Vidyamandir Classes Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
INTRODUCTION Section - 1

1. BASICS
1.1 Imaginary Number
Square root of a negative real number is an imaginary number, while solving equation x2 + 1 = 0 we
get x =  1 which is imaginary, so the quantity 1 is denoted by ‘i’ called ‘iota’ thus i  1 .

e.g. 2, 3, 4 ........... may expressed as i 2 , i 3 , 2 i .........

Properties of iota (i) :

2 3 4
i= 1 so i = –1, i = – 1 and i = 1.

Hence n  N, in = i, – 1, – i, 1 attains four values according to the value of n, so

i4n + 1 = i, i4n + 2 = 1 i4n + 3 = – i, i4n + 4 = 1.

1.2. Introduction To Complex Numbers

A complex number z can be written in the following standard form :
z = a + bi where a, b are real numbers and i = 1
 a is known as real part of z i.e. a = Re (z)
 b is known as imaginary part of z i.e. b = Im (z)
 We can write z = Re (z) + i Im (z)
 The modulus of a complex number is denoted by | z |

For z = a + bi ; | z |  a 2  b2

In general : | z |  Re 2 ( z )  Im 2 ( z )
 z is known as conjugate of complex number z.
For z = a + bi ; z = a – bi
i.e. z = Re (z) – i Im (z)
 If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di (a, b, c, d  R)

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then z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d) i, z1 – z2 = (a – c) + (b – d) i and

z1 · z2 = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc) i

z1 a  bi (a  bi ) (c  di )  ac  bd   bc  ad 
    i
2  2 2
z2 c  di c2  d 2  c 2
 d   c  d 
 Two complex numbers are equal if and only if
Re (z1) = Re (z2) and Im (z1) = Im (z2).

1.3. Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers

Geometrically, we can represent complex numbers on a plane (known as Argand Plane).
This plane consists of two perpendicular lines known as real axis and imaginary axis. Real axis is drawn
horizontally and imaginary axis is vertical to it. Any complex number can be represented as a point on
this plane.
Let z = a + bi be the point to be represented on this plane. This point is represented through the order
pair (a, b) on the plane. Real part (a) is plotted along the real axis and imaginary part (b) is plotted
along the imaginary axis.
a = Re (z) = horizontal component and
b = Im (z) = vertical component
Modulus of z :

Distance of point P (z) from origin = | z | = a 2  b2 .

Argument of z :
The angle between OP and + ve real axis is known as argument
(or amplitude) of complex number z.
It is represented as arg (z).
arg (z) =  = 2n + tan–1 (b/a) where n  I.
The argument of z has infinite values, all differing by integral multiples
of 2.
The unique value of  such that –  <  is called the principle
argument of the complex number.
How to find principal argument ?
Let z = a + bi and  = tan–1 (b/a)
The principal value depends on the quadrant in which the point (x, y) lies.

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 Vidyamandir Classes Complex Numbers

(i) If z lies in the I quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b > 0, then

principal argument =  =  and general argument = 2 k + 

(ii) If z lies in the II quadrant i.e. a < 0 and b > 0, then

principal argument =  =  – and general argument = 2 k + ( – )

(iii) If z lies in the III quadrant i.e. a < 0 and b < 0, then
principal argument =  = –  + and general argument = 2 k + ( – )

(iv) If z lies in the IV quadrant i.e. a > 0 and b < 0, then

principal argument =  = – and general argument = 2 k – 

Note :
 For points above real axis:  (0, )  For points below real axis :  (–  , 0)
 For points on +ve real axis: =0  For points on -ve real axis :  =
 For points on +ve imaginary axis:  = /2  For points on -ve imaginary axis:  = – /2
In General
Im ( z ) Re ( z ) Im ( z )
tan   cos   sin  
Re ( z ) |z| |z|

1.4. Trigonometric Representation

A complex number can be represented in terms of its modulus | z | and argument .
We already know that Re (z) = | z | cos  and Im (z) = | z | sin 
 z = | z | (cos  + i sin ),

Usually, | z | is denoted by r. Hence, z = r (cos  + i sin )

The above representation is known as trigonometric representation for a complex number.
Illustrating the Concepts:
Express the following complex numbers in the trigonometric forms and hence calculate their principal
arguments. Show the complex numbers on the argand plane.

(i) z1   3  i (ii) z2  1  3i (iii) z3  1  i

(i) z1   3  i | z | 2 
 3 1 
 z1  2    i 
 2 2 

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 3 5 1 5
Replace  cos and  sin to get:
2 6 2 6
 5 5 
 z1  2  cos  i sin  [i.e. Trigonometric form of z1]
 6 6 
5
 argument =
6
(ii) z2  1  3i | z | 2
 1 3i 
 z2  2    
 2 2 

 1  2   3  2 
Replace     cos   and  2   sin  3  to get:
 2  3     
  2   2 
z2  2 cos    i sin   [i.e. Trigonometric form of z2]
  3   3 
2
 argument =
3
(iii) z3  1  i | z | 2 
 1 1 
 z3  2   i
 2 2 
1     1    
Replace  cos   and    sin   to get:
2  4   2  4 
       
z3  2 cos    i sin   [i.e. Trigonometric form of z3]
  4   4 

 argument =
4

1.5. Exponential Representation

Euler’s Theorem :
ei = cos  + i sin 
Using Euler’s theorem and trigonometric representation, a complex number having modulus r and
argument  can be represented as :
z = r ei
In this notation : 1 = e0i = e2i, i = ei/2, – i = e–i/2,  = ei2/3, and 2 = e–i2/3 = ei4/3

