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UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

ACADEMIC YEAR 2019/2020

MAY FINAL ASSESSMENT

UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

DATE AND TIME OF RELEASE: MONDAY, 4th MAY 2020, 2.00P.M


DATE AND TIME OF SUBMISSION: SATURDAY, 9th MAY 2020, 2.00P.M
DURATION: 5 DAYS

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS) ENTREPRENEURSHIP


BACHELOR OF MARKETING (HONS)
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS)
BACHELOR OF COMMUNICATION (HONS) ADVERTISING

Instructions to Students:

General
1. This Final Assessment (FA) is an individual assignment which carries ONE HUNDRED
(100) marks.

2. You are required to submit the assignment by 2:00 PM (noon), 9th MAY 2020.

3. Information for writing this assignment may be sourced from observations, books,
academic journals, magazines, online resources and etc. Proper referencing is necessary
to avoid plagiarism. However, copy-and-paste, consultation, discussion and sharing
of answers are STRICTLY PROHIBITED in this FA.

4. Two files will be released/ uploaded on WBLE (primary/ main) and Microsoft Team
(secondary/backup) on 4th May 2020, 2.P.M. (NOON) as follows:
a) Question Paper (PDF format)
b) Answer Script (MsWord format)
NOTE: Students ONLY need to submit Answer Script to the examiner.

Assignment File
1. The written assignment MUST be a PDF file, in A4 size format (Note: Please keep the
file size NOT exceeding 30 MB).

2. Please check your Index Number generated by the Division of Examinations, Awards,
and Scholarships (DEAS). You MUST name your assignment file using the following
file name for submission:
[Course Code]_FA_[Programme Abbreviation]_[Your Index Number]

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
For example, if you are from the degree programme MK, and your Index Number is
A01234BBMKF, then your assignment should be named as
UBTC2013_ FA_ MK_A01234BBMKF.pdf
Assignment File Submission
1. Scan and upload your assignment/answer script in PDF file formats [Please convert
your answer from Microsoft Word file into PDF] to WBLE (primary/ main) and Gmail
(secondary/ backup), as indicated by the examiner. Please use your “1UTAR” email
account preferably for submission of assignment.

a) WBLE, please use the link: https://ewble-kpr.utar.edu.my/login/index.php


NOTE: Please use the file name of your answer script, i.e.
UBTC2013_FA_[Programme Abbreviation]_[Your Index Number]
For example, if your Index No. is A01234BBMKF, then your assignment should be
named as UBTC2013_ FA_MK_A01234BBMKF.pdf

a) Gmail, Send your answer script to the following Email Account according to your
programme:
i. BMK students please send your answer script to:
[ UBTC2013FAMK@gmail.com ]
ii. BBA students please send your answer script to:
[ UBTC2013FABA@gmail.com ]
iii. BEN students please send your answer script to:
[ UBTC2013FAEN@gmail.com ]
iv. BAV students please send your answer script to:
[ UBTC2013FAAV@gmail.com ]

NOTE: For the title/subject of your email, please use the file name of your
answer script, i.e. UBTC2013_FA_[Programme Abbreviation]_[Your Index
Number]
For example, if your Index No. is A01234BBMKF, then your assignment should
be named as UBTC2013_ FA_MK_A01234BBMKF.pdf

3. Please make sure that you submit the same copy of answer script file to the above
platform(s). When multiple answer script files are received, the examiner will randomly
choose one for marking.

4. You are reminded to have back-up copies of your answer script in order to avoid the
issue of corrupted files during submission.

5. Deadline for submission of this assignment is to be strictly adhere to. NO


EXTENSION of time will be allowed.

6. The five days given for FA is not only for students to do the assignment but inclusive
the time for download and submission.

7. Students are advised to submit the assignment BEFORE 2.00 P.M on 9th May 2020.
Any late submission will need to provide justification and evidence, and the case will
be presented in BoE for approval for students to sit for replacement test.

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Contents of Answer Script

1. In preparing your answer script, students are to compile the followings into single PDF
file and named it as UBTC2013_FA_[Programme Abbreviation]_[Your Index
Number]:
a. Final Assessment Cover Page
b. Final Assessment Declaration Statement
c. Final Assessment Marking Form
d. Content text
e. List of references
f. Appendix (if any)

2. The first page of your submission is the Final Assessment Cover Page. You MUST
use the template given below and fill up the following information
 Your Programme (Abbreviation)
 Your Index Number
 Your Name
 Your Student ID

3. The second page of your submission is the Final Assessment Declaration Statement.
You MUST use the template given in Appendix 2, and sign on this form to indicate your
authenticity of submitted work without plagiarism. You are encouraged to use digital
signature, if failing to do so, students are allowed to type their name.

4. The third page of your submission is the Final Assessment Marking Form. You are
NOT ALLOW to make any changes nor write anything in the template given in
Appendix 3.

5. All references used should follow American Psychological Association (APA) style of
referencing (refer to Appendix 4).

6. EACH QUESTION should be answered starting on a NEW PAGE.

7. Please include a page number on each and every page of your answer script. Ensure that
each page of answer scripts in sequence prior to online submission.

8. The total word count of the written case should not exceed 2,000 words (excluding the
cover page, declaration statement, table of contents, list of references and appendices)
with font size 12 using Times New Roman, 1.5 spacing and justified alignment. The
total word count should be indicated in the end of the content page.

WARNING OF PLAGIARISM
All written assignment will be uploaded by the examiners to Turnitin for similarity check. In
the case of plagiarism being suspected, the evidences will be submitted to the University
Examination Disciplinary Committee for further investigation and trial. If found guilty,
serious disciplinary action will be taken against the students

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Questions: [Total: 100 Marks]

A. Topic of final assessment: A Reflective Assignment on Students’ Choice of


University

The selection of an institution for higher education is a decision of considerable involvement


for most individuals. The choice of one university over another can cause decision makers
some psychological discomfort or cognitive dissonance. The challenges for marketing
organizations is to effectively deal with this phenomenon in order to achieve the highest
levels of consumer satisfaction. In a university setting, the presence of this phenomenon is
vital to student retention efforts.

Purpose of this Assessment

This reflective assignment is designed to assess CLO3, in which you are required to explain
various concepts and principles of consumer behavior in future decision making. You should
analyze the behavior of students based on the theories, concepts, methods or practices which
you gained in the Consumer Behavior course as well as offer creative marketing solutions for
the consideration to university administrative personnel. Additionally, information to
complete this assignment may be sourced from observations, academic journals, magazines,
the internet and etc. The content of the written report is expected to reflect your experience,
ideas or thoughts rather than the work of others.

Suggested Outline

The following outline is offered to guide the preparation of this assignment to be made
available to university administrative personnel for consideration and implementation:

1. An executive summary.
A good summary will let your readers know the context and focus of your analyses
and your final recommendations or comments.

2. Illustrate your understanding of the concept of cognitive dissonance and determine the
problems which facing by students when choosing a university.

3. Suggest some aspects of the undergraduate experience which contribute to the


problem of cognitive dissonance on a university campus. Explain the causes behind
the problems which they felt dissatisfied, disappointed or even frustrated.

4. Explain why a university should be concerned with the presence of psychological


influences (motivation, personality, perception, learning and attitudes) on
students’ cognitive dissonance. [Instructions: Apply any relevant Theory/Concept/
Method/Practice from Topic 2- Topic 6. EACH Topics choose ONE]

5. Integrate your actions into a short-term plan that can be implemented by university
officials to reduce cognitive dissonance among students. Recommendations of
marketing strategies by applying the concepts and theories related to consumer
behaviors. [Instructions: Apply ANY Topics from the Theory/Concept/
Method/Practice of Consumer Behaviors Course. Provide AT LEAST THREE (3)
recommendations/suggestions]

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
B. The assessment criteria and weightage
Assessment Marks
Allocation
1 Description: Introduction/ background

i. Executive summary 5 marks

ii. Understanding of the concept of cognitive 10 marks


dissonance
2. Analysis: Analysis of the issues or problems

i. Contributors to the problem of cognitive


dissonance on a university campus 10 marks
ii. Reasons on why a university should concern 20 marks
with the presence of psychological influences
on students’ cognitive dissonance.
3. Outcomes or actions: Recommendations/
proposed solutions

i. Implementations of short-term plans by


applying relevant concepts/ theories/ methods/ 30 marks
practices which related to consumer behaviors
to reduce cognitive dissonance among students.
4. Originality of idea and work 10 marks
5. Overall quality of essay writing and clarity of 10 marks
language

6. Referencing and citations 5 marks


4. Total Marks 100 marks

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
APPENDIX 1

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN


ACADEMIC YEAR 2019/2020
JANUARY 2020 TRIMESTER
FINAL ASSESSMENT

ANSWER SCRIPT

Candidate is required to fill in ALL the information below:


Name :
(as stated in Student Identity
Card)
Faculty /Institute/ Centre: Programme :
Index No. (in numbers) : Index No. (in
words) :
Course Code : UBTC2013 Course Description : CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Submission Date : Time :

FOR EXAMINER’S USE ONLY


QUESTION NUMBER MARKS
Internal External
1. Description (15 marks)

2. Analysis (30 marks)


3. Outcomes/Actions (30 marks)
4. Originality of idea and work (10 marks)
5. Overall quality of essay writing and clarity of
language (10 marks)
6. Referencing and citations (5 marks)

TOTAL MARKS

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
APPENDIX 2
Final Assessment Declaration Statement

DECLARATION STATEMENT

I, __________________________ (Name), Student ID No.


____________, hereby solemnly and fully declare and confirm
that during my programme of study at Universiti Tunku Abdul
Rahman, I shall abide and comply with all the rules, regulations
and lawful instructions of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman and
endeavour at all times to uphold the good name of the
University.

I hereby declare that my submission for this Final Assessment is


based on my original work, not plagiarised from any source(s)
except for citations and quotations which have been duly
acknowledged. I am fully aware that students who are suspected
of violating this pledge are liable to be referred to the
Examination Disciplinary Committee of the University.

Programme:

(Digital) Signature:

Student’s I.C / Passport No.:

Index No:

Date of Submission:

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
APPENDIX 3
UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIORS

FINAL ASSESSMENT MARKING FORM

Poor Satisfactory Moderate Good Very Good Marks


Description:

Executive 0 –1 2 3 4 5
summary(5) Poor Inadequate Sufficient Clear & able to Very clear, thorough
executive summary and not summary and provide a good & provides a good
summary. precisely clear understandable idea of the idea of the paper.
about the paper. about the paper. overall paper.

The concept of 5–6 7–8 9 – 10


cognitive 0–2 3–4 Adequate Good and clear. Very clearly defined.
dissonance (10) Wrongly Poorly defined. understandable
defined. definition.
Analysis:

Contributors to 0–2 3–4 5–6 7–8 9 – 10


cognitive Poorly Insufficient Adequate Good Very good analysis,
dissonance (10) explained & explanation and explanation and explanation with evidence of
no analysis. weak analysis. analysis. good analysis. independence of
independent
thought.
Reasons on why
a university 0 –4 5 –8 9 –12 17 – 20
should concern Poorly Insufficient Sufficient 13 - 16 Very well explained
(20) explain with explanation and explanation and Explain well & with valid & reliable
no weakly application of reasonably justification and
justification application of concepts/ theory justified the outstanding
of concepts/theory. application of application of
concepts/the concepts/theory. concepts/theory.
ory
Outcomes or
actions:

Implementations 0 –6 7 – 12 13 – 18 19 – 24 25 – 30
of short-term
plans (30) Poor and Insufficient Show Show good Shows very good
irrelevant understanding of satisfactory understanding of understanding of
suggestions, CB concepts & understanding of concepts & concepts & models
poor models, concepts & models of CB, of CB, able to
research and inadequate models of CB able to grasp the integrate concepts
application of research and with plausible key points with very well into
CB weakly suggestions good research & discussion, very
knowledge. suggestions provided. reasonable good & creative
provided. relevant suggestions
suggestions presented, extensive
provided. research &
references.
Originality of 0–2 3–4 5–6 7–8 9 – 10
idea and work
(10) Low Adequate Satisfactory Good originality Demonstrate a high
originality of originality of work originality of work of idea and work degree of
work; show with common which provides which provides independent
only limited issues addressed realism in the realism in the thought; present
evidence of and common situations situations unique issues and
independent solutions provide; encountered in encountered in solutions that are not
thought. show some the university. the university; commonly
evidence of overall similarity addressed by others
independent index is 20% and but are of significant;
thought. below. overall similarity
index is 20% and
below.

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Overall quality of 0–2 3–4 5–6 7–8 9 – 10
case writing and
clarity of Significant Occasional The report is Good writing Perfect grammar
language (10) spelling and spelling and clearly skills with good and spelling;
grammatical grammatical communicated clarity and consistent
mistakes; the mistakes; poor and easy to organization of professionally written
report is organization and follow or information; very case; publishable
difficult to flow; understand; minor spelling case quality.
read or improvement minor spelling and grammatical
understand; required case and grammatical mistakes; well-
unacceptable quality. mistakes; is of written case at
case quality. appropriate nearly
length; the publishable
content is quality.
detailed, concise,
and flows
logically.

Referencing and 0–1 2 3 4 5


citations (5)
Statements Lack of relevant Appropriate and Good sources of Multiple sources are
made in the citations in the sufficient referencing; with cited; including the
report which text and missing sources; minor proper format of reputable and latest
should be referencing; problems with APA citations journal articles; with
cited but are sources of poor format of APA and referencing proper format of
not cited; no quality; improper citations and style. APA citations and
references format of APA referencing style. referencing style.
provided. citations and
referencing style.

Total Marks (100)

Name and Signature of Assessor:

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
APPENDIX 4

A Simple Guide to APA Referencing

APA Referencing

The referencing format for all student projects is adapted from the American Psychological
Association (APA) style. The following items show how various sources of information are
referenced in the reports. Only selected citations were chosen for inclusion here. For other
examples, see the printed Manual or refer to the official web site of APA (i.e.,
http://www.apastyle.org) for more information. Use this guideline only as a reference.
1. Journal article with volume and issue numbers. Italicize the journal title and volume
number.

Boyle, B. A. (1997). A multi-dimensional perspective on salesperson commitment. Journal of


Business& Industrial Marketing, 12(6), 354-367.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational
commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-227.

2. Book, two authors.

Toller, M., & Fielding, J. (1998). Global business for smaller companies. Rocklin, CA: Prima
Publishing.

3. Book, one author.

Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4. Brochure with corporate author.

BestTemp Staffing Services. (1997). An employer’s guide to staffing services (2nd ed.)
[Brochure]. Denver: Author.

Note: when the author and publisher are identical, use the word “Author” as the name
of the publisher.

5. Brochure with a writer.

Lawrence, K. S. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities
(4th ed.) [Brochure]. New York: Research and Training Center on Independent Living.

6. Newspaper article, one author.

Standish, E. (1999, January 19). Global market crushes OPEC’s delicate balance of interest.
Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A3.

7. Newspaper article, no author:

Buying Asian supplies on the net. (1997, February 12). Los Angeles Times, pp. D3-D4.
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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

8. Company annual report:

Mutual Bank. (1998). Annual report. Kajang, Selangor.

9. Magazine article:

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

10. Book, component part (Chapter in an edited book):

Kuntz, S. (1998). Moving beyond benefits. In Randolph Jacobson (Ed.), Our changing
workforce (pp. 213-227). New York: Citadel Press.

11. Edited book:

Pennathur, A., Leong, F. T., & Schuster, K. (Eds). (1998). Style and substance of thinking.
New York: Publishers Paradise.

12. Book, no author or editor:

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfiield, MA; Merriam-


Webster.

13. Dissertation or thesis:

Morales, G. H. (1998). The economic pressures on industrialized nations in a global economy.


