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University of The East College of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department
University of The East College of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Experiment no. 5
Instructor
Engr. Darwin D. Alpis
Discussion
The generators at the power plant that produce voltages in the range
of 11—33 KV is not suitable for bulk power transmission over long distances.
Electrical power is a product of voltage and current. That is,
𝑆=𝑉×𝐼
It is clear from the equation above (apparent power formula) that for
a given amount of power (S) to be transmitted, an increase in the transmission
line voltage (V) results is a proportional decrease in the current (I) carried by
that line. Reduced current in the transmission line, results in reduced diameter
needed for the conductors needed for the transmission line as well as lower
losses along the line. Furthermore, the maximum amount of power that can be
transmitted over the power lines is directly proportional to the square of the
transmission line voltage. That means that if the voltage is doubled, the power
handling capacity of the same line is increased by a factor of four and if the
voltage is increased by four times the power handling capacity of the line is
increased by a factor of 16 and so on. The voltage generated by the power
plant is raised by using step-up power transformer before it is transmitted to
load centers. However step up/down transformer is not the only
apparatus/device use in power plant to step up voltage, control the real power
and minimize the power loss. Buck-boost and phase shift transformer is also
use. Buck-boost transformers are designed to reduce (buck) or raise (boost)
line voltage. It can manipulate power simply controlled by boosting (raising) or
bucking (lowering) the voltage at either end of the line. Phase shifting
transformers (PST) are crucial components in the ongoing strive for improved
AC network efficiency. Increasing amounts of transmitted energy push the
networks to the limit, increasing the risk of network instability. Phase shifting
can give balance in the increasing amounts of renewable power. To stabilize
power flow over long transmission distances between power generation
centers and load centers. A phase shifting transformer is very useful because it
is like power correction in the system. The real power flow, P and the reactive
power flow Q can be varied in single/parallel transmission lines. Q is varied by
adding (or subtracting) a fraction of the voltage in phase. P is varied by adding
a small fraction of the voltage in quadrature ( +90 or — 90) at the same end,
and this is done by the phase shifting transformer (PST) or also known as
Quadrature booster.
RUN I
RUN II
In the first part of the experiment we connected the two wattmeter namely the
E1 and I1 and on the other side E2 and I2, directly to the load. At run II we
connected a transmission line module between the two wattmeter connecting
the E2 and I2 on the load. First trial the circuit is open to get the no load
voltage. Second trial full load voltage of resistive, inductive and capacitive load
wye connected at 150 volts voltage source. Then Induction motor delta
connected with 150 volts voltage source to get the full load voltage. Lastly,
creating short circuit in the system to observe the voltage regulation of a line.
Additionally , aside from the resistive line losses there is one also that
contribute as the major sources on transmission line losses and this is the
corona effect. Corona loss is an ionization of the air that occurs when the
electric fields around a conductor exceed a specific value.
There is one exception where receiving end voltage is more than the sending
end voltage. That exception is Ferranti Effect. It is the voltage effect on the
collecting end of the transmission line is higher than the transmitting end. This
sort of effect happens due to an open circuit, light load at the collecting end or
charging-current of the transmission line.
Conclusion
The performer observed that the division of power between two
transmission line at run II is approximately equal. To test 1 to test 9 E1 and E2
has an average of 15 volts greater than the other parallel line this is because
the principle of voltage when parallel is equal. As we observed whenever the
buck-boost is varied by 0 and -15% the E1 is less by average of 15 volts. We
also observed that phase shift transformer and buck-boost is very good
apparatus to use in power transmission it can give maximum output and
minimize the loss and this is done by varying the phase shift and buck-boost
transformer. E1 as the reference vector (zero degrees in phase angle) naturally
the system is lagging due to inductive load. That is why at table 5.1 we started
at setting of buck-boost and phase shift 0 and the phase angle is lagging. By
adding 15 degree in phase angle the phase angle increases and remain
lagging but when the setting of phase angle is varied in -15 degree suddenly
the system becomes leading, the phase difference result to positive value. By
adding buck-boost on the system will result voltage increase. Varying -15%
makes E2,172.3 volts from 2.171 volts. As the voltage increases the amplitude
of the voltage and the phase angle changes. At buck-boost setting +15% and
phase shift of +15 degree the voltage at E2 increase higher than E1 and phase
angle is leading. By modifying the power between power lines one way making
it possible is changing the value of buck-boost and phase transformer
combined. At zero and zer0 B-B and PST the reactive power in higher at the
second side. At -15% and +15 degree the reactive power leads the real power.