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1.6 Important Theorems & Properties

1. DeMoivre’s Theorem :
(cos  + i sin )n = cos n  + i sin n  where n is any rational number.
2. Section Formula
If points A (z1) and B (z2) represent the complex numbers z1 and z2 respectively in the Argand
plane, then : m n
A (z1) C A (z2)
 mz  nz1 
C  2  is the point dividing AB in the ratio m : n.
 mn 
3. | z1 · z2 · z3 ...... zn | = | z1 | | z2 | | z3 | ........ | zn |.
arg (z1 · z2 · z3 ....... zn) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + ......... + arg (zn)
 When complex numbers are multiplied, their modulii get multiplied and their arguments
get added together.

z1 |z | z 
4.  1 ; arg  1   arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )
z2 | z2 |  z2 
 When two complex numbers are divided, their arguments are subtracted to get the argument
of their quotient.

5. (i) z1  z2  z3  ......  zn  z1  z2  z3  ......  zn

(ii) z1 . z2 . z3 ...... zn  z1 . z2 . z3 ........ zn

 z1  z1  zn   z n
(iii)  
 z2  z2
(iv)  
 

6. z + z = 2 Re (z)  z = –z if z is purely imaginary  Re(z)  0 

z- z =2 i Im (z)  z = z if z is purely real  Im(z)  0 

1
7. z z = | z |2  z = z if |z| = 1

8. | – z | = | z | = | z | and arg ( z ) = – arg (z)

9. | zn | = | z |n
10. (z – z0) is a factor of f (z) if and only if f (z0) = 0.

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11. z1 z2  z1 z2  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  z1 z2  z1 z2 is purely real

12. | z1  z2 |2  | z1 |2  | z2 |2  ( z1 z2  z1 z2 )

| z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 ) | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1z2 )

13. | z1 + z2 |2  | z1  z 2 |2 = 2 | z1 |2 + 2 | z 2 |2 
 
14. – | z |  Re (z)  | z |, – | z |  Im (z)  | z |
15. Triangle Inequatlity :
(i) | z1 + z2 |  | z1 | + | z2 | (ii) | z1 – z2 |  | z1 | – | z2 |

ei  1 
16.  i tan
i 2
e 1
Illustrating the Concepts:

I If z1 = r1 (cos  + i sin ) and z2 = r2 (cos  + i sin ), show that :

(i) | z1 z2 | = r1 r2 (ii) arg (z1 z2) =  + 

z1 r z 
(iii)  1 (iv) arg  1     
z2 r2  z2 
For (i) and (ii)
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos  + i sin ) (cos  + i sin )
= r1 r2 (cos  cos  – sin  sin  + i sin  cos  + i cos  sin )
= r1 r2 [cos ( + ) + i sin ( + )]

Comparing with z = | z | (cos  + i sin ), we get :

| z1 z2 | = r1 r2 and arg (z1 z2) =  + 

For (iii) and (iv) :

z1 r1 (cos   i sin )
z2 = r (cos   i sin )
2

r1 (cos   i sin  ) (cos   i sin )

= r (cos   i sin ) (cos   i sin )
2
r1 [cos  cos   sin  sin   i sin  cos   i cos  sin ]
= r
2 cos 2   sin 2 

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r1
= r [cos (  )  i sin (  )]
2
z1 r z 
  1 and arg  1      .
z2 r2  z2 

II. Show that | z1  z2 |2 | z1 |2  | z2 |2  2 Re  z1 z2 

| z1  z2 |2   z1  z2  z1  z2 

 z1z1  z2 z2   z1z2  z1z2 

| z1 |2  | z2 |2   z1z2  z1z2 

| z1 |2  | z2 |2  2Re  z1z2  [  z + z  2Re  z  ]

Illustration - 1  z 2 
If arg  z  2   4 , then the locus of z is:
 
(A) | z + 2 i | = 22 (B) | z – 2| = 22 (C) | z – 2i| = 22 (D) | z + 2 i| = 22

SOLUTION : (C)

Let z = x + yi x, y  R
 x  2  yi   4y 
 arg    tan
 x  2  yi  4 
x2  4  y 2 4
 ( x  2  y i ) ( x  2  yi)    x2 + y2 – 4y – 4 = 0
 arg  4
 ( x  2)2  y 2   x2 + (y – 2)2 = 8
 ( x 2  4  y 2 )  4 yi    | x + (y – 2) i | = 22
 arg 
2 2

 ( x  2 )  y  4  | z – 2i | = 22

Illustration - 2 If (1 + x)n = P0 + P1 x + P2 x2 + . . . . + Pn xn , then find the value of the

following series :
I. P0 – P2 + P4 + . . . . . . . is :

n n n n
(A) 2n / 2 cos (B) 2n / 2 sin (C) 2n / 2 sin (D) 2n / 2 cos
4 4 4 4

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II. P1 – P3 + P5 + . . . . . . . is :

n n n n
(A) 2n / 2 cos (B) 2n / 2 sin (C) 2n / 2 sin (D) 2n / 2 cos
4 4 4 4
SOLUTION : I.(A) II.(B)
Consider the identity :
(1 + x)n = P0 + P1 x + P2 x2 + P3 x3 + . . . . . . + Pn xn.

