XII, 176 Seiten mit 102 Abbildungen und 84 Tafeln

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Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

12 Sedimentological Research of Flint Artifacts and Raw Materials from the

Prehistoric Settlement Pietrele in the Chalcolithic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
by Chavdar Nachev
Main Types of Flint in Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Results from Research of Chalcolithic Flint Raw Material Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Luda Gora Flint - Microscopic Type "Ravno" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Luda Gora Flint - Microscopic Type "Kriva Reka" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Results from Research of Siliceous Raw Materials from the Archaeological Site....... 66
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

13 Zusammenfassung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

14 Pe310Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

15 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Tafeln...................................................................... 87

VIII
Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry
Yambo[ Regional Museum and Petar Kalchev,
Stara Zagora Regional Museum.
P. Nedelcheva is very obliged to William Parkin-
son, Diliana Ivan ova and Zlatina Kostov from the
Field Museum in Chicago for their support during
her post-doc term at the Museum.
The project would not have been possible with-
out the financial support of the German Research
Foundation (DFG),to which we are much obliged.
We are very grateful to the American Research
Center in Sofia for financial and other support
and International Collaborative Archaeological
XII
and Bioarchaeological Research Program (ICAB)
and to the America for Bulgarian Foundation as
well. We would like to express our appreciation
to the authorities of New Bulgarian University,
Sofia for the logistic support during the entire
period of investigation. The aid of this institution
is gratefully acknowledged.
We would like to express our appreciation to
Shannon Martino and to Hannah Glib for the
English proof editing of the book and to Natalia
Skakun for the translation of the Russian text.
Special thanks to Anne Biermann for doing such
a great job editing this manuscript.
Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

Absolute
Bulgaria Rumania Serbia Greece Turkey
Chronology

6200/6100 -
5750/5700 Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Late Neolithic
BCE

5750/5700 -
Middle Neo-
5500/5400 Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Early Neolithic Late Neolithic
lithic
BCE

5500/5450 -
Middle Neo- Middle Neo-
5400/5300 Early Neolithic Late Neolithic Late Neolithic
lithic lithic
BCE

5400/5300 -
Middle Neo- Early Chalco-
4900/4850 Late Neolithic Late Neolithic Late Neolithic
lithic lithic
BCE

4900/4850 -
Early Chalco- Early Chalco-
4500/4450 Late Neolithic Late Neolithic Late Neolithic
lithic lithic
BCE

Late Chalco-
Early Chalco-
4500/4450 - lithic
lithic Early Chalco- Late Chalco-
3550/3500 (Transition Final Neolithic
Middle lithic lithic
BCE period
Tab. 1. Absolute Chronology Chalcolithic
included)
of the Southern Balkans after
Ivan Suvandzhievt (We would
3550/3500 -
like to express our gratitude Late Chalco- Late Chalco-
2200/2000 Early Bronze Early Bronze Early Bronze
to I. Suvandzhievt for prepar- lithic lithic
BCE
ing the comparative table.).

efit greatly from the publications of N. Skakun
presenting the results of techno-typological
and functional research for Bulgarian Chalco-
lithic chipped stones based on a number of lith-
ic assemblages from Bulgaria. 7
In light of newly obtained results, the approach
is no longer aimed at the general definition of the
lithic industry. 8 Additionally, in the summer sea-
son of 2010 the entire lithic material has been
re-examined together with Jacques Pelegrin. Af-
ter the on-site experiments conducted by Jacques
Pelegrin and taking into account his observa-
tions, suggestions and opinions, the whole body
of lithic material has been re-evaluated and a
reassessment of the previous lithic analysis and
its respective results has been completed and
will be discussed in this publication. We are very
obliged and grateful to Jacques Pelegrin, whose
non-traditional, yet substantial, support was cru-
cial for our study of lithic assemblages from this
settlement.
In order to avoid some terminological misun-
derstanding, the periodization and chronolog-
ical system of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic in
the neighbouring Balkan countries is presented
above (Tab.1).

