SEMICONDUCTOR BASICS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
The Two Simplest Atoms
Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors
Atomic number, , Electron shells, Orbits, Valence
Electrons, and Ionization
Electron shells and Orbits
Conductor, Semiconductor and Insulator
ENERGY BANDS
Conductor, Semiconductor and Insulator
 Covalent Bonding
Covalent bonding is a bonding of two or more atoms by the interaction of their
valence electrons.
Silicon and Germanium
Conduction in Semiconductors
 DOPING

 The controlled addition of impurities (Pentavalent or

Trivalent) to the intrinsic (pure) Si or Ge drastically
increased the conductivity and make them useful in
electronic devices. This process of addition of
impurity is known as doping and the two categories
of impurities are called n--type and p--type.
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
The Depletion Region
INTRODUCTION TO DIODE (PN JUNCTION)
 Basic Operation Of Diode

Ideally it conducts current in only one direction and acts like an open circuit in
the opposite direction
Biasing The Diode : FORWARD BIASE
FORWARD BIASE: continued
BIASING THE DIODE : REVERSE BIASE
REVERSE BIASE: continued
 REVERSE BIASE MEASUREMENT WITH
SMALL VOLTAGE APPLIED

In this case with the voltage applied is less than the barrier potential (the
diode for all practical purposes) is still in a non conducting state. Current is
very small.
 Forward Bias Measurements With
Applied Voltage Greater Than the Barrier Voltage

With the applied voltage exceeding the barrier potential (for fully forward
biased), the diode conducts. Note that the only practical loss is the .7 Volts
dropped across the diode.
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS
The Ideal Diode Model
The Practical Diode Model
The Complete Diode Model
VI CHARACTERISTICS FOR FORWARD BIASE
VI CHARACTERISTICS FOR REVERSE BIASE
COMPLETE VI CHARACTERICTICS CURVE
 Real Diode Characteristics

Note the regions for No Bias, Reverse Bias, and Forward Bias conditions.
Look closely at the scale for each of these conditions!
BOOK EXAMPLE
BOOK EXAMPLE
 BOOK EXAMPLE

Ideal model: