Application of Geometry of Matrix:

The concept of a vector space is one of the most useful things you'll study, as it has far-reaching
ramifications and applications. A vector space is a collection of vectors. This collection has
properties required by the axioms of a vector space. The axioms cover things like how two
vectors of the space can be combined (in various ways) to yield a third vector, also in the space.
There are also ways of combining vectors such that they make objects that are no longer vectors;
these are studied in a variety of different "algebras" you may come across in your future studies.

The axioms of a vector space are pretty "mild", but they yield rich structures with lots of useful
properties -- which is why they are worth studying. Since they are used for modeling a variety of
things in technology, these models then have the useful properties of the vector space. And, of
course, they're only really useful if these properties mirror the things we see in the real world.
They do, which is why vector spaces have survived in a Darwinian sense in the school curricula
and the various technical fields.

The use of the term "space" is a clue to the origin of vector spaces -- they were used to study the
properties of physical space. In such cases, concepts like nearness and distance become useful
and are well-defined.

Then comes the term "vector". So what is a vector? It's a collection of some things. Now, this is
also the informal concept of a set. The vector is distinguished from the set in that the order of the
elements given is important. Thus, if {a1, a3, a2} are a set, order of the elements is unimportant
and you can equally well denote the set as {a2, a3, a1}. A vector is usually denoted with
parentheses and (a1, a2, a3) is a different vector from (a2, a3, a1). The elements a1, a2, ... all
share some characteristic(s) which make them a suitable for inclusion in a vector and vector
space. Most often, the elements are numbers, usually real numbers or complex numbers.

In elementary technical studies, these numbers are often spatial coordinates -- like the position of
a point mass in physics in three dimensional space. But it's important to realize that the
machinery (lemmas and theorems) of vector spaces apply to any vector -- and in more exotic
technical things, the components of the vectors might not be our familiar numbers anymore. But
if these vectors satisfy the axioms of a vector space, you can still use the machinery on them.
This is an example of the power of abstraction in mathematics. Then, they can be combined with
other mathematical things to yield other useful things.

Vector Spaces
Many concepts concerning vectors in Rn can be extended to other mathematical systems.

We can think of a vector space in general, as a collection of objects that behave as vectors do in
Rn. The objects of such a set are called vectors.
Vector Space
A vector space is a nonempty set V of objects, called vectors, on which are defined two
operations, called addition and multiplication by scalars (real numbers), subject to the ten axioms
below. The axioms must hold for all u, v and w in V and for all scalars c and d.

1. u + v is in V.

2. u + v = v + u.

3. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)

4. There is a vector (called the zero vector) 0 in V such that u + 0 = u.

5. For each u in V, there is vector −u in V satisfying u + (−u) = 0.

6. cu is in V.

7. c(u + v) =cu+cv.

8. (c + d)u = cu + du.

9. (cd)u = c(du).

10. 1u = u.

Subspaces:
A linear subspace, also known as a vector subspace is a vector space that is a subset of some
larger vector space. A linear subspace is usually called simply a subspace when the context
serves to distinguish it from other types of subspaces.

Applications of the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a square matrix :

1: Eigenvalues were used by Claude Shannon to determine the theoretical limit to how much
information can be transmitted through a communication medium like your telephone line or
through the air. This is done by calculating the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the
communication channel (expressed a matrix), and then waterfilling on the eigenvalues. The
eigenvalues are then, in essence, the gains of the fundamental modes of the channel, which
themselves are captured by the eigenvectors.

2:The natural frequency of the bridge is the eigenvalue of smallest magnitude of a system that
models the bridge. The engineers exploit this knowledge to ensure the stability of their
constructions. [Watch the video on the collapse of the Tacoma Narrow Bridge which was built
in 1940]

3: Eigenvalue analysis is also used in the design of the car stereo systems, where it helps to
reproduce the vibration of the car due to the music.

4: The application of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is useful for decoupling three-phase systems
through symmetrical component transformation.

5: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors allow us to "reduce" a linear operation to separate, simpler,

problems. For example, if a stress is applied to a "plastic" solid, the deformation can be dissected
into "principle directions"- those directions in which the deformation is greatest. Vectors in the
principle directions are the eigenvectors and the percentage deformation in each principle
direction is the corresponding eigenvalue.

Oil companies frequently use eigenvalue analysis to explore land for oil. Oil, dirt, and other
substances all give rise to linear systems which have different eigenvalues, so eigenvalue
analysis can give a good indication of where oil reserves are located. Oil companies place probes
around a site to pick up the waves that result from a huge truck used to vibrate the ground. The
waves are changed as they pass through the different substances in the ground. The analysis of
these waves directs the oil companies to possible drilling sites.

Eigen values are not only used to explain natural occurrences, but also to discover new and better
designs for the future. Some of the results are quite surprising. If you were asked to build the
strongest column that you could to support the weight of a roof using only a specified amount of
material, what shape would that column take? Most of us would build a cylinder like most other
columns that we have seen. However, Steve Cox of Rice University and Michael Overton of
New York University proved, based on the work of J. Keller and I. Tadjbakhsh, that the column
would be stronger if it was largest at the top, middle, and bottom. At the points of the way from
either end, the column could be smaller because the column would not naturally buckle there
anyway. Does that surprise you? This new design was discovered through the study of the
eigenvalues of the system involving the column and the weight from above. Note that this
column would not be the strongest design if any significant pressure came from the side, but
when a column supports a roof, the vast majority of the pressure comes directly from above.

Very (very, very) roughly then, the eigenvalues of a linear mapping is a measure of the distortion
induced by the transformation and the eigenvectors tell you about how the distortion is oriented.
It is precisely this rough picture which makes PCA (Principal Component Analysis = A
statistical procedure) very useful.