Substitute x = i on both the sides.

(1 + i)n = P0 + P1i + P2 i2 + P3 i3 + . . . . . + Pn in
n
    
  2  cos 4  i sin 4    ( P0  P2  P4  .....)  i ( P1  P3  P5  .....)
 

 n n 
 2n / 2  cos  i sin   ( P0  P2  P4  .....)  i ( P1  P3  P5  .....)
 4 4 
Equate the real and imaginary parts, to get :
n n
P0  P2  P4  P6  .......  2n / 2 cos and P1  P3  P5  .......  2
n/2
sin
4 4

Illustration - 3 If a, b, c and d are the real roots of the equation: x 4 + P1 x3 + P2 x2 + P3 x + P4 = 0

and (1 + a2) (1 + b2) (1 + c2) (1 + d2) = k(1 – P2 + P4)2 + (P3 – P1)2 then the value of k is :
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) -2
SOLUTION : (B)
As a, b, c and d are the roots of the given equation :
 (x – a), (x – b), (x – c) and (x – d) are the factors of LHS.
 x4 + P1 x3 + P2 x2 + P3 x + P4 = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – d) is an identity . . . .(i)
Substitute x = i on both sides :
i 4 + P1i3 + P2i2 + P3i + P4 = (i – a) (i – b) (i – c) (i – d)
(1 – P2 + P4) + i (P3 – P1) = (i – a) (i – b) (i – c) (i – d) . . . .(ii)
Substitute x = – i in (i) :
i 4 – P1i3 + P2i2 – P3i + P4 = (– i – a) (–i – b) (–i – c) (–i – d)
(1 – P2 + P4) – i (P3 – P1) = (–i – a) (–i – b) (– i – c) (– i – d) . . . .(iii)

Multiply (ii) and (iii) to get :

(1 – P2 + P4)2 + (P3 – P1)2 = (1 + a2) (1 + b2) (1 + c2) (1 + d2) Hence k = 1

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FINDING nth ROOTS OF z Section - 2

2.1 Square Root of a Complex Number
The square roots of z = a + bi are :

 |z|  a |z|a  |z| a |z|a

 i  for b  0 ;  i  for b  0
 2 2   2 2 

Illustrating the Concepts :

Find the square root of 3 – 4 i.

Let z = a + bi = 3 – 4i
|z|= 9  16  5
 53 53
 Hence, square roots are :   i  = ± (2 – i)
 2 2 

2.2 Cube Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation x3 = 1 are called as the cube roots of unity.
x3 – 1 = 0  (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0

1 3 1 3
 x  1,   i,   i
2 2 2 2
 You can see clearly that if second root is represented by  then third root is 2.
 Cube roots of unity are

1 3 1 3
x=1 ; x  i ; x  i  2
2 2 2 2
Properties of cube root of unity :
1. 1 +  + 2 = 0
2. 3 = 1
3. 3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n + 2 = 2
–
4.  = 2 and 2 = 
  and 2 are complex conjugates of each other.
5. a + b + c2 = 0
 a=b=c if a, b, c are real.

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1  i 
Note : The square roots if i, 2are :    , ± 2 and ±  are respectively..
 2 

2.3. nth Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation zn = 1 are called as nth roots of unity.
Consider zn = 1
2k
i
 ze n k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...............

It can be easily observed that for only k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n – 1 we

can have distinct roots,
2k
i
ze n k = 0, 1, 2, ......., n – 1

2k 2k
 z  cos  i sin k = 0, 1, 2, ......, n – 1
n n
2 2 ( n  1) 
i i
 z  1, e n , .........., e n

Properties of nth roots of unity

(i) Sum of nth roots of unity is zero.
(ii) (nth root of unity)n = 1
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of unity divide the unit circle in
n equal parts i.e. these roots are the vertices of a regular polygon
inscribed in a unit circle with origin as the centre.

Illustrating the Concepts:

Show that the sum of nth roots of unity is zero.
Let S = 1 + ei2 /n + ei4 /n + ............... + ei2 (n – 1)/n
the series on the RHS is a GP. 1  ei 2 
 S= 2 =0
 2  i
i n 1 e n
1 1  e n 

 S= 11
2
i  S= 0
n 2
1 e i
1 e n

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2.4 nth roots of z :

The roots of the equation wn = z are called as nth roots of z.

Consider wn = z

 wn = | z | ei(2k + ) where  = Arg (z).

Take (1/n)th power on both sides,

(2 k   )
i
1/n n
w=|z| e where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....., n – 1

 2k   
i
1/ n n
 nth roots of z = | z | e where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......., n – 1
Illustrating the Concepts:
Find the sixth roots of z = i .

The sixth roots of i are roots of equation

W6 = i
 W6 = ei (2k + /2)
Take (1/6)th power to get :
i 4k   
W= e 12 k = 0, 1, 2, ........, 5

i (4 k  1)
 W= e 12 k = 0, 1, 2, ........., 5

The sixth roots are

 5 9 13 17  21
i i i i i i
e 12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12 , e 12

Properties of nth roots of z

(i) Sum of nth roots of z is zero.
(ii) (nth root of z)n = z
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of z divide the circle of radius r1/n in n equal parts i.e. these
roots are vertices of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle with origin as centre and
radius = r1/n.