7 Skakun 1992; Skakun, 2008; (KaKyH 2004, 75.

8 Gatsov et al. 2012b.

2
Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

blades and burins followed by other types of

retouched specimens. As a rule, the blade end
scrapers have a rounded front, shaped by semi-
steep retouches and often the entire specimen
displays a slightly convex profile (Taf.1,3.5-7;
2,6; 4,2.5.6.8; 5,7.10; 6,1.4-6; 7,5; 9,5; 10,6;
11,3.5; 17,2; 19,3.4; 20,2.5; 22,1; 23,1-4.7;
24,1-3; 25,1.4; 26,4.5; 28,4; 30,11; 32,8;
33,4.6-8.11; 34,1.2; 35,6) some tools have
marginal partial retouches on the edges
(Figs. 29; 30). A single item of end scrapers
made on flakes (Taf.3,10; 9,4; 25,3; 34,4) and
micro end scrapers (Taf.25,5; 34,5) were record-
ed as well (Fig. 31). Some of the end scrapers
were made from massive punch blades which,
from the very beginning, were pointed like end
scrapers and were intended mostly for hide
processing. Furthermore, as stated by Marvin
Kay in B (Path), some of the end scrapers were
36
Fig. 26. Lithics from house 84. used for processing wood. Additionally, end
scrapers with inverse truncation (Taf.6,3; 14,4;
62,1), end scrapers with drill (Taf.26,3) and end
scrapers with burin (Taf.11,4; 32,7; Fig. 32) do
appear in single items. Retouched blades are
represented mainly by specimens with margin -
al partial retouches and most of those retouch-
es were perhaps used for edge sharpening
(Fig. 33). The mean value width and thickness
of unretouched and retouched blades is also the
same - 5.7 mm and 5.2 mm respectively-which
suggests that the marginal retouches do not
change the blank's body (Taf.1,4.9.10; 2,1-3;
3,1.5.8; 4,3.4; 6,7; 9,6; 11,1; 12,1.5; 14,1.2;
18,2; 25,6-8; 26,1.2; 28,3; 33,9; 34,7.8;
35,3.4.7; 36,3). Regarding the blade trunca-
tions (Taf.11,2; 18,1; 23,5.6; 31,1; 34,6; 35,9),
some of the specimens had inverse retouches
(Taf.4,7; 29,1; 33,1.2.10.12) in order to shorten
the blank body so that they might be used in a
composite tool (Fig. 34).

Fig. 27. Lithics from house 85.
As for the retouched tools found in Houses B1,
B2, B3 and B4 and in the B (Path), their group-
ing repeats the known typological distribution
for the period and territory under discussion.
The retouched tool category is characterized by
the predominance of end scrapers, retouched
300,
250,
200,
The appearance of the denticulated tools is
noteworthy (Taf.5,4.5.8) . These pieces are only
on blades with slightly excised notches, cre-
ating a denticulted edge and are different from
37
the "classical" Bronze Age denticulated tool.
Among the retouched tools, two notched items
have been recorded (Taf. 5,3) and it is very likely
that they could be related to the group of dentic-
ulated blades. The group of perforators and drills
consists of blade specimens with a more or less
distinguished working part (Taf. 1,11; 3,9.11;
5,11; 14,3; 28,5; 33,5). The drills on burin spalls
were constructed ad hoe. Burin spalls often have
a strong, triangular cross-section that makes

.
150 ,
them suitable as drills (Taf.1,8; 20,4; 35,1). The
* typological distribution for the burin is present-
100,

ed in Table 12.
Fig. 28. Trench 8, Houses
81, 82, 84, 85, and 8 (Path).
Distribution of the length of
50,

0,
$ 36
M. Kay personal communication.
37
all artifacts. TrenchB : Path Gatsov / Nede\cheva 2012.

14
Archaologie in Eurasien40 Tafel 5 5

---:.~

1 2

3 4 5

House F2. 1 P04/F/060.2 filling under uuch-C perforator; 2 P04/F/060.11 filling under uuch-C truncation; 3 P0S/F/148.12 filling under uuch drill on
burin spa/I; 4 P0S/F/145.14 filling under uuch retouched blade; 5 P04/F/060.1 0 filling under uuch-C end scraper on blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 61

2 3

4 5 6

Cache P12/B/297. 1 P12/B/297.490 Cortical blade; 2 P12/B/297.488 End scraper on blade; 3 P12/B/297.491 End scraper on blade;
4 P12/B/297.485 End scraper on blade; 5 P12/B/297.486 End scraper on blade; 6 P12/B/297.484 End scraper on blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 67

I I

·--·-···~-
. ,. ...
', ;- ! ;

--,,

Cache P10/F/319 Gumelnita Al, PlO/F/319,024 Various blade,

Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 69

<l

Cache P14/F/411. 1 P14/F/411.040 Under back crest blade; 2 P14/F/411.037 End scraper on blade.
Tafel 70 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

Cache P14/F/411. 1 P14/F/411.038 Cortical blade; 2 P14/F/411.032 Blade; 3 P14/F/411.041 Cortical blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 71

'

)_

Cache P14/F/411. 1 P14/F/411.033 Blade; 2 P14/F/411.039 Perforator.

Tafel 74 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

'\7 2

4
mo 5
<::::?

~~&
''

8 9

Trench}. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 P10/J/422.289 Foliates; 2 P09/J/352.020 Micro end scraper; 3 P09/J/354.024 Micro end scraper;
4 P09/J/354.034 Micro end scraper; 5 P09/J/350.019 Micro end scraper; 6 P09/J/350.020 Micro drill; 7 P09/J/350.025 Micro end scraper;
8 Pl0/J/432.001 End scraper on blade; 9 P10/J/417.295 Blade (standing pressure).
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 75

2
3

4 5

I
6 7 8

,~,-- • •
..:_:_.
~ ♦
I I I

·,- :, ...
0
__ ;.

