Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.

19.1 General 19-1 19.10 Heating Equipment 19-6

19.1.1 Description 19-1 19.11 Mixers for Concrete Pavements 19-6
19.2 Compaction Plant 19-1 19.12 Portable Concrete Mixers 19-7
19.2.1 General 19-1 19.13 Truck Mixers and Agitators 19-7
19.2.2 Pneumatic-Tired Rollers 19-1
19.14 Concrete Batch Plants 19-7
19.2.3 Heavy Pneumatic-Tired Rollers 19-1
19.2.4 Self-Propelled Pneumatic-Tired Rollers 19-1 19.14.1 General 19-7
19.2.5 Tamping Rollers 19-1 19.14.2 Automatic Concrete Batching Plants 19-8
19.2.6 Tandem Two and Three-Wheeled
19.15 Equipment for Concrete
Rollers 19-1
Pavement 19-9
19.2.7 Vibrating Rollers 19-2
19.2.8 Trench Rollers 19-2 19.15.1 General 19-9
19.15.2 Subgrade Preparation Equipment 19-10
19.3 Miscellaneous Equipment 19-2 19.15.3 Mechanical Concrete Spreaders
19.3.1 Disc Harrows 19-2 and Finishers 19-10
19.3.2 Mechanical Sweepers 19-2 19.15.4 Miscellaneous Minor Equipment
19.3.3 Mechanical Rammers 19-2 for Concrete Pavements 19-11
19.3.4 Motor Graders 19-2
19.16 Method of Measurement
19.3.5 Rotary Speed Mixers 19-2
and Basis of Payment 19-11
19.3.6 Travelling Mixing Plant 19-2

19.4 Hauling Equipment 19-2

19.5 Weigh Bridges 19-2
19.6 Water Distribution Equipment 19-3
19.7 Hot Mix Asphalt Equipment 19-3
19.7.1 General 19-3
19.7.2 Additional Requirements
for Batch-Type Plants 19-4
19.7.3 Additional Requirements
for Continuous Mixing Plants 19-5

19.8 Spreading and Finishing

Machines 19-5
19.8.1 Asphalt Pavers 19-5
19.8.2 Aggregate Spreaders 19-5

19.9 Pressure Distributors 19-6

19.1 General
19.1.1 Description
1 The plant and equipment used for the Works shall be
as proposed and itemized in the Contractor’s approved
detailed program and equipment list, unless otherwise
permitted by the Engineer.
2 The plant and equipment shall be of sufficient power
and size and in sound and well maintained mechanical
condition to meet the requirements and produce a
satisfactory quality of work. All items shall be ready for
use when required by the Engineer, The Engineer may
order removal of unsatisfactory plant and equipment and
require replacements meeting his approval. Assessment
of capacity and efficiency shall be based on the actual
performance on Site.
3 Whenever either the Specification or the Engineer
requires use of plant and equipment of a particular size or
type the Contractor may request in writing, permission to
use alterative equipment. The proposal shall contain
evidence satisfactory to the Engineer that the output of the
alterative proposed is at least equal to that of the specified
item.
4 The purpose of this provision is to encourage the
development of new or improved plant and equipment.
The Engineer may require trials in advance of the use of
the item in works construction.
5 If permission is granted, it shall be on the
understanding that it may be withdrawn at any time the
Engineer determines that results are not satisfactory.
Upon withdrawal of permission the Contractor shall use
plant and equipment originally specified and shall remove
and dispose of or otherwise remedy at his own expense
defective or unsatisfactory work produced with the
alternative. No compensation will be allowed for any
delay or additional costs incurred by the Contractor as a
result of implementation of this provision.
19.2 Compaction Plant
19.2.1 General
1 No item of plant shall be used that has in any way
been thrown out of its original balance by the application
of attachments not approved by the Engineer.
2 The Contractor shall provide the means of readily
determining the effective mass of each roller or wheel of
plant being operated. Any ballasting shall be included in
the weighing.
3 The mass and compactive effort, or load, applied by
the roller shall be as specified, or as appropriate to the
work being undertaken.
19.2.2 Pneumatic-Tired Rollers
1 These rollers shall have not less than 9 pneumatic
tires revolving on 2 axles. Tires on the front and rear
wheels shall be staggered so that they cover the entire
area over which the roller travels. Under working
conditions rollers shall develop a compactive effort of not
less than 10kN per wheel.
19.2.3 Heavy Pneumatic-Tired Rollers
1 These rollers shall have a mass of not less than 25
tonne and shall consist of not less than 4 pneumatic-tired
wheels revolving in one transverse line. The width of the
roller shall be not less than 2.4m and it shall be
constructed in 2 or more sections in such a manner that
each section is free to oscillate or move independently.
Under working condition the roller shall develop a
compactive effort of not less than 25kN per wheel.
19.2.4 Self-Propelled Pneumatic-Tired
Rollers
1 These rollers shall be of the oscillating wheel type
having not less than 7 pneumatic-tired wheels revolving
on two axles, and capable of being ballasted to the mass
required.
2 Tires on front and rear wheels shall be staggered so
that tire sidewalls have a minimum overlap of 12mm.
Rollers shall operate smoothly and without jerking when
starting, stopping or reserving direction. Tires under
working conditions shall be inflated to pressures between
2
0.4 and 0.8 N/mm . The roller shall be fitted with a water
system to keep all tires uniformly wet it necessary.
19.2.5 Tamping Rollers
1 These rollers under working conditions shall have a
minimum mass of 4000 kg per meter width of drum, and
each individual tamping foot shall develop a compactive
effort of not less than 0.7N/mm2 of tamping face area. The
width of the roller shall be not less than 2.4m and shall be
constructed in 2 or more sections so that each section is
free to move independently. It shall be fitted with cleaning
teeth at the rear.
19.2.6 Tandem Two and Three-Wheeled
Rollers
1 These rollers shall be self-propelled or towed and
capable of being operated smoothly and without jerking
when starting, stopping, or reversing directions. The
steering shall permit the roller to be accurately directed on
the alignment desired. Roller drum wheels shall be
smooth steel and free from openings or projections which
will mar the surface on which the roller is operated.
Rollers shall be equipped with drip pans designed to
prevent oil, grease or petrol from dripping onto the work
surface. They shall be provided with adjustable scrapers
to keep the surface of the wheels clean.
