Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Future Generation Computer Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fgcs

Convergence of IoT and product lifecycle management in medical

health care
Ali Hassan Sodhro a,b , Sandeep Pirbhulal c,d , Arun Kumar Sangaiah e, *
a
Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, 65200, Pakistan
b
DISP LAB, University Lumiere Lyon 2, Lyon, France
c
CAS Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, 518055, China
d
Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, SIAT, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
e
School of Computing Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India

article info a b s t r a c t
Article history: Emerging trends in Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) or Medical Internet of Things (MIoT), and minia-
Received 13 December 2017 turized devices with have entirely changed the landscape of the every corner. Main challenges that
Received in revised form 7 February 2018 heterogeneous sensor-enabled devices are facing during the connectivity and convergence with other
Accepted 26 March 2018
domains are, first, the information/knowledge sharing and collaboration between several communicating
Available online 13 April 2018
parties such as, from manufacturing engineer to medical expert, then from hospitals/healthcare centers
to patients during disease diagnosis and treatment. Second, battery lifecycle and energy management
Keywords:
Product lifecycle management of wearable/portable devices. This paper solves first problem by integrating IoMT with Product Lifecycle
Internet of Medical Things Management (PLM), to regulate the information transfer from one entity to another and between devices
Battery lifecycle in an efficient and accurate way. While, second issue is resolved by proposing two, battery recovery-based
Energy management algorithm (BRA), and joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle optimization-based (JEHDO) algorithm for
Battery recovery algorithm managing the battery lifecycle and energy of the resource-constrained tiny wearable devices, respectively.
Joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle Besides, a novel joint IoMT and PLM based framework is proposed for medical healthcare applications.
optimization (JEHDO) Experimental results reveal that BRA and JEHDO are battery-efficient and energy-efficient respectively.
© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Healthcare IoT. IoMT consists of interconnected devices, e.g., wire-

For the promising medical world, the transformation of conven-
tional methods into digital form is the first and foremost priority
to encourage the electronics medical (e-medical) market, wear-
able/portable/handheld devices which are the need of hour for in-
formation sharing/transformation, management between several
entities. So, keeping in view the demand and importance of the
emerging trend Internet of Things (IoT) is adopted jointly with
product lifecycle management (PLM); a decisive and intelligent
business approach for effectively managing the lifecycle of IoT-
based devices during patient’s treatment in the medical hospi-
tals/centers/theaters. In other words almost every aspect of human
lives for instance, factories to farms, cities to towns and healthcare
to well-being etc. will be covered uniformly up to 2020, so PLM
technology is no exception [1,2]. In addition this research merely
considers the use of IoT in healthcare application which is known
as, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) or Medical IoT (MIoT) or
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sarunkumar@vit.ac.in, arunkumarsangaiah@gmail.com
(A.K. Sangaiah).
less body sensor networks (WBSNs), Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee),
RFIDs, Tags, Sensors, PDAs, Smartphones, etc., that could sense,
process and transmit information in healthcare, and wearables,
etc. [3]. The IoT, also referred to as the Internet of Everything (IoE),
or the Industrial IoT, which has the great potential to reshape the
entire business world. The connection of devices in IoT provides
transformational opportunities for managing battery lifecycle and
energy of the products (i.e., wearable/portable/handheld devices).
Henceforth, it is important to understand the operational mech-
anism of the battery in these small devices due to their power
hungry nature before integrating with other emerging technolo-
gies such as, PLM for effective and economical service provisioning,
value chain supply to the medical companies and enterprises.
Recently, due to rapidly changing healthcare scenario and very
tough competition from stakeholders provokes lower growth and
profit margins, and it is challenging to manage unlimited wearable
devices and their connectivity. However, the hospitals and medical
theaters are looking at more holistic approaches for bringing state-
of-the art technologies into healthcare industries to accelerate
examination and caregiving facilities at cost-effective rates. This
is very cumbersome because of large loop-holes between available
technological skill sets and desired healthcare demands. Besides, it