(Doctoral dissertation, University of San Diego, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International,
52, 5436C-5437C.

Kiren, R. S. (1997). Medical advances and quality of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
Omaha State University.
Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for fathers’
stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria,
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

14. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting or conference:

Myers, C. (1998, August). HMOs in today’s environment. Paper presented at the Conference
on Medical Insurance Solutions, Chicago, IL.

15. Proceedings published regularly:

Cynx, J., & Williams, H. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 89, 1372-1375.

16. Unpublished manuscript:

Pringle, P. S. (1991). Training and development in the ‘90s. Unpublished manuscript,


Southern Illinois University, Diamondale, IL.
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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

17. Article from a printed magazine, reproduced online:

Norwalk, P. (1999, July 17). Training managers to help employees accept change. Business
Line. Retrieved June 17, 2001, from: http://www.busline.com/ news

Note: Do not end a path statement with a period, because any stray punctuation in a
path will hinder retrieval.

18. Article from an online magazine, no author listed:

Housing market fueled by rising consumer confidence, low rates. (2003, June 12). Builder
Online. Retrieved August 11, 2004, from http://www.builder
online.com/pages/builderonline/Story.nsp?story_id
=39428052&ID=builderonline&scategory=Computers&type=news

19. Article from an online newspaper:

Zaino, J. S. (2003, June 12). Learning a little discipline. Chronicle of Higher Education.
Retrieved September 10, 2003, from http://chronicle.com/jobs/ 2003/06/2003061201c.htm

20. Article from a printed journal, reproduced online:

Many articles online are the exact duplicates of their print versions. If the electronic form is
identical to the printed version, add within brackets “Electronic version.” This allows you to
omit the URL.

Bowler, D. M., & Thommen, E. (2000). Attribution of mechanical and social causality to
animated displays by children with autism [Electronic version]. Autism, 4, 147-171.

Add the URL and date of access if page numbers are not indicated. For example:
Chatterjee, S. R., & Pearson C. A. L. (2002). Trust and managerial transition: Evidence from
three small Asian economies, 9(4). Retrieved August 30, 2003, from
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=292172661&sid=1&Fmt=4&clientld=63520&RQT=30
9&VName=PQD

21. Information or article from an Web site:

Heathfield, S. M. (2005). Leadership and sponsorship in action. Retrieved June 23, 2004,
from http://humanresources.about.com/cs/managementissues/ a/walktalk_p.htm

Lowe, G. S., & Schellenberg, G. (2005). Employees’ basic value proposition: Strong HR
strategies must address work values. Retrieved March 5, 2005, from
http://www.hr.monster.com/ hrreporter/hrstrategies/

22. Information or article from an Web site with no author:

The state of employee satisfaction. (2004, January). Retrieved July 25, 2004, from
http://www.insightpulse.com/articles.cfm

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
23. Online information or article from an Web site with no author and no copyright or
publication date:

Employee satisfaction survey items – Sample job satisfaction survey questions (n.d.).
Retrieved February 17, 2005, from http://employee-satisfaction. com/sample-survey-
items.asp

Notes:
(a) The APA style recommends listing only those works actually cited in the text, so you
would not include works for background or for further reading in the references.
(b) DO NOT number the entries in the Reference section. All entries must be made in
alphabetical order.
(c) References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same
order) with the same publication year are arranged alphabetically by the title
(excluding A or The) that follows the date. Lowercase letters—a, b, c, and so on—are
placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses.

Examples of Reference Entry:

Kaufman, J. R. (2001a). Control of …


Kaufman, J. R. (2001b). The roles of …

(d) For Malay names:

i. Enter a Malay name under the first element of his/her name unless it is known that
he/she treats another element of his/her name as a surname. In that case, enter under
the surname. For example, Sopiee is the surname and Norda is the given name,

Sopiee, N.

ii. If an abbreviation is used for a word denoting filial relationship, i.e., b. for bin, bt.
for binti, follow the referencing style as above. For example, to reference Ali bin
Adbullah and Nawah binti Ahamd,

` Adbullah, A.
Ahamd, N.

iii. If a name does not have the word denoting filial relationship and you do not know
which one is the surname, enter the name as found. For example,

Ismail Hussien

iv. Ignore the given title of honor, rank, or position. For example, to reference Haji
Abdul Majid and Dato’ Sopiee Norda,

Abdul Majid (If you don’t know which one is the surname.)
Sopiee, N. (If Sopiee is the surname.)