2 When used on a bituminous surface, rollers shall be
fitted with water tanks and sprinkling devices which shall
♦ 19-1 ♦
be used when necessary to wet the wheels and prevent
the bituminous mixture from sticking to them.
3 Rear wheels may be crowned at a rate of not more
than 1 in 288 for two wheeled, and 1 in 320 for three
wheeled rollers,
4 Rear wheels of three-wheel rollers, shall be propelled
with a differential gear. The front wheel shall show no
noticeable crown and shall overlap the compacted area of
each rear wheel by not less than 60mm.
19.2.7 Vibrating Rollers
1 These shall be self-propelled or towed and have a
means of applying mechanical vibration to one or more
smooth steel-drum wheels. They shall be fitted with a
device, or provided with the means for, indicating the
frequency at which the roller is operating, which will be as
recommended by the manufacturer.
19.2.8 Trench Rollers
1 These shall be self-propelled, steel wheel rollers,
capable of being operated smoothly and without jerking
when starting, stopping or reversing direction. The width
of the wheel shall be not more than 500mm and diameter
of the compaction rolls shall be not more than 1.5m.
2 Wheels shall be smooth and free from openings or
projections which will mar the surface on which the roller
is operated. Rollers shall be equipped with drip pans
designed to prevent oil, grease, or gasoline from dripping
onto the work surface, and shall be provided with
adjustable scrapers to keep the outface of the wheels
clean. The balance wheel of the roller shall be adjustable
in height to provide the slope of surface required.
19.3 Miscellaneous Equipment
19.3.1 Disc Harrows
1 Disc harrows shall be of the tandem type and shall be
of sufficient size, mass and number of discs to perform the
manipulation required
19.3.2 Mechanical Sweepers
1 Sweepers shall be constructed in a manner which
will permit the revolution of the broom to be adjusted in
relation to its progression and permit adjustment of the
broom height in relation to the surface being cleaned.
Broom bristles shall be stiff enough to sweep clean
without cutting into the surface. Brooms with steel bristles
shall not be used.
19.3.3 Mechanical Rammers
1 Mechanical or power rammers shall have a mass
between 100 kg and 750 kg.
♦ 19-2 ♦
19.3.4 Motor Graders
1 Motor graders shall be self-powered and equipped
with an adjustable mold board. The cutting blade shall be
straight.
19.3.5 Rotary Speed Mixers
1 Rotary speed mixers shall be either of the power
take-off or self-powered type, equipped with a hydraulic
lift.
19.3.6 Travelling Mixing Plant
1 Travelling or stationary mixing plant shall be either
of the type which will pulverize the material to be treated
and mix it with the binder and the proper amount of water
without picking up material from the roadway, or the type
which elevates roadway material into a pugmill for mixing.
Plant shall be fitted with a device which will accurately
control and measure the quantity of water used.
19.4 Hauling Equipment
1 Hauling equipment for construction materials shall
be vehicles having hydraulically operated dump bodies
suitable for depositing loose materials in a windrow or
into spreader boxes. Bodies shall be so constructed that
volume measurement can be accurately carried out. They
shall be constructed and maintained to prevent loss of
materials during hauling operations. Dump controls that
can be operated from the driver's seat shall be fitted.
19.5 Weigh Bridges
1 Weighing equipment tor truck-hauled material shall
consist of platform scale accurate to 0.5% throughout the
range of use. Scales shall have a platform of adequate
length to weigh, in one operation, the longest truck or
truck-trailer combination which is in use on the works.
2 Scales shall be inspected and certified by an
approved company as often as the Engineer deems
necessary. Each certification shall show the date of the
inspection and the name of the Company making the
inspection.
3 If no suitable company exists, or if instructed by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall check and adjust the scale
in the presence of the Engineer, using the method
recommended by the manufacturer and approved by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall provide a minimum of ten
25kg standard test weights for each scale on Site for
checking purposes.
4 The Contractor shall, when instructed by the
Engineer, make mass comparisons with other
permanently located scales that meet the approval of the
Engineer. The comparisons shall be for the purpose of
providing information on the performance of the
Contractor’s scale and will not be used as a basis for
adjusting the scale.
5 Access to the scale platform shall be maintained by
the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Engineer and a
suitable weathertight building shall be provided to enclose
the indicating mechanism. Adequate lighting for the scale
operator's use shall be installed.
19.6 Water Distribution Equipment
1 Equipment for the distribution of water shall consist
of self propelled or towed tanks equipped with spray bars
and, when required, pumps to operate under pressure.
Pumps shall be of sufficient capacity to provide uniform
and adequate distribution. The tanks shall be mounted on
pneumatic-tired trucks or on pneumatic-tired trailers
pulled by pneumatic-tired equipment. The minimum
capacity of a tank shall be 4000 liters.
2 Distribution equipment shall be constructed so as to
permit accurate and uniform distribution of the desired
quantities of water, Control valves shall fully close with no
leakage and shall be constructed to operate from the
driver's seat, or provision made for an additional operator
to work control valves while the equipment is travelling.
19.7 Hot Mix Asphalt Equipment
19.7.1 General
1 Hot-mix plant shall be either of the batch-type or
continuous-type. Plant shall not be used to produce
mixtures concurrently for more than one contract unless
permission is granted by the Engineer. Plant units shall
be designed and operated so that they will function
properly and produce bituminous mixture of uniform
temperature and composition within the tolerances
specified.
2 The plant shall be approved by the Engineer before
production begins. It shall be fitted with adequate and safe
stairways to the mixer platform and sampling points plus
a room of
3 The plant shall be complete with a control room of
2 into the drier so that uniform production shall be
approximately 18m floor area for performing tests for
control of the mixture. The room shall be provided with
sufficient heat, natural and artificial light and air
conditioning, and be equipped with a desk, chair, drafting
stool, work bench 1m by 3m by 1m high with drawers and
cabinets below, service sink, water supply and electric
power outlets. First aid equipment, telephone, fire
extinguisher (having a minimum Underwriters Laboratory
rating of 2A10BC), and sanitary facilities shall be provided.
When approved by the Engineer a room conforming to the
above requirements, in a separate building, may be
substituted.
