LAPLACE DEVELOPMENT

Theorem on Laplace’s Development

Choose any k rows (or columns) from a determinant D then D is equal to the sum of the
products of all the kth minors of D contained in the chosen rows (or columns) multiplied by their
corresponding algebraic complements.

Let D be an nth order determinant, and m be the kth order determinant (kn) whose elements
are those in any k rows and columns of D. then M is called the kth minor of D.

The complementary minor of M is the determinant of order (n-k) which results after
deleting the rows and columns of M from D.

Figure 1. Visualization of the determinant of a 3x3 matrix

Example:

10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5]
25 2 0
Para sa Determinant using Laplace Development (Expansion), parang katulad lang din ito
ng sa Minor expansion.

Steps in Finding the Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix Using Laplace Expansion.

1. Choose a row (or column) as reference.

Halimbawa, piliin natin ang ROW 1 as the reference.

10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5]
25 2 0
Yung determinant ng 3x3 matrix can be determined using the SUMMATION ng product
ng CHOSEN ELEMENT and the COFACTOR of the elements. Pero, yung exponent ng (-1)
multiplier ay magiging APAT sa halip na dalawa lang.
Considering yung example natin using ROW 1,
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23
det 𝐴 = (𝑎11 )(−1)𝑖+𝑖+𝑗+𝑗 |𝑎 𝑎 | + (𝑎12 )(−1)𝑖+𝑖+𝑗+𝑗 |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32 33 31
𝑖+𝑖+𝑗+𝑗
𝑎21 𝑎22
+ (𝑎13 )(−1) |𝑎 |
31 𝑎32

Ngayon, ano yung i+i+j+j???

So yung “i” natin corresponds pa din sa rows at yung “j” corresponds naman sa columns.
Alin yung rows at columns na yun?

Yung rows and columns nay un ay yung matitira na rows and columns kapag Kinross-out
natin yung reference elements natin.

Halimbawa dito sa ating example:

 For element 𝑎11 :

10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5]
25 2 0

Yung matitirang rows and columns ay rows 2 and 3, at columns 2 and 3. Kaya ang
magiging term natin for element 𝑎11 ay:

11 5
= (10)(−1)2+3+2+3 | |
2 0
= (10)(−1)10 [(11)(0) − (2)(5)]
= 10(1)(−10)
= −100

 For element 𝑎12 :

10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5]
25 2 0

Yung matitirang rows and columns ay rows 2 and 3, at columns 1 and 3. Kaya ang
magiging term natin for element 𝑎12 ay:

1 5
= (0)(−1)2+3+1+3 | |
25 0
 = (0)(−1)9 [(1)(0) − (5)(25)]
=0

 For element 𝑎13 :

10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5]
25 2 0

Yung matitirang rows and columns ay rows 2 and 3, at columns 1 and 2. Kaya ang
magiging term natin for element 𝑎13 ay:
1 11
= (6)(−1)2+3+1+2 | |
25 2
= (6)(−1)8 [(1)(2) − (25)(11)]
= −1638

Therefore, the determinant of A is equal to:

det 𝐴 = −100 + 0 + (−1638)

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = −𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟖 ANSWER

------ USING COLUMN 3

10 0 6 10 0 6 10 0 6
𝐴=[1 11 5] 𝐴=[1 11 5] 𝐴 = [ 1 11 5]
25 2 0 25 2 0 25 2 0

1 11 10 0 10 0
det 𝐴 = (6)(−1)2+3+1+2 | | + (5)(−1)1+3+1+2 | | + (0)(−1)1+2+1+2 | |
25 2 25 2 1 11
det 𝐴 = (6)(−1)8 [(1)(2) − (25)(11)] + (5)(−1)7 [(10)(2) − (25)(0)] + 0

det 𝐴 = 6(1)(2 − 275) + 5(−1)(20 − 0)

det 𝐴 = 6(−273) − 100

det 𝐴 = −1638 − 100

𝒅𝒆𝒕 𝑨 = −𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟖 ANSWER

DETERMINANT OF 4X4 MATRICES USING LAPLACE
DEVELOPMENT
Yung figure 2 below is the representation ng determinant using minor and cofactor
expansions. Kagaya nung ginawa natin sa klase, kapag 4x4 matrix eh mayroong apat na terms.
Pipili lang ulit ng row (or column) na gusto nyong gawing reference, then proceed kayo sa minor
and cofactor expansion.

You can work this on your own using minor and cofactor expansion.

Figure 2. A visualization of the expansion by row 1 of a 4 × 4 matrix in order to compute

the determinant.

Example:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Let’s try using Laplace Development naman.

Sa Laplace Development ng 4x4 matrix, ganito naman ang mangyayari:

1. Select lang tayo ng reference rows (OR COLUMNS)( rows 1 and 2, rows 1 and 3, etc.),

Figure 3. A visualization of the expansion by row 1 of a 4 × 4 matrix in order to compute

the determinant.

Sa 4x4 matrix, mayroon tayong anim (6) na distinct combinations in terms of columns:
(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4) at (3,4).

1 2 3 4

1
2

3
4

Example:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Take for example: Gawin nating reference ang rows 1 and 2:

Kagaya ng ginawa natin sa 3x3 matrices, icross-out din natin ang element pero this time 2 at a time
na.
Ang magiging term natin will be:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)𝑖+𝑖+𝑗+𝑗 | || |
𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏

Ano ngayon yung “i” and “j”. Yung “i” naman ngayon will be the rows ng elements na common
kapag ki-nross out natin ang rows and column ng element. Tapos ung “j” naman ay yung
columns na nacross-out.