. '·. I I

9 10 11

TrenchJ. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 PlO/J/413.003 End scraper on blade; 2 PW/J/444.001 End scraper on blade; 3 PW/J/386.002 End
scraper on blade; 4 P10/J/411.002 End scraper on blade; 5 PW/J/385.001 Truncation inverse; 6 PW/J/420.001 End scraper on shortened
blade; 7 Pl0/J/439.004 End scraper on blade; 8 PW/J/418.004 End scraper on blade; 9 PW/J/440.003 Burin on snap; 10 P10/J/402.004 Blade;
11 PW/J/402.002 Blade.
Tafel 76 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

I I

3 4 5

' '
6 7 8

Trench f. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 Pl0/J/426.001 End scraper on blade; 2 PlO/J/419.005 End scraper on blade; 3 PlO/J/424.002 End scrap-
er on blade; 4 PlO/J/406.001 End scraper on blade; 5 Pl0/J/413.001 Retouched blade; 6 PlO/J/426.003 Dihedral burin; 7 PlO/J/400.005 Blade;
8 PlO/J/386. 002 End scraper on blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 77

~I

6 7

Trench M. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 P10/M/630.001 Retouched blade; 2 P10/M/625.013 End scraper on blade; 3 P10/M/625.004 End scrap-
er on blade; 4 P10/M/601.001 End scraper on flake; 5 P10/M/625.021 Micro end scraper; 6 P10/M/634.003 End scraper on flake; 7 P10/M/640.003
Splinter.
Tafel 78 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

I I

4
3

I' I

I I•

8
m~ 9 10

Trench M. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 PlO/M/601.005 End scraper on shortened blade; 2 PlO/M/602.002 End scraper on blade;
3 PlO/M/631.011 Dihedral burin; 4 PlO/M/640.004 Burin on truncation; 5 PlO/M/600.001 End scraper on flake; 6 PlO/M/610.001 End scraper on
shortened blade; 7 PlO/M/600.002 Blade; 8 PlO/M/600.012 End scraper on blade; 9 PlO/M/613.003 Blade; 10 PlO/M/600.014 Blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 79

------
I I I
3
2

I I

4 5 6

----._,

- ------

7 8

10 11 12

Trench M. Final Gumelnita flat settlement. 1 PlO/M/621.006 Crest blade; 2 Pl0/M/633.001 Retouched blade; 3 PlO/M/645.007 Burin on snap;
4 PlO/M/601.002 End scraper on blade; 5 PlO/M/628.003 End scraper on blade; 6 PlO/M/625.025 End scraper on flake; 7 PlO/M/600.006
End scraper on shortened blade; 8 PlO/M/630.008 End scraper on blade; 9 P10/M/624.001 End scraper on blade; 10 P10/M/630.009 Blade;
11 PlO/M/600.008 Blade; 12 PlO/M/613.003 Truncation inverse.
Tafel 80 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

3 4

I'

5 6

Trench G. Gumelnita Al. 1 P09/G/597.001 Various; 2 P09/G/558.004 End scraper on blade; 3 P09/G/598.004 End scraper on flake;
4 P09/G/588.009 End scraper on blade; 5 P09/G/566.001 Blade; 6 P09/G/573.002 End scraper on flake.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 81

I I
5
4

6 7
0

0 8

Trench G. Gumelnita A1. 1 P09/G/589.004 End scraper on shortened blade; 2 P09/G/595.002 End scraper on flake; 3 P09/G/588.005 End scraper on
blade; 4 P09/G/563.006 End scraper on blade; 5 P09/G/588.004 End scraper on blade; 6 P09/G/595.005 End scraper on flake; 7 P09/G/588.002
End scraper on flake; 8 P09/G/558.005 End scraper on flake.
Tafel 82 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

9
I '
10 11

I '

I <
12 13

Trench G. Gumelnita A1. 1 P09/G/549.002 Micro end scraper; 2 P09/G/511.006 Micro end scraper; 3 P09/G/510.001 Micro end scraper;
4 P09/G/537.008 Micro end scraper; 5 P09/G/551.006 Truncation; 6 P09/G/545.002 Micro end scraper; 7 P09/G/538.002 Micro end scraper;
8 P09/G/511.007 Micro end scraper; 9 P09/G/572.003 End scraper on blade; 10 P09/G/559.001 Retouched blade; 11 P09/G/592.002 Blade;
12 P09/G/592.001 Drill; 13 P09/G/562.002 Retouched blade.
Archaologie in Eurasien 40 Tafel 83

~--..--.--~
I ,-r\Y)l:
• <
? •

Trench N. Middle Neolithic period. 1 P13/N/307.004 Core; 2 P13/N/307.003 Core; 3 Pl 1/N/752.003 Core.
Tafel 84 I. Gatsov and P. Nedelcheva - Pietrele 2: Lithic Industry

4
3

7 8 9

Trench H. Late Neolithic period. 1 P11/H/618.001 Core; 2 Pl 1/H/606.012 Plunging; 3 Pl 1/H/609.004 Various; 4 P11/H/608.003 End scraper on
flake; 5 Pl 1/H/617.010 Micro end scraper; 6 P11/H/628.005 End scraper on flake; 7 Pl 1/H/623.001 Micro end scraper; 8 P09/H/301.001 Micro end
scraper; 9 P11/H/628.005 Micro end scraper.