Geometric Representation and Operations of Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Algebra 10
Chapter 10 Complex Numbers
10.1 Introduction 2
10.2 Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number 4
10.3 Polar Form of a Complex Number 4
10.4 Complex conjugate 8
10.5 Geometrical Applications 11
10.6 Transformation 19
10.7 DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number 22
i = −1
2
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 1
Complex Numbers
10.1 Introduction
A Fundamental Concepts
(1) A complex number z is a number of the form a + bi where a, b are real numbers and i 2 = −1 .
(2) The set C of all complex numbers is defined by
{
C= a + bi : a , b ∈ R and i 2 = −1 }
where a is called the real part of z and a = Re( z ) and
b is called the imaginary part of z and b = Im( z ) .
(3) z is said to be purely imaginary if and only if Re( z ) = 0 and Im( z ) ≠ 0 .
(4) When Im( z ) = 0 , the complex number z is real.
N.B. i 3 = i 2 ⋅ i = −i , i4 = i2 ⋅ i2 = 1, i5 = i4 ⋅ i = i , i6 = i4 ⋅ i 2 = −1 .
Example Solve x 2 + x + 1 = 0 in terms of i .

Solution
B Operations On Complex Numbers
Let z1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di . Then

(1) z1 + z 2 = (a + c ) + (b + d )i
(2) z1 − z 2 = ( a − c) + (b − d )i
(3) z1 z 2 = ( a + bi )( c + di )
= ( ac − bd ) + ( ad + bc)i
z1 a + bi c − di ac + bd (bc − ad )
(4) = ⋅ = + 2 i , where z 2 ≠ 0 .
z2 c + di c − di c 2 + d 2 c +d2
1 i i
N.B. (i) = 2 = = −i ;
i i −1
1 1 c − di 1
(ii) = = 2 = 2 z2 .
z 2 c + di c + d 2
c +d2
Page 2
Complex Numbers
Example If z1 = −2 + 3i and z 2 = 1 − 4i , find
z1
(a) z1 + 2z 2 (b) z 2 − iz1 (c) z1 z 2 (d)
z2
Solution
Example Express the following in the form of x + yi , where x, y are real numbers.
2+z
(a) , where z = 1 + i
2−z
1 + cos 2θ − i sin 2θ
(b)
1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
1
(c)
1 + cos 2θ + i sin 2θ
Solution
Example Find the square roots of the complex number 3 + 4i and 5 − 12i .
Solution
Page 3
Complex Numbers
10.2 Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number
From the definition of complex numbers, a complex number z = a + bi is defined by the two real numbers
a and b . Hence, if we consider the real part a as the x − coordinate in the rectangular coordinates
system and the imaginary part b as the y − coordinate, then the complex number z can be represented
by the point ( a, b ) on the plane. This plane is called the complex plane or the Argand diagram. On this
plane, real numbers are represented by points on x − axis which is called the real axis; imaginary numbers
are represented by points on the y − axis which is called the imaginary axis. The number 0 is represented
by the origin O.
Any point ( a, b ) on this plane can be used to represent a complex number z = a + bi .

For example, as shown in Figure, the z1 , z 2 , z 3 represents respectively the complex numbers.
z1 = −3, z 2 = 2i , z 3 = 4 − 3i
10.3 Polar Form of a Complex Number

A. Polar Form
A complex number z = a + bi can be represented by a vector OP as shown in Figure.
Page 4
Complex Numbers
The length of the vector OP , r = OP , is called the modulus of the complex number z , and it is denoted
by z . The angle between the vector OP and the positive real axis is defined to be the argument or
amplitude of z and is denoted by arg z or amp z .
arg z is infinitely many-valued, that is,
arg z = θ + 2kπ , where k ∈ Z .
If arg z lies in the interval − π < θ ≤ π , we call this value the principal value.
Theorem a = r cos θ b = r sin θ

