I.

Company Profile
Energean Oil & Gas Public Limited Company (PLC) is an oil and gas company. The
company was founded in 1981 and is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom. The
principal activity of the group is the exploration, production, and commercialization of crude oil
and natural gas in Greece, Israel, North Africa and the wider Eastern Mediterranean. The
company offers exploration, production, vessels transportation, and onshore and offshore drilling
services. It also has exploration potential in the other licenses held in offshore Western Greece,
and Montenegro.
Energean Oil & Gas (LSE: ENOG) is an independent E&P company focused on
developing resources in the Eastern Mediterranean, where it holds 13 licenses and operates assets
with a production track record of more than 37 years.
The company was established as Aegean Energy SA, a Greek-owned business, in 2007. It
started operations when it acquired Eurotech Services SA from Regal Petroleum in December
2007. It then developed sites in the north Aegean Sea. It was then the subject of an initial public
offering in March 2018.
The company is developing Israel's Tanin and Karish offshore natural gas fields.
Production will be carried out using a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel
connected by a submarine pipeline to the Israeli domestic natural gas distribution grid. The
production infrastructure will be able to handle up to 8 billion cubic meters per year should
additional gas finds be located in nearby exploration prospects owned by Energean.
ENERGEAN, as the Operator of the licenses held for exploitation activities covered in
the Waste Management Plan is responsible for ensuring all parties operate in accordance with the
Waste Management Plan and in compliance with the required legislation.

Figure 1. Karish North Offshore Location

 Figure 2. Stena Drilling “Drill Max” at Karish Field
II. Introduction
The petroleum industry plays a major role in the world supply of energy in the form of
natural gas and crude oil. These hydrocarbon fossil fuels are used for both domestic and
industrial needs. The upstream sector of the petroleum industry which conducts all exploration
and production (E&P) activities exploit these natural resources and generate significant volumes
of wastes in the process. Environmental regulatory agencies have defined field waste as waste
generated from the production and exploration activities of the petroleum industry. Several
methods have been employed in managing these wastes depending on environmental regulatory
guidelines.
In offshore fields, the options are limited to discharge, underground injections and
transport back to shore for disposal. Onshore operators have a wider range of options - some
wastes are managed onsite while others are removed to offsite commercial waste disposal
facilities. Most onshore waste management options employed include land spreading and land
farming, evaporation and burial site, underground injection, incineration and other thermal
treatment, bioremediation and composting, reuse, reduction and recycling.
Waste management is one of the problems facing the oil and gas industry. This has often
thrown the industry into numerous challenges ranging from technological development to
ensuring a clean and safe environment. Oil and gas well drilling processes generate large volume
of drill cuttings and spent mud. Onshore and offshore operators have used a variety of methods
to manage these drilling wastes. This paper discusses the basic concepts for managing waste
generated during drilling operations and provides systematic approach for pro-active waste
management practices. It addresses the various stages in drilling waste management, and
emphasizes the phases of waste identification, minimization, treatment and disposal as integral
parts of waste management process.
Effective waste management is not only an important safety feature, but is equally important
in on-going environmental protection and meeting the required legal obligations. The Waste
Management Plan is an essential tool in legal compliance and should be adhered to at all times.
In this study the waste management arrangements for the Prinos Development Project will be
present and is intended to provide details of the overarching waste management procedures. The
Waste Management Plan applies to all waste that will be generated on Prinos platforms complex
and its contractors during the drilling operations conducted in Prinos Development Project which
employed by ENERGEAN
Kavala Oil is responsible for the management of waste produced by the current offshore
installation and for the Prinos Offshore Development Project. Waste shall be managed by Kavala
Oil in compliance with legislation and good practice and in accordance with the Approved
Environmental Terms of Kavala Oil plant.
III. Objectives
The main objective of this study is to present and discuss the waste management plan of
Energean Oil & Gas company.
This study specifically aims to:
1. Introduced the Energean Oil & Gas and provide information about the company.
2. Enumerate all the waste generated by Energean Oil & Gas and identify the following:
2.1. Type of waste generated
2.2. Volumes of each type of generated waste
2.3. Potential environment
3. Discuss the Energean Oil & Gas company waste management plan including the
following:
3.1 Minimization
3.2 Reuse and Recycle
3.3 Disposal
4. Present the Energy Recovery Program of Energean Oil & Gas company.
 IV. Types of Generated Wastes
 NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
These non-hazardous wastes are mainly generated from the personnel of ‘Energean
Force’. For the purposes of the ESIA it is assumed that 116 persons (all shifts) will be present
for 365 days in ‘Energean Force’, thus an estimated amount of 4,2340 kg/yr. of domestic
wastes will be generated. Most of them will be biodegradable waste from the kitchen (a
percentage of 60% is used for the calculations). The estimated amounts of non-hazardous
wastes are:
 Paper and cardboard 8,460.80 kg/yr.
 Biodegradable kitchen & canteen waste 25,404.0 kg/yr.
 Plastic 2,115.20 kg/yr.
 Metals 2,115.20 kg/yr.
 Mixed municipal wastes 4,234.00 kg/yr.

 HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Expected Hazardous Wastes from Offshore Operations
From the drillings taken place in Alpha and Beta oil-containing drilling muds and waste are
produced and will be produced in the same flow in the future. Hazardous wastes from the current
facilities are produced in Delta platform. These are wastes generated during maintenance, which
lasts 15 days every 30 months. These hazardous wastes are produced from cleaning of collection
vessels V-101 A/Β, V-107 και V102 and consists of oily sludges (mixtures of heavy
hydrocarbons containing mainly asphaltenes), oily rags, absorbents etc. The same type of
hazardous wastes will be generated from the maintenance of Lamda and Omicron, though is
smaller scale due to the fact that no process activities will take place there.
 Drill Cuttings
Another type of hazardous waste are the drill cuttings. In a typical Epsilon well
approximately 1,448 tonnes of cuttings will be generated, hence in the P50, seven (7) well
program approximately 9,000 tonnes of solid waste will be generated. The waste generated from
drilling operations on Omicron will be less, as the fields in this area are shallower. Drilling
operations at Prinos generate small volumes of cuttings, as all currently planned wells are small
diameter sidetracks.
 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) is not anticipated to be outside of the
normal ranges for Prinos formations.
 LIQUID WASTE
The liquid waste produced by the offshore facilities are the following:
 Produced water removed from the crude oil on Delta;
 Produced water removed from condensate on Lamda and Omicron;
 Washing liquids of decks and rain;
 Washing liquids of wells, vessels and piping;
 Human wastewater.
IV. Waste Management
Waste management refers to ways by which the generation and pollution of waste could
be controlled to minimize or eliminate its negative impact on the environment. Over the past
decade, there has been an increasing international concern for proper waste management in order
to minimize their potential to cause harm to human health and the environment. The overall aim
of managing drilling waste is to cut down on cost. As a result, effective and responsible waste
management has been a key element of any organization’s environmental management system.
Besides, effective waste management practices will not only be a valuable tool for waste
minimization programs, but also, source of data in the event of any question of liability for
contamination, and site remediation. Waste management includes the incorporation of a
hierarchy of waste management practices in the development of waste management plans shown
in the Figure 3. Being able to identify and quantify waste stream and assessing its potential
impacts on the environment can help provide a baseline for identification of opportunities to
improve practices.

ENERGEAN is committed to reducing the amount of waste generated by its activities

and contractors will minimise waste at source where possible. All parties shall minimise and
manage waste generation through the implementation of the waste hierarchy, presented in the
figure below.

Where recycling is not deemed practical, opportunities for using the waste as a source of
energy should be considered. Waste will be compacted prior to disposal dependent upon waste
type and compacting facilities.

Figure 3: Waste Hierarchy

 A. NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
A range of non-hazardous waste streams are anticipated to arise during the drilling activities.
The generation of non-hazardous waste shall be minimized through the implementation of the
waste hierarchy at each stage of the drilling activities. Waste streams shall be segregated and
compacted (where suitable facilities exist).
Non-hazardous waste must be packaged in suitable containers and securely stored prior to
transfer to Kavala Oil Onshore Facilities. The burning or incineration of non-hazardous waste is
prohibited on platforms. Non-hazardous wastes which are generated shall be transferred to
Kavala Oil Onshore Facilities and then to the local municipality for disposal.
B. HAZARDOUS WASTE
All waste oil and water contaminated with oil will be collected to the specific tanks of the
‘Energean Force’ and when the capacity will reach the 75% of the total capacity of the dedicated
tanks, then the liquids must be transferred. Limin Prinos barge can receive the liquid waste, in
the same way as receives them from Delta platform, and transported to Kavala Oil Onshore
Facilities for disposal as per Facilities Approved Environmental Terms. Hazardous waste
generated offshore are transferred to Kavala Oil Onshore Facilities by a barge.
Drill Cuttings
Drill cuttings will be treated to remove solids from the re-circulating mud stream. Any
solids that are not contaminated with toxic substances will be discharged to sea. Any cuttings
contaminated by hydrocarbons from the geological formation or due to the oil-based mud will be
separated at the drilling unit. These cuttings will be monitored, handled and treated to ensure no
uncontrolled discharge to sea. Cuttings from the planned wells are removed in the mud package
forming part of the ‘Energean Force’ drilling rig. Wet cuttings are transferred to a rented solids
management system that can be located on the ENERGEAN FORCE barge (Prinos drilling) or
on the top deck of the satellite (Lamda and Omicron). Cuttings are centrifuged to remove the
majority of mud and then dried. Dried cuttings are placed in skips and then transferred onshore
for further treatment and disposal via a certified waste management contractor. No cuttings are
disposed of at sea.
After the on-board treatment the contaminated drill cuttings will be contained and
transported to Kavala Oil Onshore Facilities for disposal at an appropriate company.
Liquid Waste
The flows of liquid waste are described below:

 Produced water removed from the crude oil on Delta

Wastewater from Delta, following cleaning, are transported to the skim pile of the
platform and, subsequently, they end up in the subsea settlement tank. The treated water drained
from the decks, as well as the treated water produced are classified as wastewater. The skim pile
separator is equipped with an air pump and oil level switches, in order for the separated oil to be
transported to the oily water collection vessel.
  Washing liquids of decks and rain

Each deck of Delta is equipped with drainage for deck cleaning water and rainwater, which is
transported to separator at the lower deck of the platform. The water from the exit of separator is
transported to the skim pile, while any trapped hydrocarbons (oil) are retained and separated at,
they overflow to the vessel and from there they are transported, by means of an air pump, to the
oil collector.

Every year the Kavala Central Port Authority inspects the condition of the equipment and the
proper operation of the system, which renews the oil pollution prevention certificate. Rainwater
and cleaning water of the decks of platforms Lamda and Omicron (future) are transported
through the drain lines, to the skim pile of each platform, where any trapped hydrocarbons (oil)
are separated. Oil from the skim piles of platforms Lamda and Omicron is automatically
transported, by means of level monitoring and pumps, to separator M-165 at platform “Delta”
and, subsequently, to the oily water collection vessel of Delta, V-133.
 Washing liquids of wells, vessels and piping
Liquid waste produced during cleaning and maintenance activities of the drillings and the
cleaning of various containers and piping on the platforms are transported, through a piping
system, to the “LIMIN PRINOS” barge, which is equipped with fifteen tanks. These waste
products are transported to shore for treatment and disposal. Liquid waste is transported from the
platforms to the land facilities by the barge for treatment at the existing plant approximately 12-
15 times per year (in total 5,000 to 8,000 m3 per year).

 Human wastewater
Domestic type wastewater from the complex platforms are transported and stored in
special tanks, which are located, on each platform. Tanks are periodically emptied in the barge or
in the support vessel’s tank. The content of the tank is transported to the biological treatment of
the land facilities by the barge.
Source of Average flow Maximum Consumption Discharge
wastewater (m3 /d) flow (m3 Max. flow (m3 duration
/hr) /h)
Produced water from 1,600 100 - -
Delta platform
Deck cleaning and 0.8 0.05 - -
rainwater
Process cleaning 4.1 0.2 - -
liquids
Domestic type 0.15 0.0125 - -
wastewater
Table 1 shows the wastewater discharges from different sources
PROJECT WASTE MANAGEMENT DISPOSAL ROUTES
OFFSHORE WASTE MANAGEMENT
 ONSHORE WASTE MANAGEMENT

V. Energy Recovery
Waste to Energy
ORegen™
Addressing environmental problems is becoming an important initiative throughout the
world. The reduction of CO2 emissions footprint is a key element in the path toward lowering
the human contribution to climate change. Many industrial processes generate waste energy that
passes out of plant stacks into the atmosphere and is lost. Energy recovered from waste heat
streams could supply part or all of the electric power required by a plant, without the need of
additional fuel and without producing additional CO2 emissions. Therefore, waste heat recovery
offers a great opportunity, to increase overall plant efficiency up to 13% and simultaneously
decrease specific CO2 emissions.