4 Guarded ladders shall be placed at all points where
access to plant operation is required. Access to the top of
truck bodies shall be provided by a platform or other
suitable device to enable the Engineer to obtain samples
and mixture temperature data. A hoist or pulley system
shall be provided to raise scale calibration equipment,
sampling equipment and other similar equipment from
the ground to the mixer platform and return. Gears,
pulleys, chains, sprockets and other dangerous moving
parts shall be properly guarded. Ample and unobstructed
space shall be provided on the mixing platform. Clear and
unobstructed passage shall be maintained in and around
the truck loading area which shall be kept free from
droppings from the mixing platform.
5 The plant shall be equipped with a dust collecting
system. Collected dust shall be stored in a hopper and
shall be fed to the boot of the hot elevator at a uniform
rate by a variable speed vane feeder or mechanical feeder
during the period when a full stream of aggregate is being
fed from the drier to the hot elevator. The accuracy of the
feeder shall not be affected by the head of material in the
collected dust storage hopper. A 'low bin' indicator shall
be required ahead of the feeder.
6 The plant shall be located where it can be supplied
with adequate storage and vehicle movement space.
Separate stockpiles of each size of aggregate shall be
arranged, with rigid partitions to prevent intermixing of
different materials between adjacent stock piles. In
general, fine aggregates to be used in bituminous
mixtures shall be placed in separate stock piles before
they are placed in the cold bins. Aggregates shall be kept
separated until they are fed in proper proportions onto a
belt conveyor or into the boot of the cold aggregate
elevator. Aggregates shall be handled as to prevent
contamination and degradation.
7 When compartment aggregate feeders are used, the
width of the crane bucket shall not be more than half the
minimum width of the top of bin compartments and the
maximum length of the bucket when fully open shall be at
least 300mm less than the length of the top of the bin
compartment, When an end loader is used to charge cold
bins the maximum discharge width of the bucket shall be
600mm less than the width of the top of the bin
compartment.
8 The plant shall be provided with accurate mechanical
means for feeding each aggregate in proper proportion
maintained. Control of the total quantity of combined
aggregates fed to the drier shall be by a variable speed
system. Other methods may be proposed for approval by
the Engineer. Gates shall be capable of being locked or
bolted securely in the required position. A minimum of 4
bins and feeders will be required.
9 The plant shall be equipped with revolving cylindrical
drier or driers for heating aggregates to the temperatures
required when the plant is operating at its full rated
capacity.
10 Screens used in separating aggregates shall be the
vibrating type. The system shall be equipped with a
scalping screen having openings not more than 12.5mm
greater than the largest size of aggregate used in
preparing the bituminous mixture. The screening system
shall have a tailing pipe for removal of oversized
♦ 19-3 ♦
aggregate. The discharge point of the tailing pipe shall be
located so that it will not create a hazard.
11 Hot aggregate storage bins at sufficient capacity to
supply the mixer when it is operating at full capacity shall
be provided. Bins shall be arranged to give separate
storage of the appropriate proportions of mineral
aggregates. Separate dry storage shall be provided for
mineral filler and the plant shall be equipped to feed
material into the mixer. Each bin shall be provided with
overflow pipes to prevent backing up of material into
other compartments or bins. Each compartment shall be
provided with an individual outlet gate constructed so that
when closed there shall be no leakage. Gates shall cut off
quickly and completely. Bins shall be so constructed that
samples can be readily obtained.
12 Temperature recording shall be done either by
recording pyrometer or recording thermometer having at
least 2 terminals when a single drier is used and at least 3
terminals when a dual drier is used. The type and accuracy
of the recording instrument shall be approved by the
Engineer. Unless otherwise approved, one terminal shall
be installed at a suitable location at the discharge of each
drier and the others near the discharge gate in each bin
compartment used for fine aggregate. The temperature
recording instrument shall be capable of producing
accurate temperature charts for submission to the
Engineer after each day's operation.
13 The recording instrument shall be installed in a
position free from dust and vibration. If the instrument is
not located to indicate clearly to the drum fireman the
temperature of the mineral aggregates at the discharge of
each drier, a non-recording pyrometer shall also be
installed in view of the fireman.
14 Storage tanks for bitumen shall be equipped to heat
and hold material at the required temperatures. Heating
shall be accomplished by steam coils, hot oil coils,
electricity or other approved means so that no flame shall
be in contact with the tank. Lines and fittings shall be
steam, electric or hot oil jacketed. Provision shall be made
for sampling from the line leading to the weigh bucket if
more than one grade of bitumen is required for concurrent
operations, adequate storage and separate piping to the
weigh bucket for each grade shall be provided to prevent
intermingling. An armored thermometer or pyrometer
which will accurately show temperatures between
100°Cand 200°C shall be located in the line or within the
tank.
19.7.2 Additional Requirements for Batch-
Type Plants
1 Equipment for weighing and measuring aggregate
shall include means for accurately weighing each size in a
weigh box or hopper suspended on scales and of ample
size to hold a full batch without hand raking or
overflowing. The gate shall close lightly so that no
material is allowed to leak into the mixer while a batch is
being weighed.
♦ 19-4 ♦
2 If aggregates are measured by volume in calibrated
compartments these shall form the weigh hopper and
shall be arranged so that the volume measurement of
each compartment and each batch may be checked by
mass. Means of checking the volume measurement shall
meet the approval of the Engineer.
3 The weigh scale shall be a springless dial type with a
capacity of not more than twice the mass of the capacity
of the mixer.
4 The mineral filler shall be weighed in the aggregate
hopper or measured by volume in a calibrated
compartment and shall be conveyed by means of a dust
elevator and screw conveyor system. The system shall be
so arranged that the accuracy of the feed will not be
affected by the head of material in the mineral filler bin.
The screw conveyor shall operate at such a speed that
small fractions of material to be weighed may be added
accurately. The chute used to introduce mineral filler into
the weigh hopper shall be so constructed that no material
is retained in it after the required amount has been
deposited in the weigh hopper.
5 Equipment for weighing and measuring bitumen
shall consist either of a weigh bucket or a metering device.
If a weigh bucket is used it shall be a non-tilting type and
shall be completely suspended from a springless dial scale
accurate to ±0.4%. The weigh bucket, discharge valve or
valves and spray bar shall be heated and shall have a
capacity of at least 15% in excess of the mass of material
required in the batch. Heated, quick-acting, non-drip
valves shall be used in charging the bucket.
