4969
log( 3 . 1 4)=1.144 2
--------------- --- ---*/

l'iillB~f.\En~fLl!tl floor() R ceil() @I~· :B8U*t:±:l'N5~~ J'j~ 3.14 El~~:A~I~ · 1-),,&:A

n~~n~ 3.14 8~~1J\~I~ :
/
01 /* progc_3, 5.K~}~lli3.14Bj!H9:1.ill */
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #include <math . h>
05 int main (void)
06
07 printf("floor(3 . 14}=%3 . lf\n ", floor(3.14));
08 printf("ceil(3 . 14)=%3 . lf\n ", ceil(3 . 14)) ;
09
10 system( "pause") ;
11 return 0;
12

/* progC_3 OUTPUT--
floor (3 . 14) =3 . 0
ceil(3 . 14 }= 4 .0
------------ -- -------* /

? time_t time(time_t *timeptr ); <time.h>

~[QJ El lli];rij\Jttlj~FJ.l 0
time_t ~ time.h ~pfiJ:E~Bj~Fs~i!U~fill~ 0
~~__t ' '8~.t~~!H9:
fill~ • ~~fr time.h ~~~~-fi*)(~ :
typedef long time_ t;

time @f9:§[Q]m!\EJ.Polt~)EJ'~Fs~ 19701:f: I f3 1 8 00:00 :00 ~Ll El lliJ~*3t~Fs~PM~@tljf':J,1 f9:'

TI:ti.§§1~Ji:tl':li'l9:i~~Bfr:N~~ timeptr ,6@~~8%1:±.lt:~

? clock_t clock(void); <time .h>

~it~I~~Fs~@l9: 0
~IQJElf~itBil!tJ~/EBpfi*~@Bj~Fs~ 'm.19B¥M'Jftt' Ji:t{~J,~ " ~¥;= " Bj
19: El 3R~m 0 n~ time.h cp'.J:E~ 3 CLK_ TCK 3R~mBJf':J, ~¥;Bjf9: El , ti)( clock Bj~IQJi~m!\
1

~J,~ CLK_ TCK ' ::tf:i~1~~Ll,6M~@Bj~Fs~l':li'l9:

? double difftime(time t t2,time t tl ); < time.h>

-------------------------~----------------------------------
Tii1i8"-l 1~it~fLlJiH~lll~t~ sin(0.2) 8%1[ · ;!=l;~t~ 10000* I 0000 C+1~) -;):!. • tH~ill¥A

fi~ m~@ ~~~~~m~~·• •* ~~lllmfimn •~~ ~ 0

o1 I* progc _ 4, 5.Kf~it¥MJ-8~8~F~ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #include <math.h>
05 #include <time . h>
06 int main(void)
07
08 int i,j;
09 time_t start,end ;
10
11 start=time(NULL);
12 for{i=O;i<lOOOO ; i++)
13 for(j=O;j<lOOOO ; j++)
14 sin(0.2) ;
15 end=time(NULL);
16 printf( " time= %.2f seconds.\n ", difftime(end,start));
17
18 system( " pause ");
19 return 0;
20

/* progC_4 OUTPUT---
time= 27 . 00 second.
-- -- ------------------* /

H~T* · iU911U9J~it progC_4 • ~~fLlffl~lll~t~ sin(0.2) 8%1[ · ;!=l;~t~ 10000* 10000

1X.. • /f~8"-l~1~it progc_s ~L~ clock() lllif~f!Sli®~lll¥MJ'~1~8"-l 8~%~ · ~*~~111¥A
fiffi~-~~~·H~~~~~-~~~~-@ 0

01 /* progC - 5 , 5.Kf~itf.t\fi~B~Fs~ *I
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include <math . h>
05 #include <time . h>
06 int main(void)
/
07
08 in t i , j ;
09 c l oc k_t start , e nd;
10 f l oat t used;
11
12 start=cloc k();
13 for (i=O;i< lOOOO; i ++ )
14 for (j =O ;j < lOOOO ;j ++)
15 sin(0 . 2 );
16 e nd=c l ock ();
17 t_used= ( float ) (end- start ) /C LK_TCK ;
18 printf (" time= %. 3f seconds . \n ", t_used );
19
20 system (" pause ");
21 return 0;
22

/ * progC_S OUTPUT----
ti me= 26 . 860 seconds .
--------------- --------*/

? char *strcat( char *dest , const char *so urc e ); <s tring . h>

•:• char *strncat(char *dest, const c har *source,size_t n); <s tring .h>

~$U~ma!IBJ~ • ffl 3R M~3R)~~ $ source ~filll§l n i~ ~3GU~matE: El~ ~$ dest ~1~l§J • ~ c:p
size_t .f.ili~W.:~I~ ' ~~~Dl' :

typede f unsigned i nt s ize t;

? char *strchr (const char *s tring,int c ); <s tring.h >

~char *strrchr(const char *string ,int c ); <string.h>

~ char *strstr(const char *strl, canst char *str2 ); <string .h >

~ size_t strcspn(const char *strl , canst char *str2 ); <string.h>

+$f~~llliJJ~ 0
~*J'~8+7G9~ • 1~~+$ str2 i±+$ strl cp§f.;-:;~t±lIY/,8~1.li]![

~ char *s~brk(const char *strl, canst char *str2); <string.h>

~char *strcpy(char *dest,char *source) ; <string.h>

~char *strcpy(char *dest,const char *source); <str ing.h >

~char *strncpy(char *dest,const char *source ,size_t n); <string .h>

~char *strcmp(const char *strl, canst char *str2); <string .h>

+$8~tt~ • :@t~ ASCII 1Ill8~/\:1Nt~ strl W str2 • ~@J{~:Jj,f.0

1Nj'.$: 0 : +$ strl 1J115'.S:+$ str2
~15'.$: 0 : +$ strl ~15'.2:+$ str2
/\:15'.$: 0 : +$ strl /\:15'.2:+$ str2

~ char *strcrnpi(const char *strl , canst char *str2) ; <string .h>

+$8~tt~ • N/f~fli/\:1J1'.M;8J1.JiUt~ strl W str2 ' ~@J1fll:B~

1J\lj'.$: 0 : +$ strl 1J115'.S:+$ str2
~15'.$: 0 : +$ strl ~15'.2:+$ str2
/\:15'.$: 0 : +$ strl /\:15'.2:+$ str2
/
-!- char *striQ!!P(const char *strl , const char *str2 ); <string .h>

32$~tt!9 ' M~ strl W str2 $'G~i~.f.ili!N~~~ ' ~l}f.!~8ttl:\C~{IQJ32$ ' fi@]jg[)j,~

1Nj~ 0 : 32$ strl 1J \)]~32$ str2

~)]~ 0 : 32$ strl ~)]~32$ str2

A.)]~ 0 : 32$ strl A.1:%:32$ str2

•!• int *strnatp(const char *sl , const char *s2 , size_t.J:!l;_ <string.h>
32$~ttl:\C , ;@j§ ASCII {~~A.1Ntl:\C32$ sl W s2 cp~jfiljl§j n @32~ • ~@]{~51~
1j\J]~ 0 : 32$ sl 1j \J]'.S:32$ s2
~)]~ 0 : 32$ s I ~)]~32$ s2

A.n~ o : 32$ sl A.)]~32$ s2

•!•int *strniatp(const char *sl, const char *s2,size_t n); <string .h>

1j\J]~ 0 : 32$ sl 1j\)]~32$ s2

~)]~ 0 : 32$ sl ~)]~32$ s2

A.)]~ 0: 32$ sl A.)]~32$ s2

-!- size t *strlen(const char *string~)~;~~~~~- <string.h>

-!- char *strlwr(char *string ); <string .h>

-!- char *strupr(char *string ); <string .h>

-!- char *strrev(char *string ); <string .h>

-!- char *strset(char *string ,int ch ); <string.h>

-------------------------------"""'~-----------------------------------------
v char *strnset(char *string,int ch,size t n~
) -
· ~~-<string.h>

01 !* progc_6, ~*a~ilQJ~ifl */
02 #include <stdio . h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #include <string. h>
05 int main (void)
06
07 char dest[BO]="My dear friend,";
08 char source[40)="How are you?";
09
10 printf("first string=%s\n",dest);
11 printf("second string=%s\n",source);
12 strcat(dest,source);
13 printf("New string:%s\n",dest);
14 system("pause");
15 return 0;
16 }
/* progC_ 6 OUTPUT------------------
first string=My dear friend,
second string=How are you?
New string:My dear friend,How are you?
---------------------------------------*/

1'[§]8jf!Eit~ifLlffl strchr() lllill~' :f~~~c$cj:itl::\I~8j~-1~~~~~:7G 'Mz:t~tl::\~&ztM~U~

:7Grtrl±lms%'.I]ill' 0

01 /* progC 7, _tE~~~$cj:il:±:JI~B'iJ§"(?;-jlQl~~)E'~:l[; *I
02 #include <stdio. h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #include <string. h>
05 int main (void)
06
07 char str[BO),ch;
08 char *ptr=NULL;
/
09
10 printf("Input a string :") ;
11 gets(str);
12 printf("Input a character to search :");
13 scanf (" %c ", &ch);
14 ptr=strchr(str,ch) ;
15 i f (ptr)
16 printf( " c haracter %c is at position %d\n",ch,ptr-str+l);
17 else
18 printf("character not found!\n ");
19 system ("pau se ") ;
20 return 0;
21

/* progC_7 OUTPUT-- -- ------------

Input a string: Have a nice day!!
Input a c haracter to search : a
The character a is at position 2
-------------------- ---------------* /