b
r = a 2 + b2 tan θ =
a
Example Express the complex number z1 = −5 + 12i and z 2 = 3 + 3 3i in polar form.
Solution
B. Use of Polar Form in Multiplication and Division
Theorem Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) , z 2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
(1) z1 z2 = z1 z 2 , arg( z1 z 2 ) = arg z 1 + arg z 2 .
Or z1 z 2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin( θ1 + θ2 )]
z1 z1 z1
(2) = , arg( ) = arg z 1 − arg z 2
z2 z2 z2
= [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin( θ1 − θ2 ) ]
z 1 r1
Or
z 2 r2
proof
Page 5
Complex Numbers
Example Let z1 = 1 + 3i and z 2 = 3 − 3i .
z1
(a) By expressing z1 and z 2 in polar form, find z1 z 2 and .
z2
2
 iz 
(b) Find the modulus and the principal value of the argument of  2 
 z1 
Solution
Page 6
Complex Numbers
1+ z
Example Prove that if z = 1 and z = ±1 , then is purely imaginary.
1− z
Solution
Example Show that z1 + z 2 and z1 z 2 are both real , then either z1 and z 2 are both real or z1 = z 2 .
Solution
Page 7
Complex Numbers
10.4 Complex conjugate
A. Complex Conjugate
Definition Let z = a + bi , where a , b ∈ R . The complex conjugate of z , denoted by z is defined as
z = a − bi
Theorem Properties of Complex Conjugate

Let z be a complex number. Then
(1) z is real if and only if z = z .
z=z zz = z
2
(2) (3)
(4) z = z (5) arg z = − arg z ( z ≠ 0)
(6) z + z = 2 Re( z ) (7) z − z = 2i Im( z )
proof
Page 8
Complex Numbers
Theorem Properties of Complex Conjugate (Continued)
Let z1 and z 2 be two complex numbers. Then
(1) z1 + z 2 = z 1 + z 2
(2) z1 z 2 = z1 ⋅ z 2
z  z1
(3)  1  = ( z 2 ≠ 0)
 z2  z2
Example Prove that, for any complex numbers z1 and z 2 .
z 1 + z 2 + z1 − z 2
2 2
= 2( z1 + z 2 )
2 2
Solution
1− i
Example Let z = . Find Re( z ) .
2 +i
Solution
1+ z
Example Prove that if z = 1 and z ≠ ±1 , then is purely imaginary.
1− z
Solution
Page 9
Complex Numbers
Example Let u, v and w be complex numbers with modulus equal to 1.
Show that if u + v + w = 0 , then uv + vw + wu = 0 .
Solution
B. Roots of Polynomials with Real Coefficients Occurs in Conjugate Pairs
Let f ( x ) = a n x n + an −1 x n −1 + L + a1 x + a 0 = 0 ( a n ≠ 0 ) be a polynomial with real coefficients and
degree n ( ≥ 2 ). If z = a + bi ( b ≠ 0 ) is a root of this polynomial, then z = a − bi is also a root.
Page 10
Complex Numbers
10.5 Geometrical Applications
Vectors Complex Numbers

r r r r
( ai + bj ) + ( ci + dj ) ( a + bi ) + ( c + di )
Addition r r
= ( a + c) i + ( b + d ) j = ( a + c) + (b + d )i
r r r r
( ai + bj ) − ( ci + dj ) ( a + bi ) − ( c + di )
Subtraction r r
= ( a − c )i + (b − d ) j = ( a − c ) + ( b − d )i
r r r r
Scalar multiplication λ( ai + bj ) = λai + λbj , ∀λ ∈ R λ( a + bi ) = λa + λbi, ∀λ ∈ R
In the set C of all complex numbers, if z = a + bi is regarded as a vector v = ai + bj ; then as far as the
above three operations are concerned complex numbers behave similar to those of vectors.
Geometrical Meaning of the Difference of Two complex Numbers
Suppose the complex numbers representing the points Z and P on the Argand diagram be z = x + yi
and p = a + bi representing the points Z and P on the Argand diagram respectively.
(1) The complex number z − p represents the vector PZ ;
(2) The modulus z − p represents the length of PZ ;
(3) arg( z − p) represents the angle between the vector PZ and the positive x-axis.
Usually, if the point Z on the Argand diagram is represented by the complex number z , we use Z (z ) to
denote it. Therefore, for any four points Z1 ( z1 ) , Z 2 ( z 2 ) , P1 ( p1 ) and P2 ( p 2 ) on the Argand diagram, the
angle θ between the vectors P1 Z 1 and P2 Z 2 , as shown in Figure, is given by
θ = θ1 − θ2
= arg( z1 − p1 ) − arg( z 2 − p 2 )
z − p1
= arg( 1 )
z 2 − p2
Page 11
Complex Numbers
Theorem Angle between Two Line Segments
Let Z1 ( z1 ), Z 2 ( z 2 ), P1 ( p1 ) and P2 ( p 2 ) be four points on the Argand diagram. If θ is the angle between
the line segments P1 Z 1 and P2 Z 2 , then
z − p1
θ = arg( 1 )
z 2 − p2
θ is considered to be positive if it is obtained by rotating anti-clockwise the vector P2 Z 2 representing the
denominator to the vector P1 Z 1 representing the numerator.
Collinear
Theorem Let P1 , P2 , P3 be three distinct points in the Argand diagram representing respectively the
z 3 − z1
complex numbers z1 , z 2 , z 3 . Then P1 , P2 , P3 are collinear if and only if = λ,
z 2 − z1
Where λ is a non-zero real number.
Proof
Equation of a Circle
Let A be a point in the complex plane and the complex number corresponding to it be a . The equation of
the circle with A as centre and radius r is given by
z − a = r,
where z is the complex number corresponding to any point P on the circle.