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.03.052
0167-739X/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
is observed that large number of medical healthcare companies are
not properly managing the cross-functional collaboration which
is desperately needed to revise and support traditional healthcare
market conditions [4,5].
One substantial and hybrid approach to cope-up with afore-
mentioned healthcare challenges is the joint IoT and PLM based
set-up for managing health related information across the medical
devices, hospitals and physicians, etc. Also our proposed solu-
tion provide medical hospitals, centers and organizations with
the ability to collaborate and share information very quickly and
efficiently. By considering this feeling as the need of hour, some
key solutions for managing health market’s performance in terms
of battery lifecycle and energy resources for small IoT devices.
Gartner [1] examine through research report that the growth
to be 6.4 billion IoT device by 2016, and 20.8 billion by 2020. The
data presented showed that the trend is expected to grow further
in the near future. In most of the existing devices infrastructure, it is
difficult to accommodate changes to the devices after deployment,
including connectivity modifications, feature enhancement, tech-
nology upgrades, etc. So, IoT device lifecycle management is the
key element for industries to have complete insight and control
of their devices infrastructure. Today, device lifecycle manage-
ment enables many industries to transition to ‘smart’ ecosystems,
like smart energy (e.g., Internet of Energy or smart grid), smart
buildings, smart retail, smart transportation, smart cities, smart
factories, and smart agriculture [6–9]. As more and more devices
get connected, the challenges with energy and battery lifecycle
management of the sensor nodes becomes critical. In addition IoT’s
remote device lifecycle management plays a key role in enabling a
360◦ with bright and big picture of the medical healthcare industry.
According to a device pilot study, about 88% of companies find
the device management as a major concern and are incorporating
methods to manage their devices seamlessly. In such a scenario,
a platform is needed to manage all on-field devices with ease. The
interesting question is that what experiences people want and how
can they be satisfied? Customers’ experiences can be replicated
to the extent that the estimation of their thinking and feelings
would be made while encountering products’’. The technology also
connects engineers, medical experts and end-users (i.e., patients
and doctors) in a collaborative interactive environment using data-
rich 3D simulations of medical devices and processes. The IoT and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) further offer huge opportunities for PLM.
The more data you collect from each part of the device process, the
greater the potential.
IoT technology is already changing the rule of the game from
developing medical devices and getting acknowledgment, and im-
proving future trends in medical devices with the significant role
of PLM technology in managing their connectivity. As with the
increased complexity and connectivity of these portable devices
over time, it is very necessary to adopt the PLM for managing the
battery lifecycle and energy of them from hospital to the medical
industries [10]. The use of PLM is very vital and foremost need
for the small and large enterprises due to data sharing capability
between different phases of the lifecycle. PLM is a permissive
scheme connects and manages, all the mission-critical information
that affects the working principle of the medical devices. Most
significantly, PLM endeavors a process of rationalizing collabora-
tion and communication between medical experts, consultants,
engineers and business leaders and other pivotal disciplines. Be-
cause of light weight, portability, flexible nature of wearable sensor
devices in IoT, the number of connected devices is set to over-
take the world’s human population. The ecosystem system of the
widely connected medical devices popularly called as the IoMT. But
energy-constrained and limited battery lifetime natured wearable
sensor devices could not fulfill the requirements of medical world
for long time. Therefore, development of battery lifecycle and en-
ergy management techniques is utmost important. Moreover, with
381
the recognizing and demanding role IoT technology, PLM has also
become the center of attention and at the heart of the digital med-
ical enterprises and industries, and has expanded both upstream
into innovation management and downstream into product com-
mercialization, with modern cloud-based solutions managing the
entire lifecycle and energy. Internet itself is not the Paradigm shift
of the IoT, but the changing nature of ‘things’. Smart, connected
devices are generating new value in bringing technical dream to
reality and opening up new landscapes of medical market exam-
ined by Janet Marsh [11]. Smart connected devices improve the
collaboration and flexibility across the entire value chain from the
manufacturing engineers to medical industries, and the medical
experts to the end users. Greg Cline [3] present that the things are
already generating more data than people or applications, and next
medical industrial revolution is already at our door-steps by urging
the importance of integrated PLM in developing smart, connected
medical products that utilize the IoT. Specifically, we will look at
the way best-in-class firms by using PLM strategically, to maximize
the benefit of the successfully developed and deployed wearable
devices in medical market.
Main contribution of this research is threefold. First, integra-
tion of IoMT with Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), for reg-
ulating the information/data transfer/sharing, and collaboration
from medical experts to patients and between devices is made.
Second, two algorithms namely, battery recovery-based algorithm
(BRA), and joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle optimization-
based (JEHDO) are proposed for managing the battery lifecycle and
energy of the resource-constrained portable devices, respectively.
Third, a novel joint IoMT and PLM framework is proposed for
healthcare applications.
The remaining of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2
reviewed related work on the PLM and IoMT. Joint IoMT and PLM
Framework for healthcare applications is proposed in Section 3.
Proposed solutions are presented in Section 4. Experimental results
are depicted in Section 5. Section 6, presents the conclusion of the
paper with future research directions.
2. Literature review
There is a tight and close knot between Internet of Things
(IoT) and PLM in medical market due to rapid proliferation in In-
formation Communication Technologies (ICTs) and sensors which
brings a dynamic change in the industry and academia. As research
on PLM and IoT has been conducted since long time and many
researchers presented their work in different domains generally,
business, entrepreneurship, civil engineering, economics, industry
just name few. But role and use of joint IoT and PLM in digital
medical markets and enterprises is not investigated any more up to
now. Besides, after wide and rigorous review very limited works on
the PLM and its integration with IoMT for healthcare applications
are explored. Gartner [1] predicted that the number of smart de-
vices will be three times greater by 2020, by analyzing the rapidly
increasing pace. The assurance is that every day medical healthcare
products get smarter through the low-cost and innovative sensors
especially, radio frequency transceivers. But these features-based
devices drain greater power, and a majority of tiny nodes are
powered by batteries, which is a critical and interesting challenge.
Michael Alba [2], present the report about the role and IoT as a
game changer for the PLM and brings the technological revolution.
Greg Cline [3], discuss the integration of PLM with the IoT in the
current emerging wave of revolution in the industry and academia.
Janet Marsh [11], examine the importance of the IoT in PLM for
manufacturing process of the product. MyAgile PLM [10], reported
that IoT is totally a new drive and paradigm shift for PLM in this
present era. Nick Easen [4], discuss the digital transformation wave
for reshaping the PLM. Aura Feeney [5], develop battery friendly
382 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
techniques for enhancing the lifetime of IoT-enabled sensors in
smart PLM. In [6–9], researchers present the detailed discussion of
the PLM and its emerging role in IoT for managing the enterprises
and industries but they forget to integrate both for healthcare
applications for managing the energy and battery lifecycle of IoT
devices. Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al. [12,13], develop the green, battery
friendly, and transmission power control algorithms for video and
vital sign signal transmission in WBSNs, but they do not consider
the joint IoT and PLM networks with specific characteristics.
Fei Tao et al. [14], present the IoT’s use in products for its life-
cycle and energy management, their work generally describes the
use of IoT but not specifically in medical health applications. Pallavi
Sethi, et al. [15] discuss the detailed survey on the protocols, archi-
tecture and applications of IoT in distinct areas, they present the
use of RFID sensors/tags in supply chain management, but do not
focus at the energy and battery lifecycle management of wearable
IoT devices for healthcare industry. Reinhold Decker, et al. [16],
present a detailed survey for customer product management with
the help of IoT, they present many tentative solutions for general
business management point of view, but did not focus on the med-
ical marketing and patient’s disease diagnosis with the help of IoT.
Several issues are faced while drifting from tools and technologies-
based management mechanism in process-driven lifecycle man-
agement approaches. In [17], hurdles faced during device lifecycle
management are high-lighted. Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al. [18,19],
propose the medical-QoS optimization and security algorithms for
wireless Telemedicine and WSNs respectively, but their research
does not focus at the energy and battery lifecycle management
in joint IoT and PLM networks. Xin Shen, et al. [20], design IoT
based intelligent system for the distribution and transmission ap-
plications, but they forget to discuss lifecycle management of that
system for the medical industry. Jingran Li, et al. [21], establish
the tradeoff between big data and the PLM for the industries,
but do not concentrate at the lifecycle of the product in medical
healthcare. Bjorn Pehrson, et al. [22], present the state-of-the art
platform and challenges for sensor node’s lifecycle management
for Africa, but the lifecycle management of these wearable nodes
in healthcare application is entirely oversimplified. Marko Paavel
et al. [23], develop the fuzzy logic based maturity model for PLM
and PDM optimization, but oversimplified and forget to discuss the
lifecycle and energy management of the medical health products or
devices. John A. Stankovic et al. [24] present the holistic review of
the energy management in sensor networks for general purpose,
but their work do not focus at the battery lifecycle of these tiny
nodes for medical-care hospitals. Emanuela AS Fielding, et al. [25],
develop the general PLM-based concept for engineering education
management, but their research ignored the main parameters such
as, energy and lifecycle management of the wearable devices in
medical applications. Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al. [26,27], develop the
video transmission algorithm with novel framework in WBSNs,
they further present the role of 5G technology in medical health.
Klaus-Dieter Thoben, et al. [28], discuss in detail the lifecycle
management approaches for CPS system, but they do not focus at
the energy and battery lifetime management in sensor networks
for healthcare hospitals. Yang Liu, et al. [29], introduce the prop-
erties of CPS and figured-out its current situation in system model,
information processing technology and software design aspect, but
do not focus at the energy and lifecycle management problems in
sensor devices for healthcare applications (see Table 1).
Borja Bordel Sánchez, et al. [30], address the progressive solu-
tions for managing the mobility and device lifecycle of CPS, but
forget or oversimplify to discuss the energy and battery lifecycle
issues in medical health market. Ralf Tonjes, et al. [31], propose the
dynamic service creation environment for different applications in
IoT, but their work do not discuss the energy and battery lifecycle
management issues for medical market. Hans Peter Lomholt Bruun,
et al. [32], present the combined visual product architecture and
PLM based approach for developing the family of products, but do
not consider the problem of battery lifetime and energy optimiza-
tion in miniaturized sensor devices. Hewlett-Packard [33], pro-
pose the network’s lifecycle management approach for industrial
business but their main concentration is away from the battery
and energy management of portable devices for public healthcare.
Adam Staisch, et al. [34], examine four innovative tendencies in in-
formation technology (IT) and then found their remarkable impact
on PLM, while their work is not related to the lifetime and energy
management of sensor devices for medical industries. Yiwen wang,
et al. [35], propose a framework for IoT-based product lifecycle
energy management, but neglect to discuss the battery lifetime
management of these wearable device with more inclination to
medical domain. In this white paper authors discuss the lifecycle
management of IoT devices from design to an end-of-life and
address the problems which were faced during the process, but the
lifecycle and energy management of handheld devices for mobile
healthcare is neglected [36].
Abid Houssen, et al. [37], discuss the PLM based global approach
for mechatronics system in order to interconnect all the compo-
nents into the application library, but their work is not focusing
at energy and lifecycle issues of the medical devices. Frede ric
Segonds, et al. [38], develop state-of-the art PLM based quick-fixes
and their applications in the field of textile design, but do not
consider the lifecycle and Green medical health system. Haiqing
Zhang, et al. [39], propose a novel framework for selecting the PLM
component based decision making strategy called AHP, while their
research is not focusing on the energy and lifecycle management in
tiny sensor nodes for healthcare. Syed Akhter Hossain, et al. [40],
develop business based strategy to satisfy the requirements PLM
2.0 for the industries, while energy and battery lifetime problems
for sensor nodes in medical industry are oversimplified. Tommi
Parkkila, et al. [41], discuss the manufacturing, process and man-
agement of the product from middle of life perspective for the
industry but do not consider the energy-efficiency and lifetime
analysis of the medical products. Matthieu Bricogne, et al. [42], de-
sign the synchronized version of the collaborative principles from
the both hardware and software aspects for the PLM, while their
research is not considering the battery and energy issues in the
tiny sensor devices for healthcare applications. Ahmed Hefnawy,
et al. [43], propose lifecycle based modeling approach for smart
cities in order to integrate and process many other IoT and CPS
systems, but do not discuss the energy and battery lifetime man-
agement of smart and tiny devices for digital medical healthcare
system. Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al. [44], design the window-based
transmission control protocol and analyze its impact on the routing
protocols of the WSN, but they do not concentrate on the IoT and
PLM with energy and battery lifecycle management.
Min-Jung Yoo, et al. [45], propose a ontology based closed-loop
PLM architecture in IoT for service management, but there is no any
active role played for medical devices’ lifecycle and energy opti-
mization. Matthias M. Herterich, et al. [46], introduce the product-
related services throughout their entire lifecycle by adopting re-
cent rising technology named cyber–physical systems (CPSs), but
did not consider the energy and battery lifetime management of
sensor nodes. Lifecycle of the medical devices is managed by the
Oracle company, but there is no focus at battery charge and energy
optimization of these handheld devices for medical industries [47].
PTC [48], present the detail about the role and importance of
the PLM for business management. Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al. [49],
propose the battery charge minimization algorithms for vital sign
signal transmission in capsule endoscopy, but they oversimplified
to discuss the joint PLM and IoT system with battery lifecycle and
energy management of tiny sensor devices. Fu, Minfan, et al. [50],
develop the power amplifier based wireless power transfer system
 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391 383

Table 1
Summary of existing works.
Ref. No Applications Proposed techniques Component being optimized Results
[1–8,10,11] Smart IoT devices Battery management Charge and energy Battery aware
[9,12] Medical enterprises Energy-efficient IoT IoT in enterprises Less delay and power drain.
[13–15] Supply chain management Energy management Lifecycle Low power consumption
[16–20] Product management and QoS Algorithms, Architecture Duty cycle Minimize cost and energy
consumption
[20–25] Big data and PLM Battery-friendly Battery charge and maturity IoT and PLM for industries
models
[26–30] PLM, Healthcare, CPS Lifecycle monitoring techniques RFIDs, Sensors Improve quality of product in industry
[31–35] IoT, PLM Battery models IT related services Family of products
[36–40] Mobile healthcare, Mechatronics Product optimization techniques Novel frameworks Smart PLM
[41–47] PLM, Smart cities, Industries Ontology-based methods and Battery lifecycle Smart PLM, Smart CPS
architectures
[46–50] CPS, PLM PLM based techniques Medical devices To extend the lifecycle of medical
devices
[51,52] IoT security, Capsule endoscopy and Battery-friendly and energy Battery charge Lifetime of smart PLM devices
WPT harvesting
[53,54] QoS management in PLM and BAN Routing-based power control To optimize QoS in PLM To monitor IoT based PLM
techniques
[55–57] ECG, QoS and energy management Energy-efficient techniques To optimize, transmission power To obtain energy-efficient IoT based
frameworks and battery charge PLM
[58–60] Knowledge management in TPC, energy harvesting, To optimize, manage the TPC and Smart IoT and PLM
healthcare system, BSN, ECG, PLM duty-cycle
data sources

for power control. Dong, Yanjie, et al. [51], propose power control
and switching for simultaneous wireless information and power
approach for QoS management, but do not focus at the IoT and
PLM approach for the healthcare application. Qi Zhang [61], pro-
pose a novel approach for comparing the energy saving and link
adaptation in BAN, but they did not consider the IoT and PLM based
network for lifecycle and energy management of the tiny devices.
Ernesto Ibarra, et al. [62], propose a QoS based energy management
scheme for the BSN by adopting the harvesting mechanism, but
over simplified to work on the combined IoT and PLM approach
for the battery lifecycle management in healthcare. Haitao Xu,
et al. [63], design the optimal power control algorithm for the
wireless powered sensor networks, but they do not focus at the
joint IoT and PLM for battery lifecycle and energy management of
the portable devices. He Youquan, et al. [52] propose information
construction and knowledge management based approach for a
domestic manufacturing industry, but do not focus at the role of
PLM in medical health sector or industry. Yixu Hao et al. [53],
develop the novel concept of energy harvesting for healthcare
system, they just considered wireless energy/information transfer
techniques but did not focus at the battery lifecycle and energy
management over joint IoT and PLM networks, even they did not
use the battery model and PLM technology with IoT for health-
care applications. Authors in [53,62], propose the detailed security
techniques for the IoT based smart home and healthcare systems,
but do not focus the smart PLM for the medical applications.
Researchers [59,64], develop the Green and battery friendly IoT
and BSN based healthcare systems, but forget to consider the joint
IoT and PLM environment for the healthcare. Authors in [56–58],
discuss the performance of efficient ECG based systems for the
human health diagnosis with strong security mechanism.
All the aforementioned research works are not focusing on the
energy and battery lifecycle management of joint PLM and IoT-
enabled wearable sensor devices for healthcare applications in
medical market, but they discussed the general applications of PLM
from very different perspective instead of medical industry. So, this
research is the initial small step towards the integrated PLM with
IoT-based systems in medical health theaters and hospitals in order
to serve the community with a cost-effective manner (see Fig. 1).
3. Proposed joint IoMT and PLM framework for healthcare ap-
plications
IoT technology has already become the game changer and cen-
ter of attention for re-shaping the medical industries and compa-
nies from traditional to digital form. In parallel PLM is not far be-
hind in entirely transforming the medical landscape, by playing the
role of the catalyst in managing, deploying and leveraging medical
products (i.e., wearable devices). Joint IoT and PLM mechanism,
can be called as a bit complicated systems of software, commu-
nication and management components etc. To manage the full
lifecycle (i.e., from beginning to end) of tiny wearable le devices,
PLM must be outfitted with new capabilities and collaborative
skills for instance, big data and medical cloud computing, etc. that
process returned information from wearable sensors. To leverage
data coming back from IoT, PLM needs new potential for example,
connectivity and scale, for coordinating with the manufacturing
engineers, medical experts, hospitals and patients. For the effective
and efficient treatment of patients through information exchang-
ing and knowledge sharing between patients and physicians, there
is a dire need of proper and state-of-the art architecture. This
section proposes the novel joint IoT and PLM framework for the
medical health applications (see Fig. 2). The proposed framework
contains four major steps.
First, e-Cloud with IoT enabled devices is developed; in which
devices can communicate with each other while sharing and ex-
changing very important information. Second, the energy and
lifecycle of these devices will be managed from the beginning to
the end of the medical treatment process by following the stack-
layer of IoT devices. Third, by keeping in view the knowledge and
information collecting capability, energy and lifecycle managing
art of 6LowPAN wearable sensors, these must be deployed in med-
ical hospitals/centers/theaters to serve the emergency patients at
near-by and remote locations. In addition that hospital data can
be stored in the IoT based PLM server, then that information will
be displaced on the notice boards of the hospitals for the ease
and comfort of both the patients and doctors as presented in the
fourth step of the proposed framework. By following that displaced
information doctor/physician will be assigned to the patients, time
and dates can be conveyed, room, nurse for the look-after, and
medicine dosage will be allotted to emergency patients.
384 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391

Fig. 1. Integration of IoMT and closed-loop PLM.