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2.5 Important Relations

1. x2 + y2 = (x + yi) (x – yi)
2. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + 2y)
3. x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x – y) (x – 2y)
4. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)
5. x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx = (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)

Illustration - 4
If 1,  , 2 are cube roots of unity. then :
(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) ......... 2n factors = ?
(A)  2n (B)  2 n 1 (C) 22n (D) 2n
SOLUTION : (C)

(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) ......... 2n factors

Using 4 = 16 = ......... =  and 8 = 32 = ........ = 2

(1 –  + 2 ) (1 – 2 + ) (1 –  + 2 ) (1 – 2 + ) ………....2n factors.

[(1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + )]n = [(–2) (–22)]n = 22n

Illustration - 5 Find the value of :

r6
 2r 2r 
  sin
7
 i cos
7  .
r 1 
(A) 0 (B) 2i (C) i (D) 1

SOLUTION : (C) r  6 i 2r

r6 e 7
 2r 2r  = i 
Let S =  1. sin
7
 i cos
7  r 1
r 1 
r6
 r  6 i 2 r 
 2 2r 2r   7 io io 
=    i sin 7  i cos 7  = i   e e e

r 1 r 1 
[Add and subtract eio]
Take (– i) common to get :
r6  2r 
 2r 2r  r6 i 7 
=  i  cos 7  i sin 7  = i   e  1
r 1
 r  0 

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= – i (sum of 7th roots of unity – 1 )

= – i (0 – 1) = i

Illustration - 6 f(x, y) = (x + y)n – xn – yn where n is odd but not a multiple of 3 is not divisible by:

(A) x+y=0 (B) x-y=0 (C) x -2 y = 0 (D) x - y = 0

SOLUTION : (B)
Let f (x, y) = (x + y)n – xn – yn
f (–y) = (– y + y)n – (– y)n – yn = 0 ( n is odd)
 (x + y) is also a factor of f (x, y).

Now consider f ( y).

f ( y)= (y + y)n – ( y)n – yn
= yn (– 2)n – n yn – yn
= yn [– 2n – n – 1 ] ( n is odd)

 3n
n  1

n 2n
= – y [ +  + 1 ]=  y n n  [Using x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy)]
  1 
 

 y n (1  1)
= 0 [Note : As n is not a multiple of 3, n  1]
n  1

 f ( y) = 0  (x –  y) is also a factor of f (x, y).

Similarly we can show that

f (2y) = 0  (x –  2y) is also a factor of f (x, y).

Illustration - 7 The simplified form of the expression : (x + 1 + i) (x + 1 – i) (x – 1 + i) (x – 1 – i) is.

(A) x4 - 4 (B) x4 + 4 (C) x4 + 2 (D) x4 - 2

SOLUTION : (B) = (x2 + 2x + 1 + 1)(x2 – 2x + 1 + 1)

Consider R.H.S. = [(x2 + 2) + 2x] [(x2 + 2) – 2x]
= [(x + 1 + i) (x + 1 – i)] = (x2 + 2)2 – (2x)2
[(x – 1 + i) (x – 1 – i)] = x4 + 4x2 + 4 – 4x2 = x4 + 4
= [ ( x +1)2 – i2] [(x – 1)2 – i2)]

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Illustration - 8 The value of : 4

2 x  5 x3  7 x 2  x  41, when x   2  3i is:
(A) -4 (B) 4 (C) -6 (D) 6

SOLUTION : (D)
Given x =  2  3i , so that x + 2 =  i 3 . = 2x2 (x 2 + 4x + 7) – 3x3 – 7x2 – x + 41
Squaring, (x + 2)2 = 3i2 = – 3 = 2x2. 0 – 3x (x2 + 4x + 7)

or x2 + 4x + 7 = 0. . . . .(i) + 5x2 + 20x + 41 [Using (i)]

Consider, the given expression = – 3x.0 + 5 (x2 + 4x + 7) + 6

2x4 + 5x3 + 7x2 – x + 41 [Using (i)]

Now we will try to make (x2 + 4x + 7) in = 5.0 + 6 = 6.

the above expression i.e. given expression

Illustration - 9 (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....(1 + ni) =  + i then the value of 2.5.10.....(1 + n2) is :
(A) 2/2 (B) 2 -  2 (C) 2 +  2 (D) 22

SOLUTION : (C)
We have (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....... (1 + ni) =  + i
 | (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i).....(1 + ni) | = |  + i|
 | (1 + i) | · | (1 + 2i) | · | (1 + 3i) | ........ | (1 + ni) | = |  + i |
 | 1 + i |2 · | 1 + 2i |2 · | 1 + 3i |2 ....... | 1 + ni |2 = |  + i |2
 (12 + 12) (12 + 22) (12 + 32) ....... (12 + n2) = 2 + 2
 2.5.10 ...... (1 + n2) = 2 + 2.

Illustration - 10 If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0, then the value of | z | is :

(A)  (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 1/2

SOLUTION : (B)
The given equation is iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0 Now z=i  |z|=|i|=1
3 2 2 2
or iz + z + i z + i = 0 [ i = – 1]
or z2 (i z + 1) + i (i z + 1) = 0 and z2 = – i  | z2 | = | i | = 1
or (z2 + i) (i z + 1) = 0
 | z |2 = 1  | z | = 1.
 z2 = – i or z = – 1/i = i.
Hence, | z | = 1 in both the cases.