This equation is then rewritten as
z −a
2
= r2
( z − a)( z − a) = r2
z z − az − az + aa = r2
z z = a z + a z + (r 2 − a a )
This equation is in the form z z = az + a z + k , where k is a real constant.

Page 12
Complex Numbers
Example Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation z z = (1 + 2i ) z + (1 − 2i ) z + 4 in the
complex plane.
Solution
Theorem Given that Z1 ( z1 ), Z 2 ( z 2 ) and P( p) are three points on the Argand diagram. Then
z − p
(1) ∠Z 2 PZ 1 = arg 1 
 2
z − p 
z1 − p
(2) The three points Z1 , Z 2 , P are collinear if and only if is real.
z2 − p
z1 − p
(3) Z1 P and Z 2 P are mutually perpendicular if and only if is purely imaginary.
z2 − p
1 3
Example Let z1 be a non-zero complex number and w = − + i . If the points A, B and C are
2 2
respectively represented by the complex numbers z1 , z 2 = wz1 and z 3 = w2 z1 , show that
∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.

Solution
Page 13
Complex Numbers
Example Let z1 and z 2 be two non-zero complex numbers. Prove that if z 1 + z 2 = z1 − z 2 , then
π
arg z1 − arg z 2 = nπ + , where n is a non-negative integer.
2
Solution
Page 14
Complex Numbers
Example Suppose the vertices P, Q and R of an equilateral triangle represent the complex numbers
z1 , z 2 and z 3 respectively.
(a) Show that z1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 = z1 + z 2 + z 3 .

2 2 2
(b) If z1 , z 2 and z 3 are the roots of the equation z 3 + 3 pz 2 + 3qz + r = 0, show that
p2 = q .
Solution
Page 15
Complex Numbers
Theorem More Properties on Moduli
Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers. Then
(1) Re( z ) ≤ z , Im( z ) ≤ z
(2) z 1 + z 2 ≤ z1 + z 2 (Triangle Inequality)
Corollary z 1 + z 2 + L + z n ≤ z1 + z 2 + L z n
Proof This property can be proved by using mathematical induction on n .
Example Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers.
Prove that z1 − z 2 ≤ z1 − z 2
Solution
Loci
When a variable complex number z has to satisfy some specific conditions, there is a set of points in the
Argand diagram representing all the possible values of z . The graph of this set of points is called the locus
of the complex number z .
Example Interpret the following loci in the Argand diagram.
(a) z − ( a + ib ) = r ( a, b, r ∈ R )
z−i
(b) =1
z +1
z
(c) =2
z −i
Solution
Page 16
Complex Numbers
z −i
Example If is pure imaginary, interpret the locus of z in the Argand diagram.
z+i
Solution
Page 17
Complex Numbers
Example Let α be a complex constant and k a real constant.
Show that the equation αz + αz = k represents a straight line.
Solution
Page 18
Complex Numbers
10.6 Transformation
Translation or Displacement
Definition Let b be a fixed complex number. The function f ( z ) = z + b, ∀ z ∈ C is called a

translation.
Example Given a translation f defined by f ( z ) = z + 1 − 2i , z ∈ C.