01 /* progC 8 , :!~~~$ *I
02 #include <stdio . h >
03 #include <stdlib . h>
04 #include <string . h>
05 int main (void)
06
07 c har source[80 ], dest[80];
08
09 printf( " Input the source string :");
10 gets(source) ;
11 strcpy (dest , source) ;
12 printf("destination string : %s\ n",dest );
13 system ("pause");
14 return 0 ;
15
-------------------------------.+!'~~----------------------------------------
/* progC_S OUTPUT-----------------------
Input the source string:Have a nice day!!
destination string:Have a nice day! 1
------------------------------------------*/

f~it progC_9 ~rnmfcJU®l\-.+$ ' 53'8UBt~~~.+$8j~)g ' J._~)J~J~.+$cj:i8j/;::~

.+:ll;~fm~t~~1J\~ · ~1~¥ij~~.+$J..JJ~M~@~~ej1-Jrtf®tf::l

01 /* progC_9, {§Ef§~.$@19 *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include <string.h>
05 int main (void)
06
07 char str(80];
08
09 printf("Input a string: ");
10 gets(str);
11
12 printf("String length: %d\n ",strlen(str));
13 printf("Convert to lower case: %s\ n",strlwr(str));
14 printf("String reversed: %s\n ",strrev(str));
15 system("pause");
16 return 0;
17

/* progC_9 OUTPUT----------------------
Input one string: Have A Nice Day!!
String length: 17
Convert to lower case: have a nice day!!
String reversed: ! !yad ecin a evah
-----------------------------------------*/
/
01 /* progC_ lO , fij F13*1,)§mff;)tM~~$:!;J~ff; */
02 #include <st di o . h>
03 #include <s tdlib.h >
04 #include <s tring.h >
05 #define SIZE 4
06 void print_ ma tr ix( c har *a[ )),bubble(char *a []);
07 int main(vo id)
08
09 char *name [SIZ E) = { " David ", " Mary Lee ", " Alice Wu" , " Tammy Chen"} ;
10
11 printf( " Before process ... \n ");
12 print_matrix(name) ;
13 bubble(name) ;
14 printf( " After proce s s ... \ n " );
15 print_matrix(name);
16 system( " pause");
17 return 0 ;
18
19 void print_matrix (char *a[) ) /* El~Jlllil~ print_matrix () *I
20
21 int i;
22
23 for(i=O;i <SIZE ; i++)
24 printf ( " name [ %d ) = %s\ n ", i , * (a+i)) ;
25
26
27 voi d bubbl e (char *a [)) /* El~Jlllili~ bubble() *I
28
29 int i , j;
30 char *temp [l ) ;
31
32 for(i=O ; i< (SIZE - l) ;i++)
33 f or (j=O;j < (SI ZE -1) ; j++)
34 i f ( strcmp (a [ j], a [ j + l)) >0)
35 {
36 *temp=a[j) ;
37 a [ j J =a [ j +l ] ;
38 a [j +l )= *temp ;
39
40
-------------------------~-----------------------------------
/* progC_lO OUTPUT---
Before process ...
name[O]=David
name[l]=Mary Lee
name[2 ] =Alice Wu
name[3]=Tammy Chen
After process ...
name[O]=Alice Wu
name[l]=David
name[2]=Mary Lee
name[3J=Tammy Chen
-----------------------*/

•:• int isalnurn(int c~

) ~
; __ <ctype .h>

~int isalpha(int c); <ctype.h>

~ int isascii(int c) · ~---~~-<~

c~type.h>

~int iscntrl(int c);

~int isspace(int c~)~,~

· ~~~~~--~~~~-~- <ctype .h>

~ int isErint(int c_)~; ~----------- <ctyP.e.h>

/
•:• int isupEer (int .£2...i_

•:• int islower (int c); <ctype .h>

•:• int ispunct (int c); ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

<ctype .h>

~ int isxdigit(int c) · ~~~~~~~~~~~~

<ctype .h>

~int toup er(int c);

~int tolower(int c);

~~~~rt~~ERMA-~$·~~~-~$~~~~·~~A·~~WM•~
Jj\·~~ I ~~lj\·~~£WMJW~A·~~ I ~~*~~~1'~ 0

01 /* progC_ll , 3':JT;Bjj;::1J1~~1~ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib.h>
04 #include <ctype. h>
05 int main (void )
06
07 int i=O ;
08 char a[20];
09 printf("Input a str in g : " );
-------------------------------~'1Nf.------------------------------------------

10 gets(a) ;
11 while (a[ i) ! = ' \0 ')
12 {
13 if (isl ower (a [i)))
14 a[i)=toupper(a[i]);
15 else if(isupper(a [ i)))
16 a [ i) =to lower(a[i]) ;
17 i ++;
18 printf( " After conversion : %s\n ", a );
19
20 system(" pause ");
21 return O;
22

I* progC_ 11 OUTPUT------------------
Input a str ing: Have a nice Day!!
After convers i on: h AVE A NICE dAY ! !
----- ----------------------------------*/

~int atoi(const char *string ); <s tdli b .h>

l ong atol(const char *strin ) · <stdlib . h >

~ double atof(const c h ar *s tr ing ); <math .h>

~char itoa(int value , char *s tring,int radix); <stdlib.h >

char ltoa(long va lue, char *string ,int radi x ); <s tdlib.h >
/ •
01 /* progc_12, ~~iflmi~~~I~ *I
02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 #define POW ato i (a) *atoi (a )
05 i nt main (void )
06
07 char a[lO] ;
08
09 prin tf(" Input a number :");
10 gets (a);
11 printf( " %d * %d=%d\n ", atoi (a ),at oi (a ),POW );
12 system("pause ");
13 ret u rn 0 ;
14

/* progC_12 OUTPUT---
Input a number: 30
30*30=900
-----------------------*/

1
~~~~~~~BMaA -UM ~R~--~-~~-~~-,~m~~···
~~mz*IT 8J~$ :

01 /* progc 1 3 , ~~l~mJJX;l.j,_radix~~fl\]~$ */
02 #include <stdi o . h>
03 #include <stdl i b.h>
04 i nt main (void)
05
06 int i,radix ;
07 char str[l8];
08
09 printf (" Input an integer: ");
10 scanf (" %d ", &i);
11 printf( " Input radix :");
12 scanf (" %d ", &rad ix );
13 printf (" %d in radix %dis %s\ n ", i , rad ix, itoa (i , str , radix ));
14
-----------------------------~---------------------------------------
15 system("paus e ");
16 return O;
17

/* progC_l3 OUTPUT--------
Input an integer :199920
Input rad i x : 16
1 99920 in radix 16 is 30cf0
----------------------------*/

•!•void *calloc( size_t num_e l ems , size_t elem s ize); <s tdlib.h >

§G1~R~iililllJ~ • jlljcii-t!l num_elems x elem_size /;/N8§G1~R • _§§"~§G'i~Rl~r~-1~

11I7r;*§>~ g;g 1.0 o@.

•!• void *rnalloc(size t num_bytes); <malloc.h>

-!- void *realloc(void *me m_address,size t n ews ize); <stdlib.h>

-!- void free(void *me m_a ddress); <st dio.h >

l'l§iB~flEi'C · ~fum malloc() iIBJl9g!jG]i[-±)1; 64 {~{.U5a§s~~G'l:H~ · El:J~}t~f®l\-~$