6 Metering devices shall have a capacity at least 15% in
excess of the quantity of bitumen used in a batch. Controls
shall be constructed so that they may be locked at any dial
setting and will automatically reset to that reading after
the addition of bituminous material. The amount of
material which the Contractor will be permitted to mix per
batch shall be determined by the Engineer. The mixer
shall be a twin-shaft type. Drip pans shall be used under
the mixer where necessary to prevent moisture from
dripping onto truck loads of freshly prepared asphalt. Pipe
fittings shall be tight. The mixer platform shall be
sufficiently rigid and of ample size to provide safe and
convenient access to the mixer and other equipment.
7 The mixer shall be equipped with an accurate time
lock to control the operations of a complete mixing cycle.
It shall lock the weigh box gate after the charging of the
mixer until the closing of the mixer gate on completion of
the cycle. It shall lock the bitumen bucket throughout the
dry mixing period and shall lock the mixer gate
throughout both dry and wet mixing periods. The dry
mixing period is defined as the interval of time between
the opening of the weigh box gate and the start of the
introduction of bitumen. The wet mixing period is the
interval of time between the start of the introduction of
bitumen and the opening of the mixer gate. Control of the
timing shall be flexible and capable of being set at
intervals of 5 seconds or less throughout a total cycle.
Setting of time intervals shall be performed in the
presence of the Engineer who shall then lock the case
covering the timing device until such time as a change is
to be made in the timing periods. A mechanical batch
counter shall be installed as part of the time lock device. It
shall register only upon actuation of the asphalt weigh
bucket or valve release. It shall not register any dry
batches or any material released during the operation of
filling the bins.
19.7.3 Additional Requirements for
Continuous Mixing Plants
1 A gradation control unit shall be included for
accurately proportioning each size of aggregate and
mineral filler.
2 Feeders shall be mounted under each compartment
bin. Each compartment bin shall have an accurately
controlled individual gate to form an orifice for
volumetrically measuring the material drawn. The feeding
orifice shall be rectangular with one dimension adjustable
by positive mechanical means provided with a lock.
Indicators marked in millimeters shall be provided on each
gate to show the gate opening. Bins shall be equipped
with tell-tale devices to indicate the position of aggregates
in bins at the lower quarter points. The condition of the
conveyor belt shall be continuously checked and adjusted
to avoid segregation of the aggregates.
3 A cutoff system shall be provided which shall
automatically stop mixing operations when any bin
becomes empty or when the bitumen reaches a level in
the tank where the specified quantity is not delivered to
the pugmill.
4 The plant shall include means for calibration of the
gate openings by weighing test samples. Provision shall
be made so that materials fed out of individual orifices
may be bypassed to individual test boxes. The plant shall
be equipped to conveniently handle individual test
samples weighing not less than 100kg. Accurate scales
shall be provided by the Contractor to weigh lest samples.
5 Interlocking mechanical controls or other positive
methods approved by the Engineer shall be provided to
synchronize the flow of aggregates from the bins and the
flow of bitumen from the meter or other proportioning
device. A revolution counter graduated in 0.01 revolutions
shall be visibly located on the plant. Means shall be
provided for checking by mass the flow of bitumen.
6 The heated mixer shall be capable of producing a
uniform mixture within job-mix tolerances. It shall be
equipped with a discharge hopper with dump gates which
will permit rapid and complete discharge of the mixture.
Paddles shall be adjustable for angular position on shafts
and reversible to retard the flow of mix. The spray bar of
the mixer shall be equipped with a pressure gauge. An
adjustable baffle or dam which can be locked or bolted in
position shall be placed at the discharge end of the
pugmill. The mixer shall have a nominal capacity of not
less than 50t/h and shall have a manufacturer's plate
giving the net volumetric contents of the mixer at the
several heights inscribed on a permanent gauge. Charts
shall be provided showing the rate of feed of aggregate
per minute.
7 Unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer the mixing
time shall be determined using the following formula. The
mass shall be determined for the job by tests made in the
presence of the Engineer.
Mixing time in seconds = Pugmill dead capacity (kg)
Pugmill output (kg/s)
8 The pugmill shall be equipped with a discharge
hopper having a minimum capacity of 900kg.
19.8 Spreading and Finishing
Machines
19.8.1 Asphalt Pavers
1 Asphalt pavers shall be self-contained, power-
propelled units provided with an activated screed or
strike- off assembly, heated if necessary and capable or
spreading and finishing courses of bituminous plant-mix
material in widths appropriate to the typical sections and
thicknesses shown on the Drawings.
2 Automatic controls of the paver shall be by a linkage
arrangement so that through the process of automatically
adjusting the screed thickness control, the asphalt can be
placed and finished to a predetermined grade and uniform
slope and cross-section. Manually controlled pavers may
be used if approved by the Engineer. Such pavers shall be
capable of spreading the mix in such a manner that no
supplemental shaping will be required.
3 Pavers shall be equipped with a receiving hopper of
sufficient capacity for the spreading operation. The hopper
shall be equipped with a distribution system to place
mixture uniformly in front of the screed. The screed or
strike-off assembly shall produce a finished surface of the
required evenness and texture without tearing, pushing or
gouging the mixture. When laying the mixture, the paver
shall be capable of being operated at forward speeds
consistent with satisfactory placement.
19.8.2 Aggregate Spreaders
1 Spreaders used in placing aggregates in layers shall
contain a strike-off plate capable of being adjusted so as
to place material in uniform layers from 10 to 300mm in
thickness. They shall be fitted with two end gates or cut-
¬off plates so that aggregates may be spread in widths
varying up to the full lane width.
2 Spreaders used for surface treatment, shall be of a
mechanical type approved by the Engineer. They shall
distribute aggregate uniformly and shall be capable of
being adjusted so that spreading rate will not vary by
more than ±1kg/m2.
♦ 19-5 ♦
19.9 Pressure Distributors
1 Pressure distributors used for applying bitumen or
bituminous emulsions shall be mounted on self-propelled
trucks which shall be capable of operating smoothly at
speeds down to 1.0km/h when used on construction and
at road speeds from 50 to 70km/h when used for
transporting bitumen.
2 The bitumen tank shall have a capacity between 2000
liters and 9500 liters. Approval shall be obtained from the
Engineer prior to use of a larger tank. The tank shall be
covered by a minimum of 25mm Insulation. It shall be
equipped with a removable access cover, an overflow pipe
and a suitable strainer located at the pump intake or the
outlet to prevent the passage of any material which might
clog the nozzles. A dial gauge visible to the spray bar
operator shall indicate the contents of the tank at various
levels, and a pressure gauge shall show the pressure at
which bitumen is applied. The tank shall be fitted with an
accurate measuring stick.