(a) Plot the point f ( 2 + 3i ) .
(b) Sketch the image of the set S = {z ∈ C : z + 2 ≤ 1} under f .
Solution
Enlargement
Definition Let p be a fixed real number, the function f ( z ) = pz, ∀z ∈ C is called an enlargement.
1
Example Given two enlargements defined by f ( z ) = 2 z and g ( z ) = − z, z ∈ C .
2
(a) Plot the point f (1 + 2i ) .
(b) Sketch the image of the (i) ellipse ( E) in Figure A under f .
(ii) triangle (T) in Figure B under g .
Solution
Page 19
Complex Numbers
Rotation
Definition Let θ be a fixed real number. The function f ( z ) = z (cos θ + i sin θ ), ∀ z ∈ C is called a
rotation and θ is the angle of rotation.
Example Given a rotation f ( z ) = z (cos 120° + i sin 120° ), z ∈ C.

(a) Plot the point f ( 2 + i ) .
(b) Sketch the image of region R in figure under f .
Solution
1
Example Let w = 3z + . If the locus of z on the z − plane is a unit circle centred at the origin, i.e.
z
z = 1 , show that the locus of the points represented by w on the w − plane is an ellipse.
Solution
Page 20
Complex Numbers
Example The complex numbers z and w are represented by points P and Q in an Argand
diagram. If z (1 − w) = w and P describes the line 2 x + 1 = 0 , prove that Q describes a
circle whose centre is at the origin.
Solution
Page 21
Complex Numbers
10.7 DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number
For any real number θ1 ,θ2 , (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ2 + i sin θ2 ) = cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin( θ1 + θ2 )
In particular, if θ = θ1 = θ2 , we have (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2 = cos 2θ + i sin 2θ .
For any positive integer n , by induction on n , the result may be generalized as
(cos θ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ LLL(∗)
and this is known as the DeMoivre's Theorem for integral index.
For any negative integer n , we may let n = −m . Then
(cos θ + i sin θ) n = (cos θ + i sin θ) − m

1
=
(cos θ + i sin θ ) m
1
=
cos mθ + i sin mθ
cos mθ − i sin mθ
=
cos 2 mθ + sin 2 mθ
= cos( −mθ ) + i sin( −mθ)
= cos nθ + i sin nθ
Hence, (∗) also holds for negative integers n .
p
For any rational number n . Put n = , where p , q ∈ Z and no loss of generality if q is taken as to be
q
positive. Then
(cos nθ + i sin nθ ) q = cos nqθ + i sin nqθ
= cos pθ + i sin pθ
= (cos θ + i sin θ ) p
p
∴ cos nθ + i sin nθ = (cos θ + i sin θ ) q
= (cos θ + i sin θ) n
In general, for any real number θ, positive number r and rational number n , we have
[ r (cos θ + i sin θ )] n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ )
Page 22
Complex Numbers
The nth roots of a complex number w are the n values of z which satisfy the equation z n = w . If we
write w = cos θ + i sin θ and assuming that the equation is satisfied by z = cos φ + i sin φ , then
1
(cos θ + i sin θ) n = cos φ + i sin φ LLL(∗)
cos θ + i sin θ = (cos φ + i sin φ) n = cos nφ + i sin nφ
By equating the real parts and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
cos θ = cos nφ sin θ = sin nφ
2kπ + θ
nφ = 2kπ + θ φ= LLL(∗∗)
n
where k ∈ Z .
θ 2kπ + θ 2 n − 2 θ θ
For k = 0,1,2,K , n − 1 , since ≤ ≤ π + < 2π +
n n n n n
We obtain the n distinct complex roots for (∗) with the values of φ obtained in (∗∗) .
For k < 0 or k > n − 1 , the root obtained is equal to one of the roots mentioned above. Hence, the equation
(∗) has only n distinct complex roots.
Theorem DeMoivre's Theorem for Rational Index
Let n be a positive integer and θ be a real number. Then
2kπ + θ 2kπ + θ
1
(cos θ + i sin θ ) = cos

n
+ i sin , where k = 0,1,2,K , n − 1
n n
Using the DeMoivre's Theorem, we will have the following properties.
(i) z m z n = z m+ n
zm
(ii) = z m− n
zn
(iii) z0 = 1
(iv) ( z m ) n = z mn
Page 23
Complex Numbers
Application of DeMoivre's Theorem to Trigonometry
A Direct application of DeMoivre's Theorem and the binomial theorem, we are able to express
(i) multiple angles such as sin nθ and cos nθ in terms of sin θ and cos θ , and
(ii) powers of sin θ and cos θ back again into multiple angles.
Example Verify that cos 3θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ
< Express cos nθ, sin nθ in terms of powers of sin θ and cos θ >
Solution
Example (a) Show that sin 4θ = 4 sin θ (2 cos 3 θ − cos θ)