rr~~~·~·~~~~~$~m•~~~•~a·~~•~m~~$ffi~·•m~
~~~±l~G 1 l:~•*~J59: 0

01 I* progC _ 1 4 , {§Effl mal loc () jlljGii§G1:~R *I

02 #include <stdio .h >
03 #include <stdl ib . h>
04 #include <mal l oc .h>
/
05 #include <ctype.h>
06 int main(void)
07
08 char *mem;
09 int i=O;
10
11 i f ( (mem= (char * ) malloc ( 64 ) ) ! =NULL) I* jlljG]![ 64 bytes B'il~G'l~!m *I
12 {
13 printf("Memory allocated!!\n ");
14 printf("Input a string :");
15 gets(mem);
16 while( * (mem+i) !=' \0 ')
17
18 if (is l ower (* (mem+i ))) /* ~~$iQ/j_~JJ)ZiE:$7'::M; *I
19 *(mem+i)=toupper(*(mem+i)) ;
20 i++;
21
22 printf( " After convert , string is %s\ n",mem);
23 free(mem);
24 printf ("Memory deallocated! ! \n ") ;
25
26 e l se
27 printf (" Memory allocated failed! ! \n ") ;
28 system("pau se ");
29 return O;
30

/* progC_l4 OUTPUT----------------------
Memory allocated !!
Input a string :Have a nice day!!
Aft er convert, string is HAVE A NICE DAY!!
Memory deallocated!!
-------------------------------------------*/
------------------------PN'----.,,_______________....,.__________

? void abort(void); <stdlib.h>

? void exit(int status);

? int system(const char *string);

Tl§JB~f~i'C • ~ftlffl system() 1])1~¥Afi DOS 8~®~ diri U:@§ ffi>-RcpB~ti~~*~itt •

fij¥Jiii DOS e~®~ pause' 1§Ef~i'C~1~ ' ]EfUtP:TffJ'&UJt:t~IUiUMJ' 0

01 /* progC_lS, {§Effl system () ¥J\fi' Dos tB®~ *I

02 #include <stdio.h>
03 #include <stdlib. h>
04 int main (void)
05
06 system("dir c:\\prog");
07 system("pause");
08 return 0;
09

/* progC_ 15 OUTPUT------------------------------
mU*~ c c::j:itBmU*>~f'J~~ 0

mUJ;~fj';51JE; D443-DA35

c: \prog tB § ib-J
2004/04117 T~07:10 <DIR> hello
2004/04/21 T~ 02:17 6 output.txt
2004104122 T~ 12: 33 359 Wi:>'z{!:J= l. c
2004104120 T~ 03: 30 1, 320 Wi:>'z{!:J= 1. cpp
2004/04/22 T~ 12: 34 27, 976 Wf)Z{!:j: 1. exe
4 {~*i~ 29, 661 {I'zjI;*§
3 f~Elib-J 3,652,571,136 1I'I7I;*§CITffl
---------------------------------------------------*/
~11ili~ D ASCII ~1£Z

+ii11I =ii11I /\3.i{lI +nii11I ASCII ~m

0 0000000 00 00 NUL Ctrl+l
1 0000001 01 01 SOH Ctrl+A
2 0000010 02 02 STX Ctrl+B
3 0000011 03 03 ETX Ctrl+C
4 0000100 04 04 EOT Ctrl+D
5 0000101 05 05 ENQ Ctrl+E
6 0000110 06 06 ACK Ctrl+F
7 0000111 07 07 BEL Ctrl+G
8 0001000 10 08 BS Ctrl+H •Backspace
9 0001001 11 09 HT Ctrl+I •Tab
10 0001010 12 OA LF Ctrl +J • Line Feed
11 0001011 13 OB VT Ctrl+K
12 0001100 14 oc FF Ctrl+L
13 0001101 15 OD CR Ctrl+M •Return
14 0001110 16 OE so Ctrl+N
15 0001111 17 OF SI Ctrl+O
16 0010000 20 10 OLE Ctrl+P
17 0010001 21 11 DCl Ctrl+Q
18 0010010 22 12 DC2 Ctrl+R
19 0010011 23 13 DC3 Ctrl+S
20 0010100 24 14 DC4 Ctrl+T
21 0010101 25 15 NAK Ctrl+U
22 0010110 26 16 SYN Ctrl+V
23 0010111 27 17 ETB Ctrl+W
24 0011000 30 18 CAN Ctrl+X
25 0011001 31 19 EM Ctrl+Y
26 0011010 32 lA SUB Ctrl+Z
27 0011011 33 lB ESC Esc •Escape
28 0011100 34 lC FS Ctrl+\
29 0011101 35 lD GS Ctrl+]
D-2 c ~g~~5(~-3=fffi ~ ~g&

+~ill =~ill i\~{lz +7\~{lz ASCII ~m

30 0011110 36 lE RS Ctrl+=
31 0011111 37 lF us Ctrl+ -
32 0100000 40 20 SP Spacebar
33 0100001 41 21
34 0100010 42 22
35 01 00011 43 23 # #
36 0 10010 0 44 24 $ $
37 0 1 00101 45 25 % %
38 01001 10 46 26 & &

39 0100111 47 27
40 0101000 50 28 (

41 0101001 51 29 )

42 0101010 52 2A * *
43 0101011 53 28 + +
44 0101100 54 2C
45 0101101 55 2D
46 0 1 01110 56 2E
47 0101111 57 2F I I
48 0110000 60 30 0 0
49 0110001 61 31 1 1
50 0110010 62 32 2 2
51 0110011 63 33 3 3
52 0110100 64 34 4 4
53 0110101 65 35 5 5
54 0110110 66 36 6 6
55 0110111 67 37 7 7
56 0111000 70 38 8 8
57 0111001 71 39 9 9
58 0111010 72 3A
59 0111011 73 38
60 0111100 74 3C < <
61 0111101 75 3D
62 0111110 76 3E > >
•
~
+illHu
63
=ii1ll
0111111
f"\iif:u +nii.1u
77 3F
ASCII
? ?
~m
ASCII~,!@~ D-3

64 1000000 100 40 @ @

6S 1000001 101 41 A A
66 1000010 102 42 B B
67 1000011 103 43 c c
68 1000100 104 44 0 0
69 1000101 lOS 4S E E
70 1000110 106 46 F F
71 1000111 107 47 G G
72 1001000 110 48 H H
73 1001001 111 49 I I
74 1001010 112 4A J J
7S 1001011 113 4B K K
76 1001100 114 4C L L
77 1001101 llS 40 M M
78 1001110 116 4E N N
79 1001111 117 4F 0 0
80 1010000 120 so p p

81 1010001 121 Sl Q Q
82 1010010 122 S2 R R
83 1010011 123 S3 s s
84 1010100 124 S4 T T
8S 1010101 12S SS u u
86 1010110 126 S6 v v
87 1010111 127 S7 w w
88 1011000 130 S8 x x
89 1011001 131 S9 y y

90 1011010 132 SA z z
91 1011011 133 SB [ [

92 1011100 134 SC \ \
93 1011101 13S so
94 1011110 136 SE
9S 1011111 137 SF
D-4 c ~g~~)1:~=Jfffi ~i:i:gg&

+~~Hu = ~tu F\~{u +7\~fI'.I ASCII ~m

96 1100000 140 60
97 110000 1 141 61 a a
98 1100010 142 62 b b
99 1100011 143 63 c c
100 1100100 1 44 64 d d
101 1100101 145 65 e e
102 1100110 146 66 f f
103 1100111 1 47 67 g g
104 1101000 150 68 h h
105 1101001 151 69 i i
106 1101010 1 52 6A j j
107 1101011 1 53 6B k k
108 1101100 154 6C 1 l
109 1101101 155 6D m m
110 1101110 156 6E n n
111 110 1 111 157 6F 0 0

11 2 1110000 1 60 70 p p
113 1110001 161 71 q q
114 1110010 1 62 72 r r
115 1110011 16 3 73 s s
116 1110100 164 74 t t
117 1110101 1 65 75 u u
11 8 11101 1 0 1 66 76 v v
119 1110111 167 77 w w
120 1111000 170 78 x x
121 1111001 171 79 y y
122 1111010 172 7A z z
123 1111011 1 73 7B
124 1111100 1 74 7C
125 1111101 175 7D
126 1111110 1 76 7E
127 111 1 111 1 77 7F Del Del •Rubout
 ili~.t~8ft
' -~ 4 fffl'sJ int c:ltP>Z void ~ '
ffi fj~
main() B'sl• @ i.l1l.~f&t.li void • l:!P=i'
• @ff®* e:§ ' ~ 9 fffl'sJ return $l(jUJ'.~
1-2 f~it8B~fl'sJDJ11fHi · ~m~~ - **1tffiml ~~@@M B'sl •@~f&·*M®•fl'sJS
~B'sl~it • DJJ,j_{E];' !l® c:lt§.1Z'Jt~::f{IU:I( I! • ~?.t\ )~~· [QJ{l1l, • ~ 9 ffB'sl return ~,)(
fl'sJ~)5tT l:!P DJtE §5 - {~{'F~**1tt!¥.MJ- 0

l!M.t=1'~~\\'l' ~l~il1l. 0

1-11 bug ~m~itt! B'sl£~8:1.\ • debug l'lU ~~ti 2-3 ~jlj~~ hw2_3.c 0

f~itt!B'sl~~· 0

2-5 ~jlj~~ hw2_5.c 0

1-1 2 r8g•£~ 8:1.\ _J ~ :l!§~i\::!f.§tfl'sJ8g)'t )~~Fo~

m. @m~uit.t. DJll~~~mm · ffi1~~3.§ 2-8 ~~~~ hw2_8.c 0

P>Z~H~JlJltiB'slma• 0
Jl:t~Lib~JH~-fii'.i'E~
- ff~itfl'sJBB~~~··~···~
iE 0
2-9 :!f.~itfr~~~~~ r 'i' undeclared(first
use in this function)_J B'sl8Tl ,i!lH.l:ff~ ' m~:t!§
r8gJL~~8:1.\ _J l'lU ~~itlil§:!f.§})~~11X~.~8g i 5~~1$§:~ · l§J ~-~ i ~-:;;~m~@I~
JL!~~ffi~~'.t8'sl£~• ' .R~~~~~itffi cp:/$,Ef.rnU :fi~M~ c:ltmi~ £~8:1.\ ' .R~-~
0

:tl§ tl:l fl'sJ£~8:1.\8JiHtt · ~~¥/T~~l:!PDJ•®: 6 fffl'sJ~itli\§ i=5; c:ltP>Z int i=S;l:!PDJ 0

~€l~it~P>ZDJ¥.MJ- B'sl~it 0
2-11 ~~~~ hw2_11 .c 0

1-13 ~~~~ hwl_l3.c 0

1-19 J.tma~~~:l'!'88'sJEJB'slm.&i?111~~lHs
arti s t ' Chin a Tirne s 'Y2k'
tE-!Eeftt' PX;;%- {~ r.exe_J DJ 1~¥.MJ- B'sl
p e n t iurn3, TOMBO,AAA,A1234 , N01'
*i~ 0
t wo ' _ AMO ' jdk1_3 'pr i ntln °

2-14 main ~~~~gu ~ ' ~?.t\'8;f{l•*m '@

::f'Jmfi~ c 8g~ffim itt;B'sl ~~m~:t!B'sl-~ 0

2-2 ~~~~ hw2_2.c 0

2-16 E3§:~~1~ · §.1Z~tl:~,)(litt ~ftt)~~1.JD.L

:5~-~ 4 fffl'sJ int c:ltP>Z void · l'lU ~ tl:l fJ?, 2 53'9JE • ••£~nt.li8BJt£~8:R 0

@ ~ ~81t ,itl!,:

(a) ~ 9 ff • 'return' with value, in function 2-1 7 8~~~1~111l. OOtR9JE · !lP )~~~oJl:ti~~ · lt5J ffii
returning void -~8ft~ 9 fffl'sJ return
0 •~affm-a•::f'~ · ••••t.li~••
l,\'l'~- @ @ '@~@l~B'sl•@~•~ ~o

void o
2-20 ®:~~it~jlj~~ hw2_20.c' ~¥/T~JJ~ fttfl'sJ
(b) ~ 5 ff • return type of 'main' is not 'int' 0

~it • ~~ ~ ~ hw2_20a.c 0

~ :II§~ 5 fffl'sJ main() @l~fl'sJ·[QJ~f&

~=1'~ int o
E-2 c ~g~~~~~fffi §i%~H&
~

$.=.§Fl. ~~~~
h-.IT-.::t:2:.
~ CJ 3-11 (a) int (b) short

(c) double (d) short ~ float

3-1 (a) ~I~ : num • ml~ : 134
(e) fl oat (f) sho1i
(b) WI~: sum • mm : 76844
(g) double (h) short
(c) ~I~ : value • mt~ : 0.44632
(i) long
3-3 (a) l 34.45L--> 134.45 ~B'.lllcl~~~l • L ;;i;:
@Jffli':Etl:t~i!~Lt 0
3-13 (a) ~~5G~i~ ch ~\l:{.ili1.:li 312 o

Cb) 1okm 24-->mt~::t:§rn::x:~w1~~ffi~ Cb) ~Afr*a~1.:li 8 °

B'ilfflt!J tl:HJI, 0 El3n~~5GWi~DJ~5GB'il~B~Rfi 0-255 •
(c) a2048-->l~~irt)::f§~fi3(:~~1~~HB' ~ ch ~\l:{.ilif.ili 3 12 ~ • ·~H~ ~~il1B'ilfflITT 0
~o
JJ:t~•IH!i11~ @ 1 {~ {l15G*~B'il B*'I ' 312
B'il=~{:i'.If.ili 1oo111000 • 1$iM311~iID 8@
3-5 (a) -96.43 --> -9.643000e+OO 1
bits ( l {~{1z5G*~) 1~ W~ 00111000 • l~W8
(b) 1974.56 --> l.974560e+003 ~+~{lzB'il 56 • ffi) ASCII li,\lj 56 iitt~~)G
r8_, o
(c) 0.01234 --> l. 234000e-002

(d) 0.000432 --> 4.320000e-004 @~ilH!ili~iID 1 i~{1z5GN~B'ilnn • :ffia1JS:

M{.ilii!*lj 2561~B'ilH*i~ 0 ll110Jlj~~~ 3 12
i!*lj 256 i~!lll~H*l~ • tii~H*i~~61.:li 56°
3-6 (a) -9.Se-4 --> -0.000950

(b) 3.78e+5 --> 378000.000000 3-15 (a) ~MJ'*a~1.:li

(c) 5.12e-2--> 0.051 200 30000. l 00009

(d) 6. l 732e+ 12 --> 6173200000000.000000 (b) El31JS: float ~•B'il*lllMRfi 7-8 {lzl~ •
1\t~Ua~ cp • •t~i1zl~~ 5 {u • 1Nl~
3-9 •••~••*'l~~::t:• ~ mamB'il~ !113:53-il•~MiID 2 {1zi~~t'llltifi'B'il • ~
{1~ ( {9~9DiiL.t~~B'il ~Ai~) • ~..tOJJ..jffl Ei113:5T~MlliMMR~ · ~JJ:t•fi~
unsigned ( ffl\~Rl~) 3Ri5M~E 0 9Dtl:t- ~ ~ mo
3R • @@M~Ri~~l~B'ili5~fl:R~{~R§~ (c) ~MH~ hw3_ 15c.c o
~-I~ • .§1Ei~B'il~if\~B~lli~~l*%B'il
iir.j{g 0
3-17 ~jlj~~ hw3_ 17.c o

3-10 '"fi§jffjIJ'[0]1$ C B'iJ~8J~ffit~'.¥t :

3-19 (a) numl/num2 B'ili@il~1.:li 0 • ~tl:t ~ 7 fi
(b) int num=40; B'ilf®lli1.:li 0 0
(d) long value=47828L; (b) ~jlj~~ hw3_ 19.c o
/

B~'®l\~ -i~f7I; :a
4-2 B~1W~ hw4_2.c o
B~'®l\~=@f7I;:ch I =a, ch2=

4-4 B~1W~ hw4_4.c o fr Dos~ Windows ~&if>%tllll'ltf Enter

,
m~ '81&zM~.lc.l, carriage return W
4-6 B~1W~ hw4_6.c 0 line feed mrn@~f'F ' ~.~~~jl'.I.§&
11' 0 ~Jl:t-i~ Enter m1~~¥Afiffii~ti7
4-8 B~1W~ hw4_8.c o
lW • -@~~jJ'.I (ASCII fJ,\lj.f.il, l 3 ) , lli
li'X~~)1j}~f35~16J - 9U~~ll · §5-i~
i:!U~j~jj' (ASCIIfJ,\lj./c.l, 10)' i))i!l0~)1j}
4-9 Jl:t~:rtZ:HMJ'l!~fCITJ..;.JJl®l\R*4 , ill~fflfrc
~fil.§.11H35-fi 0