Fig. 2. Proposed framework of IoT and PLM for medical applications.

 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
4. Proposed solutions for battery lifecycle and energy manage-
ment
Emerging trends in IoMT and its connectivity facing two critical
issues. First, the connectivity for information/knowledge sharing
between several parties such as, from manufacturing engineer to
medical expert, then from hospitals/healthcare centers to patients
for disease diagnosis and treatment. Second, battery lifecycle and
energy management of wearable/portable devices. In this paper
we tried to solve the first problem by integrating IoMT with PLM,
for managing the information transfer from one entity to another
and between devices. While, second issue is resolved by proposing
two, battery recovery-based algorithm (BRA), and joint energy
harvesting and duty-cycle optimization-based (JEHDO) algorithms
for managing the battery lifecycle and energy of the resource-
constrained tiny devices, respectively.
4.1. Battery recovery-based algorithm for lifecycle management in
IoMT system
IoMT is the collection of the tiny wearable medical devices
/sensors, which heavily dependents on batteries. It is not easy
to frequently replace the battery of these resource-constrained
devices, so battery lifecycle management techniques are most
wanted ingredients. In this proposed approach battery lifetime of
the sensor nodes is extended by using battery recovery mecha-
nism in IoMT. Battery charge recovery model is designed to regain
the lost charge and manage lifecycle from starting to end point.
In charge recovery mechanism unavailable charge escapes after
inserting idle time (δ ) between tasks during data/information ex-
changing/sharing over joint PLM and IoMT.
4.1.1. Battery system model
Analytical battery model [12] is a basic and remarkable entity
for analyzing and understanding the mechanism of the tiny de-
vices while transmitting or sharing information with continued
collaboration. Extensive research have already been conducted for
battery modeling and its features extraction. Moreover, reducing
energy consumption is very vital for the battery-powered wear-
able sensor devices that will be part of the future IoT. Recently,
researchers assess IoT systems by considering the battery as an
energy container. Two most wanted elements are the current load
and the duty-cycle. These properties have been widely studied for
the batteries of sensor networks, IoT, etc. In batteries load profile
is represented as the periodic sequence of the N constant current
values I1 , I2 , I3 , . . . , IN , whereas, Ik is the current of task k at time tk ,
and is used for an inter-arrival duration time ∆k = tk+1 − tk . The
association between the current and time {Ik , tk } and the battery
lifetime L is given in Eq. (1). Parameter α presents the fully charged
status of battery, and the β depicts it is the non-linearity and
provides information about rapid dispersal rate of the battery. The
battery accomplishment will be appeared and un-available charge
will be converted into charged ones with increased value of β . To
find the battery charge depletion σ (t) after the processing of M
(M < N) at time T (T < L), then by changing N with M and L
with T in Eq. (1), which gives Eq. (2). m reveals the number of tasks
and T is the deadline time for finishing tasks. The battery’s cost
function σ (t) in Eq. (2), includes two parts one is consumed charge
C (t), and other is unavailable charge U(t) over time t. The C (t) is
the original charge value linearly connected to current Ik and inter-
arrival duration time ∆k .
N N ∞ −β 2 m2 (L−t −β 2 m2 (L−tk )
∑ ∑ ∑ e k −∆k )−e
α (t) = Ik ∆ k + 2Ik
β 2 m2
k=1 k=1 m=1
385
Fig. 3. Battery recovery effect during data transmission in IoMT [12].
M M ∞ 2 2 2 2
∑ ∑ ∑ e−β m (T −tk −∆k ) − e−β m (T −tk )
σ (t) = Ik ∆ k + 2Ik . (2)
β 2 m2
k=1 k=1 m=1
    
