Gas Turbine Principles 2019-11-14

Siemens Training
Gas Turbine Principles

Gas Turbines Technology, Green Fuels and Sustainable Energy
Skills Development for the Renewable Energy Sector (SkiDRES)
November 18-22 2019
© Siemens AG 2019 siemens.com
Agenda
§Introduction
§Short introduction to Siemens and Finspong Site (Sweden)
§Basic Thermodynamics
§Gas Turbine principles & GT examples

§Steam cycle principles
§Combined Cycle, Cogeneration
§HRSG (Boiler) & Feed water system
§Condenser & Condensate system
§BoP systems
§Grid balancing, flex operation
§Future Gas Turbine fuels
§Time schedule & interaction
§Economics of combined cycle
§SeaFloat , Virtual Pipeline , Battery Hybrids
§Summary
Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018
Page 2 November 18-22 Skills Development for the Renewable Energy Sector (SkiDRES) A. Stuxberg
Handout 1
Combustion Engine principle
• Air intake, Compress, Burn, Expand, Reject

exhaust
• Higher pressure during expansion than during
compression => net power.
• Discontinuous combustion process
• Fuel slip issues due to cold walls and concealed
spaces, methane slip is an upcoming
environmental issue
• Heat reject at low temperature, thus unsuitable
for recovery

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)
• Air intake, Compress, Burn, Expand, Reject

exhaust
• Volume larger in expansion than compression
=> net power
• Continuous combustion, full bur-out of all fuel,
very low NOx
• Heat reject mainly by hot exhaust = well suited
for recovery

Handout 2
SGT-800 Industrial gas turbine – core engine
Simple and robust design
1 Compressor 2 Rotor 3 Combustor 4 Turbine

All-welded 15 stage compressor Single shaft gas turbine Annular combustor with passive Bolted 3-stage turbine
rotor • Cold end drive damping High exhaust energy giving
3 stages of variable guide vanes Robust and fuel flexible dry low excellent Cogen / CC
• Rotor speed 6,608 rpm
emission (DLE) system characteristics
Vertically split compressor casing Same core design for 50/60 Hz
Hot and cold climate variants applications 30 dual fuel DLE burners
using standard options On-load fuel changeover capability
Tilting pad type bearings
1 3
2
4
Flexibility Performance Serviceability

• Single shaft – compressor and turbine on one

common shaft
• Dual shaft – compressor driven by a HP turbine
(the gas generator or GT core), separate power
turbine drives the outlet shaft
• Industrial machine – developed for on-ground
applications
• Aeroderivative – jet engine for airplanes
converted for generator or mech drive

Handout 3
Industrial Power Plant Solutions
Based on small size industrial gas turbines
1-shaft
2-shaft
SGT-300 SGT-400
8 MWe 13 MWe
Launched 1995 Launched 1997

• Compressor efficiency critical for machine performance

• Fouling avoided by high quality HEPA air filtration. In high dust ambient use of jet pulse cleaning of pre-
filter.
• Regular compressor washing and filter replacements
• Compressor capacity is controlled by variable guide vanes to certain degree
• Air density varies with temperature and pressure – this affects compressor mass flow rate and thus
machine capacity.
• Bleed valves used during start to assure flow through the compressor large enough to avoid stall.
• Air is extracted for use in machine cooling
• Aeroderivative machines typically have larger pressure ratio than industrial

Handout 4
SGT-700 Industrial gas turbine –
Performance
Nominal Performance
Factors that affect power
ISO Conditions, Zero Installation Losses, Natural Gas Fuel
output include
40
10.5
35 ISO rating 10.4
§ Inlet and exhaust system losses
Generator output (MW)
10.3
30 10.2
Heat rate MJ/kW-hr

10.1
25 10.0
§ Humidity
9.9
20 9.8 § Fuel quality/type
9.7
9.6
15
9.5
§ Temperature
9.4
10
9.3 § Altitude
9.2
5
9.1
9.0 § Atmospheric pressure
0 8.9
-22 -4 14 32 50 68 86 104 122
Compressor inlet temperature – degrees °F
Power Tropical Power Heat Rate Tropical Heat Rate

Combustor types:
• Silo = one or two ”barrels” at the side of the GT
• Can type
• Annular = Combustion chamber shapes as an
annulus/ring aound the GT with many burners into
the ring
• Can-annular = Many combustion chambers / cans
connected to a common annulus
• Inner walls of the combustor are cooled by
combustion air

10
Handout 5
SGT-700 – fuel flex and emissions best-in-class!
Gas fuel type Natural gas Diesel No.2 Jet fuel-A

3rd generation DLE 3rd generation DLE
100 – 50% load NOX @ 15% O2 ≤15 – 25 ppmv ≤42 – 58 ppmv

100 – 50% load CO @ 15% O2 ≤10 – 80 ppmv ≤25 ppmv
Emission Guarantees are issued for each given site conditions, fuel, required load range and other project specific data
§ Uncomplicated combustion system without staging
§ Load rejection capability
§ On-load fuel-changeover capability
§ Dry low emissions capability on gas and liquid fuel
Simple and robust industrial design for

reliable operation

Page 11 *60%
November 18-22 **80% Skills Development for the Renewable Energy Sector (SkiDRES) A. Stuxberg
11
4th generation DLE combustion system
Simple and stable DLE system:

4 fuel lines
§ DLE is standard.
§ Consists of eight burners with igniter, optical flame

detector and combustion dynamics probe in each
burner.
§ Individual and continuous control of the fuel lines

(no staging) provides stable combustion and low
emissions over the complete load range.
§ On-load fuel changeover between gaseous and

liquid fuel.
§ Insensitive to variations in fuel composition and

ambient conditions.
§ Seasonal mapping is not required.