~~~~-*4~W~~ffi®~9E~·m
~~./c.l,tE~ 7 11'~ ' scanf()tiD~.l'l:~fflWI~ (b) B~1W~~:rt hw4_17b.c 0

~fl'.I±.tl:~/iX,511~ 0 ~ni~f~:rtB~1W~
hw4 9.c o (c) B~1W~f~it hw4_ l7c.c 0

4-11 B~1W~ hw4 _ l l.c o

4-19 B~1W~ hw4_19.c 0

4-13 B~1W~ hw4_ l3.c o

4-14 ~1W~ hw4_l4.c o

5-2 (a) ' a ' <28 false

(b) 4+3==8-1 true

Input a string: No more goodbye
The string is No (c) 8>2 true

f 7I; llf 9U f* iB~ ~ 3 f $ "No more (d) 'a'! =9 7 false

goodbye" tlll~~-@~IO@B~f$ '
ffiJ'i~fUffl scanfOlillllHml\f$~ , 1' 5-3 (a) (6+num)-12+a
§~~@Bf7i:;~tE' ~Jl:t~ scanf()~
ji~j[; : 6, num , 12, a
E!llJ'.U No 1~ '
llP~~I.l?,j~l§j~@Bf7i:; '
litt~/iX,'®l\B~Ma5R, 1~l§ll'E}'®l\~f li~.Y : () ' +' -
$1lP~Z±'®l\*¥ilfl~P9 °
(b) num=(12+ans)-24
(b) B~1W~~J:t hw4_16b.c o
ji~j[; : num ' 12 'ans '24
ffiJ'i~El ~reti5K~~~'8f$~'®l\D"
:rt·~~fr~~:rt~·~ffl3@~• Ji~ .y :=' () ' + ' -
l\f$ ·'1l"Llt±:l~~Jl:t 3 @f$5.155UJ..;!_- (c) k++
@@85.1~, i§El®¥MJ'mM!'l~iIB*~­
@f $ 0 JU~tE'®l\fEIS~ , crrtum ji~j[; :k
gets() jij!j!))\'.f$~~~@8~Fo~lm 0 ~m
li~.Y: ++
)]~ gets() ~jpffl ' CIT1W~~tL~~~ll
Bf.I o
5-5 B~1W~ hw5_5.c o
-----------------------------------+I'~------------------------------------------.-..

5-6 (a) 12/3+4*10+12*2 (b) a+ {b*c) +d - e

nw
--> (12/3)+(4 *1 0)+( 12*2 ) a + ( b * c + d - e

(b) 1 2+5*12-5*6/4

--> 12+ (5 *1 2 ) - 5*6/4 float f l oat

I
float

(c) 5-2*7 +56-1 2*12 - 6*3/4 +1

float
--> 5-(2*7)+56-(12*12)-(6*3/4)+1
double

5-8 ~~~~ hw5_8.c o

double

5~ ~)num= { a ++)+ b- num=8,a=6,b=3 c l

(b) num= (++a) +b->num=9 , a = 6 , b =3 lJ . 62

(c)num= {a++)+(b++ )->num=B , a=6 , b=4 y

148 . 799995

(d) num= (++a ) + (++b) ->num=l0,a=6,b=4

"
(e) a+ =a + (b ++ )->num=O, a=13 , b=4

5- 11 ~~~~ hw5_1 l .c o 228 .79999 5

5- 14 ~~~ hw5_ 14.c o

5-1 7 (a ) a+(b+c)+(d*e) (c ) (b+c) +a* (d* e )

float
a +

I "SJ do; J
( b +

float
c ) + ( d * e

doub l e
(

flu b

float
+ c

u
I
flo double doub l e

doui
double

c l e l
double

b t c l d • e )
12 12 .4 ' A' IS 13.62

' A'

T
N . ..1 00000
"
T
204 . JOOOOO

13303.900000

293 .700000
/
Cb) w~~ 13 ~§tt. ~~ 18 f.Qf.ili'.§~m
~ ' @~12Sif.ilitll~~f®}\ n 1ml11315Jtrilff
it~~~ ' {fffl do while ~1¥!JDJ1~fQf.07J
6-1 8~~~ hw6_1.c o
1~WEl?.'t 0

6-5 8~~~ hw6_5.c o

7-2 1 ~ 3 fil:&f~i§i:g,1Jo 353'9Ji • l,t~ for @1¥!] ~
JJ)Z]'g;g@l¥!J • 12Sitlt.RED::±:l -fi ~l'ti o
6-7 8~~~ hw6_7.c o

iEliitriJffitJ.~JAfi*a~~~~ hw7_21.c 0

6-11 8~~~ hw6_1 l.c o

7-23 (a) ~~~ hw7_23a.c o

6- 16 8~~~ hw6_ 16.c o

(b) 8~~~ hw7_23b.c o

6- 17 8~~~ hw6_17.c o (c) ~~ 1 91~ while ~1¥!lm~~tt~7Ji~ •

~f.0Jl:tHli::f-'.AE'9¥Afi- /j( • ifffl for
@1¥!l~ • Mff~~ for ~1¥!l8~¥Afi~/1J!.. •
6-1 9 ~ 8 fitrili'*iifl'.U~>:rt,trilli•it~ltH551R
~Jl:t1~ while @lf!Jj~~~~g~ o
~m*·~~•~li•~~m~tril~~•
':t 0 ~iEf~triJffit8~~~ hw6_19.c 0
7-26 ~~~ hw7_26.c o

6-21 8~~~ hw6_21.c o

7-28 8~~~ hw7_28.c o

6-25 8~~~ hw6_25.c o

7-29 8~~~ hw7_29.c o

7-31 8~~~ hw7_31.c o

7-2 (a) prog5_4 • tlffit~ 6 '9 ' 12 fi~~

ifffl 0
(b) prog5_6 • tlffit~ IO' 13 fi~~jfffl 0
8- 1 8~~~ hw8_ 1.c o

7-3 8~~~ hw7_3.c 8~~~

o
8-3 hw8_3.c o

7-6 8~~~ hw7_6.c o

8-7 8~~~ hw8_7.c o

7-9 8~~~ hw7 _9.c 8~~~

o
8-12 (a) hw8_ 12a.c o

7-13 8~~~ hw7_13.c o

(b) :90~~ n @1JD:A: • my_fun(n) triJ*Mi:!9
$l!ifi'.S: 1 o
7- 15 ~f.ilii'±~ IO fj'cj:JB~~~fiED::±:l" ASCII of (c) 8~~~ hw8_ 12c.c o

ch= l 7" ~$f~ • ;t[Q]tU~ 7 fi whi le @If!!

ftilmP8~~~ 11!Jj~~~j'I}ii}\@lf!I±~ o
8-14 (a) 8~~~ hw8_ 14a.c o

7-1 8 (a) 8~~~ hw7_ 18a.c o

(b) 8~~~ hw8_14b.c o
----------------------L7;1'~----------------------------
8-16 g~~~ hw8_16.c 0 9-13 (a) g~~~ hw9 _ 13a.c 0

(b) g~~~ hw9_ 13b.c o

8-18 (a) g~~~ hw8_ 18.c 0

(c) g~~~ hw9_13c.c 0

(b) J..). for ®~m~~ff.M9UB'il®I~ fib()·

:J:;UMJ'~.lU¥~1t~®B'91-Jn1::R • ~1.:li~ (d) g~~~ hw9_ 13d.c 0

.f~O~ OUB'9~~i*i •@l~J..).~J.!IDB'91-Jit5t¥1.