C (t) U(t)
4.1.2. Battery charge recovery mechanism
In Eq. (2) the unavailable charge U(t) vanishes over time t if
battery functions in an unstoppable manner. Fig. 3, reveals that
a periodic discharge enhances the lifetime of a battery because
of ineffective schedule and charge recovery time. For an uninter-
rupted charge recovery, the slant remains reasonably consistent as
anticipated. For a regular discharge nevertheless, battery regains
little depleted charge, leads to piecewise-regular discharge devia-
tion. Sensor nodes with high remaining charge will be prioritized
first than the nodes with less charge capacity with back-off time.
Battery charge will be increased by one unit with probability Rxi ,yi
at unit i, as represented in Eq. (3).
⎧
⎨e−g ×(x−xi )−φ (yi ) xi ∈ [1, x]
Rxi ,yi = yi ∈ [1, y] (3)
other w ise
⎩0
whereby, g and φ (yi ) are the constant entities and regular constant
function of number of charge units transferred according to battery
properties, respectively [12]. Ordinarily, the value of φ (yi ) encoun-
ters the battery recovery. The x and y reveals the apparent and
analytical storage of the battery, subsequently. IoT platform is very
powerful in which various nodes communicate and interlinked
with the wireless link, by MAC protocol’s mechanism e.g., the
carrier sense medium access/collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). In
that protocol backoff slot starts from 0 to 2BE − 1, while the range
of backoff exponent (BE) is in between macMinBE and macMaxBE.
Battery capacity factor c is introduced to select the backoff period
(bp) on the basis of remaining charge, as shown in Eq. (4).
bp = ⌈bp × (1 + c)⌉ (4)
whereby, bp = [macMinBE , macMaxBE ], and c = 1 − xi /x; x is the
nominal capacity of battery. Lifecycle of small batteries is exam-
ined thoroughly and will be more favorable when several devices
utilizing their batteries to communicate with the Internet. Real-
life operation mechanism of various batteries [24–30] is highly
valuable to the manufacturing engineers, as given in Fig. 4.
4.2. Joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle optimization based algo-
rithm for IoMT
One of the emerging networking standards that diminish the
rift between the real and the imaginary worlds is the IoMT, in
(1) which smart objects communicate with each other, data are gath-
ered and certain demands of the end users are fulfilled accordingly.
386 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
Fig. 4. Battery recovery algorithm.
Fig. 5. Power consumption during the different states of RF transceiver.
So, there is a dire need of battery-efficient and energy-efficient
techniques for the IoMT, and is very challenging to manage the
complexity in growing number of sensors. This section addresses
energy management issues by proposing JEHDO algorithm. Most
energy hungry part in the sensor networks is the transmission,
therefore, it is better to develop novel energy and battery charge
management techniques. However, most of the conventional so-
lutions are complex and expensive from both the computational
and the memory resources point of view and; therefore, they result
in being hardly implementable on resource-constrained devices.
Therefore, energy harvesting techniques/algorithms are suitable
choice for both energy and lifecycle management and hence, the
longer transmission of the sensor nodes in healthcare environ-
ment.
TtranON + TAct + TtranOFF
DCS = (5)
TtranON + TAct + TtranOFF + Tslp
whereas,
TtranON : Transition time from sleep to idle mode
TtranOFF : Transition time from idle to sleep mode
TAct : Active time of a node
Tslp : Sleep time of a node.
Our adopted joint duty-cycle and energy harvesting system
model works in three steps first to harvest energy from access point
(AP), second to store that energy in the battery and third, to use
that for the sensing and communication over IoMT system. We
assume that system is configured in a star topology with a direct
link to the BS. A multi-standard (Bluetooth Low Energy/Zigbee)
transceiver with energy 1.9 nJ/b at frequency of 24 GHz is utilized
for IoMT [31–34], while the sensor and the reader are modeled
based on a 30mW analog signal processor integrated circuit for
biomedical signal monitoring [35–40]. First energy is harvested
with AP through a wireless energy transfer (WET) mechanism at a
harvesting rate β (t), and stored in the energy storage device (e.g., a
battery); which passes a current α (t) to the other parts of a sensor
node (i.e., duty-cycle optimizer), and finally transferred to the BS
to manage energy in IoMT. The average current consumption of
a task can be adjusted by modifying its execution period TON . As
transceiver has multiple states e.g., active, idle and sleep. Hence,
duty cycle (DC) mechanism of any sensor S is given in Eq. (5) and
Fig. 5.
Moreover, energy optimization during sensing and transmis-
sion is focused in medical healthcare (see Fig. 6). For instance,
IoT consists of ‘S’ sensor nodes and base station, and a wireless
channel. Wearable sensor nodes are responsible for data measure-
ments, recording and communications. Considering heavy demand
of medical healthcare, this section targets energy drain issues dur-
ing smart healthcare. Time period of ‘S’ is considered as an optimal
entity, and estimated for sensing and transmission. A sensor ‘i’
where i = 1, 2, . . . , S, exhausts energy given by Eseni (b) during
data packet sensing of b bits size. Etxi (b, dij ) energy is consumed
for transmitting b bits data packet using j sensor and dij distance.
Total energy consumed by IoMT system is represented in Eq.
(6). So, on the basis of that energy drain level battery state of the
charge (SoC) can be measured as in Eq. (7). Using αsense (current
consumption during sensing task), αTX (current consumption dur-
ing transmission task) and β (energy harvesting rate) parameters,
the battery SoC can be computed for the next wake-up periods
(TON ) in Eq. (7), and Fig. 7
S
∑
Eseni (b) + Etxi (b, dij )
( )
E= (6)
i=1
SoC (TON + TOFF )
S
∑
β − Eseni (b) + Etxi (b, dij ) + Cleakage × nTON .
[ ( )]
= (7)
i=1
It is worth noting that the instantaneous value of β (t) depends
on the amount of energy available from the AP which is therefore
uncontrollable. As α (t) counts on both the task activation rate
and the transmission power. Thus, α (t) can be partially controlled
by several transmission power levels. Few data packets will be
dropped due to channel condition or received signal strength in-
dicator (RSSI) value of −100 dBm. Duty-cycle optimizer adjusts
the execution time of tasks, so that the packets can be correctly
received at the BS while minimizing the charge drain. Smartphone
is adopted to play the role of BS with high processing ability and
an external power supply, for getting all necessary information
from transmitter node. The transmitter sensor node’s power con-
sumption is divided into two fundamental parts, first the power
drain in sub-sections (i.e., microcontroller unit (MCU), analog-to-
digital converter (ADC), sensor and readout), and second the power
consumption concerned to the duty-cycle of the transceiver.
5. Results and discussion
In this section we present the comparative analysis of the pro-
posed BRA and JEHDO energy and battery lifecycle management
algorithms with their deep roots to PLM and IoMT system. IoMT
shows short distance coverage in which power depletion of power
amplifier (PA) rules the power drain of transceiver. The power
 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391 387

Fig. 6. Proposed joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle optimization framework for medical healthcare.

transmission power levels; hence, transmission power control is

not a suitable candidate for desired energy/battery lifecycle man-
agement.

5.1. Comparison between BRA and JEHDO algorithms in IoMT

The basic concept behind BRA and JEHDO algorithms is to man-

age the battery lifecycle and energy of the joint PLM and IoMT sys-
tem for medical healthcare application. To compare the energy and
battery lifecycle management algorithms in joint PLM and IoMT
system, basic and simple energy model is considered. Transition
time is neglected due to the small size of sensor nodes and smaller
active period duty-cycle, which manages battery lifecycle poorly.
Nonetheless, transition time impacts the even shorter active time
Fig. 7. Proposed JEHDO algorithm.
during the transmission schedule design. It is assumed that the
BRA and JEHDO algorithms use maximum transmission power and
the lowest energy harvesting rate. Total energy dissipation E0 (the
dissipation of PA (PPA ), is denoted as transmission power (PTx ), and product of power consumed during sending packets and time t)
efficiency of PA (ηPA ), can be defined in Eq. (8) of the baseline scheme sends number of packets Npack from the
PTx transmitter node to the BS, as shown in Eqs. (12) and (13).
ηPA = . (8)
PPA E0 = (PTx + PBS ) × t
Battery/energy efficiency (η) of a transceiver, is defined in Eq. (9) Npack × l (12)
= V (I0 + IBS ) ×
PTx R0
η= Tx BS
(9) Tx BS
PPA + Pcic + Pcic whereby, PTx = PPA + Pcic , and PBS = Pcic , Npack shows number
Tx BS of packets, l is the length of the packet. Suppose, IBS = γ ×
whereby, Pcic , Pcic are the power dissipation of the transmitter
I0 , whereby I0 and γ are the Current (mA) drawn at maximum
and base station (BS) circuits, subsequently. When PA governs
Tx BS transmission power and coefficient of transceiver, respectively. For
the transceiver’s power drain, then Pcic + Pcic , is very modest as
further details see Table 2.
compared to PPA . Hence, η can be approximated as in Eq. (10).
V × I0 × Npack × l
PTx E0 = (1 + γ ) × . (13)
η≈ = ηPA (10) R0
PPA
whereby, ηPA , slightly varies and depends on PA type and power In JEHDO, the transmission time changes according to en-
level of transmitter. Normally, ηPA suddenly diminishes the re-
ergy harvesting and duty-cycle rates. Conventionally, high data
ceived power, however, for ease and clarity we assume a fixed
rate modulation schemes increase the power consumption of
efficiency of PA, ηPA . If total energy drain at transmitter node and
transceiver but manages energy in an efficient manner that is why
BS is taken into account, then the energy/battery efficiency will
quadrature modulator is the center of attention for increasing in-
not be more than 50%, because TPC is not participating in energy
saving at the BS. Nevertheless, the power dissipation in transceiver built phase resolution. The revolution is only possible after deploy-
leads at distance <10 m in IoMT. The PPA is slightly less than ing quadrature modulator; thus, power drain will not be adopted
the power drain of transceiver. Thus transceiver’s approximated at large extent in the transceiver while selecting modulation level.
energy/battery efficiency of is shown in Eq. (11). Hence, the total energy drain during Npack transmission in JEHDO
can be expressed in Eq. (14). We assume that energy drain at the
PTx
η≈ Tx BS
. (11) transmitter and BS is to be constant.
Pcic + Pcic
Npack
∑ l
We can see that η goes down when power/charge is reduced. In EJEHDO = V (I0 + IBS ) . (14)
such a system the energy consumption increases indirectly with Rj
n=1
388 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391

