F.

Procedure

1. Tollens Test
Making of Tollens Test

1 mL of AgNO3 Solution

Put into a test tube that has been whased with soap, water,
distalled water. Then, the test tube is dried.
1 mL of NaOH solution 5% is added
Mixed
Added drop by drop NH4OH solution 2% while being
shaken until the precipitate dissolves.
Tollens Reagent

Reactions:

 2 AgNO3 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq)  Ag2O (s) ↓ + 2 NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
 Ag2O (s) ↓ + 2 NH4OH (aq)  2 Ag (NH3)2OH (aq)
(Svehla, 1979)

Tollens Test

Test Tube 1

1 mL of Tollens Reagent

Put into a test tube

2 drops of benzaldehyde are added to the test tube
Shake the mixture and lease it for ten minutes
If the reaction occurs, the test tube is placed in hot water
(35oC-50oC) for ten minutes
Observations are recorded
Result
Reactions:

O O

C H COH

(aq) + 2 Ag(NH3)2 OH (aq)  (aq) + 2Ag (s) +

2 NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Test Tube 2
1 mL
Test of Tollens
Tube 2 Reagent

Put into a test tube

2 drops of formaline are added to the test tube
Shake the mixture and lease it for ten minutes
If the reaction occurs, the test tube is placed in hot water
(35oC-50oC) for ten minutes
Observations are recorded
Result

Reactions:

O O

C C
H H
H (aq) + 2 Ag(NH3)2OH (aq)  ONH4 (aq) + 2 Ag (s) ↓

+ 3 NH3 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

Test Tube 3

1 mL of Tollens Reagent

Put into a test tube

2 drops of cyclohexanon are added to the test tube
Shake the mixture and lease it for ten minutes
 4. If the reaction occurs, the test tube is placed in hot water
(35oC-50oC) for ten minutes
5. Observations are recorded

Result

Reactions:

2 Ag(NH3)2OH (aq) (no react)

Test Tube 4

1 mL of Tollens Reagent

Put into a test tube

2 drops of acetone are added to the test tube
Shake the mixture and lease it for ten minutes
If the reaction occurs, the test tube is placed in hot water
(35oC-50oC) for ten minutes
Observations are recorded
Result

Reactions:
CH3COCH3 (aq) + 2 Ag(NH3)2OH (aq) ↛ (no react)
 2. Fehling and Benedict Test

10 mL of Fehling A + 10 mL of Fehling B

Put into a test tube

Shaked it until homogenous
Fehling Reagent

Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4

Added 2,5 mL of
Added 2,5 mL of Added 2,5 mL of
Added 2,5 mL of reagent
reagent reagent
reagent Added 2 drops of
Added 2 drops of n- Added 2 drops of
Added 2 drops of cyclohexanon
heptaldehyd acetone
formaldehyde

Test tube is placed in boiling water (3-4 minutes of

heating process)
Observed the changes that occur 10-15 minutes

Result Result Result

Result

Reaction:
 Tube 1:
O O

H C H (aq) + 2Cu2+ (aq) + 5OH-  H C O- (aq) + Cu2O (s) ↓ + 3

H2O (l)
 Tube 2
O O
↛
H3 C C CH3 (aq) + 2Cu2+ (aq) + COH- (aq) H3 C C CH3 (aq) +
CH2O (s) ↓ + 3 H2O (l)
 Tube 3
 CH3COCH3 (aq) + 2Cu2+ (aq) + 5 OH- (aq) ↛ (no react)
 Tube 4
O

↛
(aq) + 2 Cu2+ (aq) + 5 OH- (no react)

3. Bisulfite Addition

5 mL saturated solution of NaHSO3

Putted into an erlenmeyer 50 mL

The solution is cooled in ice water (note the temperature)
2,5 mL of acetone is added into a erlenmeyer and shaked it
Let stand for 5 minutes and observed the changes
Added 10 mL of ethanol to start mixing

Residue Filtrate

The residue are filtered with a filter funnel

Put into a test tube
A few drops of saturated HCl are added
Note that happened
Result

Reaction:
ONa
CH3
S
O H3 C C O O

 NaHSO3 (aq) + H3 C C CH3 (aq)  CH3 (aq)

ONa
CH3
S
H3 C C O O
etanol O
→

 CH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) H3 C C CH3 (aq) + NaCl

(s) + SO2 (g)

4. Testing of Phenylhydrazine

2,5 mL of phenylhydrazine

Putted into a test tube

Tube 1 Tube 2

1. Added 10 drops of benzaldehyde 2. Added 10 drops of cyclohexanon

3. The test tube was closed and shaked for 1-2 minutes until the
result were blurred

4. Filtered phenylhydrazine which is crystallized with a funnel filter

Residue (crystal) Filtrate

Washed crystal with a little cold water and

crystallized again with a little ethanol
Allowed the crystal to dry and the melting point
determined
Result

Reaction:
 Test Tube 1
O
H H
C H H 2N N C N N
H

+ (aq) 
(s) + H2O (l)

 Test Tube 2
O H
N N
H
H 2N N
(aq) + (aq)  (s) +
H2O (l)
5. Haloform Reaction
Test Tube 1

3 mL of NaOH Solution 5%

Added 5 drops acetone

Added 10 mL iodine solution while shaked until the color of
iodine is no longer lost
Noted the smell
Result
Reactions:
O O

 H3 C C CH3 (aq) + 3 I2 (aq) + 3 OH- (aq)  H3 C C CI3 (aq) + 3 H2O

(l) + 3I- (aq)
O O

 H3 C C CI3 (aq) + OH- (aq)  H3 C C O (aq) + CHI3 (aq)

Test Tube 2

3 mL of NaOH Solution 5%

Added 5 drops isopropyl alcohol

Added 10 mL iodine solution while shaked until the color of
iodine is no longer lost
Noted the smell
Result
Reactions:
OH OH

H3 C C CH3 H3 C C CI3
 H (aq) + 3 I2 (aq) + 3 OH- (aq)  H (aq) + 3 H2O
(l) + 3I- (aq)
OH OH

H3 C C CI3 H3 C C O-
 H (aq) + OH- (aq)  H (aq) + CHI3 (aq)
6. Aldol Condensation
Test Tube 1

4 mL of NaOH Solution 1%

Putted into a test tube

Added 0,5 mL acetaldehyde
Shaked and noted the smell
Boiled the mixture for 3 minutes
Noted rancid smell from the result of condensation
Result
Reaction:
O O O
NaO
 H3 C C CH3 (aq) + H3 C C CH3 (aq) → H3 C C CI3 (aq) + 3

H2O (l) + 3I- (aq)

Reaction mechanism that occur:

O O
OH −¿ ¿
H3 C C CH → H2 C C CH

O
O O
H3 C C CH2CH
H3 C C CH + H2 C C CH  H

H+
H-
OH O O
Heat
H3 C C CH2CH → H 3C C CH C H
H H

(Crotonaldehide)