~ff.M9U~ • ¥MJ'~.l1$A:J=T3'}ff:tD 0 ~ 9-16 ~~~ hw9_ 16.c 0
iWl\~®®1~8'9 n ii1i9A~ • ~.f~O~ OU
8'91,;i,'.l~il..t~lfi:~ •~~tffi~~IDiB'iJ CPU 9-18 g~~~ hw9_18.c 0

5t¥J.~;m\ 0
9-21 ~~~ hw9_21.c 0

8-23 ~~~ hw8_23.c 0

9-22 ~~~ hw9_22.c 0

8-24 g~~~ hw8_24.c 0

9-23 ~~~ hw9_23 .c 0

8-27 g~~~ hw8_27.c 0

9-26 g~~~ hw9_26.c 0

8-29 9D*:lel prog8_19 8'991~ a W b '~PJiE:t~•

M3Rm~ • ~U¥Afi*6* ~io prog8_ 19 :.f<§16J 0
-~~1.:li~iE•••B'il~~m~ ~~~~
i5'8ff!l:t§16JB'9~t~91~~ • ~Um~~t~•I~ l a n g u a g e \0
~@i~:if:t~••B'9)5~~8~ 0

8-31 g~~~ hw8_3 l .c 0

(b) ll!fJ9U arr ;J:!;ic5 3' 33 @Jil1:7G*§ 0

8-36 my_math.h 8'9~'.§:9D"""F : (c) ll!fJ9U arr ff • ~ 13 i~il'.I::lal38'93a~g;g

rs%~~t!? ]" 0

#define SQUARE (X) (X) * (X)

Mefine CUBIC (X) (X) * (X) * (X) (d) 7'r;P1Zttt8'93d~R~]![~9D"""F :
#define ABS (X) (X> O)? (X): (-X)
#define AVERAGE (X, Y) ( ( (X) + (Y)) /2 . 0)
#define PRODUCT (X, Y) (X) * (Y)

(a) g~~~ hw8_36a.c 0

(b) g~~~ hw8_36b.c 0

(e) J..).%p 9UEP3'$1l!fJ9U arr & -9U;7i;~
~ • ~J..).l~l'.U9D"""FB'il*a~:

arr[O ] = lO
arr[l] = 21
arr[2] = 32
9-1 g~~~ hw9_1.c 0

83 ¥A fi m6 * ~ ~ • arr[i] ffi iml 13 B'9 ~

'.§'. • $jj'. _tm;~ arr[i][O] 8'9il'.I±J.t 0 arr[O]
9-9 g~~~ hw9 _9.c 0
W arr[l]~~H~ 11 i~il'I:lIJ§' arr[!] W
arr[2] tE~~ 11 i~il'.I:li;*fl 0
/ • 10-9 ffi ~ ~ hwl0_9.c 0

9-31 ~I\:®~)t8~~~ hw9_3 l .c 0

hw9_31 ®M~:5I\:~)~ ~.ll$ • ~ ~ '8~:1E

'\0'.::?.1~®il!ll9U:7G*1~~ -~~ 0 ~ll!ll 9UWl
A:W' • l:JP~BJ=l~li®\W:~I\:¥Afi~ti 0

10-11 8~~~hw10_ 11. c

10-1
*pl =23
*p2=15
(b) ~ 10 fi® *pl++' ~~t~~ pl ,Dfit~~
10-2 8~~ ~ hwl0_2.c o
®{ui.Il:1JO...t 1 @~1u • ll!ll9U num ®~
~~int~~ • ~Jl:L~~ pl ffit~~®
iui.Il: C~ num !IBMliuiJ.t) 1Jo_t 4 @Hu
~ $~)£!l/ U\Ull
229361 5
flo JI { 22936 14 :lGN.fl • ilil?X~~~ • p1 ~m~ num .f!®
ll J <Gitrn:rn 22936 1 3
2293612 - - ™l'.i ntb.11 £!'9tl ll1 ~2@:7I;* 0 J5~ ~ 11 fr:pfDt±:l*pl W' ·
22936 11
llrlll!tl •• IH { 22936 10 l?X~fDt±:l num :t!®~ 2 @:7G*1~ • l:!P
~ rBtuntH 2293609
2°29360 8 -
229360 7
U al e:llli:hl 23 0

!ll1!1!11 >? llJ { 2293606

2293605
' lllitriil~
1229360 4 + - ~ l'.i al 9~(0.t.11
~ 13 fi®(*p2)++ · l'lU~~t~ ~ p2 t~
~®1~tm_t 1 • Jl:LW' p2 t~ ~® ~ num
10-6 ®~ 1 @:lG* C!'t1~~ 14 ) • ~ l4 1JO
8~~~ hwl0_6.c o
_t I .::?.1~J'lfg[Q] p2 ffi t~ ~® fui.IJ: 0 $
li>"":ill ptr • ptr ~ 14 fiEDt±:l *p2 W' • l:lP ~ fOt±:l 15 °
1 i nt a• l 2 , b• 7; 12 ~ _,.---
2 i n t •ptr ; 12 1,llli "111
3 ptr • &a; 12 1000 12 10-1 5 8~ ~ ~ hwl0_15.c 0

• ptr =l9 ;
'5 pt r • &b :
19
19
10 00
20 00
19

6 b• l 6 ; 19 16 2000 16 10-18 (a) ffi~~ hwl0_ l8a.c 0

1 •ptc .. 12 ; 19 12 2000 12

'
a• l 7; 17 12 2000 12 (b) ~~~~ hw!O_l 8b.c o
9 pt r=& a ; 17 12 1000 17
10 a• b ; 12 12 1000 12
11 •ptr =6l ; 63 12 1000 63 10-20 ~~ ~ ~ hwl0_20.c 0

10-8 t~~ ~ I~ ptr ~ int ~~ ' ~ Jl:L'8.\::i.~~t~~

int ~~® ~I~ • _t(§l ®~.lUfficp • num ®~
~~ float • ~Jl:t:B~~JiN~~t~~ num •
!'tt~t'l'i®~f1,\HB!0 ~~§~~ float 0 _t(§l®
~&l!!!C!JtJj~25(~ :

flo a t num=l 6. 4f;

f loat *p t r = &n um ;
-------------------------------...,.,,~~-----------------------------------------
~G~~rs~.:L09: 0 ;f.Jmcp ' int 1c:':i j 4 i~H1I7G
10-25 (a)arr~i~/.iii 1200 o
rn
*El ' ffij double 1c:':i j 8 i~ ' J,j~;f.~ilI~
(b) arr[O)~{l1[/,i), 1200 'arr[IJfBil1l./.iii 1216 ° 8 @in7Gm , ~rtL*a•~1~P1Tic:':i~in7G*E1
(0gJ[~ 8 ~181~ 0 date *at~•l~11!1~JJJ1,~
(c) arr+ I ~il1l./.iii 1216 ° ~R1c:':i 3 28 @i1I7G*EI , §~~~eP!!G~
(d) *(arr+O) ~jl1[/,i), 1200, *(arr+ I) ~il1l./.iii 32 i~i1I7GN.§.~'8 °
1216 0
11-9 3~~~ hwll_9.c 0

(e) *(arr+ I )+O ~il1l./.iii 1216 , *(arr+ I)+ I ~

j§/,i), 1220 , *(arr+ I)+2 fBj§/,i), 1224 '
11-12 3~~~ hwl 1_12.java 0

*(arr+l)+3 fB@/.iii 1228 o

(f) *(*(arr+ I )+O)~j§/,i), 6 , *(*(arr+ I)+ I)~ 11-14
jl1[ /,i), 7 ' *(*(arr+ l)+2) fB j§ /.iii 8 •
*(*(arr+ I)+ 3)~1§/.iii 9 o
~*aml~l~·~~Uillill~~, ~l-j r•i§ _J
~1.Jit3Rl.iff ; ill~t~~·~~Uillill~cpfB
Mml ~ M·~1'~•A~~---~ffi
:I.it, ffil~'8~i§ ~JtLf:E display()Illillnlll ,
0

(g) ~~~ hwl0_25 o

*atM st fB math JJJ1,~~i§1JO 1o , 1:JS:±Illill~
(h) 3~~~""""F ~ : main() 111l~*am sl ~math 1*~.:Li§~1'
~:/$1JO 10 °

11-16 3~~~ hwll 16.c o

11-18 (a) 9Um*'IHALSEW TRUEfBHj~~j§§

~ow 1 °

(b) ~I~ test ic:':i j 4 j~jti](;*§ o

(c) f~:rt~~Mf*a!ll'l~D""""F :
5<20 JJJ1,li

5<20 ~!§I.iii I '9Uml!'i~ boolean ~9U

m°*fi TRUE ;Lj§lj'.Jl/.iii I ' ~JtL§g 12
(b) ~~~ hwll_l.c o
fffB if i#tl!!fli test=TRUE JJJ1,li '))S:~fP
:±l"5<20 JJJ1,li" 0
11-3 3~~~ hwll _3.c o
(d) f¥nOJ 1jiB'1UMf 0 if i#tllttli~i4:5~1.iii
struct date 1 ' l:!Pf~~i§l.iii~ ' i#tllttJiJJJ1,li ; 05~1.iii

l
)'t U !.!tl
int year O·W~~@l.iii®·~lttli1'~rr. 0 ~JtL
l°'O J:il' d3lc 83
int mo nth ; Ji!f1 /;)!l:I
mouth '.!!JJ 11H~ffl test ~JJJ1,i#tllttli~i4' ill~OJJ,j
int day ;
)1 day
~.Mf 0