3 The bitumen distributor shall be equipped with a
heating system. The system shall consist of heat flues
having sufficient radiation to give rapid circulation of hot
gases of combustion from one or more efficient smokeless
burners of the torch type, a circulating device to give
uniform heating of material, and a suitable fuel supply
tank.
4 The distributor pump shall be of a rotary positive
pressure type of sufficient size and discharge capacity to
apply uniformly the specified amount of bitumen in widths
up to 7.5m. It shall be driven by a petrol motor, other than
the vehicle propelling motor. The pump motor shall have
sufficient power to operate the distributor pump at the
required volume and pressure. If the pump motor is
equipped with a transmission it shall have a governor.
Suitable housing or heating jackets shall be provided to
enclose the distributor pump and piping.
5 Spray bars of various lengths shall be used to spray
bitumen over widths varying from 1.2m to 7.5m. Spray
bars shall be arranged so that they may be traversed
laterally over a distance of not less than 230mm to match
joints and to clear obstructions. They shall be fitted with
spray nozzles to give uniform distribution of the material
in the specified quantities. Means shall be provided to
stop the flow quickly and to prevent it from dripping when
the flow is shut off. Means shall be provided for obtaining
samples of material from the tank or from piping leading
from the tank to the spray bars.
6 A hand spray bar and nozzle having a suitable length
of flexible hose with packed couplings shall be provided
for applying material at intersections, shoulders and
similar locations.
7 A mercury thermometer with a stem extending into
the material or into a well, shall be placed in a suitable
position in the tank to give the temperature of the contents.
8 A substantial platform for the operator shall be
provided at the rear of the distributor. It shall be so located
♦ 19-6 ♦
that it will provide a clear view of the operation of the
spray bars.
9 A tachometer shall be attached to the truck so as to
be visible to the truck operator and to enable him to
maintain the constant speed necessary for application of
the specified quantity of bitumen. Suitable charts shall be
prepared showing the truck speeds necessary to obtain
the required results. Alternatively, a synchronizer can be
used. The synchronizer shall deliver the specified quantity
of bitumen onto the road surface regardless of the speed
at the truck.
10 The distributor shall be calibrated in the presence of
the Engineer before work is started and the Contractor
shall supply equipment, tools, and materials for the
calibration.
19.10 Heating Equipment
1 The heating equipment shall have sufficient capacity
to heat the bituminous material by circulating steam or
hot oil through coils in the tank or by any other method
approved by the Engineer. Tanks which have defective
coils or which are without coils will be rejected unless
some satisfactory auxiliary means can be provided by the
Contractor to heat the material without introduction of
moisture. Use of any equipment to agitate bituminous
material while it is being heated will be prohibited if, in the
opinion of the Engineer, it changes the characteristics of
the material. Free steam or hot oil shall not be introduced
directly into the material.
19.11 Mixers for Concrete Pavements
1 Paving mixers shall be the batch type and shall have
3
a rated capacity of not less than 0.75m of mixed concrete.
Mixers having multiple mixing drums may be used. The
mixer shall be equipped with boom and bucket delivery
and the bucket shall be so constructed that it will
distribute concrete in a uniform and satisfactory manner.
The mixer skip shall be equipped with a bulkhead suitably
placed and capable of retaining a full batch of aggregates
and cement without spillage.
2 The mixer shall be equipped with a batch meter for
counting batches and a timing device which automatically
locks the discharge lever until the end of the mixing period.
The timing device shall be equipped with a bell adjusted
to ring each time the lock is released. If the timing device
becomes out of order the Contractor will be permitted to
continue while it is being repaired, provided each batch is
mixed and manually timed for at least 1.5 minutes. If the
timing device is not in good working order within 72 hours,
further use of the mixer shall be prohibited until repairs
are completed.
3 The mixer shall be equipped with a water measuring
device which shall be capable of measuring and
discharging the specified amount of water to ± 1%. The
accuracy of measurement shall not be affected by
variations in pressure in the water supply. Water
measuring equipment shall include an auxiliary tank from
which the water measuring tank shall be filled. The
volume of the auxiliary tank shall be not less than the
volume of measuring tank. Equipment shall be so
arranged that water pressure in the measuring tank cannot
exceed that due to the difference in elevation between the
two tanks. The measuring tank shall be equipped with an
outside tap to provide for checking the graduation on the
indicator unless other means are provided for readily and
accurately determining the amount of water discharged.
Means shall be provided to automatically stop the flow of
water from the measuring tank when the desired quantity
has been delivered.
4 The type of equipment shall be such that the quantity
of water delivered shall not be affected by tilting the mixer.
There shall be no leakage and if the water measuring
equipment fails to deliver the proper quantity of water due
to the mechanical condition of the equipment, the
operation of the mixer shall be suspended until repairs
have been made.
5 Pick-up and throw-over blades in the drum of the
mixer which are worn down 20mm or more in depth shall
be replaced with new blades.
19.12 Portable Concrete Mixers
1 Portable concrete mixers for incidental construction
3 minutes, measured between loading discharge and
shall be of the batch type. Mixers involving placing 25m
or more in a single pour shall have a rated capacity of not
3 required for charging a truck, the time of haul shall be
less than 0.25m per batch. Other portable mixers shall
3 reckoned from the start of mixing of the first batch.
have a rated capacity of not less than 0.17m per batch.
The mixer shall be equipped with a batch meter, timing
device and water measuring device as specified in Clause
19.11.
2 Pick-up and threw-over blades in the drum of the
mixer which are worn down more than 20mm shall be
replaced with new blades.
19.13 Truck Mixers and Agitators
1 Truck mixers shall be of the type having a watertight
revolving drum, suitably mounted and fitted with blades
inside the drum. They shall be capable of combining
aggregates, cement and water into a uniform mixture and
of discharging the mixture without segregation. A truck
mixer shall have attached to it a metal plate on which is
stated its capacity in terms of volume of mixed concrete
for the various uses for which the equipment is suitable.
2 Except when used exclusively for agitating premixed
concrete, trucks shall be provided with a batch meter and
locking device capable of preventing discharge of concrete
before the required number of revolutions has been
obtained or with a revolution counter suitably mounted to
provide means of verifying the amount of mixing
performed. Water shall not be added to concrete in transit
from a pre-mix plant.