sin 6θ
(b) Prove = 32 cos 5 θ − 32 cos 3 θ + 6 cos θ .
sin θ
For what values of θ that the result is not true?
Solution
Page 24
Complex Numbers
Example Prove that cos 6θ = 32 cos θ − 48 cos θ + 18 cos θ − 1.
6 4 2
π 5π
Hence show that the roots of the equation 64 x 3 − 96 x 2 + 36 x − 3 = 0 are cos 2 ( ) , cos 2 ( )
18 18
7π
and cos 2 ( ) , and deduce that
18
π 5π 7π
sec 2 ( ) + sec 2 ( ) + sec 2 ( ) = 12 .
18 18 18
Solution
Page 25
Complex Numbers
B If z = cos θ + i sin θ , we have
1
z + z −1 = 2 cosθ , ⇒ cos θ = ( z + z −1 ) ;
2
1
z − z −1 = 2i sin θ , ⇒ sin θ = ( z − z −1 ) .
2i
Q As z n = cos nθ + i sin nθ and z − n = cos nθ − i sin nθ
1 n
∴ z n + z − n = 2 cos nθ , ⇒ cos nθ = ( z + z −n )
2
1
z n − z − n = 2i sin nθ, ⇒ sin nθ = ( z n − z − n ) .
2i
Example Express cos 4 θ and sin 4 θ in terms of functions of multiple angles.

Solution
Example Prove 16 sin 5 θ = sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ

Solution
Page 26
Complex Numbers
Example (a) Prove that 32 cos θ = cos 6θ + 6 cos 4θ + 15 cos 2θ + 10 .
6
(b) Prove that 32 cos 4 θ sin 2 θ = 2 + cos 2θ − 2 cos 4θ − cos 6θ .

Solution
Example By expanding (1 + i ) 2n , show that

n
nπ n −1
nπ
∑ ( −1) k C 22kn = 2 n cos
2
, ∑ (−1) k
C22kn+1 = 2 n sin
2
k =0 k=0
Solution
Page 27
Complex Numbers
Example (a) Show that cos 5θ = 16 cos θ − 20 cos θ + 5 cos θ .
5 3
(b) Using (a), or otherwise, solve 16 cos 4 θ − 20 cos 2 θ + 5 = 0 for values of θ between
π 3π
0 and 2π . Hence find the value of cos 2 cos 2 .
10 10
Solution
The nth roots of a Complex Number
θ + 2 kπ θ + 2 kπ
1
If wn = z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) , then w = r n (cos + i sin ) , k = 0,1, 2, K n − 1 .

n n
Example Find the three cube roots of − 8 and locate them in the complex plane.
Solution
Page 28
Complex Numbers
Example Find the fifth roots of − 1 .
Also, interpret the result in the Argand diagram.
Solution
nth of Unity
Theorem nth of Unity of Their Properties
Let n be a positive integer. Then the equation z n = 1 has n distinct roots given by
2kπ 2kπ
z k = cos + i sin ( k = 0,1,2,K , n − 1)
n n
These roots are called the nth roots of unity. If we denote one of them by ω(≠ 1) , then we have
ωn =1
1 + ω + ω2 + L + ωn −1 = 0
Proof
Page 29
Complex Numbers
2π 2π
Example Let n be a positive integer and ω = cos + i sin , find the values of
n n
(a) 1 + ω + ω2 + L + ωn −1 ,
(b) ω ⋅ ω ⋅2 ω3 ⋅ K ⋅ ωn −1 ,
(c) (1 − ω)(1 − ω2 )(1 − ω3 ) K (1 − ωn −1 )
(d) 1 + ωm + ω2 m + ω3 m + K + ω( n −1) m , where m ∈ Z .