12
Handout 6
Burner types:
• Diffusion type = fuel nozzzle with swirler
• WLE-type = Wet Low Emission = diffusion type
with water spray to keep peak temperature down
to limit NOx-formation
• DLE-type = Dry Low Emission = lean premix
principle. Peak temperature is limited by creating
over-stochiometric mixture before ignition. Nox-
formation is minimized, very precise combustion
control.
Pilot burners used to stabilize at low loads.

13
Expansion turbine
• Expansion of gases that are far hotter than
allowable metal temperatures.
• Corrosive environment
• Stator and rotor blades in first stages have
internal air cooling.
• Blades have a protective barrier coating that
insulates and prevent corrosion.
• Combination of high working temperature and
high stress requires advanced material, e.g.
single crystal blades.

14
Handout 7
Diffuser
• Reduction of velocity and recovery of pressure
• Angled or axial
• For dual shaft designs the drive shaft normally
goes through the outlet casing = hot end drive

15
Gearbox
• Allows optimization of rotor speed for the gas
turbine.
• Large gas turbines without gearbox
• Some dual / triple shaft GTs have no gearbox as
the HP shaft anyway may be high speed.
• Gearbox windage losses may be reduced by inner
liner or fill with helium gas.
• Enables use of 4-pole generator
• Enables same GT rpm at 50 and 60 Hz

16
Handout 8
Generator
• 2-pole or 4-pole synchronous
• 3000 rpm or 1500 rpm
• Air cooled or water cooled (closed air circulation
which is water cooled)

17
Package
• Large gas turbines assembled on site
• Small and medium size on a skid frame including
oil system and other auxiliaries. Oil system
typically common for GT and gear.
• Weather proof enclosure with its own ventilation,
fire fighting equipment

18
Handout 9
Turbine control
• Own dedicated DCS control node for control and
safety. Handles start-up and stop sequences,
limits operation and load gradients. BILD DCS.
• Turbine controller controls load and provides
frequency response by droop control, frequency
control mode possible.
• House load operation mode
• Island operation mode

19
Start motor / purge / barring

• Modern GTs have electric start motor, same motor
used for purging and barring by use of frequency
converter.
• Purging (ventilation) before start to assure that no
explosion can occur.
• Barring is necessary after stop in order to avoid
bending of the rotor and thermal deformation of the
casing. Some aero machines do not require
barring.
• Optional battery system provides uninterrupted
power even if grid fails and GT stopped – turning
continued and lock-out period avoided.

20
Handout 10
Filmtime: SGT-800
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fr5eDxiYqEs
SGT-800 presentation
Filmtime Fly through the SGT750

21
Thank you !
Anders Stuxberg
Process Specialist
Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB
Mobile: +46 (70) 2608740
E-mail: anders.stuxberg@siemens.com
siemens.com/gasturbines siemens.com/gasturbines

22
Handout 11

Gas Turbine Principles 2019-11-14

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Siemens Training

Gas Turbine Principles

© Siemens AG 2019 siemens.com

§Gas Turbine principles & GT examples

• Air intake, Compress, Burn, Expand, Reject

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

• Air intake, Compress, Burn, Expand, Reject

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

1 Compressor 2 Rotor 3 Combustor 4 Turbine

Flexibility Performance Serviceability

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

• Single shaft – compressor and turbine on one

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

• Compressor efficiency critical for machine performance

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Heat rate MJ/kW-hr

-22 -4 14 32 50 68 86 104 122

Compressor inlet temperature – degrees °F

Power Tropical Power Heat Rate Tropical Heat Rate

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Gas fuel type Natural gas Diesel No.2 Jet fuel-A

100 – 50% load NOX @ 15% O2 ≤15 – 25 ppmv ≤42 – 58 ppmv

§ Uncomplicated combustion system without staging

§ Load rejection capability

§ On-load fuel-changeover capability

§ Dry low emissions capability on gas and liquid fuel

Simple and robust industrial design for

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

4th generation DLE combustion system

Simple and stable DLE system:

§ Consists of eight burners with igniter, optical flame

§ Individual and continuous control of the fuel lines

§ On-load fuel changeover between gaseous and

§ Insensitive to variations in fuel composition and

§ Seasonal mapping is not required.

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

GT principle (Brayton Cycle)

Start motor / purge / barring

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Filmtime Fly through the SGT750

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018

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