Table 2
Energy and battery lifecycle management algorithms.
Symbols Description Unit
PTx Transmission power mW
PBS Received power mW
Npack Packet number
l Packet length Bytes
αco , βco Coefficients
γ Coefficient for CC2420 radio
I0 Load current mA
IBS Current at BS mA
R0 Minimum data rate kbps
Ii Average current at transmitter with BRA mA
Rj Data rate arrangement kbps
Rj Average data rate of BRA and JEHDO kbps Fig. 8. Comparison between BRA, and JEHDO algorithm.
EBRA Total energy consumption of BRA mW
EJEHDO Total energy consumption of JEHDO mW
ξBRA Energy saving efficiency of BRA
ξJEHDO Energy saving efficiency of JEHDO adopted for IoMT. Usually, the RSSI value is supposed to approx-
ξ Efficiency of BRA and JEHDO algorithms imately deteriorates 3 dB between the IoMT devices, when data
rate increases two times. For example, when spreading factor is
Table 3 reduced to half, the data rate is doubled but the 3dB processing
Threshold values of BRA and JEHDO algorithms. gain is lost. Suppose, a modulation scheme QPSK is selected, then
PTx (mW) αco βco _thr βco the energy per symbol to noise density ratio Es /N0 increases up to
1 1 1 1 3 dB in BRA algorithm or alternatively it can double the data rate
0.5 0.8736 1.0647 2 with JEHDO algorithm. Eq. (18) shows the threshold of βco (βco _thr)
0.25 0.7529 1.1348 4 that JEHDO manages energy more efficiently than BRA.
0.125 0.6624 1.1938 8
1+γ
βco _thr = . (18)
Table 4 αco + γ
CC2420 IoT transceiver radio and parameters.
Tables 3 and 4, shows the βco _thr value of CC2420 with the clear
Parameter Value condition of βco ≥ βco _thr. The basic concept of JEHDO is that the
Frequency 2.4 GHz transmitter sensor node selects the energy harvesting rate based
I0 17.4 mA
on the buffer size at BS and RSSI value in IoMT. The higher value
αco , βco 0.489, 0.51
γ 1.08 of RSSI (−80 to −85 dBm) guarantees the lower packet loss and
IBS 18.8 more stable system with less bit error rate. Fig. 8, reveals the energy
η 0.92% and battery efficiency measurements of Baseline, BRA and JEHDO
algorithms. It is analyzed and evaluated that BRA is the battery-
efficient, and JEHDO is energy-efficient, while Baseline is neither
Suppose, the mean data rate for transmitting the Npack is Rj = βco R0 , energy nor battery friendly. Fig. 9 shows the relationship between
βco ≥ 1. Whereby βco is the co-efficient. Then Eq. (15) will be battery charge/discharge and energy consumption level of IoMT
devices with respect to the time. It is analyzed and observed that
Npack × l
EJEHDO = V (I0 + γ I0 ) × energy is consumed linearly with time, while battery charge is
βco R0 exponentially decreasing and battery discharge is exponentially
(15)
1+γ V × I0 × Npack × l increasing too. Besides, both battery lifecycle and energy are man-
= × .
βco R0 aged by keeping in view the whole scenario of energy and bat-
tery charge consumption. Fig. 10, depicts the energy consumption
Comparing with the constant data rate, the energy saving effi-
analysis of three algorithms such as, Baseline, BRA and JEHDO.
ciency of JEHDO, ξJEHDO , can be calculated as in the Eq. (16), and
It is observed and analyzed that BRA consumes less energy than
shown in Tables 3 and 4
Baseline, while JEHDO outperforms the both BRA and Baseline,
1 so it is energy-efficient for health applications over integrated
ξJEHDO = (E0 − EJEHDO )/E0 = 1 − . (16)
βco PLM and IoMT networks. Fig. 11, shows the trade-off between
From Eq. (16), it is obvious that the JEHDO uses the average values battery charge consumption and time for Baseline, BRA and JEHDO
of energy harvesting and duty-cycle in order to manage both. It algorithms. It is examined that BRA is more battery-efficient than
is observed that, JEHDO manages energy in an effective way than the Baseline and BRA, by depleting less amount of charge, hence,
BRA, while EBRA and EJEHDO are compared by following Eq. (17). considered as a suitable candidate for battery lifecycle manage-
ment over joint IoMT and PLM networks for medical healthcare
ξ = (EBRA − EJEHDO )/EBRA applications.
1−γ (17)
=1− . 6. Conclusions and future research
βco (αco + γ )
Eq. (18) show that as long as βco ≥
1+γ
α+γ
, JEHDO will outperform Rapid progress in IoT-enabled devices and business trends with
the BRA. innovative technologies i.e., PLM have attracted the attention of ev-
eryone. In addition due to the vital role, great importance, and dy-
5.2. Performance evaluation of energy and battery lifecycle manage- namic integrating nature of PLM with IoT holds substantial promise
ment algorithms for medical enterprises/industries to optimize their businesses,
and revenue with pretty novel strategies. This is a big opportunity
In this section, we compare the JEHDO and BRA algorithms for for manufacturers and developers, but developing joint PLM and
the energy and battery lifecycle management of portable devices IoMT system to manage lifecycle and energy of sensor devices is
 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
Fig. 9. Battery lifecycle and energy management of IoMT devices.
Fig. 10. Energy consumption of baseline, BRA and JEHDO algorithms.
Fig. 11. Battery charge consumption of baseline, BRA and JEHDO algorithm.
a complex challenge. Integration of IoMT and PLM cutting-edge
technologies fulfills the needs of medical personals, experts, pa-
tients and industries. Besides, close connectivity between medical
devices, and services, plays a remarkable role in extending the
efficacy of PLM technology for facilitating the end users (i.e., physi-
cians and patients). Smart connection and collaboration between
several entities such as, machine to machine (M2M), and machine
to human, etc. can be established by close ties between IoMT and
PLM.
In this regard we first, integrated IoMT with PLM, for man-
aging the information/data transfer/sharing from medical experts
to patients and between devices. Second, two, battery recovery-
based algorithm (BRA), and joint energy harvesting and duty-cycle
389
optimization-based (JEHDO) algorithms are proposed for manag-
ing the battery lifecycle and energy of the resource-constrained
tiny devices, respectively. Third, a novel joint IoMT and PLM frame-
work is proposed for healthcare applications. Main limitation of the
proposed research is the proper inter-operability technique and
algorithms which are not addressed accordingly. In near future we
will develop the inter-operability architecture, and algorithms for
heterogeneous platform of 5G, IoT, Cloud-computing and PLM for
economical healthcare facilities.
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by HEC Pakistan under the START-UP
RESEARCH GRANT PROGRAM (SRGP) #21-1465/SRGP/R&D/HEC/
2016, and Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan, and
DISP LAB University Lumiere Lyon 2, under Erasmus Mundus’s
SMARTLINK Program2017.
Disclosures
There is no conflict of interest between all authors.
References
[1] Gartner news, Battery Size Matters: Five fundamental considerations for a
battery-powered, wireless IoT sensor product, Sep 8, 2015.
[2] Michael Alba, How the Internet of Things is Changing Product Lifecycle Man-
agement, May 15, 2017.
[3] Greg Cline, Integrated Product Lifecycle Management in the Era of IoT, June
2017.
[4] Nick Easen, How digital is transforming product lifecycle management, June
2017.
[5] Laura Feeney, Battery Friendly Methods Make the Batteries Last Longer, RISE