3 The water measuring device shall be capable of
discharging the specified amount of water with an
accuracy of 1%. If water is added during transit, the
measuring device may be mounted on the truck mixer and
an outside tap or valve shall be provided for checking the
graduations on the indicator, unless other means are
provided for readily and accurately determining the
amount of mixing water discharged. Provision shall be
made to automatically stop the flow of water when the
desired amount has been delivered. If not mounted on the
truck, the water measuring device shall be located at the
site selected for adding water and shall conform to the
requirements of Sub-section 19.11.
4 Equipment for weighing and batching materials
intended for truck mixing shall comply with the relevant
clauses of these specifications
5 Truck agitators shall be of the type having a
watertight revolving drum suitably mounted and fitted
with internal blades attached to the drum. Truck agitators
when fully loaded shall be capable of maintaining the
concrete in a thoroughly mixed and uniform mass and of
discharging concrete without segregation. Agitators shall
transport and discharge concrete without leakage of
ingredients. A truck agitator shall have attached to it a
metal plate on which is stated its capacity in terms of
volume of the pre-mixed concrete for the various uses of
which the equipment is suitable.
6 Concrete from central or pre-mix plants shall not be
in transit in truck mixers or agitators longer than 30
commencement of pouring. If more than one batch is
19.14 Concrete Batch Plants
19.14.1 General
1 The plant shall be approved by the Engineer before
production begins. Bins, weighing hoppers and scales
shall be arranged to the satisfaction of the Engineer so
that the weigh beam, dial or dial scale is in full view of the
operator controlling the gates, valves or belts that feed
material into the weighing hopper. The plant shall be
equipped with a room as specified in Sub-section 19.7
2 Storage bins shall have sufficient capacity for
adequate supply of material to weighing hoppers. They
shall be supported by a rigid framework on a solid
foundation. Bins shall have adequate separate
compartments for each size of aggregate and for bulk
cement when used. The top of the fine aggregate
compartment shall be equipped with a tilted screen
having a maximum mesh size of 2.5mm through which all
fine aggregate must pass. Each compartment shall be
designed to discharge material efficiently and freely into
the weighing hopper. Means of control shall be provided
so that when the quantity to be obtained is being
approached the flow of material can be gradually retarded
and completely shut off, without leakage, at the moment
the desired amount has been discharged.
♦ 19-7 ♦
3 Weighing hoppers shall be completely suspended
from scale and shall hang free and except as further
provided, shall have sufficient capacity to contain
materials to be weighed for one batch of concrete without
shoveling and without jiggling the hopper to keep bin
gates and chute openings free of material. Cement shall
be weighed in a hopper and independent of the hoppers
used for weighing aggregate.
4 Batching equipment insufficient in capacity to weigh
materials required for a full batch will be permitted
provided the capacity of the hoppers is sufficient to weigh
3
all materials for at least 1m of concrete for any mixer of
3
rated capacity of 1m or larger. Disproportion between
batching equipment and the mixer shall not be so great
that more than 3 weighings of each material will be
required for charging the mixer.
5 Aggregate hoppers shall have a port or other
opening for removal of overload unless sufficient
clearance exists between the bottom of the bin gate and
the top of the hopper. The top of the cement hopper shall
be closed to prevent escape of cement while it is being
weighed. Hoppers shall be designed to eliminate
accumulation of unused material and leakage through
discharge gates during weighing. They shall be capable of
discharging material efficiently and completely into batch
trucks or the mixer without the necessity of beating or
jiggling. If a hopper in the opinion of the Engineer does
not discharge material satisfactorily, it shall be provided
with a vibrator of sufficient frequency and power to
provide complete discharge. Weighing hoppers shall be
enclosed or otherwise protected against wind. When bins
are not available, materials shall be weighed in containers.
End loaders shall not be used for loading the weighing
hopper.
6 Scales may be of either the horizontal beam or
springless dial type designed as an integral unit of the
batching plant and shall be of rugged construction. Beam
type scales used for weighing one size or kind of
aggregate shall have one full capacity weigh beam.
Multiple beam scales used in weighing more than one size
or kind of aggregate shall have as many beams as the
number of sizes or kinds of aggregate to be weighed.
Individual beams shall have such capacities as will permit
the required mass of each size or kind of material to be set
off on a single beam. The scale shall be provided with
suitable lockouts so that weigh beams may be engaged to
weigh in the desired order.
7 Each weigh beam shall have some means placed in a
position from which it can be viewed without parallax by
the operator while charging the hopper, to indicate when
the beam is in the proper balance position. Poises shall be
constructed so that they will be held firmly in position.
Beam scales shall have a provision such as a tell-tale dial
for indicating to the operator that the required load in the
hopper is being approached. Such a device shall indicate
at least the last 100kg of load in the case of scales used for
weighing aggregate and at least the last 50kg of load in
the case of scales used for weighing cement.
♦ 19-8 ♦
8 Springless dial scales shall be provided with suitable
markers inside the glass cover and in front of the dial
which may be set to show the position of the dial indicator
for the required load or various cumulative loads when
more than one size or kind of aggregate is weighed in the
same hopper. Markers shall be in distinctive colors for the
various materials to be weighed.
9 The value of the minimum graduation interval of any
scale shall be not more than 0.2% of the batch mass and
not more than 0.1% of the capacity of the scale. The value
of the minimum graduation interval of any scale used for
weighing water shall be not less than 1kg. Scales shall be
designed and built so that accuracy within the maximum
tolerance of ± 0.4% of the net load in the hopper will be
maintained.
10 When a beam scale is used for weighing cement a
tare shall be provided and the weigh beams shall be
capable of being lifted out of the weighing position so that
the tare weight of the hopper can be checked after each
weighing operation to determine if all the cement has
been discharged into the batch.
11 Scales shall be housed or otherwise protected
against the effect of wind in a manner meeting the
approval of the Engineer.
12 Ten standard 10kg weights shall be available on Site
for use in calibrating and testing weighing equipment.
Weights will not be required when scales are calibrated by
trained scale personnel with adequate scale testing
equipment and the calibration is observed by the Engineer.
13 Means of access for inspection purposes shall be
safe and shall meet the approval of the Engineer. In the
case of permanently located batching plants, means of
access shall be an inclined stairway with a handrail
located so that its upward flight will end on the scale
operator’s platform. It shall be firmly attached to the
supporting members of the bin. The weigh platform shall
have a floor of metal grid or 50mm thick timber planks.
