HEREDITARY

PATTERNS Mendel carried out some CROSS-

Genetics FERTILIZATION
- The science which deals with
heredity and variation

HERITABLE VARIATION & PATTERNS OF
INHERITANCE

“Wild Type” Traits
- Traits most commonly found in
nature
- These traits are usually inherited in
particular patterns

Parents: Both Wild type
Offspring: ALL wild type

Parents: Wild type x Sky blue
1st gen offspring: ALL wild type
2nd gen offspring: ¾ wild type (dominant)
¼ sky blue

MENDELIAN GENETICS MENDELIAN GENETICS
Gregor Mendel - He also created true-breeding
- First to analyze patterns of varieties of plants
inheritance
- Mendel then crossed two different
- Deduced the fundamental principles true-breeding varieties, creating
of genetics HYBRIDS

In an Abbey Garden MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES OF SEGREGATION
- he studied garden peas (patani) - Mendel performed many
experiments; he tracked several
- These plants are easily manipulated characteristics in pea plants from
which he formulated several
- These plants can self-fertilize hypotheses
*Stamen = male reproductive organ of
flower; produces pollen; has 2 parts: anther
and stalk (filament)

*Pistil = female reproductive organ of
flower


TRAITS IN PEA PLANTS MENDEL’S RESULT
PUNNETT SQUARE

DESCRIBING TRAITS
1. Phenotype
- an organism’s physical traits

2. Genotype
MONOHYBRID CROSSES - an organism’s genetic makeup
- Crosses 2 flowers’ one characteristic
like flower color MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES OF SEGREGATION
- Purple flower x white flower: same - pairs of alleles SEGREGATE
with wild type and sky blue offspring (SEPARATE) during gamete
formation
MENDEL’S 4 HYPOTHESES FROM
MONOHYBRID CROSS - the fusion of gametes at fertilization
1. There are alternative forms of genes, CREATES ALLELE PAIRS AGAIN
now called ALLELES
GENETIC ALLELES & HOMOLOGOUS
2. For each characteristic, each organism CHROMOSOMES
has 2 genes
Homologous chromosomes
3. GAMETES carry only one allele for - have genes at specific loci =
each inherited characteristic locations on the chromosome
- have alleles of a gene at the same
4. Alleles can be dominant or recessive locus
AA: Homozygous for the dominant allele
aa: Homozygous (identical alleles) for
the recessive allele
Aa: Heterozygous (different alleles)

LIST OF COMMON DOMINANT AND
RECESSIVE TRAITS IN HUMANS

DOMINANT RECESSIVE
Long eyelashes Short eyelashes
Have dimples No dimples
Not Color Blind Color blindness
Widow’s peak Straight hairline
Curly hair Straight hair
Freckles No freckles
Right-handedness Left-handedness

Since human cells carry two copies of
each chromosome, they have TWO
VERSIONS of each gene.

These different versions of a gene are
called ALLELES

Codominance
- both dominant
- example: blood type AB because A
and B are both dominant