LAB, Sweden, 2017.
[6] AI-Siemens, www.plm.automation.siemens.com/de_ch/Images/AI-SiemensCl
osedLoopQuality-ML-07_tcm782-117511.pdf.
[7] CLM, http://www.starhomemach.com/products/CLM/.
[8] IoT and CPS, http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/blog/IoT-Agenda/
Cyber-physical-systemsand-IoT.
[9] eInfoChips, eInfoChips, Mohit Bhardwaj, Digital Marketing executive.
[10] P.L.M. MyAgile, The internet of things (IoT) is taking product lifecycle manage-
ment (PLM) to a different level, January 31, 2016.
[11] Janet Marsh, The Internet of Everything Manufacturing and Product Lifecycle
Management, July, 2017.
[12] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Ye Li, Madad Ali Shah, Green and friendly media transmis-
sion algorithms for wireless body sensor networks, J. Multimedia Tools Appl.
76 (19) (2017) 20001–20025.
[13] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Ye Li, Madad Ali Shah, Energy-efficient adaptive transmis-
sion power control in wireless body area networks, IET Commun. 10 (1) (2016)
81–90.
[14] Fei Tao, Yiwen Wang, et al., IoT in product lifecycle management, J. Ind. Inf.
Integr. 1 (2016) (2016) 26–39.
[15] Pallavi Sethi, Smruti R. Sarangi, Internet of things: Architectures, protocols, and
applications, J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2017 (2017) (2017) 1–25.
[16] Reinhold Decker, Christian Stummer, Marketing management for consumer
products in the era of the internet of things, Adv. IoT: Sci. Res. Publ. 7 (2017)
(2017) 47–70.
[17] Miradore Ltd, Device Lifecycle Management, White paper, 2016.
[18] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Ye Li, Medical QoS ooptimization in wireless telemedicine
system using optimal smoothing algorithm, E-Health Telecommun. Syst.
Netw. (ETSN) J. 2 (1) (2013).
[19] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Ye Li, Novel key storage and management solution for
the security of wireless sensor networks, TELKOMNIKA Indones. J. Electr. Eng.
11 (6) (2013) 3383–3390.
[20] Xin Shen, et al., Internet of things for power transmission and distribution –
intelligent monitoring and full lifecycle management, in: 2014 China Interna-
tional Conference on Electricity Distribution, CICED 2014 Shenzhen, 23-26 Sep.
2014.
[21] Jingran Li1, et al., Big data in product lifecycle management, Int. J. Adv. Manuf.
Technol. 2015 (2015) 667–684.
[22] Bjorn Pehrson, et al., Challenges in the life-cycle of sensor networks for
automation and densification of environment monitoring in Rural Africa, in:
Bjorn Pehrson (KTH) – Tech4Dev 2016 Conference, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzer-
land, 2016.
390 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
[23] Marko Paavel, et al., Development of a product lifecycle management model
based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. 66 (3)
(2017) 279–286.
[24] John A. Stankovic, et al., Energy management in sensor networks, Philos. Trans.
Roy. Soc. 370 (2012) (2012) 52–67.
[25] Emanuela A.S. Fielding, et al., Product lifecycle management in design and
engineering education: International perspectives, Concurr. Eng., Res. Appl.
(2014) 1–12.
[26] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Giancarlo Fortino, Energy management during video trans-
mission in WBSNs, in: 14th IEEE International Conference on Networking.
Sensing and Control, ICNSC, Calabria, Southern Italy, May 16-18, 2017.
[27] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Madad Ali Shah, Role of 5G in medical health, in: IEEE
International Conference on Innovations in Electrical Engineering and Compu-
tational Technologies, ICIEECT, Indus University, Karachi, Pakistan, 5-7 April,
2017.
[28] Klaus-Dieter Thoben, et al., Considerations on a lifecycle model for cyber-
physical system platforms, APMS 2014, Part I, IFIP Int. Fed. Inf. Process. 438
(2014) 85–92.
[29] Yang Liu, et al., Review on cyber-physical systems, IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sin. 4 (1)
(2017) 27–40.
[30] Borja Bordel Sánchez, et al., Predictive algorithms for mobility and device
lifecycle management in Cyber-Physical Systems, EURASIP J. Wirel. Comm.
Netw. 228 (2016) (2016) 1–13.
[31] Ralf Tonjes, et al., A test-driven approach for life cycle management of internet
of things enabled services, Future Netw. Mob.-Summi 2012 (2012) 1–8.
[32] Hans Peter Lomholt Bruun, et al., PLM system support for modular product
development, Comput. Ind. 67 (2015) (2015) 97–111.
[33] Hewlett-Packard, Network Lifecycle Management A solution approach to
managing networks: A perspective by EMA, White Paper, 2007.
[34] Adam Staisch, et al., Current trends in product lifecycle management, in: 23rd
Australasian Conference on Information Systems Current Trends in PLM, 2012,
pp. 1-10.
[35] Yiwen Wang, et al., Potential applications of IoT-based product lifecycle energy
management, in: IEEE 11th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applica-
tions, ICIEA, 2016.
[36] Wind River System, Managing the IoT Lifecycle design through End-of-Life,
White Paper, 2015, pp. 1-5.
[37] Abid Houssen, et al., Integration approach of mechatronics system in PLM
systems, in: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Automation
& Computing, 2013.
[38] Fre´de´ric Segonds, et al., Proposition of a PLM tool to support textile design: A
case study applied to the definition of the early stages of design requirements,
Comput. Ind. 66 (201) (2015) 21–30.
[39] Haiqing Zhang, et al., Selection of product lifecycle management components
based on AHP methodologies, in: International Conference on Advanced Lo-
gistics and Transport ICALT, 2013, pp. 523-528.
[40] Syed Akhter Hossain, et al., Modeling business processes for PLM services in-
tegration in PLM system, in: 15th IEEE International Conference on Computer
Information Technology, Bangladesh, 2012, pp. 1–7.
[41] Tommi Parkkila, et al., Middle-of-life PLM solutions for reconfigurable net-
worked mechatronic products, ARPN J. Syst. Softw. 2 (5) (2012) 177–186.
[42] Matthieu Bricogne, et al., Concurrent versioning principles for collaboration:
towards PLM for hardware and software data Management, Int. J. Prod. Lifecy-
cle Manag. 7 (1) (2014) 17–37.
[43] Ahmed Hefnawy, et al., Lifecycle based modeling of smart city ecosystem, in:
The 14th International Conference on Information & Knowledge Engineering,
2015, pp. 1-7.
[44] Ali Hassan Sodhro, et al., Impact of transmission control protocol window size
on routing protocols of WSNs, Sindh Univ. Res. J. (SURJ) 44 (2AB) (2012) 143–
148.
[45] Min-Jung Yoo, et al., Closed-Loop Lifecycle Management of Service and Product
in the Internet of Things: Semantic Framework for Knowledge Integration
16(7), 2016, 1–26.
[46] Matthias M. Herterich, et al., The impact of cyber-physical systems on in-
dustrial services in manufacturing, in: 7th Industrial Product-Service Systems
Conference-PSS, industry transformation for sustainability and business, Pro-
cedia CIRP, Vol. 30, No. 2015, 2015, pp. 323–328.
[47] Oracle, ‘Product Lifecycle Management in the Medical Device Industry’, White
paper, 2008, pp. 1-10.
[48] PTC, https://www.ptc.com/en/product-lifecycle-report/complete-product-lif
ecycle-management-the-iot-comes-to-plm.
[49] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Ye Li, Battery-Friendly packet transmission strategies for
wireless capsule endoscopy, in: IFMBE The International Conference on Health
