 USING AN AC FUSE IN A DC SYSTEM IS EXTREMELY

DANGEROUS!
DO NOT USE AN AC FUSE IN A DC SYSTEM OR YOU WILL BURN YOUR HOUSE
DOWN!

AC (alternating) current does exactly what is says, it alternates or changes from

positive to negative 60 times per second (60 hertz) in North America and 50 times
per second (50 hertz) in the rest of the world.

To switch from positive to negative and negative to positive it has to cross over
zero volts each time. If you were to open a circuit (turn a light switch off) at
exactly zero volts, there would be no arc (or spark).

If you were to open a

light switch when the voltage is at 120 volts positive there will be an arc but only
until the voltage reaches zero which happens in the fraction of a second. Now the
circuit is open and the arc is gone.
If you turn off a switch (open circuit) at -120 volts there will be an arc (spark) for a
fraction of a second until the voltage reaches zero.

Once the voltage reaches zero the arc is extinguished all by itself.

THE RULES FOR AC AND DC FUSES:

1. No matter what fuse you are using and no matter what the application
you MUST USE A UL OR CSA APPROVED FUSE FOR THE PURPOSE IT
WAS INTENDED.

2. Use AC fuses for alternating current

3. Use DC fuses for direct current

4. In a DC application, make sure you get the correct amperage fuse for your
project and do not exceed the maximum voltage rating of the fuse.

5. In an AC application make sure you get the correct amperage fuse for your
application and do not exceed the maximum voltage rating of the fuse.

Difference Between Current Transformer (CT) &

Potential Transformer (PT)

The construction of the current and potential transformer is similar as both have the
magnetic circuit in their primary and secondary winding. But they are different in
the method of working. There are several types of differences between the voltage
and the current transformer.

One of the major difference between them is that the current transformer converts
the high value of current into low value whereas the potential or voltage
transformer converts the high value of voltages into low voltage. Some other
differences between the current and the potential transformer are explained below
in the comparison chart.
Basis for
Current Transformer Potential Transformer
Comparison

Definition Transform the current from Transform the voltage

high value to the low value. from high value to the
low value.

Circuit Symbol

Core Usually built up with It is made up of with high

lamination of silicon steel. quality steel operating at
low flux densities

Primary Winding It carries the current which It carries the voltage

is to be measured which is to be measured.

Secondary It is connected to the It is connected to the

Winding current winding of the meter or instrument.
instrument.

Connection Connected in series with the Connected in parallel with

instrument the instrument.

Primary Circuit Has a small number of turns Has a large number of

turns

Secondary Has a large number of turns Has a small number of

Circuit and cannot be open circuit. turns and can be open
Basis for
Current Transformer Potential Transformer
Comparison

circuit.

Range 5A or 1A 110v

Transformation High Low

Ratio

Burden Does not depends on Depends on the

secondary burden secondary burden

Input Constant current Constant Voltage

Full line current The primary winding The primary winding

consists the full line current. consists the full line
voltage.

Types Two types ( Wound and Two types

Closed Core ) (Electromagnetic and
Capacitor voltage)

Impedance Low High

Applications Measuring current and Measurement, power

power, monitoring the source, operating
power grid operation, for protective relay,
operating protective relay,
Definition of Current Transformer
A current transformer is a device which is used for the transformation of current at
a higher value to a lower value with respect to the earth potential. It is used with
the AC instruments for measuring the high value of current.

The line current is too high, and it is very difficult

to measure them directly. Thus, the current transformer is used which decrease the
high value of current into a fractional value which is easy to measure by the
instrument.

The primary of the current transformer is connected directly to the line whose
value is to measure.The secondary of the current transformer is connected to the
ammeter or meter which measured the line value regarding fractions.

Definition of Potential Transformer

A voltage transformer is the type of instrument transformer which is used for the
transformation of the voltage from a higher value to a lower value.
The primary terminal of the potential transformer is connected to the line for
measuring the line voltage. The potential transformer reduced the high value of
voltage into the small value which can easily be measured by the voltmeter or
meter.

Protective Relays
Protective relay work as a sensing device, it senses the fault, then known its
position and finally, it gives the tripping command to the circuit breaker. The
circuit breaker after taking the command from the protective relay, disconnect the
faulted element.

By clearing the fault fast with the help of fast-acting protective relay and
associated circuit breaker, the damage to the apparatus is reduced, and the resultant
hazards like fire, the risk of the life are reduced, by removing the particularly
faulted section.

But the continuity of supply is maintained, though remaining healthy section, by

clearing the fault fast, fault arising time is reduced, and therefore the system can be
restored to the normal state sooner. Hence the transient state stability limit of the
system is greatly improved, permanent damage to the equipment is avoided, and
the possibility of developing most simple fault such as single phase-to-ground into
most severe fault such as double phase-to-ground fault is reduced.
How Circuit Breakers Work
The circuit breaker is an absolutely essential device in
the modern world, and one of the most important
safety mechanisms in your home. Whenever electrical
wiring in a building has too much current flowing
through it, these simple machines cut the power until
somebody can fix the problem. Without circuit
breakers (or the alternative, fuses), household
electricity would be impractical because of the
potential for fires and other mayhem resulting from
simple wiring problems and equipment failures.

DEAD FRONT PANELS

Concept of dead front electrical panel is to ensure the safety of user or operator
from accidental touching of bare electrical energized parts. These bare electrically
energized parts are as example- the bus bars in panel, connection point of circuit
breakers and all applicable connection to various electrical appliances in the panel.