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Illustration - 11 If | z | = | z | = ..... = | z | = 1, then | z + z + ...... + z | is always equal to :

1 2 n 1 2 n

1 1 1
(A) | z1 |  | z2 | ....... | zn | (B)   ..... 
z1 z2 zn

1 1 1
(C)   ......  (D) None of these
| z1 | | z2 | | zn |

SOLUTION : (B) [as | z |  | z |]

We have | zk | = 1, k = 1, 2, ........, n
= | z1  z2  z3  ......  zn |
2
 | zk | = 1  zk zk  1
 | z1  z2  .....  zn |
 zk  1/ zk . . . . .(i)
1 1 1
   ...... 
 | z1  z2  ......  zn | z1 z2 zn

 | ( z1  z2  ......  zn ) |

SOLVING OF COMPLEX NUMBERS Section - 3

To solve complex numbers, we consider z  x  iy, x, y  R , form equations by comparing real and
imaginary parts on two sides.
Illustrating the concepts :
Find all complex numbers z which satisfy the following equations :
(i) zz (ii) z z (iii) z 4z (iv) z2   z
(v) z3  z (vi) z2  | z |  0

Let z = x + iy. Then

z  x  iy .
(i) The equation z  z becomes (ii) The equation z   z is equivalent to
x + iy = – (x – iy) or 2x = 0 or x = 0.
x + iy = x – iy. or 2iy = 0 which gives
y = 0. Hence z = iy i.e., the solutions of the given
Hence z = x i.e., all the real numbers constitute equation are all pure imaginary numbers.
the solutions of the given equation. (iii) z  4  z or x – iy = 4 – x – iy
or x = 4 – x.

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This gives x = 2. From (ii), y (3x2 – y2 + 1) = 0

Hence z = 2 + iy.  y = 0 or 3x2 – y2 + 1 = 0.
 The given equation is satisfied by all Thus we have to solve the following four pairs
complex numbers whose real part is 2. of simultaneous equations :
(iv) z 2   z or ( x  iy ) 2   ( x  iy ) (a) x = 0, y = 0
or x2 – y2 + 2ixy = – x + iy (b) x = 0, 3x2 – y2 + 1 = 0
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get (c) y = 0, x2 – 3y2 – 1 = 0
x2 – y2 = – x . . . .(i)
x 2  3 y 2  1  0 
and 2xy = y or y (2x – 1) = 0 . . . .(ii) and (d) 
3x 2  y 2  1  0 
From (ii), either y = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0 From (a),
i.e., x = 1/2.
we have x = 0, y = 0 giving z = 0.
When y = 0, (i) gives x2 = – x
From (b),
or x (x + 1) = 0 which gives x = 0, – 1.
we have x = 0, y = ± 1 giving
Thus we get two sets of solution x = 0,
z=0±i=±i
y = 0 and x = – 1, y = 0.
From (c),
2
When x = 1/2, (i) gives y = 3/4 which gives we have x = ± 1, y = 0 giving
y = ± 3/2. z = ± 1 + 0i = ± 1
Thus we get two more sets of solutions Finally from (d) , we have
x =1/2, y = 3/2, and x = 1/2, y = – 3/2. x2 y2 1 1
  
Hence the given equation has in all the following  3  1  3  1 1  9 8
four solutions: or x2 = y2 = – 1/2 which give no real
z1= 0 + 0i, z2 = – 1 + 0i = – 1, values of x and y while x, y are real.
z3 = 1/2 + i (3/2), z4 = 1/2 – (3/2) i. Hence the only solutions of the given equation
are
(v) We have z 3  z  (x + iy)3 = x – iy
z = 0 , z = ± 1, z = ± i
3 2 2 2 3 3
 x + 3x (iy) + 3x i y + i y = x – iy
(vi) z2 + | z | = 0
3 2 2 3
 (x – 3xy ) + i (3x y – y ) = x – iy.
Substituting z = x + iy; x, y  R
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
x3 – 3xy2 = x . . . .(i)  x  iy 2  x2  y 2  0  i0
and 3x2y – y3 = – y. . . . .(ii)
 x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2   i 2 xy  0  i 0
2 2    
From (i), x (x – 3y – 1) = 0  
 x = 0 or x2 – 3y2 – 1 = 0

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Compare real and imaginary parts on both

sides.  x 2  | x | 0
 x  0 is the only solution
 x2  y 2  x2  y 2  0 z  0  i0
and 2 xy  0  x0 or y  0 Hence the only solutions are z  0,  i.
Another approach:
Case I: x 2  y 2  x 2  y 2  0 & x  0
z2   | z |
0  y 2  02  y 2  0   y 2  | y | 0 Take modulus on both sides
 y  0 , 1,  1 | z 2 |||  z || | z |2 | z || z | 0 or 1
Hence, z  0  i 0 , 0  i 1 , 0  i  1 Case I: | z | 0
z  0 , i,  i  z  0 is the only solution
Case II: Case II: | z | 1

x2  y 2  x2  y 2  0 and y0  z 2  1  z  i
Hence the only solutions are z  0 ,  i
 x2  o  x2  0  0
Note: Try to solve (iv) and (v) with another
approach.

Illustration - 12 Find all non-zero complex numbers z satisfying z  iz 2 .