Tapos may mabubuo tayong dalawang 2x2 matrices, yung unang matrix ay yung mga elements
na common kapag nagcross-out ng rows at columns, at yung pangalawang matrix (known as the
complementary matrix nung unang matrix) ay yung hindi common (o yung mga natirang
elements).

Example:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Using rows 1 and 2 as reference and columns 1 and 2:

 For the 1st term:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Dito, ginamit natin and rows 1 and 2, at columns 1 and 2. Tapos nung nai cross-out na ang rows
and columns na yon, common (tinamaan) ang mga elements na { 1, 10, 0 at 4 }, tapos yung
natirang 2x2 matrix naman ay { 1,2, 5 and 5 }.

Kung irerewrite natin yun into Laplace expansion:

1 10 1 2
1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)1+2+1+2 | || |
0 4 5 5
1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)6 [(1)(4) − (0)(10)][(1)(5) − (5)(2)]

1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (1)(4 − 0)(5 − 10)

𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = −𝟐𝟎

  For the 2nd term:
1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Using rows 1 and 2 (dahil yun ang reference) at columns 1 and 3,

1 5 0 2
2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)1+2+1+3 | || |
0 12 5 5
2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)7 [(1)(12) − (0)(5)][(0)(5) − (5)(2)]

2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)(12)(−10)

𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎

 For the 3rd term:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Uisng rows 1 and 2, columns 1 and 4:

1 8 0 1
3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)1+2+1+4 | || |
0 27 5 5
3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)8 [(1)(27) − (0)(8)][(0)(5) − (5)(1)]

3𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (1)(27)(−5)

𝟑𝒓𝒅 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = −𝟏𝟑𝟓

 For the 4th term:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Using rows 1 and 2, columns 2 and 3:
 10 5 28 2
4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (1 −)1+2+2+3 | || |
4 12 7 5
4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)8 [(10)(12) − (4)(5)][(28)(5) − (7)(2)]

4𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 1(120 − 20)(140 − 14)

𝟒𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟎

 For the 5th term:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Using rows 1 and 2, columns 2 and 4:

10 8 28 1
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)1+2+2+4 | || |
4 27 7 5
5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)9 [(10)(27) − (4)(8)][(28)(5) − (7)(1)]

5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)(270 − 32)(140 − 7)

𝟓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = −𝟑𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟒

 For the 6th term:

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Using rows 1 and 2, columns 3 and 4:

5 8 28 0
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)1+2+3+4 | || |
12 27 7 5
6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (−1)10 [(5)(27) − (12)(8)][(28)(5) − (7)(0)]

6𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (1)(135 − 96)(140 − 0)

𝟔𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = 𝟓𝟒𝟔𝟎

Therefore:

The determinant of Matrix A will be the sum of the terms:

det 𝐴 = −20 + 120 + (−135) + 12600 + (−31654) + 5460

 𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = −𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟗 𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹

1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5
Try naman natin using column 1 and 2 as the reference:

1 10 5 8 1 10 5 8 1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27 0 4 12 27 0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ] 𝐴=[ ] 𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2 28 0 1 2 28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5

1 10 5 8 1 10 5 8 1 10 5 8
0 4 12 27 0 4 12 27 0 4 12 27
𝐴=[ ] 𝐴=[ ] 𝐴=[ ]
28 0 1 2 28 0 1 2 28 0 1 2
7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5

This time, columns naman natin ang constant. Tapos yung rows naman ang may distinct
combinations {1,2}, {1,3},{1,4}, {2,3}, {2,4} at {3,4}

1 10 1 2 1 10 12 27
𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = (−1)1+2+1+2 | || | + (−1)1+3+1+2 | || |
0 4 5 5 28 0 5 5
1 10 12 27 0 4 5 8
+ (−1)1+4+1+2 | || | + (−1)2+3+1+2 | || |
7 5 1 2 28 0 5 5
2+4+1+2 0 4 5 8 28 0 5 8
+ (−1) | || | + (−1)3+4+1+2 | || |
7 5 1 2 7 5 12 27
det 𝐴 = (−1)6 [(1)(4) − (0)(10)][(1)(5) − (5)(2)]
+ (−1)7 [(1)(0) − (28)(10)][(12)(5) − (27)(5)]
+ (−1)8 [(1)(5) − (7)(10)][(12)(2) − (1)(27)]
+ (−1)8 [(0)(0) − (28)(4)][(5)(5) − (5)(8)]
+ (−1)9 [(0)(5) − (7)(4)][(5)(2) − (1)(8)]
+ (−1)10 [(28)(5) − (7)(0)][(5)(27) − (12)(8)]

det 𝐴 = (1)(4 − 0)(5 − 10) + (−1)(0 − 280)(60 − 135) + (1)(5 − 70)(24 − 27)
+ (1)(0 − 112)(25 − 40) + (−1)(0 − 28)(10 − 8) + (1)(140 − 0)(135
− 96)

det 𝐴 = (4)(−5) − (−280)(−75) + (−65)(−3) + (−112)(−15) − (−28)(2) + (140)(39)

 det 𝐴 = −20 − 21000 + 195 + 1680 + 56 + 5460

𝐝𝐞𝐭 𝑨 = −𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟗 𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹

TRY NYO NAMAN USING

YUNG IBANG REFERENCE
(EX. ROWS 2 AND 3 OR
ROWS 2 AND 4 OR
COLUMNS 1 AND 3, OR
COLUMNS 3 AND 4)