26 REQUIREMENTS GOVERNING REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

26.1 General
Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be used as main reinforcement in a structural
member. However, simultaneous use of two different types or grades of steel for main and
secondary reinforcement respectively is permissible.
26.1.1 Bars may be arranged singly, or in pairs in contact, or in groups of three or four bars
bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or ties. Bundled bars shall
be tied together to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than 32 mm diameter
shall not be bundled, except in columns.
26.1.2 The recommendations for detailing for earthquake-resistant construction given in IS
13920 should be taken into consideration, where applicable.

26.2 DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS IN REINFORCEMENT

The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each
side -of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a
combination thereof.
26.2.1 Development Length of Bars The development length Ld is given by:
(formula)

where = nominal diameter of the bar, = stress in bar at the section considered at design
load, and = design bond stress

26.2.1.2 Bars bundled in contact

The development length of each bar of bundled bars shall be that for the individual bar,
increased by 10 percent for two bars in contact, 20 percent for three bars in contact and 33
percent for four bars in contact.
26.2.2 Anchoring Reinforcing Bars
26.2.2.1 Anchoring bars in tension
a) Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages provided development length
requirement is satisfied. Hooks should normally be provided for plain bars in tension.
b) Bends and hooks - Bends and hooks shall conform to IS 2502
1) Bends-The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for
each 45‫ ﮿‬bend subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar.
2) Hooks-The anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the
diameter of the bar.
26.2.2.2 Anchoring bars in compression
The anchorage length of straight bar in compression shall be equal to the development
length of bars in compression. The projected length of hooks, bends and straight lengths
beyond bends if provided for a bar in compression, shall only be considered for
development length.
26.2.2.3 Mechanical devices for anchorage Any mechanical or other device capable of
developing the strength of the bar without damage to concrete may be used as anchorage
with the approval of the engineer- in-charge.

26.2.2.4 Anchoring shear reinforcement

a) Inclined bars - The development length shall be as for bars in tension; this length shall be
measured as under:
1) In tension zone, from the end of the sloping or inclined portion of the bar, and
2) In the compression zone, from the mid depth of the beam.
b) Stirrups-Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this standard, in case of secondary
reinforcement, such as stirrups and transverse ties, complete development lengths and
anchorage shall be deemed to have been provided when the bar is bent through an angle of
at least 90‫ ﮿‬round a bar of at least its own diameter and is continued beyond the end of the
curve for a length of at least eight diameters, or when the bar is bent through an angle of
135‫ ﮿‬and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least six bar diameters
or when the bar is bent through an angle of 180‫ ﮿‬and is continued beyond the end of the
curve for a length of at least four bar diameters.
26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bends
Bend shall be calculated as given below:
Bearing stress (formula)

where = tensile force due to design loads in a bar or group of bars, = internal radius of the
bend, and = size of the bar or, in bundle, the size of bar of equivalent area.

26.3 SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT

26.3.2 Minimum Distance Between Individual Bars
The following shall apply for spacing of bars
a) The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall usually be not-
less than the greatest of the following:
1) The diameter of the bar if the diameters are equal
2) The diameter of the larger bar if the diameters are unequal,
3) 5 mm more than the nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
b) Greater horizontal distance than the minimum specified in (a) should be provided
wherever possible. However, when needle vibrators are used the horizontal distance
between bars of a group may be reduced to two-thirds the nominal maximum size of the
coarse aggregate, provided that sufficient space is left between groups of bars to enable the
vibrator to be immersed.
c) Where there are two or more rows of bars, the bars shall be vertically in line and the
minimum vertical distance between the bars shall be 15 mm, two-thirds the nominal
maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bars, whichever is greater.

26.4 NOMINAL COVER TO REINFORCEMENT

26.4.1 Nominal Cover
Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements, including
links. It is the dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings. It shall be not less
than the diameter of the bar.

26.5 REQUIREMENTS OF REINFORCEMENT FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension reinforcement
a) Minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than-that given by the following:

minimum area of tension reinforcement,

breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam,
effective depth, and
characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm².
b) Maximum area of tension reinforcement shalI not exceed 0.04 bD.
26.5.1.2 Compression reinforcement
The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD. Compression
reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint.
26.5.1.3 Side face reinforcement
Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1
percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not
exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less.
26.5.1.4 Transverse reinforcement in beams for shear and torsion
The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the outer-most tension and
compression bars. In T-beams and I-beams, such reinforcement shall pass around
longitudinal bars located close to the outer face of the flange.
26.5.1.5 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall
not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45‫﮿‬, where d is the
effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300
mm.
26.5.3 columns
26.5.3.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column.
b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete required to
resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300 mm. In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken in
account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than 0.15
percent of the cross-sectional area shall be provided.

26.5.3.2 Transverse reinforcement

a) General-
A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement
so disposed that every longitudinal -bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral
support against buckling subject to provisions. The effective lateral support is given by
transverse reinforcement either in the form of circular rings capable of taking up
circumferential tension or by polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angles not exceeding
135‫﮿‬. The ends of the transverse reinforcement shall be properly anchored.