AP Reviewer
1. Due Process
Human Rights
- inherent to all human beings,
regardless of race, sex, nationality,
ethnicity, language, religion, or any
other status
- include the right to life and liberty,
freedom from slavery and torture,
freedom of opinion and expression,
the right to work and education,
and many more
Kinds of Rights
INNATE OR NATURAL RIGHTS
- John Locke, a famous English
Philosopher stated that “all
individuals are equal in the sense
that they are born with certain
"inalienable" natural rights.”
 Natural Rights
 Life and Liberty
 Property and
ownership
 Free will and choice
 Independent thought
and speech
 Socialization and
relationships
 Personal beliefs and
values
Rights Mandated by Law
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
- Mandated, granted and protected by
the Constitution.
- Outlined in a Constitution’s Bill of
Rights
- May be amended, change
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE
FILIPINO CITIZENS
- Law that hears before it condemns
- This clause in our fundamental
charter means that no person shall
be deprived of his life, liberty or
property unless due process is
observed.
2. Equal Protection of the Law
- This refers to equality in the
enjoyment of similar rights and
privileges granted by law. Thus, no
reason shall be deprived of the
same protection of laws enjoyed by
other persons in the same place and
in similar circumstance.
3. Right against unreasonable
searches and seizures
- the right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers and
effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose should
be inviolable and that no search
warrant or warrant of arrest shall be
issued except upon probable cause
to be determined personally by
judge after examination under oath
or affirmation of the complainant
and the witnesses he may produce,
and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the
persons or things to be seized (Sec.
2, Article 3)
- however, instances when search
and seizure may be done without
warrant (De Leon, 2003). When
there is a waiver or consent, a
search and seizure can be still
considered legal. A warrantless
arrest, however, may be made by
 either private citizens or police
officers when the person to be
arrested is a prisoner who escaped
from prison or person to be arrested
has committed, is actually
committing or is attempting to
commit an offense.
4. Freedom of Speech
- No law shall be passed abridging
the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of press, or the right
of the people to peaceably assemble
and petition the government for
redress of grievances (Sec.4,
Article III).
- This is however limited
 the state can punish a person
for speech encouraging
people to engage in illegal
action or become disloyal
to the State even if the
danger is quite remote
 government can punish a
person for speech that
presents a clear and
present a danger leading to
illegal acts
Statutory Rights
- These are rights provided by the
law – making body of a country or
by law, such as the right to receive
a minimum wage and the right to
preliminary investigation. Ratified
and approved by the Congress or
law makers.
Categories of Rights according to law
Civil Rights
- These are the rights specified under
the Bill of Rights, such as the
freedom of speech, right to
information. They are the rights
enjoyed by an individual by virtue
of his citizenship in a shape or
community.
Economic Rights
- These are rights to property,
whether personal, real or
intellectual. Some examples of
these rights include the following:
right to use and dispose of his
property, right to practice one’s
profession, and the right to make a
living
Social or Cultural Rights
- Freedom to participate in living out
one’s belief
- Includes the right to establish or
join any organization and our right
to marry.
 Forcibly evicting people
from their homes (the right
to adequate housing)
 Contaminating water, for
example, with waste from
State-owned facilities
(the right to health)
 Failure to ensure a minimum
wage sufficient for a decent
living (rights at work)
 Failure to prevent starvation
in all areas and communities
in the country (freedom
from hunger)
 Denying access to
information and services
related to sexual and
reproductive health (the
right to health)
 Systematically segregating
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children with disabilities
from mainstream schools
(the right to education)
 Failure to prevent employers
from discriminating in
recruitment (right to work)
 Failure to provide for a

reasonable limitation of
working hours in the public
and private sector (rights at
work)

Political Rights
- These are rights an individual
enjoys as a consequence of being a
member of a body politic. Some
examples of political rights are the
following: right to vote, right to be
voted into public office
 Right to vote
 Right to be elected
 Right to petition
 Right to form political
parties
 Right to criticize