Solution
Page 30
Complex Numbers
Solution of Equations
π
Example Solve the equation z 8 − 2 z 4 cos 4θ + 1 = 0. When 0 < θ < , show that the roots occur in
4
Conjugate pairs.
Solution
Page 31
Complex Numbers
Example Let n be a positive integer. By solving the equation x + 1 = 0 , show that
2n
n
2k − 1
x n + x −n = ∏ ( x + x −1 − 2 cos π)
k =1 2n
Hence deduce that
n
2k − 1 n
θ 2k − 1
2 2 n −1 ∏ sin 2 π = 1 and cos nθ = ∏ ( 1 − sin 2 csc 2 π)
k =1 4n k =1 2 4n
Solution
Page 32

Geometric Representation and Operations of Complex Numbers

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Complex Numbers

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

Advanced Level Pure Mathematics

10.2 Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number 4

10.3 Polar Form of a Complex Number 4

10.4 Complex conjugate 8

10.5 Geometrical Applications 11

10.7 DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number 22

(2) The set C of all complex numbers is defined by

b is called the imaginary part of z and b = Im( z ) .

(3) z is said to be purely imaginary if and only if Re( z ) = 0 and Im( z ) ≠ 0 .

(4) When Im( z ) = 0 , the complex number z is real.

Example Solve x 2 + x + 1 = 0 in terms of i .

B Operations On Complex Numbers

Let z1 = a + bi and z 2 = c + di . Then

10.2 Geometrical Representation of a Complex Number

Any point ( a, b ) on this plane can be used to represent a complex number z = a + bi .

10.3 Polar Form of a Complex Number

A complex number z = a + bi can be represented by a vector OP as shown in Figure.

amplitude of z and is denoted by arg z or amp z .

arg z is infinitely many-valued, that is,

arg z = θ + 2kπ , where k ∈ Z .

Theorem a = r cos θ b = r sin θ

Example Express the complex number z1 = −5 + 12i and z 2 = 3 + 3 3i in polar form.

B. Use of Polar Form in Multiplication and Division

Theorem Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) , z 2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )

(1) z1 z2 = z1 z 2 , arg( z1 z 2 ) = arg z 1 + arg z 2 .

Example Let z1 = 1 + 3i and z 2 = 3 − 3i .

10.4 Complex conjugate

Definition Let z = a + bi , where a , b ∈ R . The complex conjugate of z , denoted by z is defined as

Theorem Properties of Complex Conjugate

(4) z = z (5) arg z = − arg z ( z ≠ 0)

(6) z + z = 2 Re( z ) (7) z − z = 2i Im( z )

Example Prove that, for any complex numbers z1 and z 2 .

B. Roots of Polynomials with Real Coefficients Occurs in Conjugate Pairs

Let f ( x ) = a n x n + an −1 x n −1 + L + a1 x + a 0 = 0 ( a n ≠ 0 ) be a polynomial with real coefficients and

degree n ( ≥ 2 ). If z = a + bi ( b ≠ 0 ) is a root of this polynomial, then z = a − bi is also a root.

10.5 Geometrical Applications

Vectors Complex Numbers

Geometrical Meaning of the Difference of Two complex Numbers

(1) The complex number z − p represents the vector PZ ;

(2) The modulus z − p represents the length of PZ ;

angle θ between the vectors P1 Z 1 and P2 Z 2 , as shown in Figure, is given by

θ is considered to be positive if it is obtained by rotating anti-clockwise the vector P2 Z 2 representing the

denominator to the vector P1 Z 1 representing the numerator.

where z is the complex number corresponding to any point P on the circle.

This equation is in the form z z = az + a z + k , where k is a real constant.

respectively represented by the complex numbers z1 , z 2 = wz1 and z 3 = w2 z1 , show that

∆ABC is an equilateral triangle.

(a) Show that z1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 = z1 + z 2 + z 3 .

(1) Re( z ) ≤ z , Im( z ) ≤ z

(2) z 1 + z 2 ≤ z1 + z 2 (Triangle Inequality)

Proof This property can be proved by using mathematical induction on n .

Example Let z1 and z 2 be complex numbers.

Example Interpret the following loci in the Argand diagram.

Definition Let b be a fixed complex number. The function f ( z ) = z + b, ∀ z ∈ C is called a

Example Given a translation f defined by f ( z ) = z + 1 − 2i , z ∈ C.

(b) Sketch the image of the set S = {z ∈ C : z + 2 ≤ 1} under f .

Example Given a rotation f ( z ) = z (cos 120° + i sin 120° ), z ∈ C.

10.7 DeMoivre's Theorem and nth Roots of a Complex Number

In particular, if θ = θ1 = θ2 , we have (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2 = cos 2θ + i sin 2θ .

For any positive integer n , by induction on n , the result may be generalized as

(cos θ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ LLL(∗)