 3 i
(A) 2i (B)  (C) i (D) 2i
2 2

SOLUTION : (B) Solving these equations, we get :

Let z = x + iy. 1 3
y ,x ; x  0, y  1
Then z  iz 2 gives 2 2

x – iy = i (x + yi)2 = i (x2 – y2 + 2ixy)

and x = 0, y = 0.
= i (x2 – y2) – 2xy Hence, the required non-zero complex numbers
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get : satisfying the given equation, are:

x = – 2xy, – y = (x2 – y2) 3 1

z  i and z = i.
2 2

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MORE ILLUSTRATIONS Section - 4

Illustration - 13 One of the values of ii is (where i  1 )

(A) e–/2 (B) e/2 (C) e (D) e–

SOLUTION : (A)
z = ii = (ei/2)i = e–/2

Illustration - 14 If z = ( + 3) + i
(5   2 ) ; then the locus of z is (where i = 1 )
(A) a straight line (B) a circle (C) an ellipse (D) a parabola
SOLUTION : (B)
z  (  3)  i 5   2
 z  x  iy  (  3)  i 5   2  x=+3 and y  5  2
 =x–3 and y2 = 5 – 2  ( x  3) 2  ( y  0) 2  ( 5) 2 [Equation of circle]

Illustration - 15 If 1, , 2 are the three cube roots of unity, then for , , ,   R, the expression

     2  2 
 
   2      is :
 
(A) 1 (B)  (C) – (D) –1
SOLUTION : (B)
      2   2        2   2 
     
2 3 2 2
                 

Illustration - 16 If 1, w, w2, ....., wn – 1 are n, nth roots of unity, the value of

(9 – w) (9 – w2) .... (9 – wn – 1) will be :
9n  1 9n  1
(A) n (B) 0 (C) (D)
8 8
SOLUTION : (C)
We have, xn – 1 = (x – 1) (x – w) . . . . . (x – wn – 1)
xn  1
 ( x  w) ( x  w2 ). . . . .( x  wn  1 ) 
( x  1)

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n
  (9  w) (9  w2 ). . . . .(9  wn  1 )  9  1
Substitute

x 9 8

Illustration - 17 If z1, z2, z3 are three distinct complex numbers and a, b, c are three positive real
numbers such that
a b c a2 b2 c2
  , then   is equal to :
| z2  z3 | | z3  z1 | | z1  z2 | ( z2  z3 ) ( z3  z1 ) ( z1  z2 )

(A) 0 (B) abc (C) 3abc (D) a+b+c

SOLUTION : (A)
a b c
Let   k
| z2  z3 | | z3  z1 | | z1  z2 |
 a = k | z2 – z3 |; b = k | z3 – z1 |; c = k | z1 – z2 |

a2 b2 c2  | z  z |2 | z  z |2 | z  z |2 
Now,    k2  2 3  3 1  1 2

z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2  z2  z3 z3  z1 z1  z2 

 k 2 [ z2  z3  z3  z1  z1  z2 ]  zz | z |2 
 

 k 2 [ z2  z3  z3  z1  z1  z2 ]  0

Illustration - 18 x y
If (x + iy)1/3 = a + ib, then  is equals to :
a b
(A) 2 (a2 – b2) (B) 4 (a2 – b2) (C) 8 (a2 – b2) (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
(x + iy)1/3 = a + ib  x + iy = (a + ib)3 = a3 – ib3 + 3a2 bi – 3ab2 = (a3 – 3ab2) + i(3a2b – b3)
x 
x  a3  3ab 2   a 2  3b 2 
 a  x y 2 2
   4(a  b )
y a b
and y  3a 2 b  b3   3a 2  b 2 
b 


Illustration - 19 1  C  iS
If C2 + S2 = 1, then 1  C  iS is equal to :

(A) C + iS (B) C – iS (C) S + iC (D) S – iC

SOLUTION : (A)
C 2 + S2 = 1  (C + i S) (C – i S) = 1

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1  C  iS 1  C  iS
  C  iS
 1  C  iS 1  1
C  iS

Illustration - 20 If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 4 = 0, then the value of 6 + 6 is :

(A) 64 (B) 128 (C) 256 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
2 12
x2 – 2x + 4 = 0  x   1  i 3   2 ,  2 2
2
 6 + 6 = 26 (6 + 12) = 128

Illustration - 21 The imaginary part of (z – 1) (cos  – i sin ) + (z – 1)–1 × (cos  + i sin ) is zero, if:
(A) |z–1|=2 (B) arg (z – 1) = 2 (C) arg (z – 1) =  (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
1 1
Let z – 1 = | z – 1 | e i   e i 
z  1 | z  1|
1 1
Now, ( z  1)e i  ei  | z  1| ei (    )  e i(    )
z 1 | z  1|
 1   1 
 | z  1|   cos (    )  i | z  1|  sin (    )
 | z  1|   | z  1| 
Imaginary part = 0 gives | z – 1| = 1 or  =  arg (z – 1) = 

Illustration - 22 If  is a cube root of unity, then (3 + 5 + 32)2 + (3 + 3 + 52)2 is equal to :

(A) 4 (B) 0 (C) –4 (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
(3 + 5 + 32)2 + (3 + 52 + 3)2 = (5 – 3)2 + (52 – 32)2 = 42 + 4 = – 4

Illustration - 23 | z1 + z2 | = | z1 | + | z2 | is possible if :
1
(A) z2  z1 (B) z2  (C) arg(z1) = arg(z2) (D) | z1 | = | z2 |
z1
SOLUTION : (C)
2 2
z1 z1 Squaring z1  z 
1   1    1   1  1
z2 z2 z2  z2 

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2 2
z1 z  z1 z
  1  2 Re  1   1 2 1
z2  z2  z2 z2

z  z1 z 
 Re  1    Arg  1   0 or Arg ( z1 )  Arg (z 2 )
 z2  z2  z2 

Illustration - 24 If arg (z) < 0, then arg (– z ) – arg (z) is equal to :

 
(A)  (B) – (C) – (D)
2 2
SOLUTION : (AB)
z = | z | e i  Arg (–z) – Arg (z) = ( + ) –  = .
Arg(–z) –Arg(z) can also be – if we deal with general arguments.

