NATURAL GAS

By: Jhon Esteban Puerta Altamiranda

Natural Gas (NG) is a gas that is found in the
nature in underground reserves.

Depleted Fields oil.

Conversion of an oil or natural gas field from
production to storage takes advantage of existing
wells, gathering systems and pipeline connections.

Salt Formations
Salt formation storage facilities (also known as
caverns and beds), these subsurface salt
formations are primarily located in the Gulf Coast.

Depleted Aquifers
Natural aquifers may be suitable for natural gas
storage if the water-bearing sedimentary rock Take from: https://energyinfrastructure.org/energy-101/natural-gas-storage

formation is overlaid with an impermeable cap

rock. They are not part of drinking water aquifers.
 Natural gas consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane
and other gases.

Natural gas composition [volume percentage]

Composition Formula Non-Associated Gas Associated Gas
Methane 𝐶𝐻4 95-98 % 60-80 %
Ethane 𝐶2 𝐻6 1-3 % 10-20 %
Propane 𝐶3 𝐻8 0.5-1 % 5-12 %
Butane 𝐶4 𝐻 10 0.2-0.5 % 2-5 %
Pentane 𝐶5 𝐻12 0.2-0.5 % 1-3 %
Carbon dioxide 𝐶𝑂2 0-8 % 0-8 %
Nitrogen 𝑁2 0-5 % 0-5 %
Sulfuric acid 𝐻2 𝑆 0-5 % 0-5 %
Others A, He, Ne, Xe Traces Traces
Take from: http://profesores.fib.unam.mx/l3prof/Carpeta%20energ%EDa%20y%20ambiente/Gas%20Natural.pdf
Classification.

Bitter gas: Contains sulfur derivatives

(hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides
and disulfides).

Sweet gas: Free of sulfur derivatives, it is

usually obtained by sweeten the bitter gas
using chemical or physical solvents, or
adsorbents.

Wet gas: Contains significant amounts of

hydrocarbons heavier than methane; it is
the associated gas.

Dry gas: Contains smaller amounts of

other hydrocarbons, it is the non-
Take from: https://www.elgas.com.au/blog/492-what-is-lpg-lpg-gas-lp-gas
associated gas.
 Natural gas processing.
First the gas is treated to remove the impurities that accompany the hydrocarbon at the
time of its extraction. Then, dry natural gas is separated from liquids and subsequently
odorized so that it can be identified and operated safely.
The cryogenic distillation allows to obtain the most used hydrocarbons of natural gas.

Component Boiling Temp. [° C] Product

Neopentane 36.07 Natural Gas
Liquids (NGL)
Isopentane 27.85
Butane -0.5 Liquefied
Isobutane -11.72 Petroleum Gas
(LPG)
Propane -42.04
Ethane -88.6 Liquefied
Natural Gas
Methane -161.49 (LNG)

Take from: https://www.perupetro.com.pe/wps/wcm/connect/984b352d-2ac3-4f97-815c 104617f8528f/Charla+Basica+sobre+GasNatural.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

 property comparison.
Dry natural gas (NG) LPG AVGAS
Composition 95% Methane 60% Propane 40% Butane Avgas 100LL
Chemical Formula 𝐶𝐻4 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝐶4 𝐻 10 -
Specific Gravity @ 25ºC 0.6 1.55 2.07 -
Density @ 15ºC: kg/m3 0.656 1.899 2.544 715
Energy Content: kJ/kg 20192 50368 65436 43932
Boiling Temp: Cº -161.49 -42.04 -0.5 170
Autoignition Temp. Cº 537 450 400
Storage pressure (psi) 2900 95-110 atm

The first difference in the use of NG and LPG as fuels is that the NG is in a gaseous state, while the
LPG is liquid. LPG has more calorific value.
The most differentiating point is that has to do with the storage pressure, which has a direct impact
on safety.
In case of gas leakage, the NG is lighter than the air and will tend to rise in the atmosphere, unlike
the LPG that is heavier, then it will fall to the ground.
The LPG occupies less space: it being able to be stored at relatively low pressures, in a 40-liter tank
we have more or less the same amount of energy stored as in a 200-liter NG tank.
 Benefits and Challenges for LPG as an Aviation Fuel

Take from: Rory A. Roberts 1 , Sean R. Nuzum 2 and Mitch Wolff 3; Liquefied Natural Gas as the Next Aviation Fuel.
 Applications

It is a mostly standard Aviat Husky A1-C

that has been fitted with a 3600 psi (248
bar) CNG fuel tank in addition to its
standard aviation gasoline tanks.

Airplane manufacturer Aviat Aircraft, Inc.

and Minneapolis-based Aviation Aviat
Husky
Foundation of America, Inc. unveiled the A1-C
first dual-fuel, piston-powered aircraft to
operate on both compressed natural gas
(CNG) and aviation gasoline.

The only modification made to the engine,

a Lycoming IO-360-A1 D6, was the
installation of new pistons to increase the
compression ratio from 8.50:1 to 10:1. IO-360-A1 D6
Modifying a fleet of C-130J and C-130H transport aircraft for military use in the United
States.
These modification determine the net costs or savings for an aircraft operator using LNG
as a supplemental fuel.
REFERENCES.

https://energyinfrastructure.org/energy-101/natural-gas-storage}

http://profesores.fib.unam.mx/l3prof/Carpeta%20energ%EDa%20y%20ambiente/Gas%20Natural.pdf

https://www.elgas.com.au/blog/492-what-is-lpg-lpg-gas-lp-gas

https://www.perupetro.com.pe/wps/wcm/connect/984b352d-2ac3-4f97-815c
104617f8528f/Charla+Basica+sobre+GasNatural.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

http://www.ecosmep.com/cabecera/upload/fichas/4898.pdf

https://www.autocasion.com/actualidad/reportajes/que-diferencias-hay-entre-gas-natural-y-glp.

https://www.lycoming.com/node/19156

Progress in Aerospace Sciences; Economic and environmental assessment of liquefied natural gas
as a supplemental aircraft fuel.

Rory A. Roberts 1 , Sean R. Nuzum 2 and Mitch Wolff 3; Liquefied Natural Gas as the Next Aviation Fuel; 13th International Energy Conversion
Engineering Conference, July 27-29, 2015, Orlando, FL.