Informatics, Internation Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
(IFMBE) Proceedings, Vol. 42, 2014, pp. 236–239.
[50] Fu Minfan, et al., Loading and power control for a high-efficiency class E PA-
driven megahertz WPT system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 63 (11) (2016) 6867–
6876.
[51] Dong Yanjie, et al., Joint power control and time switching for SWIPT systems
with heterogeneous QoS requirements, IEEE Commun. Lett. 20 (2) (2016) 328–
331.
[52] Haitao Xu, Chao Guo, Long Zhang, Optimal power control in wireless powered
sensor networks: a dynamic game-based approach, MDPI Sensors 17 (3)
(2017) 1–13.
[53] Sandeep Pirbhulal, Heye Zhang, A novel secure iot-based smart home automa-
tion system using a wireless sensor network, Sensors 17 (69) (2016).
[54] He Youquan, et al., Integrated application of PLM based ENOVIA platform in
domestic manufacturing industry, in: 2011 International Conference on In-
formation Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering,
2011, pp. 226-229.
[55] Yixue Hao, Limei, et al., Energy harvesting based BANs for smart health, MDPI
Sensor 17 (7) (2017) 1–10.
[56] Xueliang Xiao, Sandeep Pirbhulal, Performance evaluation of plain weave and
honeycomb weave electrodes for human ECG monitoring, J. Sensors (2017)
1–14.
[57] Wanqing Wu, Heye Zhang, Sandeep Pirbhulal, Assessment of biofeedback
training for emotion management through wearable textile physiological
monitoring system, IEEE Sens. J. 15 (12) (2015) 7087–7095.
[58] Sandeep Pirbhulal, et al., An efficient biometric-based algorithm using heart
rate variability for securing body sensor networks, Sensors 15 (2015) 15067–
15089.
[59] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Aicha Sekahri, Yacine Ouzrout, Energy-efficiency compar-
ison between data rate control and transmission power control algorithms
for wireless body sensor networks, Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Netw. (IJDSN) 14 (1)
(2018) 1–18.
[60] A. Friedrich, et al., Utilization of product lifecycle data from PLM systems in
platforms for Industrial Symbiosis, in: 14th Global Conference on Sustainable
Manufacturing, GCSM 3-5 October 2016, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2017, pp.
1-8.
[61] Qi Zhang, Energy Saving Efficiency Comparison of Transmit Power Control and
Link Adaptation in BANs, Aarhus, Denmark, 2013.
[62] Sandeep Pirbhulal, et al., A comparative study of fuzzy vault based security
methods for wireless body sensor networks, in: 10th International Conference
on Sensing Technology (ICST), 11-13 November 2016, IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–6.
[63] Ernesto Ibarra, Angelos Antonopoulos, Elli Kartsakli, Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues,
Christos Verikoukis, QoS-aware energy management in body sensor nodes
powered by human energy harvesting, IEEE Sens. J. 16 (2) (2016) 542–549.
[64] Ali Hassan Sodhro, Arun Kumar Sangaiah, Sandeep Pirphulal, Aicha Sekhari,
Yacine Ouzrout, Green Media-Aware Medical IoT System, Multimedia Tools &
Applications, Springer, 2018, pp. 1–20. http://link.springer.com/article/10.100
7/s11042-018-5634-0.
Ali Hassan Sodhro at present Dr. Ali Hassan Sodhro, works
as the Postdoctoral Research Fellow in DISP LAB of Univer-
sity Lumiere Lyon 2, Lyon, France under Erasmus Mundus’s
SMARTLINK2017 Project and Assistant Professor in Elec-
trical Engineering Department at Sukkur IBA University,
Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. He is also Head of International
Research Collaboration Committee. He is also reviewer
of many peer-reviewed international journals, IEEE Sen-
sor Journal, International Journal of Distributed Sensor
Networks, Digital Communication and Networks-Elsevier,
Wireless Personal Communication-Springer, etc. He is TPC
member of ACM’s 12th International Conference on BondyNets 2017. Dr. Ali Sodhro
completed his Ph.D. from Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (SIAT, CAS) and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
(UCAS) China in Biomedical Electronic Systems on Energy-efficient Communication
for Wireless Body Sensor Networks, 2016. He did his M.E (Communication Systems
and Networks) and B.E (Telecommunication) both from Mehran University of Engi-
neering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan in 2008 and 2010, respectively.
He has a vast experience of 9 years in Academia & Research. He is a recipient of
Full funded Merit Scholarship Award from Sindh Technical Board, Karachi, Pakistan,
for B.Engg:, from Jan 2004 to Dec. 2007. Fully funded Merit Scholarship Award
from Sindh Technical Board, Karachi and Illm-e-Foundation Lahore, Pakistan, for
M.Engg:, from Jan 2008 to July 2009. Fully funded Ph.D. scholarship Award from
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced
Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, from August 2011 to July 2016.
He is also recipient of many research awards, i.e., Third Best Paper Award with
Cash Prize & Certificate at Guangzhou Annual Report Competition at Guangzhou,
China, 2012; Best Student Presentation Award with Cash Prize at 3rd Global Health
Informatics Summit 2015 in Conjunction with The 11th IEEE-EMBS International
Summer School & Symposium on MDBS’2015 & The 10th International School
& Symposium on BHE’2015; outstanding Graduate Award, 2015 with Cash Prize
and Certificate. He is Author of 35 Research Journal & International conference
Proceeding Papers, 6 Book Chapters.
 A.H. Sodhro et al. / Future Generation Computer Systems 86 (2018) 380–391
Sandeep Pirbhulal received the B.E. degree in telecom-
munication engineering from the Mehran University of
Engineering and Technology, Pakistan, in 2011, and the
M.S. degree in telecommunication and networks from the
Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology, Pakistan,
in 2014. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with
the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology-Chinese
Academy of Sciences (SIAT-CAS). He has published more
than 20 journal articles, conference papers, and book
chapters. His current research includes biomedical signal
processing, wireless body sensor networks, Internet of
Things and medical information security.
391
Arun Kumar Sangaiah has received his Master of En-
gineering (M.E.) degree in Computer Science and Engi-
neering from the Government College of Engineering,
Tirunelveli, Anna University, India. He had received his
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Computer Science
and Engineering from the VIT University, Vellore, India. He
is presently working as an Associate Professor in School of
Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University, India.
His area of interest includes software engineering, compu-
tational intelligence, wireless networks, bio-informatics,
and embedded systems. He has authored more than 100
publications in different journals and conference of national and international
repute. His current research work includes global software development, wireless
ad hoc and sensor networks, machine learning, cognitive networks and advances in
mobile computing and communications. Also, he was registered a one Indian patent
in the area of Computational Intelligence. Besides, Prof. Sangaiah is responsible for
Editorial Board Member/Associate Editor of various international journals.