At final vary +15% and -15 degree the real power is increase is positive and
greater than reactive power.
Creating short circuit on the receiving end negative value for real and reactive
power at the receiving end.
For inductive load the voltage at the receiving end suddenly decrease to one
half of its original value. Therefore giving 30 percent of voltage regulation from
1.08 percent (as the resistive load connected on the receiving end). In the
case of inductive loads, for a fixed value of VR and I, the voltage regulation of
the line increases with the decrease in p.f.
For capacitive load the voltage at the receiving end was greater than sending
end In the case of capacitive loads, for a fixed value of VR and I, the voltage
regulation of the line decreases with the decrease in p.f. Suddenly the voltage
regulation down to negative 37 percent compare to inductive load. That is why
many substation in industrial or commercial uses capacitor bank to correct the
power factor because naturally the Transmission line is lagging by correcting
the power factor will result to higher efficiency at the receiving end.
When the load p.f. is lagging or unity or such a leading that IRcos φR > IXLsin
φR, then voltage regulation is positive. The sending end voltage VS is more
than the receiving end voltage VR.
When the load p.f. is such a leading that IRcos φR < IXLsin φR, then voltage
regulation is negative i.e. the sending end voltage VS is less than the receiving
end voltage VR.
For induction motor voltage regulation jumps to 65.37 percent as our result in
our experiment. Full load voltage that we get is 91 volts at 150 volts voltage
source.
Lastly, creating short circuit at the system give us an almost zero voltage at the
receiving end with voltage regulation 4,700 percent increase. This means that
no voltage circulating on the load side because of short circuit. Current will
always choose to circulate on the least resistance.
❑
❑❑ ❑
❑
e) ❑❑
V line =1.732∗32,327.96∠−36.87 ° Volts
❑❑
f) ❑❑ ()( )
❑❑ ()( )
¿ 32,328 ∠−36.87 ° Volts
❑❑ ()( )
❑❑
g) S= ( 202.05∠−36.87 ° )2 (160+120 i)
S=6531854.897−4898927.637i
2. A transmission line which is 300 miles long has a reactance of
240 ohms per phase and a line-to-neutral capacitance of 600
ohms per phase. Its equivalent circuit per phase can be
approximated by the circuit shown on the figure below. If the
line-to-line voltage at the sender end S is 330 kV, what is the
line-to-line voltage at the receiver end R when the load is
disconnected? Calculate the reactive power of the source in
kVar. Is this power supplied or absorbed by the source?
Solution:
❑
❑❑ ❑
❑
❑❑ ()( )
❑❑
Q = 1.732*412,500*687.5*sin(180-90)
= 491.19 MVAReference/s
Internet
https://new.abb.com/products/transformers/power/system-intertie-
transformers/phase-shifting#targetText=Phase%2Dshifting%20transformers
%20(PST)&targetText=Increasing%20amounts%20of%20transmitted
%20energy,grid%20independently%20of%20the%20generation.
https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/high-
voltage/transformers/phase-shifting-transformers.html
https://ece.mst.edu/media/academic/ece/documents/coursenotes/ee3541powe
rsystemdesignanalysislab/EE_3541_Experiment13_Buck_Boost_Phase_Shift_
Transformer.pdf
https://www.electrical4u.com/transmission-line-in-power-system/
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternating-current/chpt-
14/long-and-short-transmission-lines/
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/harting1/
https://www.scribd.com/document/347560982/EXP-1-Power-Flow-and-
Voltage-Regulation-of-a-Simple-Transmission-Line
https://www.elprocus.com/ferranti-effect-in-transmission-lines-definition-
calculation-working-diagram/
Books
Electrical machines- siskind