19.14.2 Automatic Concrete Batching Plants
1 Automatic equipment for weighing, measuring,
batching and mixing materials for concrete shall conform
to Sub-section 19.11 except as modified and extended by
the following provisions.
2 Each batch shall be mixed for the full period required
after all the materials have entered the mixer and
recharging the mixer shall not occur before the previous
batch has been discharged; When batching plants are
used for successive batches of the same size, the mixing
time adjusting control shall be capable of being locked.
3 Cement and mixing water shall be weighed or
otherwise measured within the tolerance of ±1% of the
required quantity. Each of the aggregates, whether
weighed separately or cumulatively, shall be weighed
within the tolerance of ± 1.5% of the respective required
masses. Interlocks shall be set so that the amounts of
materials will be delivered within the tolerance stated.
4 The arrangement shall be such that the scales of the
system can be conveniently checked for accuracy. Scales
shall be designed and built so that when drag due to the
weighing control device is included, accuracy within ±0.4%
of the net load in the hopper will be maintained.
5 When mixing water is measured volumetrically
provision shall be made for by-passing measured water
into a container for checking the accuracy of delivery. If
water is measured during the course of its flow into the
batch, means shall be provided to show at any time
during the flow, the amount that has entered. Devices for
volumetric measurement of mixing water shall
automatically reset at the initial position immediately after
delivery of the measured amount and be ready for the
next batch cycle.
6 The dispenser for an admixture shall provide a visual
indication that the admixture is actually entering the batch.
The tube through which it is conducted into the stream of
the mixing water shall be transparent, or shall have a
translucent section.
7 The plant shall be provided with gates, valves or
other suitable devices, which, when activated by a single
starting mechanism, shall set in motion the charging of
weigh hoppers or other containers and which, in weighing
or measuring any given material, shall end the charging
when the desired amount has been attained. It shall be
capable of having quantities preset on a central control
panel that will result in the correct measurement of the
material for each batch. Control adjustments shall be
capable of being performed on the same panel.
8 An over and under indicating device shall be
provided to show whether the amount of material
weighed is within the allowable tolerance. An interlock
shall be provided, firstly so that the charging device can
open or start only when the scale indicates zero load and
when the weigh hopper or container discharging gate or
valve is closed, and secondly so that the discharge gate or
valve can open only when the desired mass within the
allowable tolerance is in the weigh hopper or container
and when the charging device is closed or stopped. If
different kinds or classes of aggregates are weighed
cumulatively into the same hopper, control and interlock
shall be provided with respect to each increment of mass,
as required for material weighed into an individual hopper.
Mixing water and admixture may be measured
volumetrically.
9 Automatic batching equipment for weighing or
measuring batch quantities in increments shall be
provided with an automatic repeater having a counter that
can be set for the number of increments required and
allowing the required number of increments to be
accurately delivered and discharged into each batch.
10 The batching system shall be activated by a single
starting mechanism and be completely interlocked so that
the discharge gates or valves can open only when the
mixer is in the proper position for receiving material.
11 The interlocking system shall allow the batch to enter
the mixer so that some water is in advance of the
remainder of the batch. Water shall then enter uniformly
while mixing is continued and all water shall be in the
drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing
period.
12 Means shall be provided for easy adjustment from
preset quantities of aggregates and mixing water. Suitable
equipment indicating the amount of free water in fine
aggregate as it is being batched shall be provided and the
quantities of fine aggregate and mixing water shall be
adjusted concurrently as concrete is being produced.
13 The weighman shall not interfere with the operation
of any part of the scale mechanism during the weighing
process for the purpose of circumventing the interlock or
causing malfunction of the equipment. The Engineer may
require that equipment be provided with a positive means
for preventing such interference.
14 Automatic and semi-automatic batching plant may
be constructed so that it can be switched to manual
control. However, when switching to manual control is
necessary, batching operations shall continue only until
repairs can be made, but not for a period exceeding 72
hours. If provision is made for switching to manual
operation, then the scale or a scale follower shall be
placed within view of the operator, but not further then 6m
from the location from which the manual batching is being
performed.
15 Batching plant that does not fully comply with the
requirements prescribed for automatic batching shall be
considered as semi-automatic. The minimum requirement
for semi-automatic batching shall be gates, valves or other
suitable devices which open or start separately when
actuated by individual starting mechanisms to permit
material to be weighed or measured, and close or stop
automatically when the desired amount has been attained.
19.15 Equipment for Concrete Pavement
19.15.1 General
1 Flexible or curved forms of proper radius, made of
either metal or wood, shall be supplied for use on curves
of 30m radius or less. Straight side forms shall be of metal.
They shall be of adequate cross section and supplied in
sections not less than 3m in length. They shall have a
height not less than the edge thickness of the pavement to
be constructed, a base width equal to or greater than the
height and not less than 6mm in thickness, except that a
minimum thickness of 5mm will be permitted if the form is
of trapezoidal cross section. They shall have flange braces
extending outward on the base not less than 2/3 the
height of the form and spaced not more than 1.5m apart.
Sections shall have a steel pin at each end and at least one
intermediate pin; provision shall be made to lock pins to a
true grade. Locked joints shall be provided between form
♦ 19-9 ♦
sections which are free from play or movement and which
provide support and connection.
2 Forms shall withstand impact and vibration of the
compacting and finishing equipment without visible
springing or settlement. They shall be straight edged and
free from warp. Forms with an upper edge out more than
1mm in 1.5m from a straight line will be rejected. The
longitudinal axis of an upstanding leg shall not vary more
than 2mm in 1m from a straight line.
3 When used, wood forms not of marine ply shall be
made of well seasoned, surfaced plank not less than
50mm nominal thickness, and shall be the full depth of the
concrete slab. Provision shall be made for rigid, smooth
connections and suitable means for securely fastening in
place to lines and profiles given.
4 The supply of forms shall be sufficient to permit their
remaining in place not less than 48 hours after concrete
has been placed, or longer if deemed necessary by the
Engineer.
5 Mechanical form graders, if used, shall be so
designed that they may be adjusted and controlled to cut
to a given profile and produce a subgrade for the
pavement forms or for slip-form paver track as shown on
the drawings.