11-20 £~~~fl ,\MD""""F :

11-4 3~~ ~ hwl I_4.c o 9 fi [Warning] parameter names (without
types) in function declaration
11-8 (a)- (d) 3~~~ hwll _8.c 0
19 fi parse error before "st" [Warning] In
function ' display ':
ti~~f:Eti~f¥:rt~, -~'Wmat~JJ)1,~~lll •
Pfiic:':ii1I7G*Eli:&~~~*°ll!'/~j/,i),~j1I3R!!G~ 21 fi 'st' undeclared (first use in this function)
/
~~~~~BfUiit~~~ 9 fifnU main() t!
12-12 8~~~ hwl2_1 2.e o
( ~ 12 fi) ffil.§~B'il ft~ 9 fi§'.j3
0

display() IIBll~~~~ • ~slt~B'il~~~

scoRE • El31i~~ 12 fi:f!::ttum typedef 12-16 (a) 8~~~ hwl2_16a.e o
El~J~*'!~~ SCORE• ~Jlt9~'£~~~ , (b) 8~~~ hw12_16b.e o
ffilm~wm 19 .& 21 fiB'il*l(lfil.

12- 18 (a) 8~~~ hw12_18a.e o

11-21 J'j~ progll _l5 t! • El3 typedef ffi'.(E~;L
SCORE~~ • /f'M~c:\(~.L.~;fili!i~l!g§ (b) 8~~~ hwl2_18b.e o

#define *:lE~ 0 #define1~1HiB'ilBJ3U:t:'i (e) hwl2_18.txt B'iJj;::1J1~ 30 11~H.U:7IJ§ •

•cp/f'Bft@S·~~-~:t:'i-9ft
hwl2_18.bin B'iJj;::1J1~ 20 11~H.U7IJ§ o
~ - @@~B'iliili::Oi~H65R · ~tl:t
~..tnll'@BcH~@rs~ffil~ · .L.~=~1.Ul~n
typedef struet data SCORE; ffl\ $. .L.~
#define *:lE~ o
*raM~t~~-~~~~;~ .

13-2
12-2 ftmfill@:B'ilti~~I!IIBll~l;fti~t!81f!Q
~*'!~ • 9%iU~~fiil@::f!~f!Q~*'I 0 ~o~
mfiil@::f!)~ft~*'I • ~U91;f~*'ltit!81f!Q
~*'l~mfi1!@:1~ · J'f!El3mfill@::te~*'l81~
~J:tcpo

:B~:te~*'l~J\m~ · ftmfill@:B'ilti~~
I!IIBlt~9%:te~*'!mftmfii[@:cp • 1ilmfil
l@:B'il~*'l~)ijlj§.JZti;ilmWJ~ , J'fl-i#~~
*'ll;fmfiil@:~J\~*'!ticp • #!@~~OT"~
ffim: 13-3 ~~ft prog13_2.e t!Mz)~~JfffliU show()
IIBll~ ' ffi.L.~/f'~~§'.~ show()B'ilm\~ o

ii\iitilieJi! U9'fffi ·!!;: I i~

!ti/Ali . ~Jllll'li!l l-l!:i\!ffilll
gJ\j;iil<l>
13-5

13-7 ~D~~ eount.e t!~ 5 fi~ extern ~mm~

~t.!i1 • m¥ff~~ ' ~MJ'1~ • 91®iU~DT"B'il
~MJ'*a~:
8~'®7\ ent B'iJjl1[: I 0
ent=4214849
ent=4214850
ent=l l
12-3 8~~~ hwl2_3.e o
;~8~B'il®:~ft~ eount.e ff~ 5 fiB'il extern
~mm~~t.!i11~ • eount.e t!B'il ent ~.X~~l@:
12-4 8~~~ hwl2_4.e o
±§tWI~ · ~J.lt~±~nt!an~ eountOIIBll~
2 1J!.. •~~ eount.e t!B'il ent Mz;f;:B~'.lE~ 1!1l •
12-9 8~~~ hwl2_9.e o ffilfDtl:J13ft1i~8~Wl~t!B'il9.~:1!1l 0
-------------=----------~----.....----------==----------------
13-9 ~~~~ hwl3_9 ~*°I~ o 2 ~r l!Jl
6 40/2=32011,0 2 ~ 0
320/2=1 6011,0 2 ~ 0
13-11 ~~~~ hw13_11.c 0
1 60/2=80 ~ 0

ao12=rn no
13-13 ~~~~ hwl3_ 13.c o •012=20 a.o
20/2=10 11. 0
10/2=5 ~. 0
13-14 ~~~~ hwl3_ l4.c 0

5/2=2 Ii 1
2/2=1 Ii 0
13-16 ~~~~ hw13_16.c 0

Q I 1 ) ~ S 6 7 8 9

15-7 1011011,=1 *2 6 + 1*2'+ 1*2 3 + l*z1+ 1*2°=9 1

14-2 ~~~~ hwl4_2.c 0

15-8 ~~~~ hw15_8 .c o

14-6 ~~ ~~ hwl4_6.c 0

15-10 ~~~~ hwl5_ l0 .co

14-7 ~~~~ hw14_7.c 0

15-11 ~~~~ hwl5_ l l .eo

14-12 ~~~~ hwl4_ 12.c o (a) a&b

14-17 ~~~~ hw14_l7.c 0 111 01011111 011101 + i!!IUBTIIJ!i1'. 154

10111 010101011111 + i!!lll891l!i;>.l, 67
a&b
14-21 ~~~~ hw14_21.c 0
lolololololol1lol + i!!lll89lll.;>.l, 2

(b) alb

11101 0111 11011101 + i!!lil:B\lll!i;>.l, 154

lol1l olololol1l1I + i!!IUB>Jll!i;>.l, 67

•lb
11111 011111011111 + i!!lil:B\Jll!itl, 219

(c) aAb

111 010111 11011101 + i!!IUB\Jlll:/% 154

10111010101011111 + i!!lll8"1l!i"' 67
a'b
15-4 3012 7 = 3*7 3 +I *?1+2*7°= 103 810 111 11011111 010111 + i!!IUB>Jll!i;>.l, 217

15-12 ~~~~ bw l5_12 .c 0

/
l o I 11 0 I111 I o l o l 1n- +il<lll!Jtl 89 9l=i.!m ~•i3@B*'l-~•·~~mm~0f'il~
IIBll~~·3R~Illl 0
i tlf$=!!llllii
~~~~ hwl6_ 14.cpp
! f , o l 1l o l1l 1l o@ io:E - +il<lll!ilfl2299=i!!lll
o

tl1¥1! . Iii 0 9llllii l!Jtlf$iliil'1f$1ii&91llii

16-15 ~~~ hwl6_15 .cpp o

15-14 ~~~~ hwl5_ 14 .c 0

16-1 6 ~OW~ CSphere iijj)jLJ~BjJi1!*'1.~~ll!!tt

c9: public • ~U:ttiijj8U :9~00~~13@'8i~~ ·
15-15 ~~~~ hwl5_15 .c 0

-~*~~·filttffit~~UM•13
@·~~•·&~~kfljB~·~·­
Eliililffitli,l§cp 0

16-1 7 ~~~ hwl6_ 17.cpp o

16-1 ~.g<ffif'il~ C ftit tt C++ ~ RR•c9:

~~~ftit•·~~:tt~~1'••aff
It•~-~~·~~~~~Mff 0 ~~
8\lBf.l 3 c fD C++ .;LFs~~~mi* :
C+-+fHHJ;s • eiJI. ...... ~»I CH-~ Tffi
~_s.~~IJJ I: · IS! c / H~ S bod·ii
t.§~;9.Ji
C++ iiljg Cl§ Ril&

16-3 ~~~~ hwl6_3.cpp 0

16-5 ~~~~ hwl6_5.cpp 0

16-7 ~~~~ hwl6_7.cpp 0

16-9 ~~~ hwl6_9.cpp 0

16-11 ~~~~ hwl6_ 1l.cpp 0

16-13 ~~~~ hwl6_13 .cpp 0

16-14 ~ area()~g@fiilt1c9:~ private• ftit~

l.jJJ\ff •@ ~~~ tt CWin iijj)jLJ :9H3B!lft)~
f'ij'OfO~~U area() 0 @ffi)'j$: prog l6_ 13 cp~
Ji1!*'1-~· id , width & height 8~~ private•
~Jl:ttt CWin iijj)3 U:9~001'~~13@'8 i~~ •:5'
-------------------------;;,i..#--------------------------------
 01":l, 16-20
01":l/JX.~, 16-34, 16-36

- -ltl - <:Jiit 13-20

-JI;Ji~.:Y., 5-4, 15-11
<:J II~, 8-3, 8-6
<:Jll~~ ~' 8-6, 8-46
-ff.lllf9U , 9-2
t3ii1I, 15-2, 15-3
tLtL*$:~, 7-24, 7-26
- ~ltl -
X::'=F1j, 12-2
tt;J9tl'=F~2, 2-17
- = l tl -
=JI;f~j, I 0-4
.:tlllill t 2-3 , 8-4, 8-34, 13-20
.:t~m, 8-4
=JI;wH~~)t, 8-34

=3ii1I, 12-2, 12-24, 15-5 1-\Ci~~~2

1-\Ci~~~2 , 8-48, 8-49
=3i11I~*3t, 15-4
CITtlti, 1-5, 11-30
=3ii1I1j, 12-2, 12-24
CIT8ill'SZW~ l\ , 12-19
=ff.lllf 9U, 9-17, 10-49
CIT8i11, 2-17, 11-25, 13-2
i\3i11I, 15-7, 4-11
~~Uli~ , 5-15
+7\3iilI, 4-11 , 10-5, 15-7, 15-8
:9~~~~, 7-25
+3ii1I, 15-2, 15-3
§$, 8-54, 8-58, 8-61
+3i11I~*3t, 15-2
§$:!=~~ , 8-48

E:f~li~.:Y., 15-14
- =§tl -
?'b;tif;, 16-9
=ff.tllf9U, 9-23
:$:.~, 2-3 , 2-9
_t~T, 7-2
l'CIT9UfP'=FJI;, 4-29
cj:i131'~3g§ , 1-4 - n l tl -
j:_ifrj31§!JI~ , 8-34, 8-37, 11 -33
JI;~ , 9-2, I 0-31
§tl'il1i, 1-16, 13-9
~~~~, 7-25
iE:i~ , 11-21
~Ji,\§ , 3-8
iE:i~ ~lt 8-34, 8-38, 8-41 , 8-52, 13- 10, 13-12
 index-2 C ~g~~~~=Jfffi §!%~K&