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
v. If the title of honor, rank, or position is hereditary, enter by the title fist and follow
by the names found. For example, Ungku, Syed, Nik, and Wan.

Ungku Abdul Aziz Enter as Ungku Abdul Aziz if there is no surname or if you
don’t know which one is the urname.
Syed Hassan Ali Enter as Ali, S. H. if Ali is the surname.
Nik Safiah Nik Karim Enter as Nik Karim, N. S. if Nik Karim is the surname.
Wan Ahmad Abdullah Enter as Abdullah, W. A, if Abdullah is the surname.

(e) For Chinese names,

i. Enter the surname first. For example, Wong Mei Mei,

Wong, M. M.

ii. If a name contains both Chinese and non-Chinese given names, enter the
initial of non-Chinese given name before that of the Chinese given name. For
example, Johnny Chin Kai Wai and Thomas Lee Ah Beng,

Chin, J. K. W.
Lee, T. A. B.

(f) For Indian names,

i. If the name appears as Subramaniam Periasamy and Periasamy is the surname


or family, enter as follows:

Periasamy, S.

ii. If the name appears as Subramaniam P., enter the same as follows:

Subramaniam P.

iii. If the name appears as S. Periasamy, enter the same as follows:

S. Periasamy

CITATION IN THE TEXT

1. Personal communications such as interviews, telephone conversations, e-mails, group


discussion, messages from bulletin boards (electronic or white board), letters, and
memos would not be listed in the reference list at all. Such citations would appear in the
text only. Provide the date of the personal communication as exact as possible. For
example:

Increasing the role of cable companies in the industry is high on the list of the company, Day
Cable and Communications (Georgia Stainer, personal communication, March 2, 1999).

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
2. When a work has more than two authors, cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs in the text. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author
followed by “et al.” (insert a period after “al”) and the year. For example,

First citation in the text:

Williams, Smith, Bradner, and Rosen (2000) found that …

Subsequent citations in the text:

According to Williams et al. (2000) …

3. For any work with no author name (such as online article, newspaper, or magazine
article, or a chapter), cite it in the text with the first two or three words from the title and
the year of publication. Use double quotation marks around the title and capitalize the
first letter of each word. For example,

(“Buying Asian Supplies,” 1997)

4. For works with corporate authors, the names of the corporate authors are usually
spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. However, some corporate author
names can be spelled out in full when it is first cited and then abbreviated thereafter.
For example,

Cited in full for all citations in the text:

(University of Michigan, 2003)

First citation in the text:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001)

Subsequent text citation:

(NIMH, 2001)

5. To cite a specific part of a source as a direct quotation, indicate the page number of the
source and abbreviate the word page (p.), in addition to the author’s name and year. For
example,

“……” (Cheek & Burn, 2004, p. 332)

6. To cite two or more works within the same parentheses,

i. If the works are of the same authors in the same order, arrange them by the year of
publication.

ii. If the works are of different authors, arrange them in alphabetical order and separate
them by semicolons. For example:

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UBTC2013 CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
(Balda, 1999; Kamar, 1996; Pepper & Jones, 2000)

7. For citation of a work discussed in a secondary source, you would give the secondary
source in the reference list, and give a citation for the secondary source in the text. For
example, if McClelland’s work is cited in Coltheart’s study and you did not read the
work by McClelland, list the Coltheart’s reference in the References. In the text, use
such citation as:

McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, 1993) suggests that …

Language Explained:

CITING means formally recognizing, within your text, the resources from which you have
obtained information.

BIBIOGRAPHY is the list of sources you have used.

REFERENCE is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your
information and cited in the text.

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