19.15.2 Subgrade Preparation Equipment
1 Subgrade planers shall be of steel and shall be
mounted on rollers when forms are used, or wheels or
tracks when slip-form paving is being employed. They
shall be equipped with steel cutting edges or cutting
rollers so designed that they may be accurately adjusted
vertically. A subgrade planer shall be of sufficient mass so
as not to rise under pressure from the material being
planed. The subgrade planer shall be capable of producing
cross sections in accordance with the Drawings and shall
develop a centre deflection of not more than 3mm.
2 Subgrade finishing machines shall be of steel
mounted on crawler tracks and shall be equipped with
steel cutting edges so designed that they may be
accurately adjusted vertically and held in place firmly. The
subgrade machines shall weigh not less than 3175kg and
have such strength and rigidity that changing the supports
from wheels to centre will develop a deflection of not
more than 3mm.
3 Heavy subgrade templates shall be made of steel and
designed so that they can be moved backwards and
forwards in a vertical position. They shall be mounted on
rollers, wheels or tracks, adjustable vertically, and have a
total mass not less than 225kg for widths of 5m or more.
Test points shall be spaced not more than 150mm centre
to centre and be adjustable so that they may be set to
conform to the cross section of the subgrade.
4 Water supply equipment shall be of such capacity
and design as to provide an ample supply and adequate
pressure simultaneously for all the requirements of
machinery, mixing, curing, wetting subgrade and other
features of the work.
♦ 19-10 ♦
19.15.3 Mechanical Concrete Spreaders and
Finishers
1 When pavement forms are used, mechanical
spreaders shall operate on the forms and when formless
paving is constructed they shall operate on wheels or
tracks. Spreaders shall be self-propelled and capable of
spreading the concrete mix to the desired cross sections.
They shall be easily adjustable to spread different
thicknesses of concrete.
2 Full width vibrators of the surface pan type, or
internal type with multiple spuds, may be attached to the
spreader finishing machine or may be mounted on a
separate carriage but shall not come in contact with joints,
load transfer devices, reinforcement, subgrade, subbase
or side forms. Vibrating impulses shall be applied through
apparatus designed for this purpose, and constructed to
operate satisfactorily ahead of the finishing machine.
Vibratory impulses shall be transmitted through the
concrete with sufficient intensity to compact it throughout
its entire depth and width. The pavement vibrator shall not
be used to level or spread pavement concrete.
3 Surface pan vibrators shall be designed so that
vibrating impulses are applied directly to the surface of
the concrete. They shall be equipped with at least two
vibrating elements for each 3m width of pavement
vibrated. The operating frequency shall be not less than
50Hz.
4 Internal vibrators shall be of a suitable design with a
minimum operating frequency of 100Hz. Vibrating
elements shall be so spaced that the concrete will be
compacted throughout its entire depth and width, with a
maximum vibrator spacing of 600mm.
5 Finishing machines shall be power driven and
equipped with at least 2 screeds fully and accurately
adjustable to produce a crowned, sloping or flat surface as
required. They shall be designed and operated to strike off,
screed and compact. The machine shall have ample
strength and sufficient power, and be geared to operate
consistently and smoothly.
6 Concrete finisher floats shall be either self-propelled
or attached to the finishing machine. They shall be fitted
with independent wheels which ride on the forms and be
of sufficient mass not to flex under the pressure of
concrete. The floats shall be easily adjustable from crown
to flat. They shall be at least 750mm long with at least
600mm in contact with the concrete. They shall be
designed to prevent tearing of the concrete surface or
rolling of the aggregate under the float. The float pan shall
be suspended from the frame, and be capable of
adjustment in both height and width. Once adjusted, it
shall hydraulically or by other suitable means be raised
from the operator's platform. When lowered it shall
automatically return to its present position.
7 Longitudinal float machines shall be so constructed quality bass or bassine fiber not more than 120mm in
that travel of the floating mechanism can be adjusted to length. The handle shall be at least 300mm longer than
conform to the pavement cross section shown on the half the width of the slab and be readily adjustable.
Drawings or formed by the finishing machine. 10 Edging tools shall have a radius of 6mm.
8 Formless pavers shall be self-propelled and fitted
with suitable devices for distributing, finishing and 19.16 Method of Measurement and
spreading concrete to the full-width and thickness as
Basis of Payment
shown on the Drawings. The tracks shall be of sufficient
length and width to properly support the machine and its
1 Plant and equipment used in the works will not be
load without causing depressions. They shall be equipped
separately measured for payment, unless provided under
with a strike-off screed and internal vibrators of sufficient
a Dayworks arrangement, but will be considered
quantity to provide complete compaction regardless of the
subsidiary to the construction work items for which they
depth of concrete placed.
are being used and which are contained in the Bill of
Quantities.
19.15.4 Miscellaneous Minor Equipment for
Concrete Pavements
1 Hand vibrators shall be of the internal type,
adequately powered to operate under full load at a
frequency of at least 75Hz and shall have an intensity and
period of vibration sufficient to obtain thorough
compaction of concrete.
2 Headers shall be shaped to conform to the cross
section shown on the Drawings. They shall be of wood or
metal and of sufficient thickness and rigidity to provide a
vertical construction joint. Headers for continuous
reinforced pavement shall be of wood or metal, split
longitudinally to provide for the proper depth of
continuous reinforcing steel in accordance with the
Drawings.
3 Footbridges shall be durably constructed, readily
movable and so designed that no part of the bridge will
come in contact with the pavement at any time.
4 Hand operated longitudinal floats shall be not less
than 3.5m in length and 150mm in width. Floats shall be
properly stiffened to prevent flexing and warping, and be
provided with handles.
5 Long-handled floats shall have a blade at least 1m
long and 150mm wide. The handle shall be long enough
to permit operation of the float from the shoulder.
6 Vibrating screeds used to strike off and compact
concrete by the hand method shall be durably constructed,
and shaped to provide the cross section shown on the
Drawings. They shall be 600mm longer than the width of
the pavement, sufficiently strong and rigid to retain shape
under all working conditions and be provided with
handles. If of wood, they shall be at least 70mm thick and
steel shod.
7 Standard 3m straightedges shall be made of suitable
material and maintained in accurate alignment. They shall
be fitted with a handle long enough to permit operation of
the straightedge from the shoulder.
8 Belts shall be of canvas or canvas/rubber
composition, 2 to 4 ply, at least 150mm wide and 600mm
longer than the width of pavement.
9 Brooms shall be of the push type at least 450mm
wide. They shall contain no more than 3 rows of good

♦ 19-11 ♦