Rights of the Filipino Youth

- The State recognizes the vital role
of the youth in nation-building and
shall promote and protect their
-
physical, moral, spiritual,
intellectual, and social well-being.
It shall inculcate in the youth
patriotism and nationalism, and
encourage their involvement in
public and civic affairs

gical or emotional
Structural or systematic

Statutory Rights- legal rights

- Bill and readings

Tabu Larasa- Blank Slate

Human
Rights
Violations

Forms of
Human
Rights
Violations

Writ of Habeas Corpus- right to trial

- Phys
ical
- Psyc
holo
Who Violates human rights
- Parents and elderly
- Relatives, friends, and other
persons around
- Government leaders, officials and
employees
- Criminals
- Terrorists and organizations against
countries
Norms- standard of society
Deviance- when you violated norms
- You are deviant when you go
against norms
Machismo- strong pride or ego of men
- Hindrance of feminism
4 waves of feminism
- right to vote
- work (fail)
- equality in working conditions
- discrimination and harassment
Protection of Women’s Rights (Article
XIII, Section 14)
“The State shall protect working
women by providing safe and healthful
working conditions, taking into account
their maternal functions and such facilities
and opportunities that will enhance their
welfare and enable them to realize their
full potential in the service of the nation.”
Protecting the Rights of Indigenous
People (Article II, Section 22)
“The State recognizes and
promotes the rights of indigenous cultural
communities within the framework of
national unity and development.”
Protection of Workers Rights (Article II,
Section 9)
“The state shall promote a just and
dynamic social order that will ensure the
prosperity and independence of the nation
and free the people from poverty through
policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a
rising standard of living and an improved
quality of life for all.”
Philippine Constitution- foundation and
primary law
Article 3- bill of rights
Indigenous people- people living out as a
community
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR)- promoted equalities of all
citizens and ban forms of discrimination
Privilege- special consideration bestowed
on a particular person/ group
Child and Youth Welfare Code- created to
protect the rights of the children
Prostitution
- associated with works like pleasure,
hostess, sex worker, GRO or escort
service
- simple use of a person’s body to
earn money
“Our laws prohibit prostitutions.
According to Anti- Trafficking in Persons
Act of 2003, anyone who participates in
prostitution may be punished up to
lifetime imprisonment.”
Reasons why people engage in
prostitution
- easy money
- business- like
- culture of abuse
- way out of poverty
Causes of Prostitution (most apparent) which influence personal identities
- Poverty
- Lack of job opportunities Gender Stereotyping
- Physical or sexual abuse - Refers to the practice of ascribing
- Vices to an individual woman or man
- Peer Pressure specific attributes, characteristics,
or roles by reason only of her or his
Other related causes membership in the social group of
- Came from a dysfunctional family women or men.
- Duped by recruiters
- Pornography Gender Discrimination in different
- Tourism that exploit women institutions

Harmful effects In Religion

- Sexual violence and physical abuse - There is no ordination of women to
- STD’s higher positions in a certain
- Psychological and mental disorder religion
- High risk of murder
In Government
Recommended Solutions to Prostitution - In several parts of the world, men
- Punishing the wrongdoers still hold higher positions of
- Legalizing prostitution authority and power in society
- Women and homosexuals receive
limited social services
Gender Equality
In Education
“Achieving gender equality requires the - Gender biases and stereotypes are
engagement of women and men girls and still in the curricula, instructional
boys. It is everyone’s responsibility.” methods, materials and learning
- Ban- ki- moon media

Patriarchal Society- men over women At Work

- Men are given higher positions and
Sex higher salaries
- Natural or biological characteristics - Women are relegated to lower
of a person either as male or female positions and given lower salaries
- XX (women) XY
(men) In Family
- Under the family code, the father is
Gender considered as the head of the
- Cultural meanings attached to family
being masculine and feminine, - Father- pillar of the home
- Mother- support to the father
  Light of the house, - Sexual Reconstruction
housewife
Asexual- no attraction
- Platonic
Gender identity
- Perceived or believed gender of a Pansexual- attracted to all
person, whether or not is congruent
to his or her biological sex Hermaphrodite or intersex- people with
more than one sex
Sexuality - Rare case
- Sexual identity, experiences and
attraction of a person
- Refers to your total self

Components of Total Self (sunod sunod

to)

Physical Self- the way you look as a man

or woman
Mental Self- the way you think as a
man/woman
Social Self- the way you interact with
others
Emotional Self- the way you feel about
yourself and others
Ethical Self- the way you value your
relationships

Different Types of Sexuality

Heterosexuality- sexually attracted to

opposite sex
Homosexuality- sexually attracted to
people of their own sex (third sex)
- More accepted in Europe, Australia
and United States rather than Asia
and Africa
Bisexual- sexually attracted to both men
and women
Transgender- people who are born with
typical male or female anatomies but feel
as though they’ve been born into the
“wrong body”