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CHAPTER 7

BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

What is a circuit?

Combination of electronic parts, wires connected

between power sources. It's like a physical program. It's
also like setting up dominoes in sequence.

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What is a breadboard?

What are they good for?

Creating, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.

Literally started out as a bread board with nails.

BREADBOARD

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STRIP BOARD

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

(PCB)

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What are LEDs?

Light Emitting Diodes

Diode Symbol + Arrows for light
Points to ground

Hello World for a Circuit

Light and LED
Parts:
Battery
Resistor
LED

Why:
Power Source
An LED will light up when enough voltage is supplied
but can also burn out if too much is allowed to pass
through. The resistor will limit the voltage to prevent
damage.

Do:
Connect Battery, Resistor, LED

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LED Circuit

1 LED Plus resistor

Why have a resistor?
Current, limiting.

Series circuit example

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Parallel Circuit example

Parallel and Series Circuit Example

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Fundamental Parts

Resistor
Capacitor
Wire
Diodes
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Battery
Transistors
Motors
They each have a physical property that interacts with
electricity. When put in combination various actions
occur.

What are resistors?

Resistors provide a specific amount of resistance to a

path in a circuit or wire. Ohm's law is used to calculate
the properties related to resistance.

Ohm's Law: I = V/R

I = Current measured in Amps
V = Voltage measured in Volts
R = Resistance measured in Ohms

Resistors are color coded.

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Resistor Color Code

Resistor Color Code Wheel Calculator

Variable resistor: The potentiometer

Voltage dividers
Try out the different pots.

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RGB LED

Try resistors out in various combination to make

different colors. Experiment by
adding potentiometers to the leads.

LED and Photoresistor

Photoresistors change their resistance by the amount of

light detected.

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What are capacitors?

Capacitor is two separated charges.

Known charge up time.
Know discharge time.
Two major kinds
• Electrolytic, asymmetric, bipolar
• Ceramic, symmetric

Capacitors in series

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Capacitors in Parallel

They can provide energy, however briefly.

They can smooth out a signal.

Attach the battery briefly to fill the capacitor.

Capacitors in series and parallel

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Make a voltage regulator

Turn things on and off with a:

Wire
Button
Photoresistor
Hall Effect Sensor
Relay
Transistor
Button
Switch

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Transistors

NPN Transistor

Reed Switch Example

A reed switch is closed when a magnet is in close

proximity.
It is symmetric so it can placed either direction.

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Motors

Try changing the direction

of the diode.
What happens?

Relay

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Relay

Relay

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Introduction to Diodes
D1
ANODE CATHODE
DIODE

• A diode can be considered to be an

electrical one-way valve.
• They are made from a large variety of
materials including silicon, germanium,
gallium arsenide, silicon carbide …

Introduction to Diodes

• In effect, diodes act like a flapper valve

– Note: this is the simplest possible model of a
diode

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Introduction to Diodes
• For the flapper valve, a small positive pressure
is required to open.
• Likewise, for a diode, a small positive voltage
is required to turn it on. This voltage is like the
voltage required to power some electrical
device. It is used up turning the device on so
the voltages at the two ends of the diode will
differ.
– The voltage required to turn on a diode is typically
around 0.6 - 0.8 volt for a standard silicon diode
and a few volts for a light emitting diode (LED)

Introduction to Diodes
1 0 V

5 V

0 V

- 5 V

- 1 0 V
0 s 0 . 5 m s 1 . 0 m s 1 . 5 m s 2 . 0 m s 2 . 5 m s 3 . 0 m s
V ( D 1 : 1 )
T i m e

• 10 volt sinusoidal voltage source

D1

D1N4002
VAMPL = 10V V1
R1
FREQ = 1k 1k

0
• Connect to a resistive load through a diode

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Introduction to Diodes
D1

VAMPL = 10V V1
V
D1N4002
V
R1
Only positive
FREQ = 1k
1k current flows

0
10 V

5V

0V

-5 V

- 10 V
0s 0. 5m s 1. 0m s 1. 5m s 2. 0m s 2. 5m s 3 .0 ms
V( D1 :1 ) V (D 1: 2)
Ti me

How Diodes Work

At the junction, free electrons from the

N-type material fill holes from the P-
type material. This creates an insulating
layer in the middle of the diode called
the depletion zone.

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How Diodes Work

How Diodes Work

When the positive end of the battery is hooked up to the N-type

layer and the negative end is hooked up to the P-type layer, free
electrons collect on one end of the diode and holes collect on
the other. The depletion zone gets bigger and no current flows.

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Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits (ICs) are multi-
terminal devices that provide an array of
functions and applications far to
numerous to list here.

Pin identification and numbering

convention

Pins are numbered

sequentially in a
counterclockwise
direction. Pin 8
Pin
14
Pin 1 is often identified Notch
with a dot or a dimple.
Dimpl
e
Pin 7
The pin 1 end of the Pin 1
chip is often identified
with a notch.

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