Illustration - 25 q  ir p  iq 1  iz
Given z  1  p , then 1  r  1  iz if :

(A) p2 + q2 + r2 = 1 (B) p2 + q2 + r2 = 2 (C) p2 + q2 + r2 = 3 (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (A)
q  ir 
q  ir 1  i 
1  iz p  iq
z 1 p  p  iq

1 p
We have ,    (q  ir ) 1 r
1  iz 1 r 1i
(1  p)
1  p  iq  r p  iq
  Simplify to get: p2 + q2 + r2 = 1
1  p  iq  r 1 r

Illustration - 26 If x = a + b, y = a + b2, z = a2 + b, then x3 + y3 + z3 is equal to :

(A) a3 + b3 (B) (a + b)3 (C) 3(a3 + b3) (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (C)
x = a + b; y = a + b2 and z = a2 + b
Now, x + y + z = (a + a + a2) + (b + b + b2) = 0  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
But 3xyz = 3 (a + b)(a + b2)(a2 + b) = 3 (a3 + b3)
Hence, x3 + y3 + z3 = 3(a3 + b3)

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Illustration - 27 1  cos   i sin  5

The principal value of the arg z and | z | of the complex number z is
 cos   i sin  3
( is acute) :
     
(A)  , 32 cos 5 (B) , 32 cos 5 (C)  , 16 cos 4 (D) None of these
2 2 2 2 2 2
SOLUTION : (A)
5
  
5  2 cos  ei  /2   i  / 2
(1  cos   i sin  ) 2 z  32 cos5
z    
2
e
3 i 3
(cos   i sin  ) e
 
 | z |  32cos 5 ; Arg ( z )  
2 2

Illustration - 28 If 1, w, w2, .... wn – 1 are the n, nth roots of unity and z and z are any two complex
1 2

n 1
numbers, then  | z1  wk z2 |2
k 0

(A) n [| z1 |2  | z2 |2 ] (B) (n  1) [| z1 |2  | z2 |2 ] (C) (n  1) [| z1 |2  | z2 |2 ] (D) None of these

SOLUTION : (A)
n 1 n 1
k 2
 | z1  w z2 |   [| z1 |2  | wk z2 |2  ( z1  wk z2 )  ( z1  wk z2 )]
k 0 k 0
n 1
  [| z1 |2  | wk |2 | z2 |2  ( z1  wk z2 )  ( z1  wk z2 )]
k 0
n 1 n 1
 2 2
 wk  z1z2  wk
= n | z1 |  | z2 |   z1 z2
k 0 k 0
|2 |2]
= n[| z1 + | z2 + z1z2 (0)  z1z2 (0)
[  Sum of nth roots of unity = 0 and same is true for sum of conjugate of nth roots of unity]

Illustration - 29  8   8 
If   cos    i sin   , then Re ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) is equal :
 11   11 
1 1
(A) (B)  (C) 0 (D) None of these
2 2
SOLUTION : (B)

  ei8 /11

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The 11 roots of unity can be written as

1,  ,  2 ,.......... 10 where    10  2   9  3   8  4   7  5   6
Also, sum of 11 roots of unity = 0

 1    ..... 10  0   
Re 1    ..... 10  0

 
1  2 Re    2   3   4   5  0  [  Re() = Re(10) and so on]

  
Re    2   3   4   5  1 / 2

Illustration - 30 If a = cos  + i sin , b = cos  + i sin , c = cos  + i sin  and a  b  c  1 , then cos (
b c a
– ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) is equal to :
3 3
(A) (B)  (C) 0 (D) 1
2 2

SOLUTION : (D)
a = e i ; b = e i ; c = e i

a b c
  1  ei( – ) + ei( – ) + ei( – ) = 1
b c a
Equating the real parts: cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) + cos ( – ) = 1

NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE

THEN ATTEMPT OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET TO COMPLETE THIS EBOOK

THINGS TO REMEMBER

1. The quantity 1 is denoted by ‘i’ called ‘iota’ thus i  1 .

e.g. 2, 3, 4 ........... may expressed as i 2, i 3, 2i .........

Properties of iota (i) :

2 3 4
i= 1 so i = –1, i = – 1 and i = 1.

Hence for n  N, in = i, – 1, – i, 1 attains four values according to the value of n, so

i4n + 1 = i, i4n + 2 = 1
i4n + 3 = – i, i4n + 4 = 1.