---------------------------~------------------------------
9UEP, 4-2 ~:\(~ , 16-43

9UEP.IBitlill,§, 3-9 fb~, 16-20

9U~~~Jt 11-24, 11-26 fb~JJ)Z~, 16-31, 16-36

:gm~Fs~, 16-5, 16-7 **3tJ~~' 2-5

[Q]JJ!, 4-33 ~/j';fl\J, 14-7

~~' 16-2, 16-3

~m~H**B*f15~19, 11-12 - ti~ -

~ii, 16-5, 16-12, 16-28, 16-40 ~m•~~, 1-2
~ :J'G,2-11,4-31 {iX±.il:f!ll1E[~~:r, 10-8, 10-13

~:J'Grui~, 3-8 ~~~55Ufl\J c ~B~, 16-3

~7G~9U, 4-21 lllillt 8-2, 8-58, 16-5, 16-15
~:7G1¥.;lt 3-10, 9-47 lllill9±G, 8-5
~$, 4-21 , 9-45 tlliil9JJ)Z~, 16-17, 16-18, 16-22

~$1¥.;19,3-10 lllill9ffil:rui, l-16, 7-9, 8-3, 8-5

~$*65R~:J'G, 9-47, 9-46, 9-47, 10-44, 10-45 lllill9$, 1-16, 1-17
~5!JE, 2-11 llliltit~n.§, 13-2

tx.15, 8-15 $~9U'.:Jllt 13-20

l!l!l~~~E:, 2-17

- 7\i~ - milt 8-15

tu:lG:bf~~~:r, 15-14, 15-11 ~1$ ASCII li\1,§, 3-8
1u:7Gccf~~~:r, 15-14 :j!lj~~55tl, 16-43

1.u:7G1.i'.If~~~:r, 15-10, 15-14 fill:]![, 4-31

1.U:J'G~.§, 3-3, 12-3 ~~tt, 8-51

1.Li::lG~.§~±.Jt)Z;;, 10-3 )~179±:§, 8-34

1.Li::J'Gff';1IH1I*a~, 15-17, 15-18 t?zJ1!:j::, 16-20

1.Li::J'Gl~Ui~~:Y, 15-10 t?zH!:J::,16-5, 16-21
1.Li:±.il:, 10-2, 10-20 till1!:J::~loJ, 16-2

1.U±.il:~~:r, 4-14, 9-49, 10-8, 10-13, 15-20 till1!:J::~loJl~it~~~t, 16-18

1B;~~g~, 1-3 ]Hiitffil~g ~, 2-4

a~2IS*a5R~:J'G, 11-6 ][~~, 1-2

ai~, 2-3 ~@~, 7-21

 ~51 index-3

/
f)J981~, 16-38 1~-7~~~' 8-66
$9U, 14-7 :Port, 4-2
~ID], 14-18 :Poit1~9UEP, 4-2

:Portni'®, 4-4
- i"\itl - ~)§~~If;)!;:, 9-36

~~19,2-11 )3'~~19
lfill'li&!1rn1mi~, 13-13, 13-15 B'.~~19,2-11, 3-15

lfill'li~I,~, 2-9, 8-48 ~' 5-13 , 7-4, 7-10, 16-9

H~ , 16-2, 16-3, 16-17, 16-18, 16-19, 16-37 ~{llH!~, 5-13

~fM~, 16-30, 16-37, 16-38 ~ell!, 9-22

:t~l9e'Slru1~, 3-16 ~511i, 9-2, 9-3, 10-31, 11-24

:t~~' 1-6, 9-27, 10-2 ~l!E}, 6-30

m~e'Slii~, 10-21 ~l!EJ~ffj~ ~l9, 7-5, 7-13, 7-16, 7-25

:t~f~BJ~filtjl,i~, 10-31 il!9U, 9-2

:t~~ll!9U , 10-44, 10-45, 13-21 ll*~I§, 1-11

:t~~"m19, 10-32, 10-34, 10-54

:t~~"m191!!9U, 10-49, 10-52 - +itl -

:t~~1tt51JE, 10-40, 10-48

:t~~ftr51JE, 10-7 ~~~' C-5

:t351JEJ.i~ -:r' 5-15 1~~' 5-13, 7-4, 7-10, 16-9

~J'l,E1**3t, 15-3 ll*~I§, 2-15

)3ib~~' 8-34, 8-37, 8-43, 11-33 ~1~ ~19, 8-34, 8-43, 16-11

113§'.1"±, 1-5 ~il, 2-9

m~t'±*a*M, 1-2, 1-3 Ott8i, 12-19, 12-20, 12-27

ntt8im, 12-3, 12-29
- tLitl - ti:E~, 8-27

*¥i, 15-7 ~~ ' 15-2, 15-3, 15-4, 15-7, 15-8

1m~~ B'.lMl9, 2-11, 3-16, 3-17 ¥JJ.fi~)'l,E18J~f§~:R, 9-6, 9-13

11~fil0-7, 4-8 ¥Afi*i, 12-2, 13-9, 13-20, 13-25

ffil:9Bfi 13-25 ~fjj\ if $)(32.tt, 6-10
ffil:~, 8-5 ~fjj\ while ~l!E} , 7-30
-----------------------------a:-IJ'~--------------------------------
~H*~~, 9-24, 10-57 *5*MPX;.~H~m<l.i~.:Y, 11-4
~H**5*M, 11-10, 11-11 *5*M:t~~, 11-16

m~, 3-3 *5*M~9U , 11-12, 11-14

59iffiurui~ft~, 3-22 *§~1{11I, 8-13

~ffium, 8-12, 8-35 *ff.ift'!.ll, 8-21Leibniz, 8-21

;tt.lj~ft'!,~~, 8-66 ~~~, 16-15

it~di:l:it~~, 8-48, 13-12, 13-1 7 llwt, 1-9, 2-3, 2-20, 16-4

i1*i!:J:it~~:t~~, 13-16 81~, 9-2

i1*i!:J:l.i~ .:y, 6-18 ~CTil99U, 8-31

5~J:E'l.i~.:Y, 5-2, 11-7 00.W:~it, 12-18

it*5, 12-2 ll"~~t 7-19

it*5f~it, 1-16 ~*@19, 8-20, 8-24

~G1~~Fs~:Bl§U~l&, 14-4 !b~~G1~lm1leii, 14-2

~G1~1m~)ffefj, 14-4 ¥MJ-~J:!J3, 14-2

- +-1u - - +=iu -
~*~~tt 8-34 j5@]{!1I, 8-6, 8-8, 10-28, 16-3 7
1®ff;1·HatM, 7-2 ~@J{!1Irui~, 8-3, 8-6, 8-61

:l~fi, 4-28 ~i:.tl:, 9-35, 9-45

1fil~@J{!1I, 8-13 ~:tll:O~O~, 10-26, 8-47

1fil5ffl;, 2-11 ~i~, 8-45, 10-21, 11-20, 11-22

1fil5ffl:~l9, 15-18 ~i~O~O~ , 8-45, 9-29, 10-26

m~~~, 7-13 , 7-32 ~~:t~~' 10-23, 10-38

~:8:~19, 2-11, 3-5 ~~¥, 8-21 , 8-24

:f~it~, 1-5, 16-5 )Mi:u, 3-6, 3-7

f~n*~*§i~, 13-2 wt8i~, 1-5

f~xtm, 12-2 &*'f!JX;~, 16-17, 16-22, 16-39

~5.ml.i~.:Y, 2-12

*5~1'1, 5-16 &*4 )j)tfft!m<l.i~ .:y' 16-8

*5*M, 11-2 &*'ft~ , 12-2

*5~1~, 1-4 l11rnli~:7I;, 3-13, 4-6

 •
~~1Jl'l}j<;9U, 3-13, 4-5 m~, 12-2, 13-13
~51 index-5

ri~-:f, 1-5, 5-2 m~i~l'!~, 14-2

J:l~:l(;, 5-2 m~~J'!~flj~1~rn~, 9-13

rl~~, 5-17 m~~, 1-2, 1-3, 1-5

*if!J~, 11-15, 12-4

- +=mu - m~, 8-16, 8-24

'M'f~U, 16-21

'M'lt 3-15 - +Elli -

'M'tm, 16-21 ~It 2-4, 2-11

~IQJ:l~-:f, 5-6 ~~~\§, 1-2 machine code, 1-2

~mt, 3-17 ~ti11J5~1ii, 7-2, 7-3

~g)t_tflj~i§~~, 2-16 Ml~~lt 8-34, 8-43, 8-44

~g)t~/§8~, 1-10, 2-15

~g~~/§8~, 1-10, 2-16, 2-15 - +7\ili -
3/ilE~, 8-24, 8-31 *i~1~5m, 12-19
~~lilll~, 8-25, 8-27, 8-34 m~*a~, 12-11
~~rl~-:f, 5-12 ~~F, 2-18, 6-15, 8-50
~i~J:l~-:f, 5-11 lM5mrl~-:f, 11-4
jl§Jj<;$9U, 14-7
~o!!lo, 14-9 - +till -
tllif!ll, 4-31
- +~ill - ~1.u, 4-28
J¥-~1~m, 12-2 JlHUi~H~, 10-47, 10-48, 10-49, 10-57
IQ9U, 8-31 ~~:t~H~m"lt 10-50, 10-52, 10-55
~$1IBJIQ~,2-3 ~~:t~~~lt 10-47
~$'®1±l~iii, 16-5