ORegen™ Plant Schematic

 ORegen™ Schematic Diagram

ORegen™ is a thermodynamic superheat cycle that recovers waste heat from gas turbine
exhaust and converts it into electric energy. The thermodynamic cycle is the traditional Rankine
cycle, using an organic fluid as working fluid. Heat from the turbine exhaust is transferred to a
closed diathermic oil loop, which acts as thermal vector and is used to heat an organic fluid loop.
This lower temperature heat is then converted into useful work that generates power.
The organic working fluid is pressurized, heated and vaporized, then it is expanded in the
turboexpander and condensed using air-cooled condenser. A regenerator is added to improve the
cycle efficiency. The turboexpander drives the generator to produce electrical power, and
condensate is pumped back to the evaporator, closing the thermodynamic cycle. The heating and
cooling sources are not in direct contact with the working fluid or the expander.
A key factor for system performance was selection of the working fluid, which has a low
freezing point and high temperature stability, low boiling point and high molecular weight, low
environmental impact (low GWP), no additional EHS considerations, and is easily available at
low cost. With ORegen™, it is possible to efficiently generate electricity over a wide range of
power output, from a few MW up to 16 MW per unit.
 ORegen™ Typical Layout
Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)
Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES), also referred to as Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES),
is a long duration, large scale energy storage technology that can be located at the point
of demand. The working fluid is liquefied air or liquid nitrogen (~78% of air). LAES systems
share performance characteristics with pumped hydro and can harness industrial low-grade waste
heat/waste cold from co-located processes. Size extends from around 5MW to 100s+MWs and,
with capacity and energy being de-coupled, the systems are very well suited to long duration
applications. 
Although novel at a system level, the LAES process uses components and sub-systems
that are mature technologies available from major OEMs. The technology draws heavily on
established processes from the power generation and industrial gas sectors, with known costs,
performance and life cycles all ensuring a low technology risk.
LAES involves three core processes:
Stage 1. Charging the system

The charging system is an air liquefier, which uses electrical energy to draw air from the
surrounding environment, clean it and then cool the air to subzero temperatures until the air
liquefies. 700 litres of ambient air become 1 litre of liquid air.
Stage 2. Energy Store
The liquid air is stored in an insulated tank at low pressure, which functions as the energy
store. This equipment is already globally deployed for bulk storage of liquid nitrogen, oxygen
and LNG. The tanks used within industry have the potential to hold GWh of stored energy.
Stage 3. Power Recovery
When power is required, liquid air is drawn from the tank(s) and pumped to high
pressure. The air is evaporated and superheated to ambient temperature. This produces a high-
pressure gas, which is then used to drive a turbine.
During stage 3, very cold air is exhausted and captured by a proprietary high-grade cold
store. This is used at a later time during the liquefaction process to enhance the efficiency.
Alternatively, the system can integrate waste cold from industrial processes such as
LNG terminals. The low boiling point of liquefied air means the round-trip efficiency of the
system can be improved with the introduction of above ambient heat. Highview Power Storage’s
standard LAES system captures and stores heat produced during the liquefaction process (stage
1) and integrates this heat to the power recovery process (stage 3). The system can also integrate
waste heat from industrial processes, such as thermal power generation or steel mills, at stage 3,
recovering additional energy.
LAES plants can provide large-scale, long-duration energy storage, with 100s of MWs
output. LAES systems can use industrial waste heat/cold from applications such as thermal
generation plants, steel mills and LNG terminals to improve system efficiency. LAES uses
existing and mature components with proven long-life times (30 years +), performance, and
O&M costs.
 LAES System Schematic Diagram
VI. Conclusion
This study was able to introduce the Energean Oil & Gas Public Limited Company (PLC)
and provided information which include its history, offshore and onshore locations, services,
achievements and other basic information about the company. This study also emphasizes the
commitment of the company in developing an effective waste management plan in every
offshore and onshore oilfield they have.
This study successfully discussed the waste that the Energean company generated. It also
identifies the types of each waste the company produced which include the hazardous waste,
non-hazardous waste, and liquid waste. The non-hazardous materials include the papers,
biodegradable kitchen waste, metals, plastics and mixed municipal waste. The hazardous
materials include oil containing drilling mud, drill cuttings and radioactive materials. Liquid
waste includes produced water removed from the crude oil and condensates, washing liquids of
deck and vessels, and human wastewater. This study also presents the volume of hazardous, non-
hazardous and liquid waste that the company produced per year.
The waste management plan of the Energean Oil & Gas company was presented by using
the waste hierarchy. The company is committed to reducing the amount of waste generated by its
activities and contractors will minimize waste at source where possible. The company is also
committed in recycling and reusing waste in order to decrease the disposal of waste in the
environment. Where recycling is not deemed practical, opportunities for using the waste as a
source of energy should be considered. Disposal of waste should be the least priority in the waste
hierarchy.
This study presented the energy recovery plan of the Energean company. The company
uses the ORegen™ which is a thermodynamic superheat cycle that recovers waste heat from gas
turbine exhaust and converts it into electric energy. They use waste heat from exhaust gas and
process it to ORegen™ in order to produce electric energy. The company also plan to build a
Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) which share performance characteristics with pumped hydro
and can harness industrial low-grade waste heat/waste cold from co-located processes. This
study explains all the process of these Energy Recovery Systems.