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Complex Numbers Vidyamandir Classes

2. Basic concepts to Complex Number

A complex number z can be written in the following standard form :
z = a + bi where a, b are real numbers and i = 1
 a is known as real part of z i.e. a = Re (z)
 b is known as imaginary part of z i.e. b = Im (z)
 We can write z = Re (z) + i Im (z)
 The modulus of a complex number is denoted by | z |

for z = a + bi ; | z |  a 2  b2

In general : | z |  Re 2 ( z )  Im 2 ( z )
 z is known as conjugate of complex number z.
for z = a + bi ; z = a – bi
i.e. z = Re (z) – i Im (z)
 If z1 = a + bi and z2 = c + di (a, b, c, d  R)
then z1 + z2 = (a + c) + (b + d) i, z1 – z2 = (a – c) + (b – d) i
and z1 · z2 = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc) i

z1 a  bi (a  bi )(c di)  ac  bd   bc  ad 
    i
z2 c  di c2  d 2  c2  d 2   c2  d 2 

 Two complex numbers are equal if and only if

Re(z1) = Re(z2) and Im(z1) = Im(z2).

3. Modulus of z :
Distance of point P (z) from origin = | z | = a 2  b2 .

4. Argument of z :
The angle between OP and + ve real axis is known as
argument (or amplitude) of complex number z.
It is represented as arg (z).
arg (z) =  = 2n + tan–1 (b/a) where n  I.

5. Trigonometric Representation :
A complex number can be represented in terms of its modulus | z | and argument .

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 Vidyamandir Classes Complex Numbers

So z = | z | (cos  + i sin ),

Usually, | z | is denoted by r.  z = r (cos  + i sin )

6. Exponential Representation
Euler’s Theorem : ei = cos  + i sin 
Using Euler’s theorem and trigonometric representation, a complex number having modulus r and
argument  can be represented as : z = r ei
In this notation : 1 = e0i = e2i, i = ei/2, – i = e–i/2,  = ei2/3, 2 = e–i2/3 = ei4/3

7. Important Theorems & Properties

(a) DeMoivre’s Theorem :
(cos  + i sin )n = cos n  + i sin n  where n is any rational number.
(b) Section Formula
If points A (z1) and B (z2) represent the complex numbers z1 and z2 respectively in the Argand
plane, then : m n
 mz  nz1  A (z1) C A (z2)
C  2  is the point dividing AB in the ratio m : n.
 mn 
(c) | z1 · z2 · z3 ...... zn | = z1 | | z2 | | z3 | ........ | zn |.
arg (z1 · z2 · z3 ....... zn) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + ......... + arg (zn)
 When complex numbers are multiplied, their modulii get multiplied and their arguments
get added together.

z1 |z | z 
(d)  1 ; arg  1   arg ( z1 )  arg ( z2 )
z2 | z2 |  z2 
 When two complex numbers are divided, their arguments are subtracted to get the argument
of their quotient.

(e) (i) z1  z2  z3  ..........  zn  z1  z2  z3  ...........  zn

(ii) z1 · z2 · z3 ........· zn  z1 · z2 · z3 .........· zn

 z1  z1
(iii)   (iv)  z n    z n
 z2  z2
(f) z + z = 2 Re (z)  z   z if z is purely imaginary ( Re(z) = 0)

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Complex Number Vidyamandir Classes

z – z = 2 i Im (z)  z = z if z is purely real ( Im(z) = 0)

1
(g) z z = | z |2  z = z if | z | = 1

(h) | – z | = | z | = | z | and arg ( z ) = – arg (z)

(i) | zn | = | z |n

(j) (z – z0) is a factor of f (z) if and only if f (z0) = 0.

(k) z1 z2  z1 z2  2 Re ( z1 z2 )  2 Re ( z1 z2 )

 z1 z2  z1 z2 is purely real

(l) | z1  z2 |2  | z1 |2  | z2 |2  ( z1 z2  z1 z2 )

| z1 |2  | z2 |2  2 Re(z1 z2 ) | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 Re( z1 z2 )

(m) | z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 | z1 |2 + 2 | z2 |2

(n)  | z | Re( z ) | z |,  | z | Im( z ) | z |

(o) Triangle Inequatlity :

(i) | z1 + z2 |  | z1 | + | z2 | (ii) | z1 – z2 |  | z1 | – | z2 |

ei   1 
(p)  i tan
ei   1 2

8. Square Root of a Complex Number

The square roots of z = a + bi are :

 |z|  a |z|a  |z| a |z|a

 i  for b  0 ;  i  for b  0
 2 2   2 2 

9. Cube Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation x3 = 1 are called as the cube roots of unity.
 Cube roots of unity are :

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1 3 1 3
x=1 ; x  i ; x  i  2
2 2 2 2
Properties of cube root of unity :
(a) 1 +  + 2 = 0 (b) 3 = 1 (c) 3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n + 2 = 2
–
(d)  = 2 2 = 
and   and 2 are complex conjugates of each other..
(e) a + b + c2 = 0  a=b=c if a, b, c are real.

10. nth Roots of Unity

The roots of the equation zn = 1 are called as nth roots of unity.
2 2 ( n  1) 
i i
 z  1, e n , .........., e n

Properties of nth roots of unity

(i) Sum of nth roots of unity is zero. (ii) (nth root of unity)n = 1
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of unity divide the unit circle in n equal parts i.e. these roots are
the vertices of a regular polygon inscribed in a unit circle with origin as the centre.

11. nth roots of z :

The roots of the equation wn = z are called as nth roots of z.
 2k   
i
1/ n n
 nth roots of z = | z | e where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......., n – 1

Properties of nth roots of z

(i) Sum of nth roots of z is zero.
(ii) (nth root of z)n = z
(iii) On the Argand plane, nth roots of z divide the circle of radius r1/n in n equal parts i.e. these roots
are vertices of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle with origin as centre and radius = r1/n.

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My Chapter Notes

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Illustration - 1

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