~®m, 1-16, 2-6, 2-1, 8-59, 13-11, 16-1 - + F\ili -

~i'ft';fi!}, 6-28 ~55LJ:gfi!j, 8-48, 8-53
~~,§, 8-20, 8-59 ~53U~, 2-14, 16-20
~~flit'.., 1-4, 13-2 iif*5$9U, 10-4, 14-7
IID(fJJ, 8-24 lmf*rl~-:f, 5-8
-----------------------------~--------------------------------
~mm'3, 2-11 , 2-14, 8-5, 16-9

- +tLI~ -
~l.lLl, 16-3, 16-5, 16-15, 16-17, 16-19

- =+i~ -
*i7JX, 16-2, 16-3, 16-43
m~~, 1-11

~~, 8-6

JIMi, 12-3, 16-15

- =+=1~ -
~19:, 3-3

~f~_ti'l'il*~~~, 2-16
~f~ii~, 15-12

~f~il~-3'.- , 5-13
 ~~I index-7

arithmetic operation, I 0-31

array, 9-2
ASCII, 3-8, 12-2
#define, 8-48
asin(), C-2
#ifdef, 13-13
assignment operator, 5-2
#ifndef, 13-13
associativity, 5-16
#include, 8-48
atan(), C-2
&, 4-14, 9-49, 10-8, 10-13, 15-11 , 15-20
atan2(), C-2
*, 10-7, 10-13, 10-40
atof(), C-19
. ' 11-4
atoi(), C-19
", 15-13
atol(), C-19
1, 15-13
attributes, 16-15
-, 15-11
« , 15-14, 16-6
-B-
=, 2-12,11-7
B language, 1-2
», 15-17, 16-8
base, 8-15, 15-2
I-dimensional array, 9-2
Basic, 1-2
2-dimensional array, 9-17
binary file, 12-2

-A- binary tree, I 0-4

binary, 12-24
abort(), C-23
block, 2-9
abs(), C-3
body, 2-3, 2-9
absolute value, 8-13
boo!, 16-5
acos(), C-2
boolean, 16-9
address, 10-2
bubble sort, 9-36
allocation, 14-2
buffer, 12-4
AND, 15-10, 15-11
bug, 1-12
argc, 13-21
bytes, 3-3
argument count, 13-21
argument value, 13-21 -C-
argv, 13-21 C with classes, 16-2, 16-3
cabs(), C-3 debug, 1-11 , 1-12, 2-15
call by address, 8-47 difftime(), C-8
call by value, 8-45, 9-29 dynamic memory allocation, 14-2
calloc(), C-21 div(), C-3
carriage return, 4-28 do while, 7-16
ceil(), C-4 dot operator, 11-4
char, 2-11 double, 2-11 , 3-16, 3-1 7
character array, 4-21
character, 4-31
-E-
cin, 16-8 echo, 4-33

class, 16-3, 16-15 element, 9-2

clock(), C-8 encapsulate, 16-18

close(), 12-20 encapsulation, 16-2, 16-19, 16-37

Cobol, 1-2 end of file, 12-11

compatibility, 1-5 end ofline, 16-5

compile-time, 14-2 endl, 16-5

compiler, 1-2, 1-5 endless loops, 7-13

compile-time error, 9-1 3 enumerated constant, 11-26

conditional operator, 6-18 enumeration, 11 -25

const, 8-53 EOF, 12-11

constant, 3-3, 8-53 escape character, 3- 13

constructor, 16-30, 16-37 escape sequence, 3-13

cos(), C-2 exit(), C-23

cosh(), C-2 exp(), C-2

cout, 16-5 exponent, 8-15

c-out, 16-5 extended ASCII, 3-8

creat(), 12-20 extern, 13-12, 13-1 O

cstdlib, 16-5
-F-
-D- fabs(), C-3

data member, 16-17 factorial , 7-19

/ •
fal se, 5-13 , 7-4, 7-10, 16-9 Hanoi tower, 8-34
~51 index-9

fclose(), 12-8 header file, 1-16, 2-6

feof(), 12-8 hexadecimal, 4-11
fgets(), 12-8
Fibonacci, 8-30, 8-31
-I-
fixed spaced, 2-17 identifier, 2-14

float, 2-11 if defined, 13-13

floating point, 3-15 if-else-if, 6-13

floor(), C-4 if-else, 6-6

fmod(), C-4 include, 2-3

fopen(), 12-8 indent, 2-18

for, 7-4 index, 9-2, 10-31

format, 4-2 inheritance, 16-2, 16-43

Fortran, 1-2 initialization, 16-38

fputs(), 12-8 input/output stream, 16-5

fread(), 12-9 instance, 16-21

free(), C-21 int, 2-11, 3-4

function membe, 16-18 integer, 2-4, 2-11

functi on, 8-2, 16- 15 interpreter, 1-2, 1-5

fwrite(), 12-9 iostream, 16-5

isalnum(), C-1 7
-G- isalpha(), C-17
get string, 9-48 isascii(), C-17
get, 4-31 iscntrl(), C-17
getc(), 12-8 isdigit(), C-17
getchar(), 4-31 islower(), C-17
global variable, 8-34, 8-38 isprint(), C-17
global, 11-21 ispunct(), C-17
isspace(), C-17
-H- isupper(), C-17
handle, 12-19 isxdigit(), C-17
---------------------.,.,~---------------------
iteration structure, 7-2 max(), C-4
itoa(), C-19 memory, 14-2
memory leakage, 14-4
-K- Mersenne primes, 8-66
keyword, 2-11, 2-14 min(), C-4
modf(), C-5
-L-
modifiers, 4-8
labs(), C-3
ldiv(), C-4 -N-
Leonhard Euler, 8-24 namespace, 16-5
Liber Abbaci, 8-30 nested if, 6-10
library, 1-5, 1-16, 16-5 nested loops, 7-24
life cycle, 8-34 nested structure, 11-10
line feed, 4-28 node, 14-9
linked list, 10-4, 14-7 NOT, 15-10
linker, 1-16 NULL, 12-7, 12-11
list, 14-7
local variable, 8-34, 16-11 -0-
log(), C-3 0 _APPEND, 12-18
loglO(), C-3 O_BINARY, 12-18
long int, 3-4 O_CREAT, 12-18
long, 2-11 O_RDONLY, 12-18
loops, 6-30 O_RDWR, 12-18
ltoa(), C-19 O_TEXT, 12-18
O_WRONLY, 12-18
-M- object file, 1-16
macro, 8-54 object oriented, 16-2
main(), 2-3, 8-4 object, 16-20
malloc(), 14-2, C-21 octal, 4-11
mathematical operator, 5-6 OFF, 15-3
matrix, 9-22 ON, 15-3
 ~§I index-11

/
OOP, 16-21, 16-37 put, 4-31
ordered, 14-7 putc(), 12-8
putchar(), 4-31
-P-
open(), 12-20 -R-
operand, 5-2 radian, C-5
operator, 1-5, 5-2 rand(), C-5
OR, 15-10, 15-13 random(), C-5
overflow, 3-6, 3-7 randomize(), C-5
overloading, 16-5, 16-12 read(), 12-20
overriding, 16-43 read/write, 12-19
pass by address, 10-21 read-only, 12-19, 12-3
pass by value, 8-45, 10-21 real numbers, 3-15
pause, 2-5 realloc(), C-21
pointer constant, 10-32 recursive, 8-24
pointer to pointer, 10-47 relay, 1-11
pointer, 1-6, 9-27, 10-2 return, 8-7
polymorphism, 16-2 run-time, 14-2
portability, 1-5 run time error, 9-6, 9-13
pow(), C-4
powlO(), C-4
-S-
pre-processor directive, 2-9 S_IREAD, 12-19

prime numbers, 8-16 S_IWRITE, 12-19

print, 4-2 scale, I 0-53

private member, 16-31 scope, 8-34

private, 16-20, 16-32 selection structure, 7-2

proportional spaced, 2-17 segmentation fault, 14-4

prototype, 1-16, 7-9, 8-3, 8-5 semantic error, 1-10, 2-15, 2-16

public member, 16-34 sequence structure, 7-2

public, 16-20 sequential list, 14-7

put string, 9-48 short int, 3-5

----------------------~'------------------------
short, 2-11 strupr(), C-12
sign, 2-11 syntax error, 1-10, 2-15, 2-16
sinh(), C-2 system(), C-23
sizeof, 3-19
sqrt(), C-4 -T -
srand(), C-5 tan(), C-2

standard input, 4-30 tanh(), C-2

standard library, 16-5 text file, 12-2

static variable, 8-34, 8-43 time(), C-8

static, 8-43 toascii(), C-18

strcat(), C-10 tolower(), C-18

strchr(), C-10 top to down, 7-2

strcmp(), C-11 toupper(), C-18

strcmpi(), C-11 traverse, 14-18

strcpy(), C-10, C-10 true, 5-13, 7-4, 7-10, 16-9

strcspn(), C-10 type definition, 11-32

stricmp(), C-11
-U-
string, 4-21 , 9-45
una1y operator, 5-4
strlen(), C-12
unsigned, 2-11, 3-5
strlwr(), C-12
stmcat(), C-10 -V-
stmcmp(), C-11 variable, 3-3
stmcpy(), C-10
void, 2-4, 8-6, 8-13 , 8-21 , 10-57
strnicmp(), C-11
strnset(), C-12 -W-
strpbrk(), C-10 warning, 8-6
strrchr(), C-10 while, 7-10
strrev(), C-12 write(), 12-20
strset(), C-12
strstr(), C-10
-X-
structure, 11-2 xoR, 15-IO, 15-13